Merge pull request #227 from TomHarte/NoCPCOptions

Removes the CPC options panel.

ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+//
+//  ClockReceiver.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 22/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef ClockReceiver_hpp
+#define ClockReceiver_hpp
+
+/*
+	Informal pattern for all classes that run from a clock cycle:
+
+		Each will implement either or both of run_for(Cycles) and run_for(HalfCycles), as
+		is appropriate.
+
+		Callers that are accumulating HalfCycles but want to talk to receivers that implement
+		only run_for(Cycles) can use HalfCycle.flush_cycles if they have appropriate storage, or
+		can wrap the receiver in HalfClockReceiver in order automatically to bind half-cycle
+		storage to it.
+
+	Alignment rule:
+
+		run_for(Cycles) may be called only after an even number of half cycles. E.g. the following
+		sequence will have undefined results:
+
+			run_for(HalfCycles(1))
+			run_for(Cycles(1))
+
+		An easy way to ensure this as a caller is to pick only one of run_for(Cycles) and
+		run_for(HalfCycles) to use.
+
+	Reasoning:
+
+		Users of this template may with to implement run_for(Cycles) and run_for(HalfCycles)
+		where there is a need to implement at half-cycle precision but a faster execution
+		path can be offered for full-cycle precision. Those users are permitted to assume
+		phase in run_for(Cycles) and should do so to be compatible with callers that use
+		only run_for(Cycles).
+
+	Corollary:
+
+		Starting from nothing, the first run_for(HalfCycles(1)) will do the **first** half
+		of a full cycle. The second will do the second half. Etc.
+
+*/
+
+/*!
+	Provides a class that wraps a plain int, providing most of the basic arithmetic and
+	Boolean operators, but forcing callers and receivers to be explicit as to usage.
+*/
+template <class T> class WrappedInt {
+	public:
+		inline WrappedInt(int l) : length_(l) {}
+		inline WrappedInt() : length_(0) {}
+
+		inline T &operator =(const T &rhs) {
+			length_ = rhs.length_;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator +=(const T &rhs) {
+			length_ += rhs.length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator -=(const T &rhs) {
+			length_ -= rhs.length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator ++() {
+			++ length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator ++(int) {
+			length_ ++;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator --() {
+			-- length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator --(int) {
+			length_ --;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator %=(const T &rhs) {
+			length_ %= rhs.length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T &operator &=(const T &rhs) {
+			length_ &= rhs.length_;
+			return *static_cast<T *>(this);
+		}
+
+		inline T operator +(const T &rhs) const			{	return T(length_ + rhs.length_);	}
+		inline T operator -(const T &rhs) const			{	return T(length_ - rhs.length_);	}
+
+		inline T operator %(const T &rhs) const			{	return T(length_ % rhs.length_);	}
+		inline T operator &(const T &rhs) const			{	return T(length_ & rhs.length_);	}
+
+		inline T operator -() const						{	return T(- length_);				}
+
+		inline bool operator <(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ < rhs.length_;		}
+		inline bool operator >(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ > rhs.length_;		}
+		inline bool operator <=(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ <= rhs.length_;		}
+		inline bool operator >=(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ >= rhs.length_;		}
+		inline bool operator ==(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ == rhs.length_;		}
+		inline bool operator !=(const T &rhs) const		{	return length_ != rhs.length_;		}
+
+		inline bool operator !() const					{	return !length_;					}
+		// bool operator () is not supported because it offers an implicit cast to int, which is prone silently to permit misuse
+
+		inline int as_int() const { return length_; }
+
+		/*!
+			Severs from @c this the effect of dividing by @c divisor — @c this will end up with
+			the value of @c this modulo @c divisor and @c divided by @c divisor is returned.
+		*/
+		inline T divide(const T &divisor) {
+			T result(length_ / divisor.length_);
+			length_ %= divisor.length_;
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Flushes the value in @c this. The current value is returned, and the internal value
+			is reset to zero.
+		*/
+		inline T flush() {
+			T result(length_);
+			length_ = 0;
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		// operator int() is deliberately not provided, to avoid accidental subtitution of
+		// classes that use this template.
+
+	protected:
+		int length_;
+};
+
+/// Describes an integer number of whole cycles — pairs of clock signal transitions.
+class Cycles: public WrappedInt<Cycles> {
+	public:
+		inline Cycles(int l) : WrappedInt<Cycles>(l) {}
+		inline Cycles() : WrappedInt<Cycles>() {}
+		inline Cycles(const Cycles &cycles) : WrappedInt<Cycles>(cycles.length_) {}
+};
+
+/// Describes an integer number of half cycles — single clock signal transitions.
+class HalfCycles: public WrappedInt<HalfCycles> {
+	public:
+		inline HalfCycles(int l) : WrappedInt<HalfCycles>(l) {}
+		inline HalfCycles() : WrappedInt<HalfCycles>() {}
+
+		inline HalfCycles(const Cycles cycles) : WrappedInt<HalfCycles>(cycles.as_int() << 1) {}
+		inline HalfCycles(const HalfCycles &half_cycles) : WrappedInt<HalfCycles>(half_cycles.length_) {}
+
+		/// @returns The number of whole cycles completely covered by this span of half cycles.
+		inline Cycles cycles() {
+			return Cycles(length_ >> 1);
+		}
+
+		///Flushes the whole cycles in @c this, subtracting that many from the total stored here.
+		inline Cycles flush_cycles() {
+			Cycles result(length_ >> 1);
+			length_ &= 1;
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Severs from @c this the effect of dividing by @c divisor — @c this will end up with
+			the value of @c this modulo @c divisor and @c divided by @c divisor is returned.
+		*/
+		inline Cycles divide_cycles(const Cycles &divisor) {
+			HalfCycles half_divisor = HalfCycles(divisor);
+			Cycles result(length_ / half_divisor.length_);
+			length_ %= half_divisor.length_;
+			return result;
+		}
+};
+
+/*!
+	If a component implements only run_for(Cycles), an owner can wrap it in HalfClockReceiver
+	automatically to gain run_for(HalfCycles).
+*/
+template <class T> class HalfClockReceiver: public T {
+	public:
+		using T::T;
+
+		using T::run_for;
+		inline void run_for(const HalfCycles half_cycles) {
+			half_cycles_ += half_cycles;
+			T::run_for(half_cycles_.flush_cycles());
+		}
+
+	private:
+		HalfCycles half_cycles_;
+};
+
+#endif /* ClockReceiver_hpp */

ClockReceiver/ForceInline.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+//  ForceInline.h
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 01/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef ForceInline_hpp
+#define ForceInline_hpp
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+
+#define forceinline
+
+#else
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define forceinline __attribute__((always_inline)) inline
+#elif _MSC_VER
+#define forceinline __forceinline
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ForceInline_h */

ClockReceiver/Sleeper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//
+//  Sleeper.h
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 20/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Sleeper_hpp
+#define Sleeper_hpp
+
+/*!
+	A sleeper is any component that sometimes requires a clock but at other times is 'asleep' — i.e. is not doing
+	any clock-derived work, so needn't receive a clock. A disk controller is an archetypal example.
+
+	A sleeper will signal sleeps and wakes to an observer.
+
+	This is intended to allow for performance improvements to machines with components that can sleep. The observer
+	callout is virtual so the intended use case is that a machine holds a component that might sleep. Its transitions
+	into and out of sleep are sufficiently infrequent that a virtual call to announce them costs sufficiently little that
+	the saved ::run_fors add up to a substantial amount.
+
+	By convention, sleeper components must be willing to accept ::run_for even after announcing sleep. It's a hint,
+	not a command.
+*/
+class Sleeper {
+	public:
+		Sleeper() : sleep_observer_(nullptr) {}
+
+		class SleepObserver {
+			public:
+				/// Called to inform an observer that the component @c component has either gone to sleep or become awake.
+				virtual void set_component_is_sleeping(void *component, bool is_sleeping) = 0;
+		};
+
+		/// Registers @c observer as the new sleep observer;
+		void set_sleep_observer(SleepObserver *observer) {
+			sleep_observer_ = observer;
+		}
+
+		/// @returns @c true if the component is currently sleeping; @c false otherwise.
+		virtual bool is_sleeping() = 0;
+
+	protected:
+		/// Provided for subclasses; send sleep announcements to the sleep_observer_.
+		SleepObserver *sleep_observer_;
+
+		/*!
+			Provided for subclasses; call this whenever is_sleeping might have changed, and the observer will be notified,
+			if one exists.
+
+			@c is_sleeping will be called only if there is an observer.
+		*/
+		void update_sleep_observer() {
+			if(!sleep_observer_) return;
+			sleep_observer_->set_component_is_sleeping(this, is_sleeping());
+		}
+};
+
+#endif /* Sleeper_h */

Components/1770/1770.cpp

@@ -25,29 +25,16 @@ WD1770::Status::Status() :
 		busy(false) {}
 
 WD1770::WD1770(Personality p) :
-		Storage::Disk::Controller(8000000, 16, 300),
-		crc_generator_(0x1021, 0xffff),
-		interesting_event_mask_(Event::Command),
+		Storage::Disk::MFMController(8000000, 16, 300),
+		interesting_event_mask_((int)Event1770::Command),
 		resume_point_(0),
 		delay_time_(0),
 		index_hole_count_target_(-1),
-		is_awaiting_marker_value_(false),
-		data_mode_(DataMode::Scanning),
 		delegate_(nullptr),
 		personality_(p),
 		head_is_loaded_(false) {
 	set_is_double_density(false);
-	posit_event(Event::Command);
-}
-
-void WD1770::set_is_double_density(bool is_double_density) {
-	is_double_density_ = is_double_density;
-	Storage::Time bit_length;
-	bit_length.length = 1;
-	bit_length.clock_rate = is_double_density ? 500000 : 250000;
-	set_expected_bit_length(bit_length);
-
-	if(!is_double_density) is_awaiting_marker_value_ = false;
+	posit_event((int)Event1770::Command);
 }
 
 void WD1770::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
@@ -60,7 +47,7 @@ void WD1770::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
 				});
 			} else {
 				command_ = value;
-				posit_event(Event::Command);
+				posit_event((int)Event1770::Command);
 			}
 		}
 		break;
@@ -124,154 +111,31 @@ uint8_t WD1770::get_register(int address) {
 	}
 }
 
-void WD1770::run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
-	Storage::Disk::Controller::run_for_cycles((int)number_of_cycles);
+void WD1770::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+	Storage::Disk::Controller::run_for(cycles);
 
 	if(delay_time_) {
+		unsigned int number_of_cycles = (unsigned int)cycles.as_int();
 		if(delay_time_ <= number_of_cycles) {
 			delay_time_ = 0;
-			posit_event(Event::Timer);
+			posit_event((int)Event1770::Timer);
 		} else {
 			delay_time_ -= number_of_cycles;
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-void WD1770::process_input_bit(int value, unsigned int cycles_since_index_hole) {
-	if(data_mode_ == DataMode::Writing) return;
-
-	shift_register_ = (shift_register_ << 1) | value;
-	bits_since_token_++;
-
-	if(data_mode_ == DataMode::Scanning) {
-		Token::Type token_type = Token::Byte;
-		if(!is_double_density_) {
-			switch(shift_register_ & 0xffff) {
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMIndexAddressMark:
-					token_type = Token::Index;
-					crc_generator_.reset();
-					crc_generator_.add(latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::IndexAddressByte);
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMIDAddressMark:
-					token_type = Token::ID;
-					crc_generator_.reset();
-					crc_generator_.add(latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::IDAddressByte);
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMDataAddressMark:
-					token_type = Token::Data;
-					crc_generator_.reset();
-					crc_generator_.add(latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::DataAddressByte);
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMDeletedDataAddressMark:
-					token_type = Token::DeletedData;
-					crc_generator_.reset();
-					crc_generator_.add(latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::DeletedDataAddressByte);
-				break;
-				default:
-				break;
-			}
-		} else {
-			switch(shift_register_ & 0xffff) {
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMIndexSync:
-					bits_since_token_ = 0;
-					is_awaiting_marker_value_ = true;
-
-					token_type = Token::Sync;
-					latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMIndexSyncByteValue;
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMSync:
-					bits_since_token_ = 0;
-					is_awaiting_marker_value_ = true;
-					crc_generator_.set_value(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMPostSyncCRCValue);
-
-					token_type = Token::Sync;
-					latest_token_.byte_value = Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMSyncByteValue;
-				break;
-				default:
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-
-		if(token_type != Token::Byte) {
-			latest_token_.type = token_type;
-			bits_since_token_ = 0;
-			posit_event(Event::Token);
-			return;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if(bits_since_token_ == 16) {
-		latest_token_.type = Token::Byte;
-		latest_token_.byte_value = (uint8_t)(
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0001) >> 0) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0004) >> 1) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0010) >> 2) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0040) >> 3) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0100) >> 4) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x0400) >> 5) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x1000) >> 6) |
-			((shift_register_ & 0x4000) >> 7));
-		bits_since_token_ = 0;
-
-		if(is_awaiting_marker_value_ && is_double_density_) {
-			is_awaiting_marker_value_ = false;
-			switch(latest_token_.byte_value) {
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::IndexAddressByte:
-					latest_token_.type = Token::Index;
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::IDAddressByte:
-					latest_token_.type = Token::ID;
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::DataAddressByte:
-					latest_token_.type = Token::Data;
-				break;
-				case Storage::Encodings::MFM::DeletedDataAddressByte:
-					latest_token_.type = Token::DeletedData;
-				break;
-				default: break;
-			}
-		}
-
-		crc_generator_.add(latest_token_.byte_value);
-		posit_event(Event::Token);
-		return;
-	}
-}
-
-void WD1770::process_index_hole() {
-	index_hole_count_++;
-	posit_event(Event::IndexHole);
-	if(index_hole_count_target_ == index_hole_count_) {
-		posit_event(Event::IndexHoleTarget);
-		index_hole_count_target_ = -1;
-	}
-
-	// motor power-down
-	if(index_hole_count_ == 9 && !status_.busy && has_motor_on_line()) {
-		set_motor_on(false);
-	}
-
-	// head unload
-	if(index_hole_count_ == 15 && !status_.busy && has_head_load_line()) {
-		set_head_load_request(false);
-	}
-}
-
-void WD1770::process_write_completed() {
-	posit_event(Event::DataWritten);
-}
-
-#define WAIT_FOR_EVENT(mask)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = mask; return; case __LINE__:
-#define WAIT_FOR_TIME(ms)		resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = Event::Timer; delay_time_ = ms * 8000; if(delay_time_) return; case __LINE__:
-#define WAIT_FOR_BYTES(count)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = Event::Token; distance_into_section_ = 0; return; case __LINE__: if(latest_token_.type == Token::Byte) distance_into_section_++; if(distance_into_section_ < count) { interesting_event_mask_ = Event::Token; return; }
+#define WAIT_FOR_EVENT(mask)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = (int)mask; return; case __LINE__:
+#define WAIT_FOR_TIME(ms)		resume_point_ = __LINE__; delay_time_ = ms * 8000; WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::Timer);
+#define WAIT_FOR_BYTES(count)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; distance_into_section_ = 0; WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token); if(get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte) distance_into_section_++; if(distance_into_section_ < count) { interesting_event_mask_ = (int)Event::Token; return; }
 #define BEGIN_SECTION()	switch(resume_point_) { default:
 #define END_SECTION()	0; }
 
 #define READ_ID()	\
-		if(new_event_type == Event::Token) {	\
-			if(!distance_into_section_ && latest_token_.type == Token::ID) {data_mode_ = DataMode::Reading; distance_into_section_++; }	\
-			else if(distance_into_section_ && distance_into_section_ < 7 && latest_token_.type == Token::Byte) {	\
-				header_[distance_into_section_ - 1] = latest_token_.byte_value;	\
+		if(new_event_type == (int)Event::Token) {	\
+			if(!distance_into_section_ && get_latest_token().type == Token::ID) {set_data_mode(DataMode::Reading); distance_into_section_++; }	\
+			else if(distance_into_section_ && distance_into_section_ < 7 && get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte) {	\
+				header_[distance_into_section_ - 1] = get_latest_token().byte_value;	\
 				distance_into_section_++;	\
 			}	\
 		}
@@ -284,7 +148,7 @@ void WD1770::process_write_completed() {
 		set_motor_on(true);	\
 		index_hole_count_ = 0;	\
 		index_hole_count_target_ = 6;	\
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHoleTarget);	\
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::IndexHoleTarget);	\
 		status_.spin_up = true;
 
 //     +--------+----------+-------------------------+
@@ -304,7 +168,25 @@ void WD1770::process_write_completed() {
 //     !	 4  ! Forc int !  1  1	0  1 i3 i2 i1 i0 !
 //     +--------+----------+-------------------------+
 
-void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
+void WD1770::posit_event(int new_event_type) {
+	if(new_event_type == (int)Event::IndexHole) {
+		index_hole_count_++;
+		if(index_hole_count_target_ == index_hole_count_) {
+			posit_event((int)Event1770::IndexHoleTarget);
+			index_hole_count_target_ = -1;
+		}
+
+		// motor power-down
+		if(index_hole_count_ == 9 && !status_.busy && has_motor_on_line()) {
+			set_motor_on(false);
+		}
+
+		// head unload
+		if(index_hole_count_ == 15 && !status_.busy && has_head_load_line()) {
+			set_head_load_request(false);
+		}
+	}
+
 	if(!(interesting_event_mask_ & (int)new_event_type)) return;
 	interesting_event_mask_ &= ~new_event_type;
 
@@ -314,7 +196,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 	// Wait for a new command, branch to the appropriate handler.
 	wait_for_command:
 		printf("Idle...\n");
-		data_mode_ = DataMode::Scanning;
+		set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);
 		index_hole_count_ = 0;
 
 		update_status([] (Status &status) {
@@ -322,7 +204,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			status.interrupt_request = true;
 		});
 
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Command);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::Command);
 
 		update_status([] (Status &status) {
 			status.busy = true;
@@ -371,7 +253,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		}
 		set_head_load_request(true);
 		if(head_is_loaded_) goto test_type1_type;
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::HeadLoad);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::HeadLoad);
 		goto test_type1_type;
 
 	begin_type1_spin_up:
@@ -403,7 +285,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			goto verify;
 		}
 		step(step_direction_ ? 1 : -1);
-		int time_to_wait;
+		unsigned int time_to_wait;
 		switch(command_ & 3) {
 			default:
 			case 0: time_to_wait = 6;	break;
@@ -428,7 +310,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		distance_into_section_ = 0;
 
 	verify_read_data:
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole | Event::Token);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::IndexHole | (int)Event::Token);
 		READ_ID();
 
 		if(index_hole_count_ == 6) {
@@ -438,8 +320,8 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			goto wait_for_command;
 		}
 		if(distance_into_section_ == 7) {
-			data_mode_ = DataMode::Scanning;
-			if(crc_generator_.get_value()) {
+			set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);
+			if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
 				update_status([] (Status &status) {
 					status.crc_error = true;
 				});
@@ -490,7 +372,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 	begin_type2_load_head:
 		set_head_load_request(true);
 		if(head_is_loaded_) goto test_type2_delay;
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::HeadLoad);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::HeadLoad);
 		goto test_type2_delay;
 
 	begin_type2_spin_up:
@@ -512,7 +394,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		}
 
 	type2_get_header:
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole | Event::Token);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::IndexHole | (int)Event::Token);
 		READ_ID();
 
 		if(index_hole_count_ == 5) {
@@ -524,11 +406,11 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		}
 		if(distance_into_section_ == 7) {
 			printf("Considering %d/%d\n", header_[0], header_[2]);
-			data_mode_ = DataMode::Scanning;
+			set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);
 			if(		header_[0] == track_ && header_[2] == sector_ &&
 					(has_motor_on_line() || !(command_&0x02) || ((command_&0x08) >> 3) == header_[1])) {
 				printf("Found %d/%d\n", header_[0], header_[2]);
-				if(crc_generator_.get_value()) {
+				if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
 					printf("CRC error; back to searching\n");
 					update_status([] (Status &status) {
 						status.crc_error = true;
@@ -553,20 +435,20 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 	type2_read_data:
 		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
 		// TODO: timeout
-		if(latest_token_.type == Token::Data || latest_token_.type == Token::DeletedData) {
+		if(get_latest_token().type == Token::Data || get_latest_token().type == Token::DeletedData) {
 			update_status([this] (Status &status) {
-				status.record_type = (latest_token_.type == Token::DeletedData);
+				status.record_type = (get_latest_token().type == Token::DeletedData);
 			});
 			distance_into_section_ = 0;
-			data_mode_ = DataMode::Reading;
+			set_data_mode(DataMode::Reading);
 			goto type2_read_byte;
 		}
 		goto type2_read_data;
 
 	type2_read_byte:
 		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
-		if(latest_token_.type != Token::Byte) goto type2_read_byte;
-		data_ = latest_token_.byte_value;
+		if(get_latest_token().type != Token::Byte) goto type2_read_byte;
+		data_ = get_latest_token().byte_value;
 		update_status([] (Status &status) {
 			status.lost_data |= status.data_request;
 			status.data_request = true;
@@ -580,11 +462,11 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 
 	type2_check_crc:
 		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
-		if(latest_token_.type != Token::Byte) goto type2_read_byte;
-		header_[distance_into_section_] = latest_token_.byte_value;
+		if(get_latest_token().type != Token::Byte) goto type2_read_byte;
+		header_[distance_into_section_] = get_latest_token().byte_value;
 		distance_into_section_++;
 		if(distance_into_section_ == 2) {
-			if(crc_generator_.get_value()) {
+			if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
 				printf("CRC error; terminating\n");
 				update_status([this] (Status &status) {
 					status.crc_error = true;
@@ -615,24 +497,24 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			goto wait_for_command;
 		}
 		WAIT_FOR_BYTES(1);
-		if(is_double_density_) {
+		if(get_is_double_density()) {
 			WAIT_FOR_BYTES(11);
 		}
 
-		data_mode_ = DataMode::Writing;
-		begin_writing();
-		for(int c = 0; c < (is_double_density_ ? 12 : 6); c++) {
+		set_data_mode(DataMode::Writing);
+		begin_writing(false);
+		for(int c = 0; c < (get_is_double_density() ? 12 : 6); c++) {
 			write_byte(0);
 		}
 		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::DataWritten);
 
-		if(is_double_density_) {
-			crc_generator_.set_value(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMPostSyncCRCValue);
+		if(get_is_double_density()) {
+			get_crc_generator().set_value(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMPostSyncCRCValue);
 			for(int c = 0; c < 3; c++) write_raw_short(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMSync);
 			write_byte((command_&0x01) ? Storage::Encodings::MFM::DeletedDataAddressByte : Storage::Encodings::MFM::DataAddressByte);
 		} else {
-			crc_generator_.reset();
-			crc_generator_.add((command_&0x01) ? Storage::Encodings::MFM::DeletedDataAddressByte : Storage::Encodings::MFM::DataAddressByte);
+			get_crc_generator().reset();
+			get_crc_generator().add((command_&0x01) ? Storage::Encodings::MFM::DeletedDataAddressByte : Storage::Encodings::MFM::DataAddressByte);
 			write_raw_short((command_&0x01) ? Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMDeletedDataAddressMark : Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMDataAddressMark);
 		}
 
@@ -668,11 +550,8 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 
 		goto type2_write_loop;
 
-	type2_write_crc: {
-			uint16_t crc = crc_generator_.get_value();
-			write_byte(crc >> 8);
-			write_byte(crc & 0xff);
-		}
+	type2_write_crc:
+		write_crc();
 		write_byte(0xff);
 		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::DataWritten);
 		end_writing();
@@ -711,7 +590,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 	begin_type3_load_head:
 		set_head_load_request(true);
 		if(head_is_loaded_) goto type3_test_delay;
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::HeadLoad);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::HeadLoad);
 		goto type3_test_delay;
 
 	begin_type3_spin_up:
@@ -732,17 +611,17 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		distance_into_section_ = 0;
 
 	read_address_get_header:
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole | Event::Token);
-		if(new_event_type == Event::Token) {
-			if(!distance_into_section_ && latest_token_.type == Token::ID) {data_mode_ = DataMode::Reading; distance_into_section_++; }
-			else if(distance_into_section_ && distance_into_section_ < 7 && latest_token_.type == Token::Byte) {
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::IndexHole | (int)Event::Token);
+		if(new_event_type == (int)Event::Token) {
+			if(!distance_into_section_ && get_latest_token().type == Token::ID) {set_data_mode(DataMode::Reading); distance_into_section_++; }
+			else if(distance_into_section_ && distance_into_section_ < 7 && get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte) {
 				if(status_.data_request) {
 					update_status([] (Status &status) {
 						status.lost_data = true;
 					});
 					goto wait_for_command;
 				}
-				header_[distance_into_section_ - 1] = data_ = latest_token_.byte_value;
+				header_[distance_into_section_ - 1] = data_ = get_latest_token().byte_value;
 				track_ = header_[0];
 				update_status([] (Status &status) {
 					status.data_request = true;
@@ -750,7 +629,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 				distance_into_section_++;
 
 				if(distance_into_section_ == 7) {
-					if(crc_generator_.get_value()) {
+					if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
 						update_status([] (Status &status) {
 							status.crc_error = true;
 						});
@@ -773,7 +652,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 		index_hole_count_ = 0;
 
 	read_track_read_byte:
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token | Event::IndexHole);
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::Token | (int)Event::IndexHole);
 		if(index_hole_count_) {
 			goto wait_for_command;
 		}
@@ -783,7 +662,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			});
 			goto wait_for_command;
 		}
-		data_ = latest_token_.byte_value;
+		data_ = get_latest_token().byte_value;
 		update_status([] (Status &status) {
 			status.data_request = true;
 		});
@@ -814,25 +693,23 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 			goto wait_for_command;
 		}
 
-		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHoleTarget);
-		begin_writing();
+		WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event1770::IndexHoleTarget);
+		begin_writing(true);
 		index_hole_count_ = 0;
 
 	write_track_write_loop:
-		if(is_double_density_) {
+		if(get_is_double_density()) {
 			switch(data_) {
 				case 0xf5:
 					write_raw_short(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMSync);
-					crc_generator_.set_value(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMPostSyncCRCValue);
+					get_crc_generator().set_value(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMPostSyncCRCValue);
 				break;
 				case 0xf6:
 					write_raw_short(Storage::Encodings::MFM::MFMIndexSync);
 				break;
-				case 0xff: {
-					uint16_t crc = crc_generator_.get_value();
-					write_byte(crc >> 8);
-					write_byte(crc & 0xff);
-				} break;
+				case 0xff:
+					write_crc();
+				break;
 				default:
 					write_byte(data_);
 				break;
@@ -855,17 +732,15 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(Event new_event_type) {
 							(data_ & 0x01)
 						)
 					);
-					crc_generator_.reset();
-					crc_generator_.add(data_);
+					get_crc_generator().reset();
+					get_crc_generator().add(data_);
 				break;
 				case 0xfc:
 					write_raw_short(Storage::Encodings::MFM::FMIndexAddressMark);
 				break;
-				case 0xf7: {
-					uint16_t crc = crc_generator_.get_value();
-					write_byte(crc >> 8);
-					write_byte(crc & 0xff);
-				} break;
+				case 0xf7:
+					write_crc();
+				break;
 				default:
 					write_byte(data_);
 				break;
@@ -909,27 +784,5 @@ void WD1770::set_head_load_request(bool head_load) {}
 
 void WD1770::set_head_loaded(bool head_loaded) {
 	head_is_loaded_ = head_loaded;
-	if(head_loaded) posit_event(Event::HeadLoad);
-}
-
-void WD1770::write_bit(int bit) {
-	if(is_double_density_) {
-		Controller::write_bit(!bit && !last_bit_);
-		Controller::write_bit(!!bit);
-		last_bit_ = bit;
-	} else {
-		Controller::write_bit(true);
-		Controller::write_bit(!!bit);
-	}
-}
-
-void WD1770::write_byte(uint8_t byte) {
-	for(int c = 0; c < 8; c++) write_bit((byte << c)&0x80);
-	crc_generator_.add(byte);
-}
-
-void WD1770::write_raw_short(uint16_t value) {
-	for(int c = 0; c < 16; c++) {
-		Controller::write_bit(!!((value << c)&0x8000));
-	}
+	if(head_loaded) posit_event((int)Event1770::HeadLoad);
 }

Components/1770/1770.hpp

@@ -9,26 +9,41 @@
 #ifndef _770_hpp
 #define _770_hpp
 
-#include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskController.hpp"
-#include "../../NumberTheory/CRC.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Disk/MFMDiskController.hpp"
 
 namespace WD {
 
-class WD1770: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
+/*!
+	Provides an emulation of various Western Digital drive controllers, including the
+	WD1770, WD1772, FDC1773 and FDC1793.
+*/
+class WD1770: public Storage::Disk::MFMController {
 	public:
 		enum Personality {
-			P1770,	// implies automatic motor-on management with Type 2 commands offering a spin-up disable
+			P1770,	// implies automatic motor-on management, with Type 2 commands offering a spin-up disable
 			P1772,	// as per the 1770, with different stepping rates
 			P1773,	// implements the side number-testing logic of the 1793; omits spin-up/loading logic
 			P1793	// implies Type 2 commands use side number testing logic; spin-up/loading is by HLD and HLT
 		};
+
+		/*!
+			Constructs an instance of the drive controller that behaves according to personality @c p.
+			@param p The type of controller to emulate.
+		*/
 		WD1770(Personality p);
 
-		void set_is_double_density(bool is_double_density);
+		/// Sets the value of the double-density input; when @c is_double_density is @c true, reads and writes double-density format data.
+		using Storage::Disk::MFMController::set_is_double_density;
+
+		/// Writes @c value to the register at @c address. Only the low two bits of the address are decoded.
 		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
+
+		/// Fetches the value of the register @c address. Only the low two bits of the address are decoded.
 		uint8_t get_register(int address);
 
-		void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles);
+		/// Runs the controller for @c number_of_cycles cycles.
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
+		using Storage::Disk::Controller::run_for;
 
 		enum Flag: uint8_t {
 			NotReady		= 0x80,
@@ -47,8 +62,12 @@ class WD1770: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 			Busy			= 0x01
 		};
 
+		/// @returns The current value of the IRQ line output.
 		inline bool get_interrupt_request_line()		{	return status_.interrupt_request;	}
+
+		/// @returns The current value of the DRQ line output.
 		inline bool get_data_request_line()				{	return status_.data_request;		}
+
 		class Delegate {
 			public:
 				virtual void wd1770_did_change_output(WD1770 *wd1770) = 0;
@@ -87,66 +106,31 @@ class WD1770: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 
 		int index_hole_count_;
 		int index_hole_count_target_;
-		int bits_since_token_;
 		int distance_into_section_;
-		bool is_awaiting_marker_value_;
 
 		int step_direction_;
 		void update_status(std::function<void(Status &)> updater);
 
-		// Tokeniser
-		enum DataMode {
-			Scanning,
-			Reading,
-			Writing
-		} data_mode_;
-		bool is_double_density_;
-		int shift_register_;
-		struct Token {
-			enum Type {
-				Index, ID, Data, DeletedData, Sync, Byte
-			} type;
-			uint8_t byte_value;
-		} latest_token_;
-
 		// Events
-		enum Event: int {
-			Command			= (1 << 0),	// Indicates receipt of a new command.
-			Token			= (1 << 1),	// Indicates recognition of a new token in the flux stream. Interrogate latest_token_ for details.
-			IndexHole		= (1 << 2),	// Indicates the passing of a physical index hole.
-			HeadLoad		= (1 << 3),	// Indicates the head has been loaded (1973 only).
-			DataWritten		= (1 << 4),	// Indicates that all queued bits have been written
-
+		enum Event1770: int {
+			Command			= (1 << 3),	// Indicates receipt of a new command.
+			HeadLoad		= (1 << 4),	// Indicates the head has been loaded (1973 only).
 			Timer			= (1 << 5),	// Indicates that the delay_time_-powered timer has timed out.
 			IndexHoleTarget	= (1 << 6)	// Indicates that index_hole_count_ has reached index_hole_count_target_.
 		};
-		void posit_event(Event type);
+		void posit_event(int type);
 		int interesting_event_mask_;
 		int resume_point_;
-		int delay_time_;
-
-		// Output
-		int last_bit_;
-		void write_bit(int bit);
-		void write_byte(uint8_t byte);
-		void write_raw_short(uint16_t value);
+		unsigned int delay_time_;
 
 		// ID buffer
 		uint8_t header_[6];
 
-		// CRC generator
-		NumberTheory::CRC16 crc_generator_;
-
 		// 1793 head-loading logic
 		bool head_is_loaded_;
 
 		// delegate
 		Delegate *delegate_;
-
-		// Storage::Disk::Controller
-		virtual void process_input_bit(int value, unsigned int cycles_since_index_hole);
-		virtual void process_index_hole();
-		virtual void process_write_completed();
 };
 
 }

Components/6522/6522.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include <typeinfo>
 #include <cstdio>
 
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+
 namespace MOS {
 
 /*!
@@ -250,32 +252,22 @@ template <class T> class MOS6522 {
 			timer_is_running_[0] = false;\
 	}
 
-		/*!
-			Runs for a specified number of half cycles.
+		/*! Runs for a specified number of half cycles. */
+		inline void run_for(const HalfCycles half_cycles) {
+			int number_of_half_cycles = half_cycles.as_int();
 
-			Although the original chip accepts only a phase-2 input, timer reloads are specified as occuring
-			1.5 cycles after the timer hits zero. It therefore may be necessary to emulate at half-cycle precision.
-
-			The first emulated half-cycle will be the period between the trailing edge of a phase-2 input and the
-			next rising edge. So it should align with a full system's phase-1. The next emulated half-cycle will be
-			that which occurs during phase-2.
-
-			Callers should decide whether they are going to use @c run_for_half_cycles or @c run_for_cycles, and not
-			intermingle usage.
-		*/
-		inline void run_for_half_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
 			if(is_phase2_) {
 				phase2();
-				number_of_cycles--;
+				number_of_half_cycles--;
 			}
 
-			while(number_of_cycles >= 2) {
+			while(number_of_half_cycles >= 2) {
 				phase1();
 				phase2();
-				number_of_cycles -= 2;
+				number_of_half_cycles -= 2;
 			}
 
-			if(number_of_cycles) {
+			if(number_of_half_cycles) {
 				phase1();
 				is_phase2_ = true;
 			} else {
@@ -283,13 +275,9 @@ template <class T> class MOS6522 {
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*!
-			Runs for a specified number of cycles.
-
-			Callers should decide whether they are going to use @c run_for_half_cycles or @c run_for_cycles, and not
-			intermingle usage.
-		*/
-		inline void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
+		/*! Runs for a specified number of cycles. */
+		inline void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+			int number_of_cycles = cycles.as_int();
 			while(number_of_cycles--) {
 				phase1();
 				phase2();

Components/6532/6532.hpp

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdio>
 
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+
 namespace MOS {
 
 /*!
@@ -104,7 +106,9 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 			return 0xff;
 		}
 
-		inline void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
+		inline void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+			unsigned int number_of_cycles = (unsigned int)cycles.as_int();
+
 			// permit counting _to_ zero; counting _through_ zero initiates the other behaviour
 			if(timer_.value >= number_of_cycles) {
 				timer_.value -= number_of_cycles;

Components/6560/6560.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 #include "../../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
 #include "../../Outputs/Speaker.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
 
 namespace MOS {
 
@@ -99,10 +100,10 @@ template <class T> class MOS6560 {
 				8,		88,		120,	56,
 			};
 			const uint8_t ntsc_chrominances[16] = {
-				255,	255,	40,		104,
-				64,		120,	80,		16,
-				32,		32,		40,		104,
-				64,		120,	80,		16,
+				255,	255,	8,		72,
+				32,		88,		48,		112,
+				0,		0,		8,		72,
+				32,		88,		48,		112,
 			};
 			const uint8_t *chrominances;
 			Outputs::CRT::DisplayType display_type;
@@ -149,10 +150,11 @@ template <class T> class MOS6560 {
 		/*!
 			Runs for cycles. Derr.
 		*/
-		inline void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
+		inline void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 			// keep track of the amount of time since the speaker was updated; lazy updates are applied
-			cycles_since_speaker_update_ += number_of_cycles;
+			cycles_since_speaker_update_ += cycles;
 
+			int number_of_cycles = cycles.as_int();
 			while(number_of_cycles--) {
 				// keep an old copy of the vertical count because that test is a cycle later than the actual changes
 				int previous_vertical_counter = vertical_counter_;
@@ -259,7 +261,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6560 {
 				if(this_state_ != output_state_) {
 					switch(output_state_) {
 						case State::Sync:			crt_->output_sync(cycles_in_state_ * 4);														break;
-						case State::ColourBurst:	crt_->output_colour_burst(cycles_in_state_ * 4, (is_odd_frame_ || is_odd_line_) ? 128 : 0, 0);	break;
+						case State::ColourBurst:	crt_->output_colour_burst(cycles_in_state_ * 4, (is_odd_frame_ || is_odd_line_) ? 128 : 0);		break;
 						case State::Border:			output_border(cycles_in_state_ * 4);															break;
 						case State::Pixels:			crt_->output_data(cycles_in_state_ * 4, 1);														break;
 					}
@@ -323,7 +325,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6560 {
 		/*!
 			Causes the 6560 to flush as much pending CRT and speaker communications as possible.
 		*/
-		inline void synchronise() { update_audio(); speaker_->flush(); }
+		inline void flush() { update_audio(); speaker_->flush(); }
 
 		/*!
 			Writes to a 6560 register.
@@ -406,10 +408,9 @@ template <class T> class MOS6560 {
 		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> crt_;
 
 		std::shared_ptr<Speaker> speaker_;
-		unsigned int cycles_since_speaker_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_speaker_update_;
 		void update_audio() {
-			speaker_->run_for_cycles(cycles_since_speaker_update_ >> 2);
-			cycles_since_speaker_update_ &= 3;
+			speaker_->run_for(Cycles(cycles_since_speaker_update_.divide(Cycles(4))));
 		}
 
 		// register state

Components/6845/CRTC6845.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+//
+//  CRTC6845.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 31/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef CRTC6845_hpp
+#define CRTC6845_hpp
+
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+namespace Motorola {
+namespace CRTC {
+
+struct BusState {
+	bool display_enable;
+	bool hsync;
+	bool vsync;
+	bool cursor;
+	uint16_t refresh_address;
+	uint16_t row_address;
+};
+
+class BusHandler {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			Performs the first phase of a 6845 bus cycle; this is the phase in which it is intended that
+			systems using the 6845 respect the bus state and produce pixels, sync or whatever they require.
+		*/
+		void perform_bus_cycle_phase1(const BusState &) {}
+
+		/*!
+			Performs the second phase of a 6845 bus cycle. Some bus state — including sync — is updated
+			directly after phase 1 and hence is visible to an observer during phase 2. Handlers may therefore
+			implement @c perform_bus_cycle_phase2 to be notified of the availability of that state without
+			having to wait until the next cycle has begun.
+		*/
+		void perform_bus_cycle_phase2(const BusState &) {}
+};
+
+enum Personality {
+	HD6845S,	//
+	UM6845R,	//
+	MC6845,		//
+	AMS40226	//
+};
+
+template <class T> class CRTC6845 {
+	public:
+
+		CRTC6845(Personality p, T &bus_handler) noexcept :
+			personality_(p), bus_handler_(bus_handler) {}
+
+		void select_register(uint8_t r) {
+			selected_register_ = r;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t get_status() const {
+			return 0xff;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t get_register() const {
+			if(selected_register_ < 12 || selected_register_ > 17) return 0xff;
+			return registers_[selected_register_];
+		}
+
+		void set_register(uint8_t value) {
+			static uint8_t masks[] = {
+				0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x7f, 0x7f,
+				0xff, 0x1f, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff
+			};
+
+			if(selected_register_ < 16) {
+				registers_[selected_register_] = value & masks[selected_register_];
+			}
+		}
+
+		void trigger_light_pen() {
+			registers_[17] = bus_state_.refresh_address & 0xff;
+			registers_[16] = bus_state_.refresh_address >> 8;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(Cycles cycles) {
+			int cyles_remaining = cycles.as_int();
+			while(cyles_remaining--) {
+				// check for end of visible characters
+				if(character_counter_ == registers_[1]) {
+					// TODO: consider skew in character_is_visible_. Or maybe defer until perform_bus_cycle?
+					character_is_visible_ = false;
+					end_of_line_address_ = bus_state_.refresh_address;
+				}
+
+				perform_bus_cycle_phase1();
+				bus_state_.refresh_address = (bus_state_.refresh_address + 1) & 0x3fff;
+
+				// check for end-of-line
+				if(character_counter_ == registers_[0]) {
+					character_counter_ = 0;
+					do_end_of_line();
+					character_is_visible_ = true;
+				} else {
+					// increment counter
+					character_counter_++;
+				}
+
+				// check for start of horizontal sync
+				if(character_counter_ == registers_[2]) {
+					hsync_counter_ = 0;
+					bus_state_.hsync = true;
+				}
+
+				// check for end of horizontal sync; note that a sync time of zero will result in an immediate
+				// cancellation of the plan to perform sync
+				if(bus_state_.hsync) {
+					bus_state_.hsync = hsync_counter_ != (registers_[3] & 15);
+					hsync_counter_ = (hsync_counter_ + 1) & 15;
+				}
+
+				perform_bus_cycle_phase2();
+			}
+		}
+
+		const BusState &get_bus_state() const {
+			return bus_state_;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		inline void perform_bus_cycle_phase1() {
+			bus_state_.display_enable = character_is_visible_ && line_is_visible_;
+			bus_handler_.perform_bus_cycle_phase1(bus_state_);
+		}
+
+		inline void perform_bus_cycle_phase2() {
+			bus_state_.display_enable = character_is_visible_ && line_is_visible_;
+			bus_handler_.perform_bus_cycle_phase2(bus_state_);
+		}
+
+		inline void do_end_of_line() {
+			// check for end of vertical sync
+			if(bus_state_.vsync) {
+				vsync_counter_ = (vsync_counter_ + 1) & 15;
+				if(vsync_counter_ == (registers_[3] >> 4)) {
+					bus_state_.vsync = false;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if(is_in_adjustment_period_) {
+				line_counter_++;
+				if(line_counter_ == registers_[5]) {
+					is_in_adjustment_period_ = false;
+					do_end_of_frame();
+				}
+			} else {
+				// advance vertical counter
+				if(bus_state_.row_address == registers_[9]) {
+					bus_state_.row_address = 0;
+					line_address_ = end_of_line_address_;
+
+					// check for entry into the overflow area
+					if(line_counter_ == registers_[4]) {
+						if(registers_[5]) {
+							line_counter_ = 0;
+							is_in_adjustment_period_ = true;
+						} else {
+							do_end_of_frame();
+						}
+					} else {
+						line_counter_ = (line_counter_ + 1) & 0x7f;
+
+						// check for start of vertical sync
+						if(line_counter_ == registers_[7]) {
+							bus_state_.vsync = true;
+							vsync_counter_ = 0;
+						}
+
+						// check for end of visible lines
+						if(line_counter_ == registers_[6]) {
+							line_is_visible_ = false;
+						}
+					}
+				} else {
+					bus_state_.row_address = (bus_state_.row_address + 1) & 0x1f;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bus_state_.refresh_address = line_address_;
+			character_counter_ = 0;
+			character_is_visible_ = (registers_[1] != 0);
+		}
+
+		inline void do_end_of_frame() {
+			line_counter_ = 0;
+			line_is_visible_ = true;
+			line_address_ = (uint16_t)((registers_[12] << 8) | registers_[13]);
+			bus_state_.refresh_address = line_address_;
+		}
+
+		Personality personality_;
+		T &bus_handler_;
+		BusState bus_state_;
+
+		uint8_t registers_[18];
+		int selected_register_;
+
+		uint8_t character_counter_;
+		uint8_t line_counter_;
+
+		bool character_is_visible_, line_is_visible_;
+
+		int hsync_counter_;
+		int vsync_counter_;
+		bool is_in_adjustment_period_;
+
+		uint16_t line_address_;
+		uint16_t end_of_line_address_;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* CRTC6845_hpp */

Components/8255/i8255.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//
+//  i8255.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 01/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef i8255_hpp
+#define i8255_hpp
+
+namespace Intel {
+namespace i8255 {
+
+class PortHandler {
+	public:
+		void set_value(int port, uint8_t value) {}
+		uint8_t get_value(int port) { return 0xff; }
+};
+
+// TODO: Modes 1 and 2.
+template <class T> class i8255 {
+	public:
+		i8255(T &port_handler) : control_(0), outputs_{0, 0, 0}, port_handler_(port_handler) {}
+
+		/*!
+			Stores the value @c value to the register at @c address. If this causes a change in 8255 output
+			then the PortHandler will be informed.
+		*/
+		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+			switch(address & 3) {
+				case 0:
+					if(!(control_ & 0x10)) {
+						// TODO: so what would output be when switching from input to output mode?
+						outputs_[0] = value; port_handler_.set_value(0, value);
+					}
+				break;
+				case 1:
+					if(!(control_ & 0x02)) {
+						outputs_[1] = value; port_handler_.set_value(1, value);
+					}
+				break;
+				case 2:	outputs_[2] = value; port_handler_.set_value(2, value);	break;
+				case 3:
+					if(value & 0x80) {
+						control_ = value;
+					} else {
+						if(value & 1) {
+							outputs_[2] |= 1 << ((value >> 1)&7);
+						} else {
+							outputs_[2] &= ~(1 << ((value >> 1)&7));
+						}
+					}
+					update_outputs();
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Obtains the current value for the register at @c address. If this provides a reading
+			of input then the PortHandler will be queried.
+		*/
+		uint8_t get_register(int address) {
+			switch(address & 3) {
+				case 0:	return (control_ & 0x10) ? port_handler_.get_value(0) : outputs_[0];
+				case 1:	return (control_ & 0x02) ? port_handler_.get_value(1) : outputs_[1];
+				case 2:	{
+					if(!(control_ & 0x09)) return outputs_[2];
+					uint8_t input = port_handler_.get_value(2);
+					return ((control_ & 0x01) ? (input & 0x0f) : (outputs_[2] & 0x0f)) | ((control_ & 0x08) ? (input & 0xf0) : (outputs_[2] & 0xf0));
+				}
+				case 3:	return control_;
+			}
+			return 0xff;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		void update_outputs() {
+			port_handler_.set_value(0, outputs_[0]);
+			port_handler_.set_value(1, outputs_[1]);
+			port_handler_.set_value(2, outputs_[2]);
+		}
+
+		uint8_t control_;
+		uint8_t outputs_[3];
+		T &port_handler_;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* i8255_hpp */

Components/8272/i8272.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+//
+//  i8272.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 05/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "i8272.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Disk/Encodings/MFM.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+
+using namespace Intel::i8272;
+
+#define SetDataRequest()				(main_status_ |= 0x80)
+#define ResetDataRequest()				(main_status_ &= ~0x80)
+#define DataRequest()					(main_status_ & 0x80)
+
+#define SetDataDirectionToProcessor()	(main_status_ |= 0x40)
+#define SetDataDirectionFromProcessor()	(main_status_ &= ~0x40)
+#define DataDirectionToProcessor()		(main_status_ & 0x40)
+
+#define SetNonDMAExecution()			(main_status_ |= 0x20)
+#define ResetNonDMAExecution()			(main_status_ &= ~0x20)
+
+#define SetBusy()						(main_status_ |= 0x10)
+#define ResetBusy()						(main_status_ &= ~0x10)
+#define Busy()							(main_status_ & 0x10)
+
+#define SetAbnormalTermination()		(status_[0] |= 0x40)
+#define SetInvalidCommand()				(status_[0] |= 0x80)
+#define SetReadyChanged()				(status_[0] |= 0xc0)
+#define SetSeekEnd()					(status_[0] |= 0x20)
+#define SetEquipmentCheck()				(status_[0] |= 0x10)
+#define SetNotReady()					(status_[0] |= 0x08)
+
+#define SetEndOfCylinder()				(status_[1] |= 0x80)
+#define SetDataError()					(status_[1] |= 0x20)
+#define SetOverrun()					(status_[1] |= 0x10)
+#define SetNoData()						(status_[1] |= 0x04)
+#define SetNotWriteable()				(status_[1] |= 0x02)
+#define SetMissingAddressMark()			(status_[1] |= 0x01)
+
+#define SetControlMark()				(status_[2] |= 0x40)
+#define ControlMark()					(status_[2] & 0x40)
+
+#define SetDataFieldDataError()			(status_[2] |= 0x20)
+#define SetWrongCyinder()				(status_[2] |= 0x10)
+#define SetScanEqualHit()				(status_[2] |= 0x08)
+#define SetScanNotSatisfied()			(status_[2] |= 0x04)
+#define SetBadCylinder()				(status_[2] |= 0x02)
+#define SetMissingDataAddressMark()		(status_[2] |= 0x01)
+
+namespace {
+	const uint8_t CommandReadData = 0x06;
+	const uint8_t CommandReadDeletedData = 0x0c;
+
+	const uint8_t CommandWriteData = 0x05;
+	const uint8_t CommandWriteDeletedData = 0x09;
+
+	const uint8_t CommandReadTrack = 0x02;
+	const uint8_t CommandReadID = 0x0a;
+	const uint8_t CommandFormatTrack = 0x0d;
+
+	const uint8_t CommandScanLow = 0x11;
+	const uint8_t CommandScanLowOrEqual = 0x19;
+	const uint8_t CommandScanHighOrEqual = 0x1d;
+
+	const uint8_t CommandRecalibrate = 0x07;
+	const uint8_t CommandSeek = 0x0f;
+
+	const uint8_t CommandSenseInterruptStatus = 0x08;
+	const uint8_t CommandSpecify = 0x03;
+	const uint8_t CommandSenseDriveStatus = 0x04;
+}
+
+i8272::i8272(BusHandler &bus_handler, Cycles clock_rate, int clock_rate_multiplier, int revolutions_per_minute) :
+	Storage::Disk::MFMController(clock_rate, clock_rate_multiplier, revolutions_per_minute),
+	bus_handler_(bus_handler),
+	main_status_(0),
+	interesting_event_mask_((int)Event8272::CommandByte),
+	resume_point_(0),
+	delay_time_(0),
+	head_timers_running_(0),
+	expects_input_(false),
+	drives_seeking_(0) {
+	posit_event((int)Event8272::CommandByte);
+}
+
+bool i8272::is_sleeping() {
+	return is_sleeping_ && Storage::Disk::MFMController::is_sleeping();
+}
+
+void i8272::run_for(Cycles cycles) {
+	Storage::Disk::MFMController::run_for(cycles);
+
+	if(is_sleeping_) return;
+
+	// check for an expired timer
+	if(delay_time_ > 0) {
+		if(cycles.as_int() >= delay_time_) {
+			delay_time_ = 0;
+			posit_event((int)Event8272::Timer);
+		} else {
+			delay_time_ -= cycles.as_int();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// update seek status of any drives presently seeking
+	if(drives_seeking_) {
+		int drives_left = drives_seeking_;
+		for(int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+			if(drives_[c].phase == Drive::Seeking) {
+				drives_[c].step_rate_counter += cycles.as_int();
+				int steps = drives_[c].step_rate_counter / (8000 * step_rate_time_);
+				drives_[c].step_rate_counter %= (8000 * step_rate_time_);
+				while(steps--) {
+					// Perform a step.
+					int direction = (drives_[c].target_head_position < drives_[c].head_position) ? -1 : 1;
+					printf("Target %d versus believed %d\n", drives_[c].target_head_position, drives_[c].head_position);
+					drives_[c].drive->step(direction);
+					if(drives_[c].target_head_position >= 0) drives_[c].head_position += direction;
+
+					// Check for completion.
+					if(drives_[c].seek_is_satisfied()) {
+						drives_[c].phase = Drive::CompletedSeeking;
+						drives_seeking_--;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				drives_left--;
+				if(!drives_left) break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check for any head unloads
+	if(head_timers_running_) {
+		int timers_left = head_timers_running_;
+		for(int c = 0; c < 8; c++) {
+			int drive = (c >> 1);
+			int head = c&1;
+
+			if(drives_[drive].head_unload_delay[head] > 0) {
+				if(cycles.as_int() >= drives_[drive].head_unload_delay[head]) {
+					drives_[drive].head_unload_delay[head] = 0;
+					drives_[drive].head_is_loaded[head] = false;
+					head_timers_running_--;
+				} else {
+					drives_[drive].head_unload_delay[head] -= cycles.as_int();
+				}
+				timers_left--;
+				if(!timers_left) break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	is_sleeping_ = !delay_time_ && !drives_seeking_ && !head_timers_running_;
+	if(is_sleeping_) update_sleep_observer();
+}
+
+void i8272::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+	// don't consider attempted sets to the status register
+	if(!address) return;
+
+	// if not ready for commands, do nothing
+	if(!DataRequest() || DataDirectionToProcessor()) return;
+
+	if(expects_input_) {
+		input_ = value;
+		has_input_ = true;
+		ResetDataRequest();
+	} else {
+		// accumulate latest byte in the command byte sequence
+		command_.push_back(value);
+		posit_event((int)Event8272::CommandByte);
+	}
+}
+
+uint8_t i8272::get_register(int address) {
+	if(address) {
+		if(result_stack_.empty()) return 0xff;
+		uint8_t result = result_stack_.back();
+		result_stack_.pop_back();
+		if(result_stack_.empty()) posit_event((int)Event8272::ResultEmpty);
+
+		return result;
+	} else {
+		return main_status_;
+	}
+}
+
+void i8272::set_disk(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> disk, int drive) {
+	if(drive < 4 && drive >= 0) {
+		drives_[drive].drive->set_disk(disk);
+	}
+}
+
+#define BEGIN_SECTION()	switch(resume_point_) { default:
+#define END_SECTION()	}
+
+#define MS_TO_CYCLES(x)			x * 8000
+#define WAIT_FOR_EVENT(mask)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = (int)mask; return; case __LINE__:
+#define WAIT_FOR_TIME(ms)		resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = (int)Event8272::Timer; delay_time_ = MS_TO_CYCLES(ms); is_sleeping_ = false; update_sleep_observer(); case __LINE__: if(delay_time_) return;
+
+#define PASTE(x, y) x##y
+#define CONCAT(x, y) PASTE(x, y)
+
+#define FIND_HEADER()	\
+	set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);	\
+	CONCAT(find_header, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::Token | (int)Event::IndexHole); \
+	if(event_type == (int)Event::IndexHole) { index_hole_limit_--; }	\
+	else if(get_latest_token().type == Token::ID) goto CONCAT(header_found, __LINE__);	\
+	\
+	if(index_hole_limit_) goto CONCAT(find_header, __LINE__);	\
+	CONCAT(header_found, __LINE__):	0;\
+
+#define FIND_DATA()	\
+	set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);	\
+	CONCAT(find_data, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::Token | (int)Event::IndexHole); \
+	if(event_type == (int)Event::Token) { \
+		if(get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte || get_latest_token().type == Token::Sync) goto CONCAT(find_data, __LINE__);	\
+	}
+
+#define READ_HEADER()	\
+	distance_into_section_ = 0;	\
+	set_data_mode(DataMode::Reading);	\
+	CONCAT(read_header, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token); \
+	header_[distance_into_section_] = get_latest_token().byte_value;	\
+	distance_into_section_++; \
+	if(distance_into_section_ < 6) goto CONCAT(read_header, __LINE__);	\
+
+#define SET_DRIVE_HEAD_MFM()	\
+	active_drive_ = command_[1]&3;	\
+	active_head_ = (command_[1] >> 2)&1;	\
+	set_drive(drives_[active_drive_].drive);	\
+	drives_[active_drive_].drive->set_head((unsigned int)active_head_);	\
+	set_is_double_density(command_[0] & 0x40);	\
+	invalidate_track();
+
+#define WAIT_FOR_BYTES(n) \
+	distance_into_section_ = 0;	\
+	CONCAT(wait_bytes, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);	\
+	if(get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte) distance_into_section_++;	\
+	if(distance_into_section_ < (n)) goto CONCAT(wait_bytes, __LINE__);
+
+#define LOAD_HEAD()	\
+	if(!drives_[active_drive_].head_is_loaded[active_head_]) {	\
+		drives_[active_drive_].head_is_loaded[active_head_] = true;	\
+		WAIT_FOR_TIME(head_load_time_);	\
+	} else {	\
+		if(drives_[active_drive_].head_unload_delay[active_head_] > 0) {	\
+			drives_[active_drive_].head_unload_delay[active_head_] = 0;	\
+			head_timers_running_--;	\
+		}	\
+	}
+
+#define SCHEDULE_HEAD_UNLOAD()	\
+	if(drives_[active_drive_].head_is_loaded[active_head_]) {\
+		if(drives_[active_drive_].head_unload_delay[active_head_] == 0) {	\
+			head_timers_running_++;	\
+			is_sleeping_ = false;	\
+			update_sleep_observer();	\
+		}	\
+		drives_[active_drive_].head_unload_delay[active_head_] = MS_TO_CYCLES(head_unload_time_);\
+	}
+
+void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
+	if(event_type == (int)Event::IndexHole) index_hole_count_++;
+	if(!(interesting_event_mask_ & event_type)) return;
+	interesting_event_mask_ &= ~event_type;
+
+	BEGIN_SECTION();
+
+	// Resets busy and non-DMA execution, clears the command buffer, sets the data mode to scanning and flows
+	// into wait_for_complete_command_sequence.
+	wait_for_command:
+			expects_input_ = false;
+			set_data_mode(Storage::Disk::MFMController::DataMode::Scanning);
+			ResetBusy();
+			ResetNonDMAExecution();
+			command_.clear();
+
+	// Sets the data request bit, and waits for a byte. Then sets the busy bit. Continues accepting bytes
+	// until it has a quantity that make up an entire command, then resets the data request bit and
+	// branches to that command.
+	wait_for_complete_command_sequence:
+			SetDataRequest();
+			SetDataDirectionFromProcessor();
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event8272::CommandByte)
+			SetBusy();
+
+			static const size_t required_lengths[32] = {
+				0,	0,	9,	3,	2,	9,	9,	2,
+				1,	9,	2,	0,	9,	6,	0,	3,
+				0,	9,	0,	0,	0,	0,	0,	0,
+				0,	9,	0,	0,	0,	9,	0,	0,
+			};
+
+			if(command_.size() < required_lengths[command_[0] & 0x1f]) goto wait_for_complete_command_sequence;
+			if(command_.size() == 9) {
+				cylinder_ = command_[2];
+				head_ = command_[3];
+				sector_ = command_[4];
+				size_ = command_[5];
+			}
+			ResetDataRequest();
+			status_[0] = status_[1] = status_[2] = 0;
+
+			// If this is not clearly a command that's safe to carry out in parallel to a seek, end all seeks.
+			switch(command_[0] & 0x1f) {
+				case CommandReadData:
+				case CommandReadDeletedData:
+				case CommandWriteData:
+				case CommandWriteDeletedData:
+				case CommandReadTrack:
+				case CommandReadID:
+				case CommandFormatTrack:
+				case CommandScanLow:
+				case CommandScanLowOrEqual:
+				case CommandScanHighOrEqual:
+					is_access_command_ = true;
+				break;
+
+				default:
+					is_access_command_ = false;
+				break;
+			}
+
+			if(is_access_command_) {
+				for(int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+					if(drives_[c].phase == Drive::Seeking) {
+						drives_[c].phase = Drive::NotSeeking;
+						drives_seeking_--;
+					}
+				}
+				// Establishes the drive and head being addressed, and whether in double density mode; populates the internal
+				// cylinder, head, sector and size registers from the command stream.
+				if(!dma_mode_) SetNonDMAExecution();
+				SET_DRIVE_HEAD_MFM();
+				LOAD_HEAD();
+			}
+
+			// Jump to the proper place.
+			switch(command_[0] & 0x1f) {
+				case CommandReadData:
+				case CommandReadDeletedData:
+					goto read_data;
+
+				case CommandWriteData:
+				case CommandWriteDeletedData:
+					goto write_data;
+
+				case CommandReadTrack:				goto read_track;
+				case CommandReadID:					goto read_id;
+				case CommandFormatTrack:			goto format_track;
+
+				case CommandScanLow:				goto scan_low;
+				case CommandScanLowOrEqual:			goto scan_low_or_equal;
+				case CommandScanHighOrEqual:		goto scan_high_or_equal;
+
+				case CommandRecalibrate:			goto recalibrate;
+				case CommandSeek:					goto seek;
+
+				case CommandSenseInterruptStatus:	goto sense_interrupt_status;
+				case CommandSpecify:				goto specify;
+				case CommandSenseDriveStatus:		goto sense_drive_status;
+
+				default:							goto invalid;
+			}
+
+	// Decodes drive, head and density, loads the head, loads the internal cylinder, head, sector and size registers,
+	// and searches for a sector that meets those criteria. If one is found, inspects the instruction in use and
+	// jumps to an appropriate handler.
+	read_write_find_header:
+
+		// Sets a maximum index hole limit of 2 then performs a find header/read header loop, continuing either until
+		// the index hole limit is breached or a sector is found with a cylinder, head, sector and size equal to the
+		// values in the internal registers.
+			index_hole_limit_ = 2;
+//			printf("Seeking %02x %02x %02x %02x\n", cylinder_, head_, sector_, size_);
+		find_next_sector:
+			FIND_HEADER();
+			if(!index_hole_limit_) {
+				// Two index holes have passed wihout finding the header sought.
+//				printf("Not found\n");
+				SetNoData();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+			index_hole_count_ = 0;
+//			printf("Header\n");
+			READ_HEADER();
+			if(index_hole_count_) {
+				// This implies an index hole was sighted within the header. Error out.
+				SetEndOfCylinder();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+			if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
+				// This implies a CRC error in the header; mark as such but continue.
+				SetDataError();
+			}
+//			printf("Considering %02x %02x %02x %02x [%04x]\n", header_[0], header_[1], header_[2], header_[3], get_crc_generator().get_value());
+			if(header_[0] != cylinder_ || header_[1] != head_ || header_[2] != sector_ || header_[3] != size_) goto find_next_sector;
+
+			// Branch to whatever is supposed to happen next
+//			printf("Proceeding\n");
+			switch(command_[0] & 0x1f) {
+				case CommandReadData:
+				case CommandReadDeletedData:
+				goto read_data_found_header;
+
+				case CommandWriteData:	// write data
+				case CommandWriteDeletedData:	// write deleted data
+				goto write_data_found_header;
+			}
+
+
+	// Performs the read data or read deleted data command.
+	read_data:
+			printf("Read [deleted] data [%02x %02x %02x %02x ... %02x %02x]\n", command_[2], command_[3], command_[4], command_[5], command_[6], command_[8]);
+		read_next_data:
+			goto read_write_find_header;
+
+		// Finds the next data block and sets data mode to reading, setting an error flag if the on-disk deleted
+		// flag doesn't match the sort the command was looking for.
+		read_data_found_header:
+			FIND_DATA();
+			if(event_type == (int)Event::Token) {
+				if(get_latest_token().type != Token::Data && get_latest_token().type != Token::DeletedData) {
+					// Something other than a data mark came next — impliedly an ID or index mark.
+					SetMissingAddressMark();
+					SetMissingDataAddressMark();
+					goto abort;	// TODO: or read_next_data?
+				} else {
+					if((get_latest_token().type == Token::Data) != ((command_[0] & 0x1f) == CommandReadData)) {
+						if(!(command_[0]&0x20)) {
+							// SK is not set; set the error flag but read this sector before finishing.
+							SetControlMark();
+						} else {
+							// SK is set; skip this sector.
+							goto read_next_data;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// An index hole appeared before the data mark.
+				SetEndOfCylinder();
+				goto abort;	// TODO: or read_next_data?
+			}
+
+			distance_into_section_ = 0;
+			set_data_mode(Reading);
+
+		// Waits for the next token, then supplies it to the CPU by: (i) setting data request and direction; and (ii) resetting
+		// data request once the byte has been taken. Continues until all bytes have been read.
+		//
+		// TODO: consider DTL.
+		read_data_get_byte:
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::Token | (int)Event::IndexHole);
+			if(event_type == (int)Event::Token) {
+				result_stack_.push_back(get_latest_token().byte_value);
+				distance_into_section_++;
+				SetDataRequest();
+				SetDataDirectionToProcessor();
+				WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event8272::ResultEmpty | (int)Event::Token | (int)Event::IndexHole);
+			}
+			switch(event_type) {
+				case (int)Event8272::ResultEmpty:	// The caller read the byte in time; proceed as normal.
+					ResetDataRequest();
+					if(distance_into_section_ < (128 << size_)) goto read_data_get_byte;
+				break;
+				case (int)Event::Token:				// The caller hasn't read the old byte yet and a new one has arrived
+					SetOverrun();
+					goto abort;
+				break;
+				case (int)Event::IndexHole:
+					SetEndOfCylinder();
+					goto abort;
+				break;
+			}
+
+		// read CRC, without transferring it, then check it
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
+			if(get_crc_generator().get_value()) {
+				// This implies a CRC error in the sector; mark as such and temrinate.
+				SetDataError();
+				SetDataFieldDataError();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+
+		// check whether that's it: either the final requested sector has been read, or because
+		// a sector that was [/wasn't] marked as deleted when it shouldn't [/should] have been
+			if(sector_ != command_[6] && !ControlMark()) {
+				sector_++;
+				goto read_next_data;
+			}
+
+		// For a final result phase, post the standard ST0, ST1, ST2, C, H, R, N
+			goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	write_data:
+			printf("Write [deleted] data [%02x %02x %02x %02x ... %02x %02x]\n", command_[2], command_[3], command_[4], command_[5], command_[6], command_[8]);
+
+			if(drives_[active_drive_].drive->get_is_read_only()) {
+				SetNotWriteable();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+
+		write_next_data:
+			goto read_write_find_header;
+
+		write_data_found_header:
+			WAIT_FOR_BYTES(get_is_double_density() ? 22 : 11);
+			begin_writing(true);
+
+			write_id_data_joiner((command_[0] & 0x1f) == CommandWriteDeletedData, true);
+
+			SetDataDirectionFromProcessor();
+			SetDataRequest();
+			expects_input_ = true;
+			distance_into_section_ = 0;
+
+		write_loop:
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::DataWritten);
+			if(!has_input_) {
+				SetOverrun();
+				end_writing();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+			write_byte(input_);
+			has_input_ = false;
+			distance_into_section_++;
+			if(distance_into_section_ < (128 << size_)) {
+				SetDataRequest();
+				goto write_loop;
+			}
+
+			printf("Wrote %d bytes\n", distance_into_section_);
+			write_crc();
+			expects_input_ = false;
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::DataWritten);
+			end_writing();
+
+			if(sector_ != command_[6]) {
+				sector_++;
+				goto write_next_data;
+			}
+
+		goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	// Performs the read ID command.
+	read_id:
+		// Establishes the drive and head being addressed, and whether in double density mode.
+			printf("Read ID [%02x %02x]\n", command_[0], command_[1]);
+
+		// Sets a maximum index hole limit of 2 then waits either until it finds a header mark or sees too many index holes.
+		// If a header mark is found, reads in the following bytes that produce a header. Otherwise branches to data not found.
+			index_hole_limit_ = 2;
+		read_id_find_next_sector:
+			FIND_HEADER();
+			if(!index_hole_limit_) {
+				SetMissingAddressMark();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+			READ_HEADER();
+
+		// Sets internal registers from the discovered header and posts the standard ST0, ST1, ST2, C, H, R, N.
+			cylinder_ = header_[0];
+			head_ = header_[1];
+			sector_ = header_[2];
+			size_ = header_[3];
+
+			goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	// Performs read track.
+	read_track:
+			printf("Read track [%02x %02x %02x %02x]\n", command_[2], command_[3], command_[4], command_[5]);
+
+			// Wait for the index hole.
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole);
+
+			sector_ = 0;
+			index_hole_limit_ = 2;
+
+		// While not index hole again, stream all sector contents until EOT sectors have been read.
+		read_track_next_sector:
+			FIND_HEADER();
+			if(!index_hole_limit_) {
+				if(!sector_) {
+					SetMissingAddressMark();
+					goto abort;
+				} else {
+					goto post_st012chrn;
+				}
+			}
+			READ_HEADER();
+
+			FIND_DATA();
+			distance_into_section_ = 0;
+			SetDataDirectionToProcessor();
+		read_track_get_byte:
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::Token);
+			result_stack_.push_back(get_latest_token().byte_value);
+			distance_into_section_++;
+			SetDataRequest();
+			// TODO: other possible exit conditions; find a way to merge with the read_data version of this.
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event8272::ResultEmpty);
+			ResetDataRequest();
+			if(distance_into_section_ < (128 << header_[2])) goto read_track_get_byte;
+
+			sector_++;
+			if(sector_ < command_[6]) goto read_track_next_sector;
+
+			goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	// Performs format [/write] track.
+	format_track:
+			printf("Format track\n");
+			if(drives_[active_drive_].drive->get_is_read_only()) {
+				SetNotWriteable();
+				goto abort;
+			}
+
+			// Wait for the index hole.
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole);
+			index_hole_count_ = 0;
+			begin_writing(true);
+
+			// Write start-of-track.
+			write_start_of_track();
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::DataWritten);
+			sector_ = 0;
+
+		format_track_write_sector:
+			write_id_joiner();
+
+			// Write the sector header, obtaining its contents
+			// from the processor.
+			SetDataDirectionFromProcessor();
+			SetDataRequest();
+			expects_input_ = true;
+			distance_into_section_ = 0;
+		format_track_write_header:
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::DataWritten | (int)Event::IndexHole);
+			switch(event_type) {
+				case (int)Event::IndexHole:
+					SetOverrun();
+					end_writing();
+					goto abort;
+				break;
+				case (int)Event::DataWritten:
+					header_[distance_into_section_] = input_;
+					write_byte(input_);
+					has_input_ = false;
+					distance_into_section_++;
+					if(distance_into_section_ < 4) {
+						SetDataRequest();
+						goto format_track_write_header;
+					}
+				break;
+			}
+
+			printf("W: %02x %02x %02x %02x, %04x\n", header_[0], header_[1], header_[2], header_[3], get_crc_generator().get_value());
+			write_crc();
+
+			// Write the sector body.
+			write_id_data_joiner(false, false);
+			write_n_bytes(128 << command_[2], command_[5]);
+			write_crc();
+
+			// Write the prescribed gap.
+			write_n_bytes(command_[4], get_is_double_density() ? 0x4e : 0xff);
+
+			// Consider repeating.
+			sector_++;
+			if(sector_ < command_[3] && !index_hole_count_)
+				goto format_track_write_sector;
+
+			// Otherwise, pad out to the index hole.
+		format_track_pad:
+			write_byte(get_is_double_density() ? 0x4e : 0xff);
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT((int)Event::DataWritten | (int)Event::IndexHole);
+			if(event_type != (int)Event::IndexHole) goto format_track_pad;
+
+			end_writing();
+
+			cylinder_ = header_[0];
+			head_ = header_[1];
+			sector_ = header_[2] + 1;
+			size_ = header_[3];
+
+		goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	scan_low:
+		printf("Scan low unimplemented!!\n");
+		goto wait_for_command;
+
+	scan_low_or_equal:
+		printf("Scan low or equal unimplemented!!\n");
+		goto wait_for_command;
+
+	scan_high_or_equal:
+		printf("Scan high or equal unimplemented!!\n");
+		goto wait_for_command;
+
+	// Performs both recalibrate and seek commands. These commands occur asynchronously, so the actual work
+	// occurs in ::run_for; this merely establishes that seeking should be ongoing.
+	recalibrate:
+	seek:
+			{
+				int drive = command_[1]&3;
+
+				// Increment the seeking count if this drive wasn't already seeking.
+				if(drives_[drive].phase != Drive::Seeking) {
+					drives_seeking_++;
+					is_sleeping_ = false;
+					update_sleep_observer();
+				}
+
+				// Set currently seeking, with a step to occur right now (yes, it sounds like jamming these
+				// in could damage your drive motor).
+				drives_[drive].phase = Drive::Seeking;
+				drives_[drive].step_rate_counter = 8000 * step_rate_time_;
+				drives_[drive].steps_taken = 0;
+				drives_[drive].seek_failed = false;
+				main_status_ |= 1 << (command_[1]&3);
+
+				// If this is a seek, set the processor-supplied target location; otherwise it is a recalibrate,
+				// which means resetting the current state now but aiming to hit '-1' (which the stepping code
+				// up in run_for understands to mean 'keep going until track 0 is active').
+				if(command_.size() > 2) {
+					drives_[drive].target_head_position = command_[2];
+					printf("Seek to %02x\n", command_[2]);
+				} else {
+					drives_[drive].target_head_position = -1;
+					drives_[drive].head_position = 0;
+					printf("Recalibrate\n");
+				}
+
+				// Check whether any steps are even needed; if not then mark as completed already.
+				if(drives_[drive].seek_is_satisfied()) {
+					drives_[drive].phase = Drive::CompletedSeeking;
+					drives_seeking_--;
+				}
+			}
+			goto wait_for_command;
+
+	// Performs sense interrupt status.
+	sense_interrupt_status:
+			printf("Sense interrupt status\n");
+			{
+				// Find the first drive that is in the CompletedSeeking state.
+				int found_drive = -1;
+				for(int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+					if(drives_[c].phase == Drive::CompletedSeeking) {
+						found_drive = c;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// If a drive was found, return its results. Otherwise return a single 0x80.
+				if(found_drive != -1) {
+					drives_[found_drive].phase = Drive::NotSeeking;
+					status_[0] = (uint8_t)found_drive;
+					main_status_ &= ~(1 << found_drive);
+					SetSeekEnd();
+
+					result_stack_.push_back(drives_[found_drive].head_position);
+					result_stack_.push_back(status_[0]);
+				} else {
+					result_stack_.push_back(0x80);
+				}
+			}
+			goto post_result;
+
+	// Performs specify.
+	specify:
+		// Just store the values, and terminate the command.
+			printf("Specify\n");
+			step_rate_time_ = 16 - (command_[1] >> 4);			// i.e. 1 to 16ms
+			head_unload_time_ = (command_[1] & 0x0f) << 4;		// i.e. 16 to 240ms
+			head_load_time_ = command_[2] & ~1;					// i.e. 2 to 254 ms in increments of 2ms
+
+			if(!head_unload_time_) head_unload_time_ = 16;
+			if(!head_load_time_) head_load_time_ = 2;
+			dma_mode_ = !(command_[2] & 1);
+			goto wait_for_command;
+
+	sense_drive_status:
+			printf("Sense drive status\n");
+			{
+				int drive = command_[1] & 3;
+				result_stack_.push_back(
+					(command_[1] & 7) |	// drive and head number
+					0x08 |				// single sided
+					(drives_[drive].drive->get_is_track_zero() ? 0x10 : 0x00)	|
+					(drives_[drive].drive->get_is_ready() ? 0x20 : 0x00)		|
+					(drives_[drive].drive->get_is_read_only() ? 0x40 : 0x00)
+				);
+			}
+			goto post_result;
+
+	// Performs any invalid command.
+	invalid:
+			// A no-op, but posts ST0 (but which ST0?)
+			result_stack_.push_back(0x80);
+			goto post_result;
+
+	// Sets abnormal termination of the current command and proceeds to an ST0, ST1, ST2, C, H, R, N result phase.
+	abort:
+		SetAbnormalTermination();
+		goto post_st012chrn;
+
+	// Posts ST0, ST1, ST2, C, H, R and N as a result phase.
+	post_st012chrn:
+			SCHEDULE_HEAD_UNLOAD();
+
+			result_stack_.push_back(size_);
+			result_stack_.push_back(sector_);
+			result_stack_.push_back(head_);
+			result_stack_.push_back(cylinder_);
+
+			result_stack_.push_back(status_[2]);
+			result_stack_.push_back(status_[1]);
+			result_stack_.push_back(status_[0]);
+
+			goto post_result;
+
+	// Posts whatever is in result_stack_ as a result phase. Be aware that it is a stack — the
+	// last thing in it will be returned first.
+	post_result:
+			printf("Result to %02x, main %02x: ", command_[0] & 0x1f, main_status_);
+			for(size_t c = 0; c < result_stack_.size(); c++) {
+				printf("%02x ", result_stack_[result_stack_.size() - 1 - c]);
+			}
+			printf("\n");
+
+			// Set ready to send data to the processor, no longer in non-DMA execution phase.
+			ResetNonDMAExecution();
+			SetDataRequest();
+			SetDataDirectionToProcessor();
+
+			// The actual stuff of unwinding result_stack_ is handled by ::get_register; wait
+			// until the processor has read all result bytes.
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event8272::ResultEmpty);
+
+			// Reset data direction and end the command.
+			goto wait_for_command;
+
+	END_SECTION()
+}
+
+bool i8272::Drive::seek_is_satisfied() {
+	return	(target_head_position == head_position) ||
+			(target_head_position == -1 && drive->get_is_track_zero());
+}
+
+void i8272::set_dma_acknowledge(bool dack) {
+}
+
+void i8272::set_terminal_count(bool tc) {
+}
+
+void i8272::set_data_input(uint8_t value) {
+}
+
+uint8_t i8272::get_data_output() {
+	return 0xff;
+}

Components/8272/i8272.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//
+//  i8272.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 05/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef i8272_hpp
+#define i8272_hpp
+
+#include "../../Storage/Disk/MFMDiskController.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Intel {
+namespace i8272 {
+
+class BusHandler {
+	public:
+		virtual void set_dma_data_request(bool drq) {}
+		virtual void set_interrupt(bool irq) {}
+};
+
+class i8272: public Storage::Disk::MFMController {
+	public:
+		i8272(BusHandler &bus_handler, Cycles clock_rate, int clock_rate_multiplier, int revolutions_per_minute);
+
+		void run_for(Cycles);
+
+		void set_data_input(uint8_t value);
+		uint8_t get_data_output();
+
+		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
+		uint8_t get_register(int address);
+
+		void set_dma_acknowledge(bool dack);
+		void set_terminal_count(bool tc);
+
+		void set_disk(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> disk, int drive);
+
+		bool is_sleeping();
+
+	private:
+		// The bus handler, for interrupt and DMA-driven usage.
+		BusHandler &bus_handler_;
+		std::unique_ptr<BusHandler> allocated_bus_handler_;
+
+		// Status registers.
+		uint8_t main_status_;
+		uint8_t status_[3];
+
+		// A buffer for accumulating the incoming command, and one for accumulating the result.
+		std::vector<uint8_t> command_;
+		std::vector<uint8_t> result_stack_;
+		uint8_t input_;
+		bool has_input_;
+		bool expects_input_;
+
+		// Event stream: the 8272-specific events, plus the current event state.
+		enum class Event8272: int {
+			CommandByte	= (1 << 3),
+			Timer = (1 << 4),
+			ResultEmpty = (1 << 5),
+		};
+		void posit_event(int type);
+		int interesting_event_mask_;
+		int resume_point_;
+		bool is_access_command_;
+
+		// The counter used for ::Timer events.
+		int delay_time_;
+
+		// The connected drives.
+		struct Drive {
+			uint8_t head_position;
+
+			// Seeking: persistent state.
+			enum Phase {
+				NotSeeking,
+				Seeking,
+				CompletedSeeking
+			} phase;
+			bool did_seek;
+			bool seek_failed;
+
+			// Seeking: transient state.
+			int step_rate_counter;
+			int steps_taken;
+			int target_head_position;	// either an actual number, or -1 to indicate to step until track zero
+
+			/// @returns @c true if the currently queued-up seek or recalibrate has reached where it should be.
+			bool seek_is_satisfied();
+
+			// Head state.
+			int head_unload_delay[2];
+			bool head_is_loaded[2];
+
+			// The connected drive.
+			std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Drive> drive;
+
+			Drive() :
+				head_position(0), phase(NotSeeking),
+				drive(new Storage::Disk::Drive),
+				head_is_loaded{false, false},
+				head_unload_delay{0, 0} {};
+		} drives_[4];
+		int drives_seeking_;
+
+		// User-supplied parameters; as per the specify command.
+		int step_rate_time_;
+		int head_unload_time_;
+		int head_load_time_;
+		bool dma_mode_;
+
+		// A count of head unload timers currently running.
+		int head_timers_running_;
+
+		// Transient storage and counters used while reading the disk.
+		uint8_t header_[6];
+		int distance_into_section_;
+		int index_hole_count_, index_hole_limit_;
+
+		// Keeps track of the drive and head in use during commands.
+		int active_drive_;
+		int active_head_;
+
+		// Internal registers.
+		uint8_t cylinder_, head_, sector_, size_;
+
+		// Master switch on not performing any work.
+		bool is_sleeping_;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* i8272_hpp */

Components/AY38910/AY38910.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "AY38910.hpp"
 
-using namespace GI;
+using namespace GI::AY38910;
 
 AY38910::AY38910() :
 		selected_register_(0),
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ AY38910::AY38910() :
 		noise_shift_register_(0xffff), noise_period_(0), noise_counter_(0), noise_output_(0),
 		envelope_divider_(0), envelope_period_(0), envelope_position_(0),
 		master_divider_(0),
-		output_registers_{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} {
+		output_registers_{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		port_handler_(nullptr) {
 	output_registers_[8] = output_registers_[9] = output_registers_[10] = 0;
 
 	// set up envelope lookup tables
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ void AY38910::set_clock_rate(double clock_rate) {
 }
 
 void AY38910::get_samples(unsigned int number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
-	int c = 0;
+	unsigned int c = 0;
 	while((master_divider_&7) && c < number_of_samples) {
 		target[c] = output_volume_;
 		master_divider_++;
@@ -166,11 +167,14 @@ void AY38910::evaluate_output_volume() {
 	);
 }
 
+#pragma mark - Register manipulation
+
 void AY38910::select_register(uint8_t r) {
-	selected_register_ = r & 0xf;
+	selected_register_ = r;
 }
 
 void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
+	if(selected_register_ > 15) return;
 	registers_[selected_register_] = value;
 	if(selected_register_ < 14) {
 		int selected_register = selected_register_;
@@ -185,23 +189,19 @@ void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 						tone_periods_[channel] = (tone_periods_[channel] & 0xff) | (uint16_t)((value&0xf) << 8);
 					else
 						tone_periods_[channel] = (tone_periods_[channel] & ~0xff) | value;
-					tone_counters_[channel] = tone_periods_[channel];
 				}
 				break;
 
 				case 6:
 					noise_period_ = value & 0x1f;
-					noise_counter_ = noise_period_;
 				break;
 
 				case 11:
 					envelope_period_ = (envelope_period_ & ~0xff) | value;
-					envelope_divider_ = envelope_period_;
 				break;
 
 				case 12:
 					envelope_period_ = (envelope_period_ & 0xff) | (int)(value << 8);
-					envelope_divider_ = envelope_period_;
 				break;
 
 				case 13:
@@ -212,53 +212,75 @@ void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 			output_registers_[selected_register] = masked_value;
 			evaluate_output_volume();
 		});
+	} else {
+		if(port_handler_) port_handler_->set_port_output(selected_register_ == 15, value);
 	}
 }
 
 uint8_t AY38910::get_register_value() {
-	// This table ensures that bits that aren't defined within the AY are returned as 1s
-	// when read. I can't find documentation on this and don't have a machine to test, so
-	// this is provisionally a guess. TODO: investigate.
+	// This table ensures that bits that aren't defined within the AY are returned as 0s
+	// when read, conforming to CPC-sourced unit tests.
 	const uint8_t register_masks[16] = {
-		0x00, 0xf0, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x00, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x00,
-		0xe0, 0xe0, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00
+		0xff, 0x0f, 0xff, 0x0f, 0xff, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0xff,
+		0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff
 	};
 
-	return registers_[selected_register_] | register_masks[selected_register_];
+	if(selected_register_ > 15) return 0xff;
+	switch(selected_register_) {
+		default:	return registers_[selected_register_] & register_masks[selected_register_];
+		case 14:	return (registers_[0x7] & 0x40) ? registers_[14] : port_inputs_[0];
+		case 15:	return (registers_[0x7] & 0x80) ? registers_[15] : port_inputs_[1];
+	}
 }
 
+#pragma mark - Port handling
+
 uint8_t AY38910::get_port_output(bool port_b) {
 	return registers_[port_b ? 15 : 14];
 }
 
+#pragma mark - Bus handling
+
+void AY38910::set_port_handler(PortHandler *handler) {
+	port_handler_ = handler;
+}
+
 void AY38910::set_data_input(uint8_t r) {
 	data_input_ = r;
+	update_bus();
 }
 
 uint8_t AY38910::get_data_output() {
+	if(control_state_ == Read && selected_register_ >= 14) {
+		if(port_handler_) {
+			return port_handler_->get_port_input(selected_register_ == 15);
+		} else {
+			return 0xff;
+		}
+	}
 	return data_output_;
 }
 
 void AY38910::set_control_lines(ControlLines control_lines) {
-	ControlState new_state;
 	switch((int)control_lines) {
-		default:					new_state = Inactive;		break;
+		default:					control_state_ = Inactive;		break;
 
-		case (int)(BCDIR | BC2 | BC1):
-		case BCDIR:
-		case BC1:					new_state = LatchAddress;	break;
+		case (int)(BDIR | BC2 | BC1):
+		case BDIR:
+		case BC1:					control_state_ = LatchAddress;	break;
 
-		case (int)(BC2 | BC1):		new_state = Read;			break;
-		case (int)(BCDIR | BC2):	new_state = Write;			break;
+		case (int)(BC2 | BC1):		control_state_ = Read;			break;
+		case (int)(BDIR | BC2):		control_state_ = Write;			break;
 	}
 
-	if(new_state != control_state_) {
-		control_state_ = new_state;
-		switch(new_state) {
-			default: break;
-			case LatchAddress:	select_register(data_input_);			break;
-			case Write:			set_register_value(data_input_);		break;
-			case Read:			data_output_ = get_register_value();	break;
-		}
+	update_bus();
+}
+
+void AY38910::update_bus() {
+	switch(control_state_) {
+		default: break;
+		case LatchAddress:	select_register(data_input_);			break;
+		case Write:			set_register_value(data_input_);		break;
+		case Read:			data_output_ = get_register_value();	break;
 	}
 }

Components/AY38910/AY38910.hpp

@@ -12,6 +12,43 @@
 #include "../../Outputs/Speaker.hpp"
 
 namespace GI {
+namespace AY38910 {
+
+/*!
+	A port handler provides all input for an AY's two 8-bit ports, and may optionally receive
+	active notification of changes in output.
+
+	Machines with an AY without ports or with nothing wired to them need not supply a port handler.
+	Machines that use the AY ports as output but for which polling for changes is acceptable can
+	instead use AY38910.get_port_output.
+*/
+class PortHandler {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			Requests the current input on an AY port.
+			
+			@param port_b @c true if the input being queried is Port B. @c false if it is Port A.
+		*/
+		virtual uint8_t get_port_input(bool port_b) {
+			return 0xff;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Requests the current input on an AY port.
+			
+			@param port_b @c true if the input being queried is Port B. @c false if it is Port A.
+		*/
+		virtual void set_port_output(bool port_b, uint8_t value) {}
+};
+
+/*!
+	Names the control lines used as input to the AY, which uses CP1600 bus semantics.
+*/
+enum ControlLines {
+	BC1		= (1 << 0),
+	BC2		= (1 << 1),
+	BDIR	= (1 << 2)
+};
 
 /*!
 	Provides emulation of an AY-3-8910 / YM2149, which is a three-channel sound chip with a
@@ -26,19 +63,13 @@ class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Filter<AY38910> {
 		/// Sets the clock rate at which this AY38910 will be run.
 		void set_clock_rate(double clock_rate);
 
-		enum ControlLines {
-			BC1		= (1 << 0),
-			BC2		= (1 << 1),
-			BCDIR	= (1 << 2)
-		};
-
 		/// Sets the value the AY would read from its data lines if it were not outputting.
 		void set_data_input(uint8_t r);
 
 		/// Gets the value that would appear on the data lines if only the AY is outputting.
 		uint8_t get_data_output();
 
-		/// Sets the
+		/// Sets the current control line state, as a bit field.
 		void set_control_lines(ControlLines control_lines);
 
 		/*!
@@ -47,12 +78,20 @@ class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Filter<AY38910> {
 		*/
 		uint8_t get_port_output(bool port_b);
 
+		/*!
+			Sets the port handler, which will receive a call every time the AY either wants to sample
+			input or else declare new output. As a convenience, current port output can be obtained
+			without installing a port handler via get_port_output.
+		*/
+		void set_port_handler(PortHandler *);
+
 		// to satisfy ::Outputs::Speaker (included via ::Outputs::Filter; not for public consumption
 		void get_samples(unsigned int number_of_samples, int16_t *target);
 
 	private:
 		int selected_register_;
 		uint8_t registers_[16], output_registers_[16];
+		uint8_t port_inputs_[2];
 
 		int master_divider_;
 
@@ -88,8 +127,12 @@ class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Filter<AY38910> {
 
 		int16_t output_volume_;
 		inline void evaluate_output_volume();
+
+		inline void update_bus();
+		PortHandler *port_handler_;
 };
 
-};
+}
+}
 
 #endif /* AY_3_8910_hpp */

Concurrency/AsyncTaskQueue.cpp

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ AsyncTaskQueue::AsyncTaskQueue()
 AsyncTaskQueue::~AsyncTaskQueue() {
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 	dispatch_release(serial_dispatch_queue_);
+	serial_dispatch_queue_ = nullptr;
 #else
 	should_destruct_ = true;
 	enqueue([](){});

Concurrency/AsyncTaskQueue.hpp

@@ -22,11 +22,10 @@ namespace Concurrency {
 
 /*!
 	An async task queue allows a caller to enqueue void(void) functions. Those functions are guaranteed
-	to be performed serially and asynchronously from the caller. A caller may also request to synchronise,
+	to be performed serially and asynchronously from the caller. A caller may also request to flush,
 	causing it to block until all previously-enqueued functions are complete.
 */
 class AsyncTaskQueue {
-
 	public:
 		AsyncTaskQueue();
 		~AsyncTaskQueue();

Machines/AmstradCPC/AmstradCPC.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//
+//  AmstradCPC.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 30/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef AmstradCPC_hpp
+#define AmstradCPC_hpp
+
+#include "../ConfigurationTarget.hpp"
+#include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
+#include "../KeyboardMachine.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace AmstradCPC {
+
+enum ROMType: int {
+	OS464 = 0,	BASIC464,
+	OS664,		BASIC664,
+	OS6128,		BASIC6128,
+	AMSDOS
+};
+
+enum Key: uint16_t {
+#define Line(l, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8)	\
+	k1 = (l << 4) | 0x07,	k2 = (l << 4) | 0x06,	k3 = (l << 4) | 0x05,	k4 = (l << 4) | 0x04,\
+	k5 = (l << 4) | 0x03,	k6 = (l << 4) | 0x02,	k7 = (l << 4) | 0x01,	k8 = (l << 4) | 0x00,
+
+	Line(0, KeyFDot,		KeyEnter,			KeyF3,			KeyF6,			KeyF9,					KeyDown,		KeyRight,				KeyUp)
+	Line(1, KeyF0,			KeyF2,				KeyF1,			KeyF5,			KeyF8,					KeyF7,			KeyCopy,				KeyLeft)
+	Line(2, KeyControl,		KeyBackSlash,		KeyShift,		KeyF4,			KeyRightSquareBracket,	KeyReturn,		KeyLeftSquareBracket,	KeyClear)
+	Line(3, KeyFullStop,	KeyForwardSlash,	KeyColon,		KeySemicolon,	KeyP,					KeyAt,			KeyMinus,				KeyCaret)
+	Line(4, KeyComma,		KeyM,				KeyK,			KeyL,			KeyI,					KeyO,			Key9,					Key0)
+	Line(5, KeySpace,		KeyN,				KeyJ,			KeyH,			KeyY,					KeyU,			Key7,					Key8)
+	Line(6, KeyV,			KeyB,				KeyF,			KeyG,			KeyT,					KeyR,			Key5,					Key6)
+	Line(7, KeyX,			KeyC,				KeyD,			KeyS,			KeyW,					KeyE,			Key3,					Key4)
+	Line(8, KeyZ,			KeyCapsLock,		KeyA,			KeyTab,			KeyQ,					KeyEscape,		Key2,					Key1)
+	Line(9, KeyDelete,		KeyJoy1Fire3,		KeyJoy2Fire2,	KeyJoy1Fire1,	KeyJoy1Right,			KeyJoy1Left,	KeyJoy1Down,			KeyJoy1Up)
+
+#undef Line
+};
+
+/*!
+	Models an Amstrad CPC.
+*/
+class Machine:
+	public CRTMachine::Machine,
+	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
+	public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
+	public:
+		virtual ~Machine();
+
+		/// Creates and returns an Amstrad CPC.
+		static Machine *AmstradCPC();
+
+		/// Sets the contents of rom @c type to @c data. Assumed to be a setup step; has no effect once a machine is running.
+		virtual void set_rom(ROMType type, std::vector<uint8_t> data) = 0;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* AmstradCPC_hpp */

Machines/AmstradCPC/CharacterMapper.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 11/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
+#include "AmstradCPC.hpp"
+
+using namespace AmstradCPC;
+
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::sequence_for_character(char character) {
+#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyShift, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define X			{NotMapped}
+	static KeySequence key_sequences[] = {
+		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
+		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
+		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
+		/* ACK */	X,							/* BEL */	X,
+		/* BS */	KEYS(KeyDelete),			/* HT */	X,
+		/* LF */	KEYS(KeyReturn),			/* VT */	X,
+		/* FF */	X,							/* CR */	X,
+		/* SO */	X,							/* SI */	X,
+		/* DLE */	X,							/* DC1 */	X,
+		/* DC2 */	X,							/* DC3 */	X,
+		/* DC4 */	X,							/* NAK */	X,
+		/* SYN */	X,							/* ETB */	X,
+		/* CAN */	X,							/* EM */	X,
+		/* SUB */	X,							/* ESC */	X,
+		/* FS */	X,							/* GS */	X,
+		/* RS */	X,							/* US */	X,
+		/* space */	KEYS(KeySpace),				/* ! */		SHIFT(Key1),
+		/* " */		SHIFT(Key2),				/* # */		SHIFT(Key3),
+		/* $ */		SHIFT(Key4),				/* % */		SHIFT(Key5),
+		/* & */		SHIFT(Key6),				/* ' */		SHIFT(Key7),
+		/* ( */		SHIFT(Key8),				/* ) */		SHIFT(Key9),
+		/* * */		SHIFT(KeyColon),			/* + */		SHIFT(KeySemicolon),
+		/* , */		KEYS(KeyComma),				/* - */		KEYS(KeyMinus),
+		/* . */		KEYS(KeyFullStop),			/* / */		KEYS(KeyForwardSlash),
+		/* 0 */		KEYS(Key0),					/* 1 */		KEYS(Key1),
+		/* 2 */		KEYS(Key2),					/* 3 */		KEYS(Key3),
+		/* 4 */		KEYS(Key4),					/* 5 */		KEYS(Key5),
+		/* 6 */		KEYS(Key6),					/* 7 */		KEYS(Key7),
+		/* 8 */		KEYS(Key8),					/* 9 */		KEYS(Key9),
+		/* : */		KEYS(KeyColon),				/* ; */		KEYS(KeySemicolon),
+		/* < */		SHIFT(KeyComma),			/* = */		SHIFT(KeyMinus),
+		/* > */		SHIFT(KeyFullStop),			/* ? */		SHIFT(KeyForwardSlash),
+		/* @ */		SHIFT(KeyAt),				/* A */		SHIFT(KeyA),
+		/* B */		SHIFT(KeyB),				/* C */		SHIFT(KeyC),
+		/* D */		SHIFT(KeyD),				/* E */		SHIFT(KeyE),
+		/* F */		SHIFT(KeyF),				/* G */		SHIFT(KeyG),
+		/* H */		SHIFT(KeyH),				/* I */		SHIFT(KeyI),
+		/* J */		SHIFT(KeyJ),				/* K */		SHIFT(KeyK),
+		/* L */		SHIFT(KeyL),				/* M */		SHIFT(KeyM),
+		/* N */		SHIFT(KeyN),				/* O */		SHIFT(KeyO),
+		/* P */		SHIFT(KeyP),				/* Q */		SHIFT(KeyQ),
+		/* R */		SHIFT(KeyR),				/* S */		SHIFT(KeyS),
+		/* T */		SHIFT(KeyT),				/* U */		SHIFT(KeyU),
+		/* V */		SHIFT(KeyV),				/* W */		SHIFT(KeyW),
+		/* X */		SHIFT(KeyX),				/* Y */		SHIFT(KeyY),
+		/* Z */		SHIFT(KeyZ),				/* [ */		KEYS(KeyLeftSquareBracket),
+		/* \ */		KEYS(KeyBackSlash),			/* ] */		KEYS(KeyRightSquareBracket),
+		/* ^ */		SHIFT(KeyCaret),			/* _ */		SHIFT(Key0),
+		/* ` */		X,							/* a */		KEYS(KeyA),
+		/* b */		KEYS(KeyB),					/* c */		KEYS(KeyC),
+		/* d */		KEYS(KeyD),					/* e */		KEYS(KeyE),
+		/* f */		KEYS(KeyF),					/* g */		KEYS(KeyG),
+		/* h */		KEYS(KeyH),					/* i */		KEYS(KeyI),
+		/* j */		KEYS(KeyJ),					/* k */		KEYS(KeyK),
+		/* l */		KEYS(KeyL),					/* m */		KEYS(KeyM),
+		/* n */		KEYS(KeyN),					/* o */		KEYS(KeyO),
+		/* p */		KEYS(KeyP),					/* q */		KEYS(KeyQ),
+		/* r */		KEYS(KeyR),					/* s */		KEYS(KeyS),
+		/* t */		KEYS(KeyT),					/* u */		KEYS(KeyU),
+		/* v */		KEYS(KeyV),					/* w */		KEYS(KeyW),
+		/* x */		KEYS(KeyX),					/* y */		KEYS(KeyY),
+		/* z */		KEYS(KeyZ),					/* { */		X,
+		/* | */		SHIFT(KeyAt),				/* } */		X,
+		/* ~ */		X
+	};
+#undef KEYS
+#undef SHIFT
+#undef X
+
+	return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(key_sequences, sizeof(key_sequences), character);
+}

Machines/AmstradCPC/CharacterMapper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 11/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_AmstradCPC_CharacterMapper_hpp
+#define Machines_AmstradCPC_CharacterMapper_hpp
+
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+namespace AmstradCPC {
+
+class CharacterMapper: public ::Utility::CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* CharacterMapper_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Atari2600.cpp

@@ -10,148 +10,200 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeAtari8k.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeAtari16k.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeAtari32k.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeActivisionStack.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeCBSRAMPlus.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeCommaVid.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeMegaBoy.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeMNetwork.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeParkerBros.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgePitfall2.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeTigervision.hpp"
-#include "Cartridges/CartridgeUnpaged.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Atari8k.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Atari16k.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Atari32k.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/ActivisionStack.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/CBSRAMPlus.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/CommaVid.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/MegaBoy.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/MNetwork.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/ParkerBros.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Pitfall2.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Tigervision.hpp"
+#include "Cartridges/Unpaged.hpp"
 
-using namespace Atari2600;
 namespace {
 	static const double NTSC_clock_rate = 1194720;
 	static const double PAL_clock_rate = 1182298;
 }
 
-Machine::Machine() :
-	frame_record_pointer_(0),
-	is_ntsc_(true) {
-	set_clock_rate(NTSC_clock_rate);
-}
+namespace Atari2600 {
 
-void Machine::setup_output(float aspect_ratio) {
-	bus_->tia_.reset(new TIA);
-	bus_->speaker_.reset(new Speaker);
-	bus_->speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(get_clock_rate() / (double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick));
-	bus_->tia_->get_crt()->set_delegate(this);
-}
-
-void Machine::close_output() {
-	bus_.reset();
-}
-
-Machine::~Machine() {
-	close_output();
-}
-
-void Machine::set_digital_input(Atari2600DigitalInput input, bool state) {
-	switch (input) {
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Up:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x10, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Down:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x20, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Left:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x40, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Right:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x80, state);	break;
-
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Up:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x01, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Down:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x02, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Left:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x04, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Right:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x08, state);	break;
-
-		// TODO: latching
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Fire:		if(state) bus_->tia_input_value_[0] &= ~0x80; else bus_->tia_input_value_[0] |= 0x80; break;
-		case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Fire:		if(state) bus_->tia_input_value_[1] &= ~0x80; else bus_->tia_input_value_[1] |= 0x80; break;
-
-		default: break;
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600Switch input, bool state) {
-	switch(input) {
-		case Atari2600SwitchReset:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x01, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600SwitchSelect:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x02, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600SwitchColour:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x08, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600SwitchLeftPlayerDifficulty:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x40, state);	break;
-		case Atari2600SwitchRightPlayerDifficulty:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x80, state);	break;
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) {
-	const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom = target.cartridges.front()->get_segments().front().data;
-	switch(target.atari.paging_model) {
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::ActivisionStack:	bus_.reset(new CartridgeActivisionStack(rom));	break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::CBSRamPlus:		bus_.reset(new CartridgeCBSRAMPlus(rom));		break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::CommaVid:		bus_.reset(new CartridgeCommaVid(rom));			break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::MegaBoy:			bus_.reset(new CartridgeMegaBoy(rom));			break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::MNetwork:		bus_.reset(new CartridgeMNetwork(rom));			break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::None:			bus_.reset(new CartridgeUnpaged(rom));			break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::ParkerBros:		bus_.reset(new CartridgeParkerBros(rom));		break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Pitfall2:		bus_.reset(new CartridgePitfall2(rom));			break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Tigervision:		bus_.reset(new CartridgeTigervision(rom));		break;
-
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari8k:
-			if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip(rom));
-			} else {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari8k(rom));
-			}
-		break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari16k:
-			if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip(rom));
-			} else {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari16k(rom));
-			}
-		break;
-		case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari32k:
-			if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip(rom));
-			} else {
-				bus_.reset(new CartridgeAtari32k(rom));
-			}
-		break;
-	}
-}
-
-#pragma mark - CRT delegate
-
-void Machine::crt_did_end_batch_of_frames(Outputs::CRT::CRT *crt, unsigned int number_of_frames, unsigned int number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs) {
-	const size_t number_of_frame_records = sizeof(frame_records_) / sizeof(frame_records_[0]);
-	frame_records_[frame_record_pointer_ % number_of_frame_records].number_of_frames = number_of_frames;
-	frame_records_[frame_record_pointer_ % number_of_frame_records].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
-	frame_record_pointer_ ++;
-
-	if(frame_record_pointer_ >= 6) {
-		unsigned int total_number_of_frames = 0;
-		unsigned int total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = 0;
-		for(size_t c = 0; c < number_of_frame_records; c++) {
-			total_number_of_frames += frame_records_[c].number_of_frames;
-			total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs += frame_records_[c].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
+class ConcreteMachine:
+	public Machine,
+	public Outputs::CRT::Delegate {
+	public:
+		ConcreteMachine() :
+			frame_record_pointer_(0),
+			is_ntsc_(true) {
+			set_clock_rate(NTSC_clock_rate);
 		}
 
-		if(total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs >= total_number_of_frames >> 1) {
-			for(size_t c = 0; c < number_of_frame_records; c++) {
-				frame_records_[c].number_of_frames = 0;
-				frame_records_[c].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = 0;
-			}
-			is_ntsc_ ^= true;
-
-			double clock_rate;
-			if(is_ntsc_) {
-				clock_rate = NTSC_clock_rate;
-				bus_->tia_->set_output_mode(TIA::OutputMode::NTSC);
-			} else {
-				clock_rate = PAL_clock_rate;
-				bus_->tia_->set_output_mode(TIA::OutputMode::PAL);
-			}
-
-			bus_->speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(clock_rate / (double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick));
-			bus_->speaker_->set_high_frequency_cut_off((float)(clock_rate / ((double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick * 2.0)));
-			set_clock_rate(clock_rate);
+		~ConcreteMachine() {
+			close_output();
 		}
-	}
+
+		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) {
+			const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom = target.media.cartridges.front()->get_segments().front().data;
+			switch(target.atari.paging_model) {
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::ActivisionStack:	bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::ActivisionStack>(rom));	break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::CBSRamPlus:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::CBSRAMPlus>(rom));		break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::CommaVid:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::CommaVid>(rom));			break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::MegaBoy:			bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::MegaBoy>(rom));			break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::MNetwork:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::MNetwork>(rom));			break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::None:			bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Unpaged>(rom));			break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::ParkerBros:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::ParkerBros>(rom));		break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Pitfall2:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Pitfall2>(rom));			break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Tigervision:		bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Tigervision>(rom));		break;
+
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari8k:
+					if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari8kSuperChip>(rom));
+					} else {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari8k>(rom));
+					}
+				break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari16k:
+					if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari16kSuperChip>(rom));
+					} else {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari16k>(rom));
+					}
+				break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::Atari2600PagingModel::Atari32k:
+					if(target.atari.uses_superchip) {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari32kSuperChip>(rom));
+					} else {
+						bus_.reset(new Cartridge::Cartridge<Cartridge::Atari32k>(rom));
+					}
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		bool insert_media(const StaticAnalyser::Media &media) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		void set_digital_input(Atari2600DigitalInput input, bool state) {
+			switch (input) {
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Up:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x10, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Down:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x20, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Left:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x40, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Right:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x80, state);	break;
+
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Up:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x01, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Down:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x02, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Left:		bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x04, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Right:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(0, 0x08, state);	break;
+
+				// TODO: latching
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Fire:		if(state) bus_->tia_input_value_[0] &= ~0x80; else bus_->tia_input_value_[0] |= 0x80; break;
+				case Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Fire:		if(state) bus_->tia_input_value_[1] &= ~0x80; else bus_->tia_input_value_[1] |= 0x80; break;
+
+				default: break;
+			}
+		}
+
+
+		void set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600Switch input, bool state) {
+			switch(input) {
+				case Atari2600SwitchReset:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x01, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600SwitchSelect:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x02, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600SwitchColour:					bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x08, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600SwitchLeftPlayerDifficulty:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x40, state);	break;
+				case Atari2600SwitchRightPlayerDifficulty:	bus_->mos6532_.update_port_input(1, 0x80, state);	break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		void set_reset_switch(bool state) {
+			bus_->set_reset_line(state);
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
+		void setup_output(float aspect_ratio) {
+			bus_->tia_.reset(new TIA);
+			bus_->speaker_.reset(new Speaker);
+			bus_->speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(get_clock_rate() / (double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick));
+			bus_->tia_->get_crt()->set_delegate(this);
+		}
+
+		void close_output() {
+			bus_.reset();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() {
+			return bus_->tia_->get_crt();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() {
+			return bus_->speaker_;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+			bus_->run_for(cycles);
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy Outputs::CRT::Delegate
+		void crt_did_end_batch_of_frames(Outputs::CRT::CRT *crt, unsigned int number_of_frames, unsigned int number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs) {
+			const size_t number_of_frame_records = sizeof(frame_records_) / sizeof(frame_records_[0]);
+			frame_records_[frame_record_pointer_ % number_of_frame_records].number_of_frames = number_of_frames;
+			frame_records_[frame_record_pointer_ % number_of_frame_records].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
+			frame_record_pointer_ ++;
+
+			if(frame_record_pointer_ >= 6) {
+				unsigned int total_number_of_frames = 0;
+				unsigned int total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = 0;
+				for(size_t c = 0; c < number_of_frame_records; c++) {
+					total_number_of_frames += frame_records_[c].number_of_frames;
+					total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs += frame_records_[c].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
+				}
+
+				if(total_number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs >= total_number_of_frames >> 1) {
+					for(size_t c = 0; c < number_of_frame_records; c++) {
+						frame_records_[c].number_of_frames = 0;
+						frame_records_[c].number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs = 0;
+					}
+					is_ntsc_ ^= true;
+
+					double clock_rate;
+					if(is_ntsc_) {
+						clock_rate = NTSC_clock_rate;
+						bus_->tia_->set_output_mode(TIA::OutputMode::NTSC);
+					} else {
+						clock_rate = PAL_clock_rate;
+						bus_->tia_->set_output_mode(TIA::OutputMode::PAL);
+					}
+
+					bus_->speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(clock_rate / (double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick));
+					bus_->speaker_->set_high_frequency_cut_off((float)(clock_rate / ((double)CPUTicksPerAudioTick * 2.0)));
+					set_clock_rate(clock_rate);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+
+	private:
+		// the bus
+		std::unique_ptr<Bus> bus_;
+
+		// output frame rate tracker
+		struct FrameRecord {
+			unsigned int number_of_frames;
+			unsigned int number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
+
+			FrameRecord() : number_of_frames(0), number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs(0) {}
+		} frame_records_[4];
+		unsigned int frame_record_pointer_;
+		bool is_ntsc_;
+};
+
 }
+
+using namespace Atari2600;
+
+Machine *Machine::Atari2600() {
+	return new Atari2600::ConcreteMachine;
+}
+
+Machine::~Machine() {}

Machines/Atari2600/Atari2600.hpp

@@ -9,59 +9,33 @@
 #ifndef Atari2600_cpp
 #define Atari2600_cpp
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#include "../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
-#include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
-#include "Bus.hpp"
-#include "PIA.hpp"
-#include "Speaker.hpp"
-#include "TIA.hpp"
-
 #include "../ConfigurationTarget.hpp"
+#include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
+
 #include "Atari2600Inputs.h"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
 
+/*!
+	Models an Atari 2600.
+*/
 class Machine:
 	public CRTMachine::Machine,
-	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
-	public Outputs::CRT::Delegate {
-
+	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine {
 	public:
-		Machine();
-		~Machine();
+		virtual ~Machine();
 
-		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target);
-		void switch_region();
+		/// Creates and returns an Atari 2600 on the heap.
+		static Machine *Atari2600();
 
-		void set_digital_input(Atari2600DigitalInput input, bool state);
-		void set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600Switch input, bool state);
-		void set_reset_line(bool state) { bus_->set_reset_line(state); }
+		/// Sets @c input to @c state.
+		virtual void set_digital_input(Atari2600DigitalInput input, bool state) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
-		virtual void setup_output(float aspect_ratio);
-		virtual void close_output();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() { return bus_->tia_->get_crt(); }
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() { return bus_->speaker_; }
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) { bus_->run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles); }
+		/// Sets the switch @c input to @c state.
+		virtual void set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600Switch input, bool state) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy Outputs::CRT::Delegate
-		virtual void crt_did_end_batch_of_frames(Outputs::CRT::CRT *crt, unsigned int number_of_frames, unsigned int number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs);
-
-	private:
-		// the bus
-		std::unique_ptr<Bus> bus_;
-
-		// output frame rate tracker
-		struct FrameRecord {
-			unsigned int number_of_frames;
-			unsigned int number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs;
-
-			FrameRecord() : number_of_frames(0), number_of_unexpected_vertical_syncs(0) {}
-		} frame_records_[4];
-		unsigned int frame_record_pointer_;
-		bool is_ntsc_;
+		// Presses or releases the reset button.
+		virtual void set_reset_switch(bool state) = 0;
 };
 
 }

Machines/Atari2600/Bus.hpp

@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@
 #include "Speaker.hpp"
 #include "TIA.hpp"
 
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+
 namespace Atari2600 {
 
 class Bus {
 	public:
 		Bus() :
 			tia_input_value_{0xff, 0xff},
-			cycles_since_speaker_update_(0),
-			cycles_since_video_update_(0),
-			cycles_since_6532_update_(0) {}
+			cycles_since_speaker_update_(0) {}
 
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) = 0;
+		virtual void run_for(const Cycles cycles) = 0;
 		virtual void set_reset_line(bool state) = 0;
 
 		// the RIOT, TIA and speaker
@@ -37,25 +37,21 @@ class Bus {
 
 	protected:
 		// speaker backlog accumlation counter
-		unsigned int cycles_since_speaker_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_speaker_update_;
 		inline void update_audio() {
-			unsigned int audio_cycles = cycles_since_speaker_update_ / (CPUTicksPerAudioTick * 3);
-			cycles_since_speaker_update_ %= (CPUTicksPerAudioTick * 3);
-			speaker_->run_for_cycles(audio_cycles);
+			speaker_->run_for(cycles_since_speaker_update_.divide(Cycles(CPUTicksPerAudioTick * 3)));
 		}
 
 		// video backlog accumulation counter
-		unsigned int cycles_since_video_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_video_update_;
 		inline void update_video() {
-			tia_->run_for_cycles((int)cycles_since_video_update_);
-			cycles_since_video_update_ = 0;
+			tia_->run_for(cycles_since_video_update_.flush());
 		}
 
 		// RIOT backlog accumulation counter
-		unsigned int cycles_since_6532_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_6532_update_;
 		inline void update_6532() {
-			mos6532_.run_for_cycles(cycles_since_6532_update_);
-			cycles_since_6532_update_ = 0;
+			mos6532_.run_for(cycles_since_6532_update_.flush());
 		}
 };
 

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/ActivisionStack.hpp

@@ -6,30 +6,30 @@
 //  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
 //
 
-#ifndef Atari2600_CartridgeActivisionStack_hpp
-#define Atari2600_CartridgeActivisionStack_hpp
+#ifndef Atari2600_ActivisionStack_hpp
+#define Atari2600_ActivisionStack_hpp
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeActivisionStack: public Cartridge<CartridgeActivisionStack> {
+class ActivisionStack: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeActivisionStack(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom),
-			last_opcode_(0x00) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		ActivisionStack(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size),
+			rom_ptr_(rom_base),
+			last_opcode_(0x00) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
 			// This is a bit of a hack; a real cartridge can't see either the sync or read lines, and can't see
 			// address line 13. Instead it looks for a pattern in recent address accesses that would imply an
 			// RST or JSR.
-			if(operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode && (last_opcode_ == 0x20 || last_opcode_ == 0x60)) {
+			if(operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode && (last_opcode_ == 0x20 || last_opcode_ == 0x60)) {
 				if(address & 0x2000) {
-					rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
+					rom_ptr_ = rom_base_;
 				} else {
-					rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + 4096;
+					rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + 4096;
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CartridgeActivisionStack: public Cartridge<CartridgeActivisionStack> {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
 			}
 
-			if(operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) last_opcode_ = *value;
+			if(operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) last_opcode_ = *value;
 		}
 
 	private:
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class CartridgeActivisionStack: public Cartridge<CartridgeActivisionStack> {
 		uint8_t last_opcode_;
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeActivisionStack_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Atari16k.hpp

@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeAtari16k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari16k> {
+class Atari16k: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari16k(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari16k(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size),
+			rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address >= 0x1ff6 && address <= 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1ff6) * 4096;
+			if(address >= 0x1ff6 && address <= 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1ff6) * 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -35,18 +35,17 @@ class CartridgeAtari16k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari16k> {
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_;
 };
 
-class CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip> {
+class Atari16kSuperChip: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari16kSuperChip(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size),
+			rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address >= 0x1ff6 && address <= 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1ff6) * 4096;
+			if(address >= 0x1ff6 && address <= 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1ff6) * 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -61,6 +60,7 @@ class CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari16kSuperChip> {
 		uint8_t ram_[128];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeAtari16k_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Atari32k.hpp

@@ -12,19 +12,17 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeAtari32k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari32k> {
+class Atari32k: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari32k(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari32k(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size), rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address >= 0x1ff4 && address <= 0x1ffb) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1ff4) * 4096;
+			if(address >= 0x1ff4 && address <= 0x1ffb) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1ff4) * 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -35,18 +33,15 @@ class CartridgeAtari32k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari32k> {
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_;
 };
 
-class CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip> {
+class Atari32kSuperChip: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari32kSuperChip(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size), rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address >= 0x1ff4 && address <= 0x1ffb) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1ff4) * 4096;
+			if(address >= 0x1ff4 && address <= 0x1ffb) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1ff4) * 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -61,6 +56,7 @@ class CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari32kSuperChip> {
 		uint8_t ram_[128];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeAtari32k_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Atari8k.hpp

@@ -12,20 +12,18 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeAtari8k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari8k> {
+class Atari8k: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari8k(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari8k(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size), rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address == 0x1ff8) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-			else if(address == 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + 4096;
+			if(address == 0x1ff8) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_;
+			else if(address == 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -36,19 +34,16 @@ class CartridgeAtari8k: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari8k> {
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_;
 };
 
-class CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip> {
+class Atari8kSuperChip: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		Atari8kSuperChip(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size), rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address == 0x1ff8) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-			if(address == 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + 4096;
+			if(address == 0x1ff8) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_;
+			if(address == 0x1ff9) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -63,6 +58,7 @@ class CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip: public Cartridge<CartridgeAtari8kSuperChip> {
 		uint8_t ram_[128];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeAtari8k_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/CBSRAMPlus.hpp

@@ -12,19 +12,17 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeCBSRAMPlus: public Cartridge<CartridgeCBSRAMPlus> {
+class CBSRAMPlus: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeCBSRAMPlus(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+		CBSRAMPlus(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size), rom_ptr_(rom_base) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
-			if(address >= 0x1ff8 && address <= 0x1ffa) rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1ff8) * 4096;
+			if(address >= 0x1ff8 && address <= 0x1ffa) rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1ff8) * 4096;
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[address & 4095];
@@ -39,6 +37,7 @@ class CartridgeCBSRAMPlus: public Cartridge<CartridgeCBSRAMPlus> {
 		uint8_t ram_[256];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeCBSRAMPlus_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Cartridge.hpp

@@ -9,43 +9,59 @@
 #ifndef Atari2600_Cartridge_hpp
 #define Atari2600_Cartridge_hpp
 
-#include "../../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
+#include "../../../Processors/6502/6502.hpp"
 #include "../Bus.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
+
+class BusExtender: public CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler {
+	public:
+		BusExtender(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : rom_base_(rom_base), rom_size_(rom_size) {}
+
+		void advance_cycles(int cycles) {}
+
+	protected:
+		uint8_t *rom_base_;
+		size_t rom_size_;
+};
 
 template<class T> class Cartridge:
-	public CPU6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>>,
+	public CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler,
 	public Bus {
 
 	public:
 		Cartridge(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			rom_(rom) {}
+			m6502_(*this),
+			rom_(rom),
+			bus_extender_(rom_.data(), rom.size()) {
+			// The above works because bus_extender_ is declared after rom_ in the instance storage list;
+			// consider doing something less fragile.
+		}
 
-		void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) { CPU6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles); }
-		void set_reset_line(bool state) { CPU6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>>::set_reset_line(state); }
-		void advance_cycles(unsigned int cycles) {}
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles)	{ m6502_.run_for(cycles);		}
+		void set_reset_line(bool state)		{ m6502_.set_reset_line(state);	}
 
-		// to satisfy CPU6502::Processor
-		unsigned int perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		// to satisfy CPU::MOS6502::Processor
+		Cycles perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			uint8_t returnValue = 0xff;
-			unsigned int cycles_run_for = 3;
+			int cycles_run_for = 3;
 
 			// this occurs as a feedback loop — the 2600 requests ready, then performs the cycles_run_for
 			// leap to the end of ready only once ready is signalled — because on a 6502 ready doesn't take
 			// effect until the next read; therefore it isn't safe to assume that signalling ready immediately
 			// skips to the end of the line.
-			if(operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::Ready)
-				cycles_run_for = (unsigned int)tia_->get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(cycles_since_video_update_);
+			if(operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::Ready)
+				cycles_run_for = tia_->get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(cycles_since_video_update_);
 
-			cycles_since_speaker_update_ += cycles_run_for;
-			cycles_since_video_update_ += cycles_run_for;
-			cycles_since_6532_update_ += (cycles_run_for / 3);
-			static_cast<T *>(this)->advance_cycles(cycles_run_for / 3);
+			cycles_since_speaker_update_ += Cycles(cycles_run_for);
+			cycles_since_video_update_ += Cycles(cycles_run_for);
+			cycles_since_6532_update_ += Cycles(cycles_run_for / 3);
+			bus_extender_.advance_cycles(cycles_run_for / 3);
 
-			if(operation != CPU6502::BusOperation::Ready) {
+			if(operation != CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::Ready) {
 				// give the cartridge a chance to respond to the bus access
-				static_cast<T *>(this)->perform_bus_operation(operation, address, value);
+				bus_extender_.perform_bus_operation(operation, address, value);
 
 				// check for a RIOT RAM access
 				if((address&0x1280) == 0x80) {
@@ -91,7 +107,7 @@ template<class T> class Cartridge:
 							case 0x00:	update_video(); tia_->set_sync(*value & 0x02);		break;
 							case 0x01:	update_video();	tia_->set_blank(*value & 0x02);		break;
 
-							case 0x02:	CPU6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>>::set_ready_line(true);								break;
+							case 0x02:	m6502_.set_ready_line(true);						break;
 							case 0x03:	update_video();	tia_->reset_horizontal_counter();	break;
 								// TODO: audio will now be out of synchronisation — fix
 
@@ -156,21 +172,26 @@ template<class T> class Cartridge:
 				}
 			}
 
-			if(!tia_->get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(cycles_since_video_update_)) CPU6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>>::set_ready_line(false);
+			if(!tia_->get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(cycles_since_video_update_)) m6502_.set_ready_line(false);
 
-			return cycles_run_for / 3;
+			return Cycles(cycles_run_for / 3);
 		}
 
-		void synchronise() {
+		void flush() {
 			update_audio();
 			update_video();
 			speaker_->flush();
 		}
 
 	protected:
+		CPU::MOS6502::Processor<Cartridge<T>, true> m6502_;
 		std::vector<uint8_t> rom_;
+
+	private:
+		T bus_extender_;
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_Cartridge_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/CommaVid.hpp

@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@
 #ifndef Atari2600_CartridgeCommaVid_hpp
 #define Atari2600_CartridgeCommaVid_hpp
 
+#include "Cartridge.hpp"
+
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeCommaVid: public Cartridge<CartridgeCommaVid> {
+class CommaVid: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeCommaVid(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {}
+		CommaVid(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 
@@ -30,13 +32,14 @@ class CartridgeCommaVid: public Cartridge<CartridgeCommaVid> {
 				return;
 			}
 
-			if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = rom_[address & 2047];
+			if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = rom_base_[address & 2047];
 		}
 
 	private:
 		uint8_t ram_[1024];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeCommaVid_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/MNetwork.hpp

@@ -12,22 +12,23 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeMNetwork: public Cartridge<CartridgeMNetwork> {
+class MNetwork: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeMNetwork(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_.data() + rom_.size() - 4096;
+		MNetwork(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size) {
+			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_base + rom_size_ - 4096;
 			rom_ptr_[1] = rom_ptr_[0] + 2048;
 			high_ram_ptr_ = high_ram_;
 		}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
 			if(address >= 0x1fe0 && address <= 0x1fe6) {
-				rom_ptr_[0] = rom_.data() + (address - 0x1fe0) * 2048;
+				rom_ptr_[0] = rom_base_ + (address - 0x1fe0) * 2048;
 			} else if(address == 0x1fe7) {
 				rom_ptr_[0] = nullptr;
 			} else if(address >= 0x1ff8 && address <= 0x1ffb) {
@@ -54,7 +55,6 @@ class CartridgeMNetwork: public Cartridge<CartridgeMNetwork> {
 					}
 				}
 			}
-
 		}
 
 	private:
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CartridgeMNetwork: public Cartridge<CartridgeMNetwork> {
 		uint8_t low_ram_[1024], high_ram_[1024];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeMNetwork_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/MegaBoy.hpp

@@ -12,22 +12,23 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeMegaBoy: public Cartridge<CartridgeMegaBoy> {
+class MegaBoy: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeMegaBoy(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom),
+		MegaBoy(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size),
+			rom_ptr_(rom_base),
 			current_page_(0) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
 		}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
 			if(address == 0x1ff0) {
 				current_page_ = (current_page_ + 1) & 15;
-				rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + current_page_ * 4096;
+				rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + current_page_ * 4096;
 			}
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ class CartridgeMegaBoy: public Cartridge<CartridgeMegaBoy> {
 		uint8_t current_page_;
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* CartridgeMegaBoy_h */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/ParkerBros.hpp

@@ -12,24 +12,25 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeParkerBros: public Cartridge<CartridgeParkerBros> {
+class ParkerBros: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeParkerBros(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_.data() + 4096;
+		ParkerBros(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size) {
+			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_base + 4096;
 			rom_ptr_[1] = rom_ptr_[0] + 1024;
 			rom_ptr_[2] = rom_ptr_[1] + 1024;
 			rom_ptr_[3] = rom_ptr_[2] + 1024;
 		}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
 			if(address >= 0x1fe0 && address < 0x1ff8) {
 				int slot = (address >> 3)&3;
-				rom_ptr_[slot] = rom_.data() + ((address & 7) * 1024);
+				rom_ptr_[slot] = rom_base_ + ((address & 7) * 1024);
 			}
 
 			if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ class CartridgeParkerBros: public Cartridge<CartridgeParkerBros> {
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_[4];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeParkerBros_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Pitfall2.hpp

@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@
 #define Atari2600_CartridgePitfall2_hpp
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgePitfall2: public Cartridge<CartridgePitfall2> {
+class Pitfall2: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgePitfall2(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom),
+		Pitfall2(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size),
+			rom_ptr_(rom_base),
 			random_number_generator_(0),
 			featcher_address_{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
 			mask_{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
-			cycles_since_audio_update_(0) {
-			rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();
-		}
+			cycles_since_audio_update_(0) {}
 
-		void advance_cycles(unsigned int cycles) {
+		void advance_cycles(int cycles) {
 			cycles_since_audio_update_ += cycles;
 		}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			address &= 0x1fff;
 			if(!(address & 0x1000)) return;
 
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ class CartridgePitfall2: public Cartridge<CartridgePitfall2> {
 				break;
 
 				case 0x1008: case 0x1009: case 0x100a: case 0x100b: case 0x100c: case 0x100d: case 0x100e: case 0x100f:
-					*value = rom_[8192 + address_for_counter(address & 7)];
+					*value = rom_base_[8192 + address_for_counter(address & 7)];
 				break;
 
 				case 0x1010: case 0x1011: case 0x1012: case 0x1013: case 0x1014: case 0x1015: case 0x1016: case 0x1017:
-					*value = rom_[8192 + address_for_counter(address & 7)] & mask_[address & 7];
+					*value = rom_base_[8192 + address_for_counter(address & 7)] & mask_[address & 7];
 				break;
 
 #pragma mark - Writes
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ class CartridgePitfall2: public Cartridge<CartridgePitfall2> {
 
 #pragma mark - Paging
 
-				case 0x1ff8: rom_ptr_ = rom_.data();		break;
-				case 0x1ff9: rom_ptr_ = rom_.data() + 4096;	break;
+				case 0x1ff8: rom_ptr_ = rom_base_;			break;
+				case 0x1ff9: rom_ptr_ = rom_base_ + 4096;	break;
 
 #pragma mark - Business as usual
 
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ class CartridgePitfall2: public Cartridge<CartridgePitfall2> {
 
 		inline uint8_t update_audio() {
 			const unsigned int clock_divisor = 57;
-			unsigned int cycles_to_run_for = cycles_since_audio_update_ / clock_divisor;
-			cycles_since_audio_update_ %= clock_divisor;
+			int cycles_to_run_for = cycles_since_audio_update_.divide(clock_divisor).as_int();
 
 			int table_position = 0;
 			for(int c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
@@ -126,9 +125,10 @@ class CartridgePitfall2: public Cartridge<CartridgePitfall2> {
 		uint8_t random_number_generator_;
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_;
 		uint8_t audio_channel_[3];
-		unsigned int cycles_since_audio_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_audio_update_;
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgePitfall2_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Tigervision.hpp

@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeTigervision: public Cartridge<CartridgeTigervision> {
+class Tigervision: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeTigervision(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {
-			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_.data() + rom_.size() - 4096;
+		Tigervision(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) :
+			BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size) {
+			rom_ptr_[0] = rom_base + rom_size - 4096;
 			rom_ptr_[1] = rom_ptr_[0] + 2048;
 		}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			if((address&0x1fff) == 0x3f) {
-				int offset = ((*value) * 2048) & (rom_.size() - 1);
-				rom_ptr_[0] = rom_.data() + offset;
+				int offset = ((*value) * 2048) & (rom_size_ - 1);
+				rom_ptr_[0] = rom_base_ + offset;
 				return;
 			} else if((address&0x1000) && isReadOperation(operation)) {
 				*value = rom_ptr_[(address >> 11)&1][address & 2047];
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ class CartridgeTigervision: public Cartridge<CartridgeTigervision> {
 		uint8_t *rom_ptr_[2];
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeTigervision_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/Cartridges/Unpaged.hpp

@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@
 #include "Cartridge.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
+namespace Cartridge {
 
-class CartridgeUnpaged: public Cartridge<CartridgeUnpaged> {
+class Unpaged: public BusExtender {
 	public:
-		CartridgeUnpaged(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) :
-			Cartridge(rom) {}
+		Unpaged(uint8_t *rom_base, size_t rom_size) : BusExtender(rom_base, rom_size) {}
 
-		void perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+		void perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 			if(isReadOperation(operation) && (address & 0x1000)) {
-				*value = rom_[address & (rom_.size() - 1)];
+				*value = rom_base_[address & (rom_size_ - 1)];
 			}
 		}
 };
 
+}
 }
 
 #endif /* Atari2600_CartridgeUnpaged_hpp */

Machines/Atari2600/TIA.cpp

@@ -165,13 +165,14 @@ void TIA::set_output_mode(Atari2600::TIA::OutputMode output_mode) {
 /*	speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(get_clock_rate() / 38.0));*/
 }
 
-void TIA::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles)
-{
+void TIA::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+	int number_of_cycles = cycles.as_int();
+
 	// if part way through a line, definitely perform a partial, at most up to the end of the line
 	if(horizontal_counter_) {
-		int cycles = std::min(number_of_cycles, cycles_per_line - horizontal_counter_);
-		output_for_cycles(cycles);
-		number_of_cycles -= cycles;
+		int output_cycles = std::min(number_of_cycles, cycles_per_line - horizontal_counter_);
+		output_for_cycles(output_cycles);
+		number_of_cycles -= output_cycles;
 	}
 
 	// output full lines for as long as possible
@@ -197,8 +198,8 @@ void TIA::set_blank(bool blank) {
 void TIA::reset_horizontal_counter() {
 }
 
-int TIA::get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(unsigned int from_offset) {
-	return (cycles_per_line - (horizontal_counter_ + (int)from_offset) % cycles_per_line) % cycles_per_line;
+int TIA::get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(const Cycles from_offset) {
+	return (cycles_per_line - (horizontal_counter_ + from_offset.as_int()) % cycles_per_line) % cycles_per_line;
 }
 
 void TIA::set_background_colour(uint8_t colour) {

Machines/Atari2600/TIA.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define TIA_hpp
 
 #include <cstdint>
+
 #include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
 
 namespace Atari2600 {
@@ -27,10 +28,9 @@ class TIA {
 		};
 
 		/*!
-			Advances the TIA by @c number_of_cycles cycles. Any queued setters take effect in the
-			first cycle performed.
+			Advances the TIA by @c cycles. Any queued setters take effect in the first cycle performed.
 		*/
-		void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles);
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 		void set_output_mode(OutputMode output_mode);
 
 		void set_sync(bool sync);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TIA {
 			@returns the number of cycles between (current TIA time) + from_offset to the current or
 			next horizontal blanking period. Returns numbers in the range [0, 227].
 		*/
-		int get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(unsigned int from_offset);
+		int get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(const Cycles from_offset);
 
 		void set_background_colour(uint8_t colour);
 
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ class TIA {
 				} queue_[4];
 				int queue_read_pointer_, queue_write_pointer_;
 
-				inline void output_pixels(uint8_t *const target, const int count, const uint8_t collision_identity, int pixel_position, int adder, int reverse_mask) {
-					if(pixel_position == 32 || !graphic[graphic_index]) return;
+				inline void output_pixels(uint8_t *const target, const int count, const uint8_t collision_identity, int output_pixel_position, int output_adder, int output_reverse_mask) {
+					if(output_pixel_position == 32 || !graphic[graphic_index]) return;
 					int output_cursor = 0;
-					while(pixel_position < 32 && output_cursor < count) {
-						int shift = (pixel_position >> 2) ^ reverse_mask;
+					while(output_pixel_position < 32 && output_cursor < count) {
+						int shift = (output_pixel_position >> 2) ^ output_reverse_mask;
 						target[output_cursor] |= ((graphic[graphic_index] >> shift)&1) * collision_identity;
 						output_cursor++;
-						pixel_position += adder;
+						output_pixel_position += output_adder;
 					}
 				}
 

Machines/CRTMachine.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 #include "../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
 #include "../Outputs/Speaker.hpp"
+#include "../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
 
 namespace CRTMachine {
 
@@ -21,15 +22,28 @@ namespace CRTMachine {
 */
 class Machine {
 	public:
-		Machine() : clock_is_unlimited_(false) {}
+		Machine() : clock_is_unlimited_(false), delegate_(nullptr) {}
 
+		/*!
+			Causes the machine to set up its CRT and, if it has one, speaker. The caller guarantees
+			that an OpenGL context is bound.
+		*/
 		virtual void setup_output(float aspect_ratio) = 0;
+
+		/*!
+			Gives the machine a chance to release all owned resources. The caller guarantees that the
+			OpenGL context is bound.
+		*/
 		virtual void close_output() = 0;
 
+		/// @returns The CRT this machine is drawing to. Should not be @c nullptr.
 		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() = 0;
+
+		/// @returns The speaker that receives this machine's output, or @c nullptr if this machine is mute.
 		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() = 0;
 
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) = 0;
+		/// Runs the machine for @c cycles.
+		virtual void run_for(const Cycles cycles) = 0;
 
 		// TODO: sever the clock-rate stuff.
 		double get_clock_rate() {
@@ -43,7 +57,7 @@ class Machine {
 				virtual void machine_did_change_clock_rate(Machine *machine) = 0;
 				virtual void machine_did_change_clock_is_unlimited(Machine *machine) = 0;
 		};
-		void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate) { this->delegate_ = delegate; }
+		void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate) { delegate_ = delegate; }
 
 	protected:
 		void set_clock_rate(double clock_rate) {

Machines/Commodore/1540/C1540.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 using namespace Commodore::C1540;
 
 Machine::Machine() :
+		m6502_(*this),
 		shift_register_(0),
 		Storage::Disk::Controller(1000000, 4, 300),
 		serial_port_(new SerialPort),
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ void Machine::set_serial_bus(std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Bus> serial_bu
 	Commodore::Serial::AttachPortAndBus(serial_port_, serial_bus);
 }
 
-unsigned int Machine::perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+Cycles Machine::perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
 	/*
 		Memory map (given that I'm unsure yet on any potential mirroring):
 
@@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ unsigned int Machine::perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uin
 			drive_VIA_.set_register(address, *value);
 	}
 
-	serial_port_VIA_->run_for_cycles(1);
-	drive_VIA_.run_for_cycles(1);
+	serial_port_VIA_->run_for(Cycles(1));
+	drive_VIA_.run_for(Cycles(1));
 
-	return 1;
+	return Cycles(1);
 }
 
-void Machine::set_rom(const uint8_t *rom) {
-	memcpy(rom_, rom, sizeof(rom_));
+void Machine::set_rom(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom) {
+	memcpy(rom_, rom.data(), std::min(sizeof(rom_), rom.size()));
 }
 
 void Machine::set_disk(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> disk) {
@@ -79,18 +80,18 @@ void Machine::set_disk(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> disk) {
 	set_drive(drive);
 }
 
-void Machine::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) {
-	CPU6502::Processor<Machine>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
+void Machine::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+	m6502_.run_for(cycles);
 	set_motor_on(drive_VIA_.get_motor_enabled());
 	if(drive_VIA_.get_motor_enabled()) // TODO: motor speed up/down
-		Storage::Disk::Controller::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
+		Storage::Disk::Controller::run_for(cycles);
 }
 
 #pragma mark - 6522 delegate
 
 void Machine::mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522) {
 	// both VIAs are connected to the IRQ line
-	set_irq_line(serial_port_VIA_->get_interrupt_line() || drive_VIA_.get_interrupt_line());
+	m6502_.set_irq_line(serial_port_VIA_->get_interrupt_line() || drive_VIA_.get_interrupt_line());
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Disk drive
@@ -108,10 +109,10 @@ void Machine::process_input_bit(int value, unsigned int cycles_since_index_hole)
 		drive_VIA_.set_data_input((uint8_t)shift_register_);
 		bit_window_offset_ = 0;
 		if(drive_VIA_.get_should_set_overflow()) {
-			set_overflow_line(true);
+			m6502_.set_overflow_line(true);
 		}
 	}
-	else set_overflow_line(false);
+	else m6502_.set_overflow_line(false);
 }
 
 // the 1540 does not recognise index holes

Machines/Commodore/1540/C1540.hpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #ifndef Commodore1540_hpp
 #define Commodore1540_hpp
 
-#include "../../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
+#include "../../../Processors/6502/6502.hpp"
 #include "../../../Components/6522/6522.hpp"
 
 #include "../SerialBus.hpp"
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SerialPort : public ::Commodore::Serial::Port {
 	Provides an emulation of the C1540.
 */
 class Machine:
-	public CPU6502::Processor<Machine>,
+	public CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler,
 	public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate,
 	public DriveVIA::Delegate,
 	public Storage::Disk::Controller {
@@ -131,18 +131,18 @@ class Machine:
 		/*!
 			Sets the ROM image to use for this drive; it is assumed that the buffer provided will be at least 16 kb in size.
 		*/
-		void set_rom(const uint8_t *rom);
+		void set_rom(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom);
 
 		/*!
 			Sets the serial bus to which this drive should attach itself.
 		*/
 		void set_serial_bus(std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Bus> serial_bus);
 
-		void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles);
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 		void set_disk(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> disk);
 
-		// to satisfy CPU6502::Processor
-		unsigned int perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value);
+		// to satisfy CPU::MOS6502::Processor
+		Cycles perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value);
 
 		// to satisfy MOS::MOS6522::Delegate
 		virtual void mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522);
@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ class Machine:
 		void drive_via_did_set_data_density(void *driveVIA, int density);
 
 	private:
+		CPU::MOS6502::Processor<Machine, false> m6502_;
+
 		uint8_t ram_[0x800];
 		uint8_t rom_[0x4000];
 

Machines/Commodore/Vic-20/CharacterMapper.cpp

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 //
-//  Typer.cpp
+//  CharacterMapper.cpp
 //  Clock Signal
 //
-//  Created by Thomas Harte on 05/11/2016.
-//  Copyright © 2016 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
 //
 
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
 #include "Vic20.hpp"
 
-uint16_t *Commodore::Vic20::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character) {
-#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
-#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyLShift, __VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
+using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
+
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::sequence_for_character(char character) {
+#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyLShift, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
 #define X			{NotMapped}
-	static Key key_sequences[][3] = {
+	static KeySequence key_sequences[] = {
 		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
 		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
 		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
@@ -80,7 +83,5 @@ uint16_t *Commodore::Vic20::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *type
 #undef SHIFT
 #undef X
 
-	if(character > sizeof(key_sequences) / sizeof(*key_sequences)) return nullptr;
-	if(key_sequences[character][0] == NotMapped) return nullptr;
-	return (uint16_t *)key_sequences[character];
+	return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(key_sequences, sizeof(key_sequences), character);
 }

Machines/Commodore/Vic-20/CharacterMapper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_Commodore_Vic20_CharacterMapper_hpp
+#define Machines_Commodore_Vic20_CharacterMapper_hpp
+
+#include "../../Typer.hpp"
+
+namespace Commodore {
+namespace Vic20 {
+
+class CharacterMapper: public ::Utility::CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character);
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* CharacterMapper_hpp */

Machines/Commodore/Vic-20/Vic20.hpp

@@ -13,15 +13,7 @@
 #include "../../CRTMachine.hpp"
 #include "../../Typer.hpp"
 
-#include "../../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
-#include "../../../Components/6560/6560.hpp"
-#include "../../../Components/6522/6522.hpp"
-
-#include "../SerialBus.hpp"
-#include "../1540/C1540.hpp"
-
-#include "../../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
-#include "../../../Storage/Disk/Disk.hpp"
+#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace Commodore {
 namespace Vic20 {
@@ -44,9 +36,8 @@ enum Region {
 	PAL
 };
 
-#define key(line, mask) (((mask) << 3) | (line))
-
 enum Key: uint16_t {
+#define key(line, mask) (((mask) << 3) | (line))
 	Key2		= key(7, 0x01),		Key4		= key(7, 0x02),		Key6			= key(7, 0x04),		Key8		= key(7, 0x08),
 	Key0		= key(7, 0x10),		KeyDash		= key(7, 0x20),		KeyHome			= key(7, 0x40),		KeyF7		= key(7, 0x80),
 	KeyQ		= key(6, 0x01),		KeyE		= key(6, 0x02),		KeyT			= key(6, 0x04),		KeyU		= key(6, 0x08),
@@ -63,8 +54,7 @@ enum Key: uint16_t {
 	KeyI		= key(1, 0x10),		KeyP		= key(1, 0x20),		KeyAsterisk		= key(1, 0x40),		KeyReturn	= key(1, 0x80),
 	Key1		= key(0, 0x01),		Key3		= key(0, 0x02),		Key5			= key(0, 0x04),		Key7		= key(0, 0x08),
 	Key9		= key(0, 0x10),		KeyPlus		= key(0, 0x20),		KeyGBP			= key(0, 0x40),		KeyDelete	= key(0, 0x80),
-
-	TerminateSequence = 0xffff,	NotMapped = 0xfffe
+#undef key
 };
 
 enum JoystickInput {
@@ -75,152 +65,31 @@ enum JoystickInput {
 	Fire = 0x20
 };
 
-class UserPortVIA: public MOS::MOS6522<UserPortVIA>, public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate {
-	public:
-		UserPortVIA();
-		using MOS6522IRQDelegate::set_interrupt_status;
-
-		uint8_t get_port_input(Port port);
-		void set_control_line_output(Port port, Line line, bool value);
-		void set_serial_line_state(::Commodore::Serial::Line line, bool value);
-		void set_joystick_state(JoystickInput input, bool value);
-		void set_port_output(Port port, uint8_t value, uint8_t mask);
-
-		void set_serial_port(std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Port> serialPort);
-		void set_tape(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer> tape);
-
-	private:
-		uint8_t port_a_;
-		std::weak_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Port> serial_port_;
-		std::shared_ptr<Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer> tape_;
-};
-
-class KeyboardVIA: public MOS::MOS6522<KeyboardVIA>, public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate {
-	public:
-		KeyboardVIA();
-		using MOS6522IRQDelegate::set_interrupt_status;
-
-		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed);
-		void clear_all_keys();
-
-		// to satisfy MOS::MOS6522
-		uint8_t get_port_input(Port port);
-
-		void set_port_output(Port port, uint8_t value, uint8_t mask);
-		void set_control_line_output(Port port, Line line, bool value);
-
-		void set_joystick_state(JoystickInput input, bool value);
-
-		void set_serial_port(std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Port> serialPort);
-
-	private:
-		uint8_t port_b_;
-		uint8_t columns_[8];
-		uint8_t activation_mask_;
-		std::weak_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Port> serial_port_;
-};
-
-class SerialPort : public ::Commodore::Serial::Port {
-	public:
-		void set_input(::Commodore::Serial::Line line, ::Commodore::Serial::LineLevel level);
-		void set_user_port_via(std::shared_ptr<UserPortVIA> userPortVIA);
-
-	private:
-		std::weak_ptr<UserPortVIA> user_port_via_;
-};
-
-class Vic6560: public MOS::MOS6560<Vic6560> {
-	public:
-		inline void perform_read(uint16_t address, uint8_t *pixel_data, uint8_t *colour_data) {
-			*pixel_data = video_memory_map[address >> 10] ? video_memory_map[address >> 10][address & 0x3ff] : 0xff; // TODO
-			*colour_data = colour_memory[address & 0x03ff];
-		}
-
-		uint8_t *video_memory_map[16];
-		uint8_t *colour_memory;
-};
-
 class Machine:
-	public CPU6502::Processor<Machine>,
+	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
 	public CRTMachine::Machine,
-	public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate,
-	public Utility::TypeRecipient,
-	public Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer::Delegate,
-	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine {
-
+	public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
 	public:
-		Machine();
-		~Machine();
+		virtual ~Machine();
 
-		void set_rom(ROMSlot slot, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
-		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target);
+		/// Creates and returns a Vic-20.
+		static Machine *Vic20();
 
-		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) { keyboard_via_->set_key_state(key, isPressed); }
-		void clear_all_keys() { keyboard_via_->clear_all_keys(); }
-		void set_joystick_state(JoystickInput input, bool isPressed) {
-			user_port_via_->set_joystick_state(input, isPressed);
-			keyboard_via_->set_joystick_state(input, isPressed);
-		}
+		/// Sets the contents of the rom in @c slot to the buffer @c data of length @c length.
+		virtual void set_rom(ROMSlot slot, size_t length, const uint8_t *data) = 0;
+		// TODO: take a std::vector<uint8_t> to collapse length and data.
 
-		void set_memory_size(MemorySize size);
-		void set_region(Region region);
+		/// Sets the state of joystick input @c input.
+		virtual void set_joystick_state(JoystickInput input, bool isPressed) = 0;
 
-		inline void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) { use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate; }
+		/// Sets the memory size of this Vic-20.
+		virtual void set_memory_size(MemorySize size) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy CPU6502::Processor
-		unsigned int perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value);
-		void synchronise() { mos6560_->synchronise(); }
+		/// Sets the region of this Vic-20.
+		virtual void set_region(Region region) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
-		virtual void setup_output(float aspect_ratio);
-		virtual void close_output();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() { return mos6560_->get_crt(); }
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() { return mos6560_->get_speaker(); }
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) { CPU6502::Processor<Machine>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles); }
-
-		// to satisfy MOS::MOS6522::Delegate
-		virtual void mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522);
-
-		// for Utility::TypeRecipient
-		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character);
-
-		// for Tape::Delegate
-		virtual void tape_did_change_input(Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer *tape);
-
-	private:
-		uint8_t character_rom_[0x1000];
-		uint8_t basic_rom_[0x2000];
-		uint8_t kernel_rom_[0x2000];
-		uint8_t expansion_ram_[0x8000];
-
-		uint8_t *rom_;
-		uint16_t rom_address_, rom_length_;
-
-		uint8_t user_basic_memory_[0x0400];
-		uint8_t screen_memory_[0x1000];
-		uint8_t colour_memory_[0x0400];
-		std::unique_ptr<uint8_t> drive_rom_;
-
-		uint8_t *processor_read_memory_map_[64];
-		uint8_t *processor_write_memory_map_[64];
-		void write_to_map(uint8_t **map, uint8_t *area, uint16_t address, uint16_t length);
-
-		Region region_;
-
-		std::unique_ptr<Vic6560> mos6560_;
-		std::shared_ptr<UserPortVIA> user_port_via_;
-		std::shared_ptr<KeyboardVIA> keyboard_via_;
-		std::shared_ptr<SerialPort> serial_port_;
-		std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::Serial::Bus> serial_bus_;
-
-		// Tape
-		std::shared_ptr<Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer> tape_;
-		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
-		bool is_running_at_zero_cost_;
-
-		// Disk
-		std::shared_ptr<::Commodore::C1540::Machine> c1540_;
-		void install_disk_rom();
+		/// Enables or disables turbo-speed tape loading.
+		virtual void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) = 0;
 };
 
 }

Machines/ConfigurationTarget.hpp

@@ -15,11 +15,19 @@ namespace ConfigurationTarget {
 
 /*!
 	A ConfigurationTarget::Machine is anything that can accept a StaticAnalyser::Target
-	and configure itself appropriately.
+	and configure itself appropriately, or accept a list of media subsequently to insert.
 */
 class Machine {
 	public:
+		/// Instructs the machine to configure itself as described by @c target and insert the included media.
 		virtual void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) = 0;
+
+		/*!
+			Requests that the machine insert @c media as a modification to current state
+
+			@returns @c true if any media was inserted; @c false otherwise.
+		*/
+		virtual bool insert_media(const StaticAnalyser::Media &media) = 0;
 };
 
 }

Machines/Electron/CharacterMapper.cpp

@@ -1,27 +1,22 @@
 //
-//  Typer.cpp
+//  CharacterMapper.cpp
 //  Clock Signal
 //
-//  Created by Thomas Harte on 05/11/2016.
-//  Copyright © 2016 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
 //
 
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
 #include "Electron.hpp"
 
-int Electron::Machine::get_typer_delay() {
-	return get_is_resetting() ? 625*25*128 : 0;	// wait one second if resetting
-}
+using namespace Electron;
 
-int Electron::Machine::get_typer_frequency() {
-	return 625*128*2;	// accept a new character every two frames
-}
-
-uint16_t *Electron::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character) {
-#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
-#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyShift, __VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
-#define CTRL(...)	{KeyControl, __VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::sequence_for_character(char character) {
+#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyShift, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define CTRL(...)	{KeyControl, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
 #define X			{NotMapped}
-	static Key key_sequences[][3] = {
+	static KeySequence key_sequences[] = {
 		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
 		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
 		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
@@ -91,7 +86,5 @@ uint16_t *Electron::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char
 #undef SHIFT
 #undef X
 
-	if(character > sizeof(key_sequences) / sizeof(*key_sequences)) return nullptr;
-	if(key_sequences[character][0] == NotMapped) return nullptr;
-	return (uint16_t *)key_sequences[character];
+	return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(key_sequences, sizeof(key_sequences), character);
 }

Machines/Electron/CharacterMapper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_Electron_CharacterMapper_hpp
+#define Machines_Electron_CharacterMapper_hpp
+
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+namespace Electron {
+
+class CharacterMapper: public ::Utility::CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* Machines_Electron_CharacterMapper_hpp */

Machines/Electron/Electron.cpp

@@ -8,394 +8,474 @@
 
 #include "Electron.hpp"
 
+#include "../../Processors/6502/6502.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ForceInline.hpp"
+
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
+#include "Interrupts.hpp"
+#include "Plus3.hpp"
+#include "Speaker.hpp"
+#include "Tape.hpp"
+#include "Video.hpp"
+
+namespace Electron {
+
+class ConcreteMachine:
+	public Machine,
+	public CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler,
+	public Tape::Delegate,
+	public Utility::TypeRecipient {
+	public:
+		ConcreteMachine() :
+				m6502_(*this),
+				interrupt_control_(0),
+				interrupt_status_(Interrupt::PowerOnReset | Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty | 0x80),
+				cycles_since_audio_update_(0),
+				use_fast_tape_hack_(false),
+				cycles_until_display_interrupt_(0) {
+			memset(key_states_, 0, sizeof(key_states_));
+			for(int c = 0; c < 16; c++)
+				memset(roms_[c], 0xff, 16384);
+
+			tape_.set_delegate(this);
+			set_clock_rate(2000000);
+		}
+
+		void set_rom(ROMSlot slot, std::vector<uint8_t> data, bool is_writeable) override final {
+			uint8_t *target = nullptr;
+			switch(slot) {
+				case ROMSlotDFS:	dfs_ = data;			return;
+				case ROMSlotADFS:	adfs_ = data;			return;
+
+				case ROMSlotOS:		target = os_;			break;
+				default:
+					target = roms_[slot];
+					rom_write_masks_[slot] = is_writeable;
+				break;
+			}
+
+			memcpy(target, &data[0], std::min((size_t)16384, data.size()));
+		}
+
+		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) override final {
+			if(key == KeyBreak) {
+				m6502_.set_reset_line(isPressed);
+			} else {
+				if(isPressed)
+					key_states_[key >> 4] |= key&0xf;
+				else
+					key_states_[key >> 4] &= ~(key&0xf);
+			}
+		}
+
+		void clear_all_keys() override final {
+			memset(key_states_, 0, sizeof(key_states_));
+			if(is_holding_shift_) set_key_state(KeyShift, true);
+		}
+
+		void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) override final {
+			use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate;
+		}
+
+		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) override final {
+			if(target.loadingCommand.length()) {
+				set_typer_for_string(target.loadingCommand.c_str());
+			}
+
+			if(target.acorn.should_shift_restart) {
+				shift_restart_counter_ = 1000000;
+			}
+
+			if(target.acorn.has_dfs || target.acorn.has_adfs) {
+				plus3_.reset(new Plus3);
+
+				if(target.acorn.has_dfs) {
+					set_rom(ROMSlot0, dfs_, true);
+				}
+				if(target.acorn.has_adfs) {
+					set_rom(ROMSlot4, adfs_, true);
+					set_rom(ROMSlot5, std::vector<uint8_t>(adfs_.begin() + 16384, adfs_.end()), true);
+				}
+			}
+
+			insert_media(target.media);
+		}
+
+		bool insert_media(const StaticAnalyser::Media &media) override final {
+			if(!media.tapes.empty()) {
+				tape_.set_tape(media.tapes.front());
+			}
+
+			if(!media.disks.empty() && plus3_) {
+				plus3_->set_disk(media.disks.front(), 0);
+			}
+
+			ROMSlot slot = ROMSlot12;
+			for(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge> cartridge : media.cartridges) {
+				set_rom(slot, cartridge->get_segments().front().data, false);
+				slot = (ROMSlot)(((int)slot + 1)&15);
+			}
+
+			return !media.tapes.empty() || !media.disks.empty() || !media.cartridges.empty();
+		}
+
+		forceinline Cycles perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+			unsigned int cycles = 1;
+
+			if(address < 0x8000) {
+				if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
+					*value = ram_[address];
+				} else {
+					if(address >= video_access_range_.low_address && address <= video_access_range_.high_address) update_display();
+					ram_[address] = *value;
+				}
+
+				// for the entire frame, RAM is accessible only on odd cycles; in modes below 4
+				// it's also accessible only outside of the pixel regions
+				cycles += video_output_->get_cycles_until_next_ram_availability(cycles_since_display_update_.as_int() + 1);
+			} else {
+				switch(address & 0xff0f) {
+					case 0xfe00:
+						if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							*value = interrupt_status_;
+							interrupt_status_ &= ~PowerOnReset;
+						} else {
+							interrupt_control_ = (*value) & ~1;
+							evaluate_interrupts();
+						}
+					break;
+					case 0xfe07:
+						if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							// update speaker mode
+							bool new_speaker_is_enabled = (*value & 6) == 2;
+							if(new_speaker_is_enabled != speaker_is_enabled_) {
+								update_audio();
+								speaker_->set_is_enabled(new_speaker_is_enabled);
+								speaker_is_enabled_ = new_speaker_is_enabled;
+							}
+
+							tape_.set_is_enabled((*value & 6) != 6);
+							tape_.set_is_in_input_mode((*value & 6) == 0);
+							tape_.set_is_running(((*value)&0x40) ? true : false);
+
+							// TODO: caps lock LED
+						}
+
+					// deliberate fallthrough
+					case 0xfe02: case 0xfe03:
+					case 0xfe08: case 0xfe09: case 0xfe0a: case 0xfe0b:
+					case 0xfe0c: case 0xfe0d: case 0xfe0e: case 0xfe0f:
+						if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							update_display();
+							video_output_->set_register(address, *value);
+							video_access_range_ = video_output_->get_memory_access_range();
+							queue_next_display_interrupt();
+						}
+					break;
+					case 0xfe04:
+						if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							*value = tape_.get_data_register();
+							tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
+						} else {
+							tape_.set_data_register(*value);
+							tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty);
+						}
+					break;
+					case 0xfe05:
+						if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							const uint8_t interruptDisable = (*value)&0xf0;
+							if( interruptDisable ) {
+								if( interruptDisable&0x10 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::DisplayEnd;
+								if( interruptDisable&0x20 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::RealTimeClock;
+								if( interruptDisable&0x40 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::HighToneDetect;
+								evaluate_interrupts();
+
+								// TODO: NMI
+							}
+
+							// latch the paged ROM in case external hardware is being emulated
+							active_rom_ = (Electron::ROMSlot)(*value & 0xf);
+
+							// apply the ULA's test
+							if(*value & 0x08) {
+								if(*value & 0x04) {
+									keyboard_is_active_ = false;
+									basic_is_active_ = false;
+								} else {
+									keyboard_is_active_ = !(*value & 0x02);
+									basic_is_active_ = !keyboard_is_active_;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					break;
+					case 0xfe06:
+						if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
+							update_audio();
+							speaker_->set_divider(*value);
+							tape_.set_counter(*value);
+						}
+					break;
+
+					case 0xfc04: case 0xfc05: case 0xfc06: case 0xfc07:
+						if(plus3_ && (address&0x00f0) == 0x00c0) {
+							if(is_holding_shift_ && address == 0xfcc4) {
+								is_holding_shift_ = false;
+								set_key_state(KeyShift, false);
+							}
+							if(isReadOperation(operation))
+								*value = plus3_->get_register(address);
+							else
+								plus3_->set_register(address, *value);
+						}
+					break;
+					case 0xfc00:
+						if(plus3_ && (address&0x00f0) == 0x00c0) {
+							if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
+								plus3_->set_control_register(*value);
+							} else *value = 1;
+						}
+					break;
+
+					default:
+						if(address >= 0xc000) {
+							if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
+								if(
+									use_fast_tape_hack_ &&
+									tape_.has_tape() &&
+									(operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) &&
+									(
+										(address == 0xf4e5) || (address == 0xf4e6) ||	// double NOPs at 0xf4e5, 0xf6de, 0xf6fa and 0xfa51
+										(address == 0xf6de) || (address == 0xf6df) ||	// act to disable the normal branch into tape-handling
+										(address == 0xf6fa) || (address == 0xf6fb) ||	// code, forcing the OS along the serially-accessed ROM
+										(address == 0xfa51) || (address == 0xfa52) ||	// pathway.
+
+										(address == 0xf0a8)								// 0xf0a8 is from where a service call would normally be
+																						// dispatched; we can check whether it would be call 14
+																						// (i.e. read byte) and, if so, whether the OS was about to
+																						// issue a read byte call to a ROM despite being the tape
+																						// FS being selected. If so then this is a get byte that
+																						// we should service synthetically. Put the byte into Y
+																						// and set A to zero to report that action was taken, then
+																						// allow the PC read to return an RTS.
+									)
+								) {
+									uint8_t service_call = (uint8_t)m6502_.get_value_of_register(CPU::MOS6502::Register::X);
+									if(address == 0xf0a8) {
+										if(!ram_[0x247] && service_call == 14) {
+											tape_.set_delegate(nullptr);
+
+											// TODO: handle tape wrap around.
+
+											int cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data = 50;
+											tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
+											while(!tape_.get_tape()->is_at_end()) {
+												tape_.run_for_input_pulse();
+												cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data--;
+												if(!cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data) fast_load_is_in_data_ = false;
+												if(	(tape_.get_interrupt_status() & Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull) &&
+													(fast_load_is_in_data_ || tape_.get_data_register() == 0x2a)
+												) break;
+											}
+											tape_.set_delegate(this);
+											tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
+											interrupt_status_ |= tape_.get_interrupt_status();
+
+											fast_load_is_in_data_ = true;
+											m6502_.set_value_of_register(CPU::MOS6502::Register::A, 0);
+											m6502_.set_value_of_register(CPU::MOS6502::Register::Y, tape_.get_data_register());
+											*value = 0x60; // 0x60 is RTS
+										}
+										else *value = os_[address & 16383];
+									}
+									else *value = 0xea;
+								} else {
+									*value = os_[address & 16383];
+								}
+							}
+						} else {
+							if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
+								*value = roms_[active_rom_][address & 16383];
+								if(keyboard_is_active_) {
+									*value &= 0xf0;
+									for(int address_line = 0; address_line < 14; address_line++) {
+										if(!(address&(1 << address_line))) *value |= key_states_[address_line];
+									}
+								}
+								if(basic_is_active_) {
+									*value &= roms_[ROMSlotBASIC][address & 16383];
+								}
+							} else if(rom_write_masks_[active_rom_]) {
+								roms_[active_rom_][address & 16383] = *value;
+							}
+						}
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			cycles_since_display_update_ += Cycles((int)cycles);
+			cycles_since_audio_update_ += Cycles((int)cycles);
+			if(cycles_since_audio_update_ > Cycles(16384)) update_audio();
+			tape_.run_for(Cycles((int)cycles));
+
+			cycles_until_display_interrupt_ -= cycles;
+			if(cycles_until_display_interrupt_ < 0) {
+				signal_interrupt(next_display_interrupt_);
+				update_display();
+				queue_next_display_interrupt();
+			}
+
+			if(typer_) typer_->run_for(Cycles((int)cycles));
+			if(plus3_) plus3_->run_for(Cycles(4*(int)cycles));
+			if(shift_restart_counter_) {
+				shift_restart_counter_ -= cycles;
+				if(shift_restart_counter_ <= 0) {
+					shift_restart_counter_ = 0;
+					m6502_.set_power_on(true);
+					set_key_state(KeyShift, true);
+					is_holding_shift_ = true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return Cycles((int)cycles);
+		}
+
+		forceinline void flush() {
+			update_display();
+			update_audio();
+			speaker_->flush();
+		}
+
+		void setup_output(float aspect_ratio) override final {
+			video_output_.reset(new VideoOutput(ram_));
+
+			// The maximum output frequency is 62500Hz and all other permitted output frequencies are integral divisions of that;
+			// however setting the speaker on or off can happen on any 2Mhz cycle, and probably (?) takes effect immediately. So
+			// run the speaker at a 2000000Hz input rate, at least for the time being.
+			speaker_.reset(new Speaker);
+			speaker_->set_input_rate(2000000 / Speaker::clock_rate_divider);
+		}
+
+		void close_output() override final {
+			video_output_.reset();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() override final {
+			return video_output_->get_crt();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() override final {
+			return speaker_;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) override final {
+			m6502_.run_for(cycles);
+		}
+
+		void tape_did_change_interrupt_status(Tape *tape) override final {
+			interrupt_status_ = (interrupt_status_ & ~(Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty | Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull | Interrupt::HighToneDetect)) | tape_.get_interrupt_status();
+			evaluate_interrupts();
+		}
+
+		HalfCycles get_typer_delay() override final {
+			return m6502_.get_is_resetting() ? Cycles(625*25*128) : Cycles(0);	// wait one second if resetting
+		}
+
+		HalfCycles get_typer_frequency() override final {
+			return Cycles(625*128*2);	// accept a new character every two frames
+		}
+
+		void set_typer_for_string(const char *string) override final {
+			std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> mapper(new CharacterMapper());
+			Utility::TypeRecipient::set_typer_for_string(string, std::move(mapper));
+		}
+
+	private:
+		inline void update_display() {
+			if(cycles_since_display_update_ > 0) {
+				video_output_->run_for(cycles_since_display_update_.flush());
+			}
+		}
+
+		inline void queue_next_display_interrupt() {
+			VideoOutput::Interrupt next_interrupt = video_output_->get_next_interrupt();
+			cycles_until_display_interrupt_ = next_interrupt.cycles;
+			next_display_interrupt_ = next_interrupt.interrupt;
+		}
+
+		inline void update_audio() {
+			if(cycles_since_audio_update_ > 0) {
+				speaker_->run_for(cycles_since_audio_update_.divide(Cycles(Speaker::clock_rate_divider)));
+			}
+		}
+
+		inline void signal_interrupt(Interrupt interrupt) {
+			interrupt_status_ |= interrupt;
+			evaluate_interrupts();
+		}
+
+		inline void clear_interrupt(Interrupt interrupt) {
+			interrupt_status_ &= ~interrupt;
+			evaluate_interrupts();
+		}
+
+		inline void evaluate_interrupts() {
+			if(interrupt_status_ & interrupt_control_) {
+				interrupt_status_ |= 1;
+			} else {
+				interrupt_status_ &= ~1;
+			}
+			m6502_.set_irq_line(interrupt_status_ & 1);
+		}
+
+		CPU::MOS6502::Processor<ConcreteMachine, false> m6502_;
+
+		// Things that directly constitute the memory map.
+		uint8_t roms_[16][16384];
+		bool rom_write_masks_[16];
+		uint8_t os_[16384], ram_[32768];
+		std::vector<uint8_t> dfs_, adfs_;
+
+		// Paging
+		ROMSlot active_rom_;
+		bool keyboard_is_active_, basic_is_active_;
+
+		// Interrupt and keyboard state
+		uint8_t interrupt_status_, interrupt_control_;
+		uint8_t key_states_[14];
+
+		// Counters related to simultaneous subsystems
+		Cycles cycles_since_display_update_;
+		Cycles cycles_since_audio_update_;
+		int cycles_until_display_interrupt_;
+		Interrupt next_display_interrupt_;
+		VideoOutput::Range video_access_range_;
+
+		// Tape
+		Tape tape_;
+		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
+		bool fast_load_is_in_data_;
+
+		// Disk
+		std::unique_ptr<Plus3> plus3_;
+		bool is_holding_shift_;
+		int shift_restart_counter_;
+
+		// Outputs
+		std::unique_ptr<VideoOutput> video_output_;
+		std::shared_ptr<Speaker> speaker_;
+		bool speaker_is_enabled_;
+};
+
+}
+
 using namespace Electron;
 
-#pragma mark - Lifecycle
-
-Machine::Machine() :
-		interrupt_control_(0),
-		interrupt_status_(Interrupt::PowerOnReset | Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty | 0x80),
-		cycles_since_display_update_(0),
-		cycles_since_audio_update_(0),
-		use_fast_tape_hack_(false),
-		cycles_until_display_interrupt_(0) {
-	memset(key_states_, 0, sizeof(key_states_));
-	for(int c = 0; c < 16; c++)
-		memset(roms_[c], 0xff, 16384);
-
-	tape_.set_delegate(this);
-	set_clock_rate(2000000);
+Machine *Machine::Electron() {
+	return new Electron::ConcreteMachine;
 }
 
-#pragma mark - Output
-
-void Machine::setup_output(float aspect_ratio) {
-	video_output_.reset(new VideoOutput(ram_));
-
-	// The maximum output frequency is 62500Hz and all other permitted output frequencies are integral divisions of that;
-	// however setting the speaker on or off can happen on any 2Mhz cycle, and probably (?) takes effect immediately. So
-	// run the speaker at a 2000000Hz input rate, at least for the time being.
-	speaker_.reset(new Speaker);
-	speaker_->set_input_rate(2000000 / Speaker::clock_rate_divider);
-}
-
-void Machine::close_output() {
-	video_output_.reset();
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> Machine::get_crt() {
-	return video_output_->get_crt();
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> Machine::get_speaker() {
-	return speaker_;
-}
-
-#pragma mark - The keyboard
-
-void Machine::clear_all_keys() {
-	memset(key_states_, 0, sizeof(key_states_));
-	if(is_holding_shift_) set_key_state(KeyShift, true);
-}
-
-void Machine::set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) {
-	if(key == KeyBreak) {
-		set_reset_line(isPressed);
-	} else {
-		if(isPressed)
-			key_states_[key >> 4] |= key&0xf;
-		else
-			key_states_[key >> 4] &= ~(key&0xf);
-	}
-}
-
-#pragma mark - Machine configuration
-
-void Machine::configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) {
-	if(target.tapes.size()) {
-		tape_.set_tape(target.tapes.front());
-	}
-
-	if(target.disks.size()) {
-		plus3_.reset(new Plus3);
-
-		if(target.acorn.has_dfs) {
-			set_rom(ROMSlot0, dfs_, true);
-		}
-		if(target.acorn.has_adfs) {
-			set_rom(ROMSlot4, adfs_, true);
-			set_rom(ROMSlot5, std::vector<uint8_t>(adfs_.begin() + 16384, adfs_.end()), true);
-		}
-
-		plus3_->set_disk(target.disks.front(), 0);
-	}
-
-	ROMSlot slot = ROMSlot12;
-	for(std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge> cartridge : target.cartridges) {
-		set_rom(slot, cartridge->get_segments().front().data, false);
-		slot = (ROMSlot)(((int)slot + 1)&15);
-	}
-
-	if(target.loadingCommand.length()) {	// TODO: and automatic loading option enabled
-		set_typer_for_string(target.loadingCommand.c_str());
-	}
-
-	if(target.acorn.should_shift_restart) {
-		shift_restart_counter_ = 1000000;
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::set_rom(ROMSlot slot, std::vector<uint8_t> data, bool is_writeable) {
-	uint8_t *target = nullptr;
-	switch(slot) {
-		case ROMSlotDFS:	dfs_ = data;			return;
-		case ROMSlotADFS:	adfs_ = data;			return;
-
-		case ROMSlotOS:		target = os_;			break;
-		default:
-			target = roms_[slot];
-			rom_write_masks_[slot] = is_writeable;
-		break;
-	}
-
-	memcpy(target, &data[0], std::min((size_t)16384, data.size()));
-}
-
-#pragma mark - The bus
-
-unsigned int Machine::perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
-	unsigned int cycles = 1;
-
-	if(address < 0x8000) {
-		if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
-			*value = ram_[address];
-		} else {
-			if(address >= video_access_range_.low_address && address <= video_access_range_.high_address) update_display();
-			ram_[address] = *value;
-		}
-
-		// for the entire frame, RAM is accessible only on odd cycles; in modes below 4
-		// it's also accessible only outside of the pixel regions
-		cycles += video_output_->get_cycles_until_next_ram_availability((int)(cycles_since_display_update_ + 1));
-	} else {
-		switch(address & 0xff0f) {
-			case 0xfe00:
-				if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					*value = interrupt_status_;
-					interrupt_status_ &= ~PowerOnReset;
-				} else {
-					interrupt_control_ = (*value) & ~1;
-					evaluate_interrupts();
-				}
-			break;
-			case 0xfe07:
-				if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					// update speaker mode
-					bool new_speaker_is_enabled = (*value & 6) == 2;
-					if(new_speaker_is_enabled != speaker_is_enabled_) {
-						update_audio();
-						speaker_->set_is_enabled(new_speaker_is_enabled);
-						speaker_is_enabled_ = new_speaker_is_enabled;
-					}
-
-					tape_.set_is_enabled((*value & 6) != 6);
-					tape_.set_is_in_input_mode((*value & 6) == 0);
-					tape_.set_is_running(((*value)&0x40) ? true : false);
-
-					// TODO: caps lock LED
-				}
-
-			// deliberate fallthrough
-			case 0xfe02: case 0xfe03:
-			case 0xfe08: case 0xfe09: case 0xfe0a: case 0xfe0b:
-			case 0xfe0c: case 0xfe0d: case 0xfe0e: case 0xfe0f:
-				if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					update_display();
-					video_output_->set_register(address, *value);
-					video_access_range_ = video_output_->get_memory_access_range();
-					queue_next_display_interrupt();
-				}
-			break;
-			case 0xfe04:
-				if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					*value = tape_.get_data_register();
-					tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
-				} else {
-					tape_.set_data_register(*value);
-					tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty);
-				}
-			break;
-			case 0xfe05:
-				if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					const uint8_t interruptDisable = (*value)&0xf0;
-					if( interruptDisable ) {
-						if( interruptDisable&0x10 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::DisplayEnd;
-						if( interruptDisable&0x20 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::RealTimeClock;
-						if( interruptDisable&0x40 ) interrupt_status_ &= ~Interrupt::HighToneDetect;
-						evaluate_interrupts();
-
-						// TODO: NMI
-					}
-
-					// latch the paged ROM in case external hardware is being emulated
-					active_rom_ = (Electron::ROMSlot)(*value & 0xf);
-
-					// apply the ULA's test
-					if(*value & 0x08) {
-						if(*value & 0x04) {
-							keyboard_is_active_ = false;
-							basic_is_active_ = false;
-						} else {
-							keyboard_is_active_ = !(*value & 0x02);
-							basic_is_active_ = !keyboard_is_active_;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			break;
-			case 0xfe06:
-				if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
-					update_audio();
-					speaker_->set_divider(*value);
-					tape_.set_counter(*value);
-				}
-			break;
-
-			case 0xfc04: case 0xfc05: case 0xfc06: case 0xfc07:
-				if(plus3_ && (address&0x00f0) == 0x00c0) {
-					if(is_holding_shift_ && address == 0xfcc4) {
-						is_holding_shift_ = false;
-						set_key_state(KeyShift, false);
-					}
-					if(isReadOperation(operation))
-						*value = plus3_->get_register(address);
-					else
-						plus3_->set_register(address, *value);
-				}
-			break;
-			case 0xfc00:
-				if(plus3_ && (address&0x00f0) == 0x00c0) {
-					if(!isReadOperation(operation)) {
-						plus3_->set_control_register(*value);
-					} else *value = 1;
-				}
-			break;
-
-			default:
-				if(address >= 0xc000) {
-					if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
-						if(
-							use_fast_tape_hack_ &&
-							tape_.has_tape() &&
-							(operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) &&
-							(
-								(address == 0xf4e5) || (address == 0xf4e6) ||	// double NOPs at 0xf4e5, 0xf6de, 0xf6fa and 0xfa51
-								(address == 0xf6de) || (address == 0xf6df) ||	// act to disable the normal branch into tape-handling
-								(address == 0xf6fa) || (address == 0xf6fb) ||	// code, forcing the OS along the serially-accessed ROM
-								(address == 0xfa51) || (address == 0xfa52) ||	// pathway.
-
-								(address == 0xf0a8)								// 0xf0a8 is from where a service call would normally be
-																				// dispatched; we can check whether it would be call 14
-																				// (i.e. read byte) and, if so, whether the OS was about to
-																				// issue a read byte call to a ROM despite being the tape
-																				// FS being selected. If so then this is a get byte that
-																				// we should service synthetically. Put the byte into Y
-																				// and set A to zero to report that action was taken, then
-																				// allow the PC read to return an RTS.
-							)
-						) {
-							uint8_t service_call = (uint8_t)get_value_of_register(CPU6502::Register::X);
-							if(address == 0xf0a8) {
-								if(!ram_[0x247] && service_call == 14) {
-									tape_.set_delegate(nullptr);
-
-									// TODO: handle tape wrap around.
-
-									int cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data = 50;
-									tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
-									while(!tape_.get_tape()->is_at_end()) {
-										tape_.run_for_input_pulse();
-										cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data--;
-										if(!cycles_left_while_plausibly_in_data) fast_load_is_in_data_ = false;
-										if(	(tape_.get_interrupt_status() & Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull) &&
-											(fast_load_is_in_data_ || tape_.get_data_register() == 0x2a)
-										) break;
-									}
-									tape_.set_delegate(this);
-									tape_.clear_interrupts(Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull);
-									interrupt_status_ |= tape_.get_interrupt_status();
-
-									fast_load_is_in_data_ = true;
-									set_value_of_register(CPU6502::Register::A, 0);
-									set_value_of_register(CPU6502::Register::Y, tape_.get_data_register());
-									*value = 0x60; // 0x60 is RTS
-								}
-								else *value = os_[address & 16383];
-							}
-							else *value = 0xea;
-						} else {
-							*value = os_[address & 16383];
-						}
-					}
-				} else {
-					if(isReadOperation(operation)) {
-						*value = roms_[active_rom_][address & 16383];
-						if(keyboard_is_active_) {
-							*value &= 0xf0;
-							for(int address_line = 0; address_line < 14; address_line++) {
-								if(!(address&(1 << address_line))) *value |= key_states_[address_line];
-							}
-						}
-						if(basic_is_active_) {
-							*value &= roms_[ROMSlotBASIC][address & 16383];
-						}
-					} else if(rom_write_masks_[active_rom_]) {
-						roms_[active_rom_][address & 16383] = *value;
-					}
-				}
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	cycles_since_display_update_ += cycles;
-	cycles_since_audio_update_ += cycles;
-	if(cycles_since_audio_update_ > 16384) update_audio();
-	tape_.run_for_cycles(cycles);
-
-	cycles_until_display_interrupt_ -= cycles;
-	if(cycles_until_display_interrupt_ < 0) {
-		signal_interrupt(next_display_interrupt_);
-		update_display();
-		queue_next_display_interrupt();
-	}
-
-	if(typer_) typer_->update((int)cycles);
-	if(plus3_) plus3_->run_for_cycles(4*cycles);
-	if(shift_restart_counter_) {
-		shift_restart_counter_ -= cycles;
-		if(shift_restart_counter_ <= 0) {
-			shift_restart_counter_ = 0;
-			set_power_on(true);
-			set_key_state(KeyShift, true);
-			is_holding_shift_ = true;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return cycles;
-}
-
-void Machine::synchronise() {
-	update_display();
-	update_audio();
-	speaker_->flush();
-}
-
-#pragma mark - Deferred scheduling
-
-inline void Machine::update_display() {
-	if(cycles_since_display_update_) {
-		video_output_->run_for_cycles((int)cycles_since_display_update_);
-		cycles_since_display_update_ = 0;
-	}
-}
-
-inline void Machine::queue_next_display_interrupt() {
-	VideoOutput::Interrupt next_interrupt = video_output_->get_next_interrupt();
-	cycles_until_display_interrupt_ = next_interrupt.cycles;
-	next_display_interrupt_ = next_interrupt.interrupt;
-}
-
-inline void Machine::update_audio() {
-	if(cycles_since_audio_update_) {
-		unsigned int difference = cycles_since_audio_update_ / Speaker::clock_rate_divider;
-		cycles_since_audio_update_ %= Speaker::clock_rate_divider;
-		speaker_->run_for_cycles(difference);
-	}
-}
-
-#pragma mark - Interrupts
-
-inline void Machine::signal_interrupt(Electron::Interrupt interrupt) {
-	interrupt_status_ |= interrupt;
-	evaluate_interrupts();
-}
-
-inline void Machine::clear_interrupt(Electron::Interrupt interrupt) {
-	interrupt_status_ &= ~interrupt;
-	evaluate_interrupts();
-}
-
-inline void Machine::evaluate_interrupts() {
-	if(interrupt_status_ & interrupt_control_) {
-		interrupt_status_ |= 1;
-	} else {
-		interrupt_status_ &= ~1;
-	}
-	set_irq_line(interrupt_status_ & 1);
-}
-
-#pragma mark - Tape::Delegate
-
-void Machine::tape_did_change_interrupt_status(Tape *tape) {
-	interrupt_status_ = (interrupt_status_ & ~(Interrupt::TransmitDataEmpty | Interrupt::ReceiveDataFull | Interrupt::HighToneDetect)) | tape_.get_interrupt_status();
-	evaluate_interrupts();
-}
+Machine::~Machine() {}

Machines/Electron/Electron.hpp

@@ -9,18 +9,9 @@
 #ifndef Electron_hpp
 #define Electron_hpp
 
-#include "../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
-#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
-
 #include "../ConfigurationTarget.hpp"
 #include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
-#include "../Typer.hpp"
-
-#include "Interrupts.hpp"
-#include "Plus3.hpp"
-#include "Speaker.hpp"
-#include "Tape.hpp"
-#include "Video.hpp"
+#include "../KeyboardMachine.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <vector>
@@ -57,8 +48,6 @@ enum Key: uint16_t {
 	KeyShift		= 0x00d0 | 0x08,	KeyControl		= 0x00d0 | 0x04,	KeyFunc			= 0x00d0 | 0x02,	KeyEscape		= 0x00d0 | 0x01,
 
 	KeyBreak		= 0xfffd,
-
-	TerminateSequence = 0xffff, NotMapped		= 0xfffe,
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -68,88 +57,23 @@ enum Key: uint16_t {
 	Acorn Electron.
 */
 class Machine:
-	public CPU6502::Processor<Machine>,
 	public CRTMachine::Machine,
-	public Tape::Delegate,
-	public Utility::TypeRecipient,
-	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine {
-
+	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
+	public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
 	public:
-		Machine();
+		virtual ~Machine();
 
-		void set_rom(ROMSlot slot, std::vector<uint8_t> data, bool is_writeable);
+		/// Creates and returns an Electron.
+		static Machine *Electron();
 
-		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed);
-		void clear_all_keys();
+		/*!
+			Sets the contents of @c slot to @c data. If @c is_writeable is @c true then writing to the slot
+			is enabled — it acts as if it were sideways RAM. Otherwise the slot is modelled as containing ROM.
+		*/
+		virtual void set_rom(ROMSlot slot, std::vector<uint8_t> data, bool is_writeable) = 0;
 
-		inline void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) { use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate; }
-
-		// to satisfy ConfigurationTarget::Machine
-		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target);
-
-		// to satisfy CPU6502::Processor
-		unsigned int perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value);
-		void synchronise();
-
-		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
-		virtual void setup_output(float aspect_ratio);
-		virtual void close_output();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker();
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) { CPU6502::Processor<Machine>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles); }
-
-		// to satisfy Tape::Delegate
-		virtual void tape_did_change_interrupt_status(Tape *tape);
-
-		// for Utility::TypeRecipient
-		virtual int get_typer_delay();
-		virtual int get_typer_frequency();
-		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character);
-
-	private:
-		inline void update_display();
-		inline void queue_next_display_interrupt();
-		inline void update_audio();
-
-		inline void signal_interrupt(Interrupt interrupt);
-		inline void clear_interrupt(Interrupt interrupt);
-		inline void evaluate_interrupts();
-
-		// Things that directly constitute the memory map.
-		uint8_t roms_[16][16384];
-		bool rom_write_masks_[16];
-		uint8_t os_[16384], ram_[32768];
-		std::vector<uint8_t> dfs_, adfs_;
-
-		// Paging
-		ROMSlot active_rom_;
-		bool keyboard_is_active_, basic_is_active_;
-
-		// Interrupt and keyboard state
-		uint8_t interrupt_status_, interrupt_control_;
-		uint8_t key_states_[14];
-
-		// Counters related to simultaneous subsystems
-		unsigned int cycles_since_display_update_;
-		unsigned int cycles_since_audio_update_;
-		int cycles_until_display_interrupt_;
-		Interrupt next_display_interrupt_;
-		VideoOutput::Range video_access_range_;
-
-		// Tape
-		Tape tape_;
-		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
-		bool fast_load_is_in_data_;
-
-		// Disk
-		std::unique_ptr<Plus3> plus3_;
-		bool is_holding_shift_;
-		int shift_restart_counter_;
-
-		// Outputs
-		std::unique_ptr<VideoOutput> video_output_;
-		std::shared_ptr<Speaker> speaker_;
-		bool speaker_is_enabled_;
+		/// Enables or disables turbo-speed tape loading.
+		virtual void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) = 0;
 };
 
 }

Machines/Electron/Tape.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ Tape::Tape() :
 		delegate_(nullptr),
 		output_({.bits_remaining_until_empty = 0, .cycles_into_pulse = 0}),
 		last_posted_interrupt_status_(0),
-		interrupt_status_(0) {}
+		interrupt_status_(0) {
+	shifter_.set_delegate(this);
+}
 
 void Tape::push_tape_bit(uint16_t bit) {
 	data_register_ = (uint16_t)((data_register_ >> 1) | (bit << 10));
@@ -70,38 +72,22 @@ uint8_t Tape::get_data_register() {
 	return (uint8_t)(data_register_ >> 2);
 }
 
-void Tape::process_input_pulse(Storage::Tape::Tape::Pulse pulse) {
-	crossings_[0] = crossings_[1];
-	crossings_[1] = crossings_[2];
-	crossings_[2] = crossings_[3];
-
-	crossings_[3] = Tape::Unrecognised;
-	if(pulse.type != Storage::Tape::Tape::Pulse::Zero) {
-		float pulse_length = (float)pulse.length.length / (float)pulse.length.clock_rate;
-		if(pulse_length >= 0.35 / 2400.0 && pulse_length < 0.7 / 2400.0) crossings_[3] = Tape::Short;
-		if(pulse_length >= 0.35 / 1200.0 && pulse_length < 0.7 / 1200.0) crossings_[3] = Tape::Long;
-	}
-
-	if(crossings_[0] == Tape::Long && crossings_[1] == Tape::Long) {
-		push_tape_bit(0);
-		crossings_[0] = crossings_[1] = Tape::Recognised;
-	} else {
-		if(crossings_[0] == Tape::Short && crossings_[1] == Tape::Short && crossings_[2] == Tape::Short && crossings_[3] == Tape::Short) {
-			push_tape_bit(1);
-			crossings_[0] = crossings_[1] =
-			crossings_[2] = crossings_[3] = Tape::Recognised;
-		}
-	}
+void Tape::process_input_pulse(const Storage::Tape::Tape::Pulse &pulse) {
+	shifter_.process_pulse(pulse);
 }
 
-void Tape::run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
+void Tape::acorn_shifter_output_bit(int value) {
+	push_tape_bit((uint16_t)value);
+}
+
+void Tape::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 	if(is_enabled_) {
 		if(is_in_input_mode_) {
 			if(is_running_) {
-				TapePlayer::run_for_cycles((int)number_of_cycles);
+				TapePlayer::run_for(cycles);
 			}
 		} else {
-			output_.cycles_into_pulse += number_of_cycles;
+			output_.cycles_into_pulse += (unsigned int)cycles.as_int();
 			while(output_.cycles_into_pulse > 1664) {	// 1664 = the closest you can get to 1200 baud if you're looking for something
 				output_.cycles_into_pulse -= 1664;		// that divides the 125,000Hz clock that the sound divider runs off.
 				push_tape_bit(1);

Machines/Electron/Tape.hpp

@@ -9,18 +9,23 @@
 #ifndef Electron_Tape_h
 #define Electron_Tape_h
 
-#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
-#include "Interrupts.hpp"
-
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Parsers/Acorn.hpp"
+#include "Interrupts.hpp"
+
 namespace Electron {
 
-class Tape: public Storage::Tape::TapePlayer {
+class Tape:
+	public Storage::Tape::TapePlayer,
+	public Storage::Tape::Acorn::Shifter::Delegate {
 	public:
 		Tape();
 
-		void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles);
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
+		using Storage::Tape::TapePlayer::run_for;
 
 		uint8_t get_data_register();
 		void set_data_register(uint8_t value);
@@ -39,8 +44,10 @@ class Tape: public Storage::Tape::TapePlayer {
 		inline void set_is_enabled(bool is_enabled) { is_enabled_ = is_enabled; }
 		void set_is_in_input_mode(bool is_in_input_mode);
 
+		void acorn_shifter_output_bit(int value);
+
 	private:
-		void process_input_pulse(Storage::Tape::Tape::Pulse pulse);
+		void process_input_pulse(const Storage::Tape::Tape::Pulse &pulse);
 		inline void push_tape_bit(uint16_t bit);
 		inline void get_next_tape_pulse();
 
@@ -62,9 +69,7 @@ class Tape: public Storage::Tape::TapePlayer {
 		uint8_t interrupt_status_, last_posted_interrupt_status_;
 		Delegate *delegate_;
 
-		enum {
-			Long, Short, Unrecognised, Recognised
-		} crossings_[4];
+		::Storage::Tape::Acorn::Shifter shifter_;
 };
 
 }

Machines/Electron/Video.cpp

@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ void VideoOutput::output_pixels(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
 	}
 }
 
-void VideoOutput::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) {
+void VideoOutput::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+	int number_of_cycles = cycles.as_int();
 	output_position_ = (output_position_ + number_of_cycles) % cycles_per_frame;
 	while(number_of_cycles) {
 		int draw_action_length = screen_map_[screen_map_pointer_].length;
@@ -425,9 +426,9 @@ void VideoOutput::setup_screen_map() {
 			screen_map_.emplace_back(DrawAction::Blank, cycles_per_line >> 1);
 			screen_map_.emplace_back(DrawAction::Sync, (cycles_per_line * 5) >> 1);
 		}
-		for(int c = 0; c < first_graphics_line - 3; c++) emplace_blank_line();
-		for(int c = 0; c < 256; c++) emplace_pixel_line();
-		for(int c = 256 + first_graphics_line; c < 312; c++) emplace_blank_line();
+		for(int l = 0; l < first_graphics_line - 3; l++) emplace_blank_line();
+		for(int l = 0; l < 256; l++) emplace_pixel_line();
+		for(int l = 256 + first_graphics_line; l < 312; l++) emplace_blank_line();
 		if(c&1) emplace_blank_line();
 	}
 }

Machines/Electron/Video.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define Machines_Electron_Video_hpp
 
 #include "../../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
 #include "Interrupts.hpp"
 
 namespace Electron {
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ class VideoOutput {
 		/// @returns the CRT to which output is being painted.
 		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt();
 
-		/// Produces the next @c number_of_cycles cycles of video output.
-		void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles);
+		/// Produces the next @c cycles of video output.
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 
 		/*!
 			Writes @c value to the register at @c address. May mutate the results of @c get_next_interrupt,
@@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ class VideoOutput {
 		/*!
 			@returns the next interrupt that should be generated as a result of the video hardware.
 			The time until signalling returned is the number of cycles after the final one triggered
-			by the most recent call to @c run_for_cycles.
+			by the most recent call to @c run_for.
 
 			This result may be mutated by calls to @c set_register.
 		*/
 		Interrupt get_next_interrupt();
 
 		/*!
-			@returns the number of cycles after (final cycle of last run_for_cycles batch + @c from_time)
+			@returns the number of cycles after (final cycle of last run_for batch + @c from_time)
 			before the video circuits will allow the CPU to access RAM.
 		*/
 		unsigned int get_cycles_until_next_ram_availability(int from_time);

Machines/KeyboardMachine.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,15 @@ namespace KeyboardMachine {
 
 class Machine {
 	public:
+		/*!
+			Indicates that the key @c key has been either pressed or released, according to
+			the state of @c isPressed.
+		*/
 		virtual void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) = 0;
+
+		/*!
+			Instructs that all keys should now be treated as released.
+		*/
 		virtual void clear_all_keys() = 0;
 };
 

Machines/MemoryFuzzer.cpp

@@ -22,3 +22,7 @@ void Memory::Fuzz(uint8_t *buffer, size_t size) {
 		buffer[c] = (uint8_t)(std::rand() >> shift);
 	}
 }
+
+void Memory::Fuzz(std::vector<uint8_t> &buffer) {
+	Fuzz(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+}

Machines/MemoryFuzzer.hpp

@@ -11,11 +11,16 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace Memory {
 
+/// Stores @c size random bytes from @c buffer onwards.
 void Fuzz(uint8_t *buffer, size_t size);
 
+// Replaces all existing vector contents with random bytes.
+void Fuzz(std::vector<uint8_t> &buffer);
+
 }
 
 #endif /* MemoryFuzzer_hpp */

Machines/Oric/CharacterMapper.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
 #include "Oric.hpp"
 
-uint16_t *Oric::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character) {
-#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
-#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyLeftShift, __VA_ARGS__, TerminateSequence}
+using namespace Oric;
+
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::sequence_for_character(char character) {
+#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyLeftShift, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
 #define X			{NotMapped}
-	static Key key_sequences[][3] = {
+	static KeySequence key_sequences[] = {
 		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
 		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
 		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
@@ -73,7 +84,5 @@ uint16_t *Oric::Machine::sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char char
 #undef SHIFT
 #undef X
 
-	if(character > sizeof(key_sequences) / sizeof(*key_sequences)) return nullptr;
-	if(key_sequences[character][0] == NotMapped) return nullptr;
-	return (uint16_t *)key_sequences[character];
+	return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(key_sequences, sizeof(key_sequences), character);
 }

Machines/Oric/CharacterMapper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_Oric_CharacterMapper_hpp
+#define Machines_Oric_CharacterMapper_hpp
+
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+namespace Oric {
+
+class CharacterMapper: public ::Utility::CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* Machines_Oric_CharacterMapper_hpp */

Machines/Oric/Microdisc.cpp

@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ void Microdisc::set_head_load_request(bool head_load) {
 	}
 }
 
-void Microdisc::run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
+void Microdisc::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 	if(head_load_request_counter_ < head_load_request_counter_target) {
-		head_load_request_counter_ += number_of_cycles;
+		head_load_request_counter_ += cycles.as_int();
 		if(head_load_request_counter_ >= head_load_request_counter_target) set_head_loaded(true);
 	}
-	WD::WD1770::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
+	WD::WD1770::run_for(cycles);
 }
 
 bool Microdisc::get_drive_is_ready() {

Machines/Oric/Microdisc.hpp

@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ class Microdisc: public WD::WD1770 {
 
 		bool get_interrupt_request_line();
 
-		void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles);
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
+		using WD::WD1770::run_for;
 
 		enum PagingFlags {
 			BASICDisable	=	(1 << 0),

Machines/Oric/Oric.cpp

@@ -7,283 +7,381 @@
 //
 
 #include "Oric.hpp"
+
+#include "Video.hpp"
+#include "Microdisc.hpp"
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
+
 #include "../MemoryFuzzer.hpp"
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+#include "../../Processors/6502/6502.hpp"
+#include "../../Components/6522/6522.hpp"
+#include "../../Components/AY38910/AY38910.hpp"
+
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Parsers/Oric.hpp"
+
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ForceInline.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Oric {
+
+class ConcreteMachine:
+	public CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler,
+	public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate,
+	public Utility::TypeRecipient,
+	public Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer::Delegate,
+	public Microdisc::Delegate,
+	public Machine {
+
+	public:
+		ConcreteMachine() :
+				m6502_(*this),
+				use_fast_tape_hack_(false),
+				typer_delay_(2500000),
+				keyboard_read_count_(0),
+				keyboard_(new Keyboard),
+				ram_top_(0xbfff),
+				paged_rom_(rom_),
+				microdisc_is_enabled_(false) {
+			set_clock_rate(1000000);
+			via_.set_interrupt_delegate(this);
+			via_.keyboard = keyboard_;
+			clear_all_keys();
+			via_.tape->set_delegate(this);
+			Memory::Fuzz(ram_, sizeof(ram_));
+		}
+
+		void set_rom(ROM rom, const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) override final {
+			switch(rom) {
+				case BASIC11:	basic11_rom_ = std::move(data);		break;
+				case BASIC10:	basic10_rom_ = std::move(data);		break;
+				case Microdisc:	microdisc_rom_ = std::move(data);	break;
+				case Colour:
+					colour_rom_ = std::move(data);
+					if(video_output_) video_output_->set_colour_rom(colour_rom_);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) override final {
+			if(key == KeyNMI) {
+				m6502_.set_nmi_line(isPressed);
+			} else {
+				if(isPressed)
+					keyboard_->rows[key >> 8] |= (key & 0xff);
+				else
+					keyboard_->rows[key >> 8] &= ~(key & 0xff);
+			}
+		}
+
+		void clear_all_keys() override final {
+			memset(keyboard_->rows, 0, sizeof(keyboard_->rows));
+		}
+
+		void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) override final {
+			use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate;
+		}
+
+		void set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::OutputDevice output_device) override final {
+			video_output_->set_output_device(output_device);
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy ConfigurationTarget::Machine
+		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) override final {
+			if(target.oric.has_microdisc) {
+				microdisc_is_enabled_ = true;
+				microdisc_did_change_paging_flags(&microdisc_);
+				microdisc_.set_delegate(this);
+			}
+
+			if(target.loadingCommand.length()) {
+				set_typer_for_string(target.loadingCommand.c_str());
+			}
+
+			if(target.oric.use_atmos_rom) {
+				memcpy(rom_, basic11_rom_.data(), std::min(basic11_rom_.size(), sizeof(rom_)));
+
+				is_using_basic11_ = true;
+				tape_get_byte_address_ = 0xe6c9;
+				scan_keyboard_address_ = 0xf495;
+				tape_speed_address_ = 0x024d;
+			} else {
+				memcpy(rom_, basic10_rom_.data(), std::min(basic10_rom_.size(), sizeof(rom_)));
+
+				is_using_basic11_ = false;
+				tape_get_byte_address_ = 0xe630;
+				scan_keyboard_address_ = 0xf43c;
+				tape_speed_address_ = 0x67;
+			}
+
+			insert_media(target.media);
+		}
+
+		bool insert_media(const StaticAnalyser::Media &media) override final {
+			if(media.tapes.size()) {
+				via_.tape->set_tape(media.tapes.front());
+			}
+
+			int drive_index = 0;
+			for(auto disk : media.disks) {
+				if(drive_index < 4) microdisc_.set_disk(disk, drive_index);
+				drive_index++;
+			}
+
+			return !media.tapes.empty() || (!media.disks.empty() && microdisc_is_enabled_);
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy CPU::MOS6502::BusHandler
+		forceinline Cycles perform_bus_operation(CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
+			if(address > ram_top_) {
+				if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = paged_rom_[address - ram_top_ - 1];
+
+				// 024D = 0 => fast; otherwise slow
+				// E6C9 = read byte: return byte in A
+				if(address == tape_get_byte_address_ && paged_rom_ == rom_ && use_fast_tape_hack_ && operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode && via_.tape->has_tape() && !via_.tape->get_tape()->is_at_end()) {
+					uint8_t next_byte = via_.tape->get_next_byte(!ram_[tape_speed_address_]);
+					m6502_.set_value_of_register(CPU::MOS6502::A, next_byte);
+					m6502_.set_value_of_register(CPU::MOS6502::Flags, next_byte ? 0 : CPU::MOS6502::Flag::Zero);
+					*value = 0x60; // i.e. RTS
+				}
+			} else {
+				if((address & 0xff00) == 0x0300) {
+					if(microdisc_is_enabled_ && address >= 0x0310) {
+						switch(address) {
+							case 0x0310: case 0x0311: case 0x0312: case 0x0313:
+								if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_register(address);
+								else microdisc_.set_register(address, *value);
+							break;
+							case 0x314: case 0x315: case 0x316: case 0x317:
+								if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_interrupt_request_register();
+								else microdisc_.set_control_register(*value);
+							break;
+							case 0x318: case 0x319: case 0x31a: case 0x31b:
+								if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_data_request_register();
+							break;
+						}
+					} else {
+						if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = via_.get_register(address);
+						else via_.set_register(address, *value);
+					}
+				} else {
+					if(isReadOperation(operation))
+						*value = ram_[address];
+					else {
+						if(address >= 0x9800 && address <= 0xc000) { update_video(); typer_delay_ = 0; }
+						ram_[address] = *value;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if(typer_ && address == scan_keyboard_address_ && operation == CPU::MOS6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) {
+				// the Oric 1 misses any key pressed on the very first entry into the read keyboard routine, so don't
+				// do anything until at least the second, regardless of machine
+				if(!keyboard_read_count_) keyboard_read_count_++;
+				else if(!typer_->type_next_character()) {
+					clear_all_keys();
+					typer_.reset();
+				}
+			}
+
+			via_.run_for(Cycles(1));
+			if(microdisc_is_enabled_) microdisc_.run_for(Cycles(8));
+			cycles_since_video_update_++;
+			return Cycles(1);
+		}
+
+		forceinline void flush() {
+			update_video();
+			via_.flush();
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
+		void setup_output(float aspect_ratio) override final {
+			via_.ay8910.reset(new GI::AY38910::AY38910());
+			via_.ay8910->set_clock_rate(1000000);
+			video_output_.reset(new VideoOutput(ram_));
+			if(!colour_rom_.empty()) video_output_->set_colour_rom(colour_rom_);
+		}
+
+		void close_output() override final {
+			video_output_.reset();
+			via_.ay8910.reset();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() override final {
+			return video_output_->get_crt();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() override final {
+			return via_.ay8910;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) override final {
+			m6502_.run_for(cycles);
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate
+		void mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522) override final {
+			set_interrupt_line();
+		}
+
+		// to satisfy Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer::Delegate
+		void tape_did_change_input(Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer *tape_player) override final {
+			// set CB1
+			via_.set_control_line_input(VIA::Port::B, VIA::Line::One, !tape_player->get_input());
+		}
+
+		// for Utility::TypeRecipient::Delegate
+		void set_typer_for_string(const char *string) override final {
+			std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> mapper(new CharacterMapper);
+			Utility::TypeRecipient::set_typer_for_string(string, std::move(mapper));
+		}
+
+		// for Microdisc::Delegate
+		void microdisc_did_change_paging_flags(class Microdisc *microdisc) override final {
+			int flags = microdisc->get_paging_flags();
+			if(!(flags&Microdisc::PagingFlags::BASICDisable)) {
+				ram_top_ = 0xbfff;
+				paged_rom_ = rom_;
+			} else {
+				if(flags&Microdisc::PagingFlags::MicrodscDisable) {
+					ram_top_ = 0xffff;
+				} else {
+					ram_top_ = 0xdfff;
+					paged_rom_ = microdisc_rom_.data();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		void wd1770_did_change_output(WD::WD1770 *wd1770) override final {
+			set_interrupt_line();
+		}
+
+	private:
+		CPU::MOS6502::Processor<ConcreteMachine, false> m6502_;
+
+		// RAM and ROM
+		std::vector<uint8_t> basic11_rom_, basic10_rom_, microdisc_rom_, colour_rom_;
+		uint8_t ram_[65536], rom_[16384];
+		Cycles cycles_since_video_update_;
+		inline void update_video() {
+			video_output_->run_for(cycles_since_video_update_.flush());
+		}
+
+		// ROM bookkeeping
+		bool is_using_basic11_;
+		uint16_t tape_get_byte_address_, scan_keyboard_address_, tape_speed_address_;
+		int keyboard_read_count_;
+
+		// Outputs
+		std::unique_ptr<VideoOutput> video_output_;
+
+		// Keyboard
+		class Keyboard {
+			public:
+				uint8_t row;
+				uint8_t rows[8];
+		};
+		int typer_delay_;
+
+		// The tape
+		class TapePlayer: public Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer {
+			public:
+				TapePlayer() : Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer(1000000) {}
+
+				inline uint8_t get_next_byte(bool fast) {
+					return (uint8_t)parser_.get_next_byte(get_tape(), fast);
+				}
+
+			private:
+				Storage::Tape::Oric::Parser parser_;
+		};
+		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
+
+		// VIA (which owns the tape and the AY)
+		class VIA: public MOS::MOS6522<VIA>, public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate {
+			public:
+				VIA() :
+					MOS::MOS6522<VIA>(),
+					tape(new TapePlayer) {}
+
+				using MOS6522IRQDelegate::set_interrupt_status;
+
+				void set_control_line_output(Port port, Line line, bool value) {
+					if(line) {
+						if(port) ay_bdir_ = value; else ay_bc1_ = value;
+						update_ay();
+					}
+				}
+
+				void set_port_output(Port port, uint8_t value, uint8_t direction_mask)  {
+					if(port) {
+						keyboard->row = value;
+						tape->set_motor_control(value & 0x40);
+					} else {
+						ay8910->set_data_input(value);
+					}
+				}
+
+				uint8_t get_port_input(Port port) {
+					if(port) {
+						uint8_t column = ay8910->get_port_output(false) ^ 0xff;
+						return (keyboard->rows[keyboard->row & 7] & column) ? 0x08 : 0x00;
+					} else {
+						return ay8910->get_data_output();
+					}
+				}
+
+				inline void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
+					cycles_since_ay_update_ += cycles;
+					MOS::MOS6522<VIA>::run_for(cycles);
+					tape->run_for(cycles);
+				}
+
+				void flush() {
+					ay8910->run_for(cycles_since_ay_update_.flush());
+					ay8910->flush();
+				}
+
+				std::shared_ptr<GI::AY38910::AY38910> ay8910;
+				std::unique_ptr<TapePlayer> tape;
+				std::shared_ptr<Keyboard> keyboard;
+
+			private:
+				void update_ay() {
+					ay8910->run_for(cycles_since_ay_update_.flush());
+					ay8910->set_control_lines( (GI::AY38910::ControlLines)((ay_bdir_ ? GI::AY38910::BDIR : 0) | (ay_bc1_ ? GI::AY38910::BC1 : 0) | GI::AY38910::BC2));
+				}
+				bool ay_bdir_, ay_bc1_;
+				Cycles cycles_since_ay_update_;
+		};
+		VIA via_;
+		std::shared_ptr<Keyboard> keyboard_;
+
+		// the Microdisc, if in use
+		class Microdisc microdisc_;
+		bool microdisc_is_enabled_;
+		uint16_t ram_top_;
+		uint8_t *paged_rom_;
+
+		inline void set_interrupt_line() {
+			m6502_.set_irq_line(
+				via_.get_interrupt_line() ||
+				(microdisc_is_enabled_ && microdisc_.get_interrupt_request_line()));
+		}
+};
+
+}
 
 using namespace Oric;
 
-Machine::Machine() :
-		cycles_since_video_update_(0),
-		use_fast_tape_hack_(false),
-		typer_delay_(2500000),
-		keyboard_read_count_(0),
-		keyboard_(new Keyboard),
-		ram_top_(0xbfff),
-		paged_rom_(rom_),
-		microdisc_is_enabled_(false) {
-	set_clock_rate(1000000);
-	via_.set_interrupt_delegate(this);
-	via_.keyboard = keyboard_;
-	clear_all_keys();
-	via_.tape->set_delegate(this);
-	Memory::Fuzz(ram_, sizeof(ram_));
+Machine *Machine::Oric() {
+	return new ConcreteMachine;
 }
 
-void Machine::configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) {
-	if(target.tapes.size()) {
-		via_.tape->set_tape(target.tapes.front());
-	}
-
-	if(target.loadingCommand.length()) {	// TODO: and automatic loading option enabled
-		set_typer_for_string(target.loadingCommand.c_str());
-	}
-
-	if(target.oric.has_microdisc) {
-		microdisc_is_enabled_ = true;
-		microdisc_did_change_paging_flags(&microdisc_);
-		microdisc_.set_delegate(this);
-	}
-
-	int drive_index = 0;
-	for(auto disk : target.disks) {
-		if(drive_index < 4) microdisc_.set_disk(disk, drive_index);
-		drive_index++;
-	}
-
-	if(target.oric.use_atmos_rom) {
-		memcpy(rom_, basic11_rom_.data(), std::min(basic11_rom_.size(), sizeof(rom_)));
-
-		is_using_basic11_ = true;
-		tape_get_byte_address_ = 0xe6c9;
-		scan_keyboard_address_ = 0xf495;
-		tape_speed_address_ = 0x024d;
-	} else {
-		memcpy(rom_, basic10_rom_.data(), std::min(basic10_rom_.size(), sizeof(rom_)));
-
-		is_using_basic11_ = false;
-		tape_get_byte_address_ = 0xe630;
-		scan_keyboard_address_ = 0xf43c;
-		tape_speed_address_ = 0x67;
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::set_rom(ROM rom, const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-	switch(rom) {
-		case BASIC11:	basic11_rom_ = std::move(data);		break;
-		case BASIC10:	basic10_rom_ = std::move(data);		break;
-		case Microdisc:	microdisc_rom_ = std::move(data);	break;
-		case Colour:
-			colour_rom_ = std::move(data);
-			if(video_output_) video_output_->set_colour_rom(colour_rom_);
-		break;
-	}
-}
-
-unsigned int Machine::perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value) {
-	if(address > ram_top_) {
-		if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = paged_rom_[address - ram_top_ - 1];
-
-		// 024D = 0 => fast; otherwise slow
-		// E6C9 = read byte: return byte in A
-		if(address == tape_get_byte_address_ && paged_rom_ == rom_ && use_fast_tape_hack_ && operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode && via_.tape->has_tape() && !via_.tape->get_tape()->is_at_end()) {
-			uint8_t next_byte = via_.tape->get_next_byte(!ram_[tape_speed_address_]);
-			set_value_of_register(CPU6502::A, next_byte);
-			set_value_of_register(CPU6502::Flags, next_byte ? 0 : CPU6502::Flag::Zero);
-			*value = 0x60; // i.e. RTS
-		}
-	} else {
-		if((address & 0xff00) == 0x0300) {
-			if(microdisc_is_enabled_ && address >= 0x0310) {
-				switch(address) {
-					case 0x0310: case 0x0311: case 0x0312: case 0x0313:
-						if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_register(address);
-						else microdisc_.set_register(address, *value);
-					break;
-					case 0x314: case 0x315: case 0x316: case 0x317:
-						if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_interrupt_request_register();
-						else microdisc_.set_control_register(*value);
-					break;
-					case 0x318: case 0x319: case 0x31a: case 0x31b:
-						if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = microdisc_.get_data_request_register();
-					break;
-				}
-			} else {
-				if(isReadOperation(operation)) *value = via_.get_register(address);
-				else via_.set_register(address, *value);
-			}
-		} else {
-			if(isReadOperation(operation))
-				*value = ram_[address];
-			else {
-				if(address >= 0x9800 && address <= 0xc000) { update_video(); typer_delay_ = 0; }
-				ram_[address] = *value;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if(typer_ && address == scan_keyboard_address_ && operation == CPU6502::BusOperation::ReadOpcode) {
-		// the Oric 1 misses any key pressed on the very first entry into the read keyboard routine, so don't
-		// do anything until at least the second, regardless of machine
-		if(!keyboard_read_count_) keyboard_read_count_++;
-		else if(!typer_->type_next_character()) {
-			clear_all_keys();
-			typer_.reset();
-		}
-	}
-
-	via_.run_for_cycles(1);
-	if(microdisc_is_enabled_) microdisc_.run_for_cycles(8);
-	cycles_since_video_update_++;
-	return 1;
-}
-
-void Machine::synchronise() {
-	update_video();
-	via_.synchronise();
-}
-
-void Machine::update_video() {
-	video_output_->run_for_cycles(cycles_since_video_update_);
-	cycles_since_video_update_ = 0;
-}
-
-void Machine::setup_output(float aspect_ratio) {
-	via_.ay8910.reset(new GI::AY38910());
-	via_.ay8910->set_clock_rate(1000000);
-	video_output_.reset(new VideoOutput(ram_));
-	if(!colour_rom_.empty()) video_output_->set_colour_rom(colour_rom_);
-}
-
-void Machine::close_output() {
-	video_output_.reset();
-	via_.ay8910.reset();
-}
-
-void Machine::mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522) {
-	set_interrupt_line();
-}
-
-void Machine::set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) {
-	if(key == KeyNMI) {
-		set_nmi_line(isPressed);
-	} else {
-		if(isPressed)
-			keyboard_->rows[key >> 8] |= (key & 0xff);
-		else
-			keyboard_->rows[key >> 8] &= ~(key & 0xff);
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::clear_all_keys() {
-	memset(keyboard_->rows, 0, sizeof(keyboard_->rows));
-}
-
-void Machine::set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) {
-	use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate;
-}
-
-void Machine::set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::OutputDevice output_device) {
-	video_output_->set_output_device(output_device);
-}
-
-void Machine::tape_did_change_input(Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer *tape_player) {
-	// set CB1
-	via_.set_control_line_input(VIA::Port::B, VIA::Line::One, tape_player->get_input());
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> Machine::get_crt() {
-	return video_output_->get_crt();
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> Machine::get_speaker() {
-	return via_.ay8910;
-}
-
-void Machine::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) {
-	CPU6502::Processor<Machine>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
-}
-
-#pragma mark - The 6522
-
-Machine::VIA::VIA() :
-		MOS::MOS6522<Machine::VIA>(),
-		cycles_since_ay_update_(0),
-		tape(new TapePlayer) {}
-
-void Machine::VIA::set_control_line_output(Port port, Line line, bool value) {
-	if(line) {
-		if(port) ay_bdir_ = value; else ay_bc1_ = value;
-		update_ay();
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::VIA::set_port_output(Port port, uint8_t value, uint8_t direction_mask) {
-	if(port) {
-		keyboard->row = value;
-		tape->set_motor_control(value & 0x40);
-	} else {
-		ay8910->set_data_input(value);
-	}
-}
-
-uint8_t Machine::VIA::get_port_input(Port port) {
-	if(port) {
-		uint8_t column = ay8910->get_port_output(false) ^ 0xff;
-		return (keyboard->rows[keyboard->row & 7] & column) ? 0x08 : 0x00;
-	} else {
-		return ay8910->get_data_output();
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::VIA::synchronise() {
-	ay8910->run_for_cycles(cycles_since_ay_update_);
-	ay8910->flush();
-	cycles_since_ay_update_ = 0;
-}
-
-void Machine::VIA::run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles) {
-	cycles_since_ay_update_ += number_of_cycles;
-	MOS::MOS6522<VIA>::run_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
-	tape->run_for_cycles((int)number_of_cycles);
-}
-
-void Machine::VIA::update_ay() {
-	ay8910->run_for_cycles(cycles_since_ay_update_);
-	cycles_since_ay_update_ = 0;
-	ay8910->set_control_lines( (GI::AY38910::ControlLines)((ay_bdir_ ? GI::AY38910::BCDIR : 0) | (ay_bc1_ ? GI::AY38910::BC1 : 0) | GI::AY38910::BC2));
-}
-
-#pragma mark - TapePlayer
-
-Machine::TapePlayer::TapePlayer() :
-		Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer(1000000) {}
-
-uint8_t Machine::TapePlayer::get_next_byte(bool fast) {
-	return (uint8_t)parser_.get_next_byte(get_tape(), fast);
-}
-
-#pragma mark - Microdisc
-
-void Machine::microdisc_did_change_paging_flags(class Microdisc *microdisc) {
-	int flags = microdisc->get_paging_flags();
-	if(!(flags&Microdisc::PagingFlags::BASICDisable)) {
-		ram_top_ = 0xbfff;
-		paged_rom_ = rom_;
-	} else {
-		if(flags&Microdisc::PagingFlags::MicrodscDisable) {
-			ram_top_ = 0xffff;
-		} else {
-			ram_top_ = 0xdfff;
-			paged_rom_ = microdisc_rom_.data();
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-void Machine::wd1770_did_change_output(WD::WD1770 *wd1770) {
-	set_interrupt_line();
-}
-
-void Machine::set_interrupt_line() {
-	set_irq_line(
-		via_.get_interrupt_line() ||
-		(microdisc_is_enabled_ && microdisc_.get_interrupt_request_line()));
-}
+Machine::~Machine() {}

Machines/Oric/Oric.hpp

@@ -11,24 +11,17 @@
 
 #include "../ConfigurationTarget.hpp"
 #include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
-#include "../Typer.hpp"
-
-#include "../../Processors/6502/CPU6502.hpp"
-#include "../../Components/6522/6522.hpp"
-#include "../../Components/AY38910/AY38910.hpp"
-#include "../../Storage/Tape/Parsers/Oric.hpp"
-
-#include "Video.hpp"
-#include "Microdisc.hpp"
-
-#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
+#include "../KeyboardMachine.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <vector>
-#include <memory>
 
 namespace Oric {
 
+enum ROM {
+	BASIC10, BASIC11, Microdisc, Colour
+};
+
 enum Key: uint16_t {
 	Key3			= 0x0000 | 0x80,	KeyX			= 0x0000 | 0x40,	Key1			= 0x0000 | 0x20,
 	KeyV			= 0x0000 | 0x08,	Key5			= 0x0000 | 0x04,	KeyN			= 0x0000 | 0x02,	Key7			= 0x0000 | 0x01,
@@ -48,126 +41,29 @@ enum Key: uint16_t {
 	KeyForwardSlash	= 0x0700 | 0x08,	Key0			= 0x0700 | 0x04,	KeyL			= 0x0700 | 0x02,	Key8			= 0x0700 | 0x01,
 
 	KeyNMI			= 0xfffd,
-
-	TerminateSequence = 0xffff, NotMapped = 0xfffe
-};
-
-enum ROM {
-	BASIC10, BASIC11, Microdisc, Colour
 };
 
+/*!
+	Models an Oric 1/Atmos with or without a Microdisc.
+*/
 class Machine:
-	public CPU6502::Processor<Machine>,
 	public CRTMachine::Machine,
 	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
-	public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate,
-	public Utility::TypeRecipient,
-	public Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer::Delegate,
-	public Microdisc::Delegate {
-
+	public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
 	public:
-		Machine();
+		virtual ~Machine();
 
-		void set_rom(ROM rom, const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
-		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed);
-		void clear_all_keys();
+		/// Creates and returns an Oric.
+		static Machine *Oric();
 
-		void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate);
-		void set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::OutputDevice output_device);
+		/// Sets the contents of @c rom to @c data. Assumed to be a setup step; has no effect once a machine is running.
+		virtual void set_rom(ROM rom, const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy ConfigurationTarget::Machine
-		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target);
+		/// Enables or disables turbo-speed tape loading.
+		virtual void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) = 0;
 
-		// to satisfy CPU6502::Processor
-		unsigned int perform_bus_operation(CPU6502::BusOperation operation, uint16_t address, uint8_t *value);
-		void synchronise();
-
-		// to satisfy CRTMachine::Machine
-		virtual void setup_output(float aspect_ratio);
-		virtual void close_output();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt();
-		virtual std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker();
-		virtual void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles);
-
-		// to satisfy MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate::Delegate
-		void mos6522_did_change_interrupt_status(void *mos6522);
-
-		// to satisfy Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer::Delegate
-		void tape_did_change_input(Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer *tape_player);
-
-		// for Utility::TypeRecipient::Delegate
-		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character);
-
-		// for Microdisc::Delegate
-		void microdisc_did_change_paging_flags(class Microdisc *microdisc);
-		void wd1770_did_change_output(WD::WD1770 *wd1770);
-
-	private:
-		// RAM and ROM
-		std::vector<uint8_t> basic11_rom_, basic10_rom_, microdisc_rom_, colour_rom_;
-		uint8_t ram_[65536], rom_[16384];
-		int cycles_since_video_update_;
-		inline void update_video();
-
-		// ROM bookkeeping
-		bool is_using_basic11_;
-		uint16_t tape_get_byte_address_, scan_keyboard_address_, tape_speed_address_;
-		int keyboard_read_count_;
-
-		// Outputs
-		std::unique_ptr<VideoOutput> video_output_;
-
-		// Keyboard
-		class Keyboard {
-			public:
-				uint8_t row;
-				uint8_t rows[8];
-		};
-		int typer_delay_;
-
-		// The tape
-		class TapePlayer: public Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer {
-			public:
-				TapePlayer();
-				uint8_t get_next_byte(bool fast);
-
-			private:
-				Storage::Tape::Oric::Parser parser_;
-		};
-		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
-
-		// VIA (which owns the tape and the AY)
-		class VIA: public MOS::MOS6522<VIA>, public MOS::MOS6522IRQDelegate {
-			public:
-				VIA();
-				using MOS6522IRQDelegate::set_interrupt_status;
-
-				void set_control_line_output(Port port, Line line, bool value);
-				void set_port_output(Port port, uint8_t value, uint8_t direction_mask);
-				uint8_t get_port_input(Port port);
-				inline void run_for_cycles(unsigned int number_of_cycles);
-
-				std::shared_ptr<GI::AY38910> ay8910;
-				std::unique_ptr<TapePlayer> tape;
-				std::shared_ptr<Keyboard> keyboard;
-
-				void synchronise();
-
-			private:
-				void update_ay();
-				bool ay_bdir_, ay_bc1_;
-				unsigned int cycles_since_ay_update_;
-		};
-		VIA via_;
-		std::shared_ptr<Keyboard> keyboard_;
-
-		// the Microdisc, if in use
-		class Microdisc microdisc_;
-		bool microdisc_is_enabled_;
-		uint16_t ram_top_;
-		uint8_t *paged_rom_;
-
-		inline void set_interrupt_line();
+		/// Sets the type of display the Oric is connected to.
+		virtual void set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::OutputDevice output_device) = 0;
 };
 
 }

Machines/Oric/Video.cpp

@@ -74,13 +74,14 @@ std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> VideoOutput::get_crt() {
 	return crt_;
 }
 
-void VideoOutput::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles) {
+void VideoOutput::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 	// Vertical: 0–39: pixels; otherwise blank; 48–53 sync, 54–56 colour burst
 	// Horizontal: 0–223: pixels; otherwise blank; 256–259 sync
 
 #define clamp(action)	\
 	if(cycles_run_for <= number_of_cycles) { action; } else cycles_run_for = number_of_cycles;
 
+	int number_of_cycles = cycles.as_int();
 	while(number_of_cycles) {
 		int h_counter = counter_ & 63;
 		int cycles_run_for = 0;

Machines/Oric/Video.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define Machines_Oric_Video_hpp
 
 #include "../../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
 
 namespace Oric {
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ class VideoOutput {
 	public:
 		VideoOutput(uint8_t *memory);
 		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt();
-		void run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles);
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 		void set_colour_rom(const std::vector<uint8_t> &rom);
 		void set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::OutputDevice output_device);
 

Machines/Typer.cpp

@@ -11,14 +11,19 @@
 
 using namespace Utility;
 
-Typer::Typer(const char *string, int delay, int frequency, Delegate *delegate) :
-		counter_(-delay), frequency_(frequency), string_pointer_(0), delegate_(delegate), phase_(0) {
+Typer::Typer(const char *string, HalfCycles delay, HalfCycles frequency, std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> character_mapper, Delegate *delegate) :
+		counter_(-delay),
+		frequency_(frequency),
+		string_pointer_(0),
+		delegate_(delegate),
+		phase_(0),
+		character_mapper_(std::move(character_mapper)) {
 	size_t string_size = strlen(string) + 3;
 	string_ = (char *)malloc(string_size);
-	snprintf(string_, strlen(string) + 3, "%c%s%c", Typer::BeginString, string, Typer::EndString);
+	snprintf(string_, string_size, "%c%s%c", Typer::BeginString, string, Typer::EndString);
 }
 
-void Typer::update(int duration) {
+void Typer::run_for(const HalfCycles duration) {
 	if(string_) {
 		if(counter_ < 0 && counter_ + duration >= 0) {
 			if(!type_next_character()) {
@@ -36,10 +41,26 @@ void Typer::update(int duration) {
 	}
 }
 
+bool Typer::try_type_next_character() {
+	uint16_t *sequence = character_mapper_->sequence_for_character(string_[string_pointer_]);
+
+	if(!sequence || sequence[0] == CharacterMapper::NotMapped) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if(!phase_) delegate_->clear_all_keys();
+	else {
+		delegate_->set_key_state(sequence[phase_ - 1], true);
+		return sequence[phase_] != CharacterMapper::EndSequence;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 bool Typer::type_next_character() {
 	if(string_ == nullptr) return false;
 
-	if(delegate_->typer_set_next_character(this, string_[string_pointer_], phase_)) {
+	if(!try_type_next_character()) {
 		phase_ = 0;
 		if(!string_[string_pointer_]) {
 			free(string_);
@@ -59,21 +80,11 @@ Typer::~Typer() {
 	free(string_);
 }
 
-#pragma mark - Delegate
+#pragma mark - Character mapper
 
-bool Typer::Delegate::typer_set_next_character(Utility::Typer *typer, char character, int phase) {
-	uint16_t *sequence = sequence_for_character(typer, character);
-	if(!sequence) return true;
-
-	if(!phase) clear_all_keys();
-	else {
-		set_key_state(sequence[phase - 1], true);
-		return sequence[phase] == Typer::Delegate::EndSequence;
-	}
-
-	return false;
-}
-
-uint16_t *Typer::Delegate::sequence_for_character(Typer *typer, char character) {
-	return nullptr;
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::table_lookup_sequence_for_character(KeySequence *sequences, size_t length, char character) {
+	size_t ucharacter = (size_t)((unsigned char)character);
+	if(ucharacter > (length / sizeof(KeySequence))) return nullptr;
+	if(sequences[ucharacter][0] == NotMapped) return nullptr;
+	return sequences[ucharacter];
 }

Machines/Typer.hpp

@@ -11,53 +11,117 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 #include "KeyboardMachine.hpp"
+#include "../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
 
 namespace Utility {
 
+/*!
+	An interface that provides a mapping from logical characters to the sequence of keys
+	necessary to type that character on a given machine.
+*/
+class CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		/// @returns The EndSequence-terminated sequence of keys that would cause @c character to be typed.
+		virtual uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character) = 0;
+
+		/// Terminates a key sequence.
+		static const uint16_t EndSequence = 0xffff;
+
+		/*!
+			If returned as the first entry in a key sequence, indicates that the requested character
+			cannot be mapped.
+		*/
+		static const uint16_t NotMapped = 0xfffe;
+
+	protected:
+		typedef uint16_t KeySequence[16];
+
+		/*!
+			Provided in the base class as a convenience: given the lookup table of key sequences @c sequences,
+			with @c length entries, returns the sequence for character @c character if it exists; otherwise
+			returns @c nullptr.
+		*/
+		uint16_t *table_lookup_sequence_for_character(KeySequence *sequences, size_t length, char character);
+};
+
+/*!
+	Provides a stateful mechanism for typing a sequence of characters. Each character is mapped to a key sequence
+	by a character mapper. That key sequence is then replayed to a delegate.
+
+	Being given a delay and frequency at construction, the run_for interface can be used to produce time-based
+	typing. Alternatively, an owner may decline to use run_for and simply call type_next_character each time a
+	fresh key transition is ready to be consumed.
+*/
 class Typer {
 	public:
 		class Delegate: public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
 			public:
-				virtual bool typer_set_next_character(Typer *typer, char character, int phase);
 				virtual void typer_reset(Typer *typer) = 0;
-
-				virtual uint16_t *sequence_for_character(Typer *typer, char character);
-
-				const uint16_t EndSequence = 0xffff;
 		};
 
-		Typer(const char *string, int delay, int frequency, Delegate *delegate);
+		Typer(const char *string, HalfCycles delay, HalfCycles frequency, std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> character_mapper, Delegate *delegate);
 		~Typer();
-		void update(int duration);
+
+		void run_for(const HalfCycles duration);
 		bool type_next_character();
 
+		bool is_completed();
+
 		const char BeginString = 0x02;	// i.e. ASCII start of text
 		const char EndString = 0x03;	// i.e. ASCII end of text
 
 	private:
 		char *string_;
-		int frequency_;
-		int counter_;
-		int phase_;
-		Delegate *delegate_;
 		size_t string_pointer_;
+
+		HalfCycles frequency_;
+		HalfCycles counter_;
+		int phase_;
+
+		Delegate *delegate_;
+		std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> character_mapper_;
+
+		bool try_type_next_character();
 };
 
+/*!
+	Provides a default base class for type recipients: classes that want to attach a single typer at a time and
+	which may or may not want to nominate an initial delay and typing frequency.
+*/
 class TypeRecipient: public Typer::Delegate {
 	public:
-		void set_typer_for_string(const char *string) {
-			typer_.reset(new Typer(string, get_typer_delay(), get_typer_frequency(), this));
+		/// Attaches a typer to this class that will type @c string using @c character_mapper as a source.
+		void set_typer_for_string(const char *string, std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> character_mapper) {
+			typer_.reset(new Typer(string, get_typer_delay(), get_typer_frequency(), std::move(character_mapper), this));
 		}
 
+		/*!
+			Provided as a hook for subclasses to implement so that external callers can install a typer
+			without needing inside knowledge as to where the character mapper comes from.
+		*/
+		virtual void set_typer_for_string(const char *string) = 0;
+
+		/*!
+			Provided in order to conform to that part of the Typer::Delegate interface that goes above and
+			beyond KeyboardMachine::Machine; responds to the end of typing by clearing all keys.
+		*/
 		void typer_reset(Typer *typer) {
 			clear_all_keys();
-			typer_.reset();
+
+			// It's unsafe to deallocate typer right now, since it is the caller, but also it has a small
+			// memory footprint and it's desireable not to imply that the subclass need call it any more.
+			// So shuffle it off into a siding.
+			previous_typer_ = std::move(typer_);
+			typer_ = nullptr;
 		}
 
 	protected:
-		virtual int get_typer_delay() { return 0; }
-		virtual int get_typer_frequency() { return 0; }
+		virtual HalfCycles get_typer_delay() { return HalfCycles(0); }
+		virtual HalfCycles get_typer_frequency() { return HalfCycles(0); }
 		std::unique_ptr<Typer> typer_;
+
+	private:
+		std::unique_ptr<Typer> previous_typer_;
 };
 
 }

Machines/ZX8081/CharacterMapper.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
+#include "ZX8081.hpp"
+
+using namespace ZX8081;
+
+CharacterMapper::CharacterMapper(bool is_zx81) : is_zx81_(is_zx81) {}
+
+uint16_t *CharacterMapper::sequence_for_character(char character) {
+#define KEYS(...)	{__VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define SHIFT(...)	{KeyShift, __VA_ARGS__, EndSequence}
+#define X			{NotMapped}
+	static KeySequence zx81_key_sequences[] = {
+		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
+		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
+		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
+		/* ACK */	X,							/* BEL */	X,
+		/* BS */	SHIFT(Key0),				/* HT */	X,
+		/* LF */	KEYS(KeyEnter),				/* VT */	X,
+		/* FF */	X,							/* CR */	X,
+		/* SO */	X,							/* SI */	X,
+		/* DLE */	X,							/* DC1 */	X,
+		/* DC2 */	X,							/* DC3 */	X,
+		/* DC4 */	X,							/* NAK */	X,
+		/* SYN */	X,							/* ETB */	X,
+		/* CAN */	X,							/* EM */	X,
+		/* SUB */	X,							/* ESC */	X,
+		/* FS */	X,							/* GS */	X,
+		/* RS */	X,							/* US */	X,
+		/* space */	KEYS(KeySpace),				/* ! */		X,
+		/* " */		SHIFT(KeyP),				/* # */		X,
+		/* $ */		SHIFT(KeyU),				/* % */		X,
+		/* & */		X,							/* ' */		X,
+		/* ( */		SHIFT(KeyI),				/* ) */		SHIFT(KeyO),
+		/* * */		SHIFT(KeyB),				/* + */		SHIFT(KeyK),
+		/* , */		SHIFT(KeyDot),				/* - */		SHIFT(KeyJ),
+		/* . */		KEYS(KeyDot),				/* / */		SHIFT(KeyV),
+		/* 0 */		KEYS(Key0),					/* 1 */		KEYS(Key1),
+		/* 2 */		KEYS(Key2),					/* 3 */		KEYS(Key3),
+		/* 4 */		KEYS(Key4),					/* 5 */		KEYS(Key5),
+		/* 6 */		KEYS(Key6),					/* 7 */		KEYS(Key7),
+		/* 8 */		KEYS(Key8),					/* 9 */		KEYS(Key9),
+		/* : */		SHIFT(KeyZ),				/* ; */		SHIFT(KeyX),
+		/* < */		SHIFT(KeyN),				/* = */		SHIFT(KeyL),
+		/* > */		SHIFT(KeyM),				/* ? */		SHIFT(KeyC),
+		/* @ */		X,							/* A */		KEYS(KeyA),
+		/* B */		KEYS(KeyB),					/* C */		KEYS(KeyC),
+		/* D */		KEYS(KeyD),					/* E */		KEYS(KeyE),
+		/* F */		KEYS(KeyF),					/* G */		KEYS(KeyG),
+		/* H */		KEYS(KeyH),					/* I */		KEYS(KeyI),
+		/* J */		KEYS(KeyJ),					/* K */		KEYS(KeyK),
+		/* L */		KEYS(KeyL),					/* M */		KEYS(KeyM),
+		/* N */		KEYS(KeyN),					/* O */		KEYS(KeyO),
+		/* P */		KEYS(KeyP),					/* Q */		KEYS(KeyQ),
+		/* R */		KEYS(KeyR),					/* S */		KEYS(KeyS),
+		/* T */		KEYS(KeyT),					/* U */		KEYS(KeyU),
+		/* V */		KEYS(KeyV),					/* W */		KEYS(KeyW),
+		/* X */		KEYS(KeyX),					/* Y */		KEYS(KeyY),
+		/* Z */		KEYS(KeyZ),					/* [ */		X,
+		/* \ */		X,							/* ] */		X,
+		/* ^ */		X,							/* _ */		X,
+		/* ` */		X,							/* a */		KEYS(KeyA),
+		/* b */		KEYS(KeyB),					/* c */		KEYS(KeyC),
+		/* d */		KEYS(KeyD),					/* e */		KEYS(KeyE),
+		/* f */		KEYS(KeyF),					/* g */		KEYS(KeyG),
+		/* h */		KEYS(KeyH),					/* i */		KEYS(KeyI),
+		/* j */		KEYS(KeyJ),					/* k */		KEYS(KeyK),
+		/* l */		KEYS(KeyL),					/* m */		KEYS(KeyM),
+		/* n */		KEYS(KeyN),					/* o */		KEYS(KeyO),
+		/* p */		KEYS(KeyP),					/* q */		KEYS(KeyQ),
+		/* r */		KEYS(KeyR),					/* s */		KEYS(KeyS),
+		/* t */		KEYS(KeyT),					/* u */		KEYS(KeyU),
+		/* v */		KEYS(KeyV),					/* w */		KEYS(KeyW),
+		/* x */		KEYS(KeyX),					/* y */		KEYS(KeyY),
+		/* z */		KEYS(KeyZ),					/* { */		X,
+		/* | */		X,							/* } */		X,
+	};
+
+	static KeySequence zx80_key_sequences[] = {
+		/* NUL */	X,							/* SOH */	X,
+		/* STX */	X,							/* ETX */	X,
+		/* EOT */	X,							/* ENQ */	X,
+		/* ACK */	X,							/* BEL */	X,
+		/* BS */	SHIFT(Key0),				/* HT */	X,
+		/* LF */	KEYS(KeyEnter),				/* VT */	X,
+		/* FF */	X,							/* CR */	X,
+		/* SO */	X,							/* SI */	X,
+		/* DLE */	X,							/* DC1 */	X,
+		/* DC2 */	X,							/* DC3 */	X,
+		/* DC4 */	X,							/* NAK */	X,
+		/* SYN */	X,							/* ETB */	X,
+		/* CAN */	X,							/* EM */	X,
+		/* SUB */	X,							/* ESC */	X,
+		/* FS */	X,							/* GS */	X,
+		/* RS */	X,							/* US */	X,
+		/* space */	KEYS(KeySpace),				/* ! */		X,
+		/* " */		SHIFT(KeyY),				/* # */		X,
+		/* $ */		SHIFT(KeyU),				/* % */		X,
+		/* & */		X,							/* ' */		X,
+		/* ( */		SHIFT(KeyI),				/* ) */		SHIFT(KeyO),
+		/* * */		SHIFT(KeyP),				/* + */		SHIFT(KeyK),
+		/* , */		SHIFT(KeyDot),				/* - */		SHIFT(KeyJ),
+		/* . */		KEYS(KeyDot),				/* / */		SHIFT(KeyV),
+		/* 0 */		KEYS(Key0),					/* 1 */		KEYS(Key1),
+		/* 2 */		KEYS(Key2),					/* 3 */		KEYS(Key3),
+		/* 4 */		KEYS(Key4),					/* 5 */		KEYS(Key5),
+		/* 6 */		KEYS(Key6),					/* 7 */		KEYS(Key7),
+		/* 8 */		KEYS(Key8),					/* 9 */		KEYS(Key9),
+		/* : */		SHIFT(KeyZ),				/* ; */		SHIFT(KeyX),
+		/* < */		SHIFT(KeyN),				/* = */		SHIFT(KeyL),
+		/* > */		SHIFT(KeyM),				/* ? */		SHIFT(KeyC),
+		/* @ */		X,							/* A */		KEYS(KeyA),
+		/* B */		KEYS(KeyB),					/* C */		KEYS(KeyC),
+		/* D */		KEYS(KeyD),					/* E */		KEYS(KeyE),
+		/* F */		KEYS(KeyF),					/* G */		KEYS(KeyG),
+		/* H */		KEYS(KeyH),					/* I */		KEYS(KeyI),
+		/* J */		KEYS(KeyJ),					/* K */		KEYS(KeyK),
+		/* L */		KEYS(KeyL),					/* M */		KEYS(KeyM),
+		/* N */		KEYS(KeyN),					/* O */		KEYS(KeyO),
+		/* P */		KEYS(KeyP),					/* Q */		KEYS(KeyQ),
+		/* R */		KEYS(KeyR),					/* S */		KEYS(KeyS),
+		/* T */		KEYS(KeyT),					/* U */		KEYS(KeyU),
+		/* V */		KEYS(KeyV),					/* W */		KEYS(KeyW),
+		/* X */		KEYS(KeyX),					/* Y */		KEYS(KeyY),
+		/* Z */		KEYS(KeyZ),					/* [ */		X,
+		/* \ */		X,							/* ] */		X,
+		/* ^ */		X,							/* _ */		X,
+		/* ` */		X,							/* a */		KEYS(KeyA),
+		/* b */		KEYS(KeyB),					/* c */		KEYS(KeyC),
+		/* d */		KEYS(KeyD),					/* e */		KEYS(KeyE),
+		/* f */		KEYS(KeyF),					/* g */		KEYS(KeyG),
+		/* h */		KEYS(KeyH),					/* i */		KEYS(KeyI),
+		/* j */		KEYS(KeyJ),					/* k */		KEYS(KeyK),
+		/* l */		KEYS(KeyL),					/* m */		KEYS(KeyM),
+		/* n */		KEYS(KeyN),					/* o */		KEYS(KeyO),
+		/* p */		KEYS(KeyP),					/* q */		KEYS(KeyQ),
+		/* r */		KEYS(KeyR),					/* s */		KEYS(KeyS),
+		/* t */		KEYS(KeyT),					/* u */		KEYS(KeyU),
+		/* v */		KEYS(KeyV),					/* w */		KEYS(KeyW),
+		/* x */		KEYS(KeyX),					/* y */		KEYS(KeyY),
+		/* z */		KEYS(KeyZ),					/* { */		X,
+		/* | */		X,							/* } */		X,
+	};
+#undef KEYS
+#undef SHIFT
+#undef X
+
+	if(is_zx81_)
+		return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(zx81_key_sequences, sizeof(zx81_key_sequences), character);
+	else
+		return table_lookup_sequence_for_character(zx80_key_sequences, sizeof(zx80_key_sequences), character);
+}

Machines/ZX8081/CharacterMapper.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//
+//  CharacterMapper.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_ZX8081_CharacterMapper_hpp
+#define Machines_ZX8081_CharacterMapper_hpp
+
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+namespace ZX8081 {
+
+class CharacterMapper: public ::Utility::CharacterMapper {
+	public:
+		CharacterMapper(bool is_zx81);
+		uint16_t *sequence_for_character(char character);
+
+	private:
+		bool is_zx81_;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* CharacterMapper_hpp */

Machines/ZX8081/Video.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//
+//  Video.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 06/06/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "Video.hpp"
+
+using namespace ZX8081;
+
+Video::Video() :
+	crt_(new Outputs::CRT::CRT(207 * 2, 1, Outputs::CRT::DisplayType::PAL50, 1)),
+	line_data_(nullptr),
+	line_data_pointer_(nullptr),
+	cycles_since_update_(0),
+	sync_(false) {
+
+	// Set a composite sampling function that assumes 8bpp input grayscale.
+	// TODO: lessen this to 1bpp.
+	crt_->set_composite_sampling_function(
+		"float composite_sample(usampler2D sampler, vec2 coordinate, vec2 icoordinate, float phase, float amplitude)"
+		"{"
+			"return float(texture(texID, coordinate).r) / 255.0;"
+		"}");
+
+	// Show only the centre 80% of the TV frame.
+	crt_->set_visible_area(Outputs::CRT::Rect(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.8f, 0.8f));
+}
+
+void Video::run_for(const HalfCycles half_cycles) {
+	// Just keep a running total of the amount of time that remains owed to the CRT.
+	cycles_since_update_ += (unsigned int)half_cycles.as_int();
+}
+
+void Video::flush() {
+	flush(sync_);
+}
+
+void Video::flush(bool next_sync) {
+	if(sync_) {
+		// If in sync, that takes priority. Output the proper amount of sync.
+		crt_->output_sync(cycles_since_update_);
+	} else {
+		// If not presently in sync, then...
+
+		if(line_data_) {
+			// If there is output data queued, output it either if it's being interrupted by
+			// sync, or if we're past its end anyway. Otherwise let it be.
+			unsigned int data_length = (unsigned int)(line_data_pointer_ - line_data_);
+			if(data_length < cycles_since_update_ || next_sync) {
+				unsigned int output_length = std::min(data_length, cycles_since_update_);
+				crt_->output_data(output_length, 1);
+				line_data_pointer_ = line_data_ = nullptr;
+				cycles_since_update_ -= output_length;
+			} else return;
+		}
+
+		// Any pending pixels being dealt with, pad with the white level.
+		uint8_t *colour_pointer = (uint8_t *)crt_->allocate_write_area(1);
+		if(colour_pointer) *colour_pointer = 0xff;
+		crt_->output_level(cycles_since_update_);
+	}
+
+	cycles_since_update_ = 0;
+}
+
+void Video::set_sync(bool sync) {
+	// Do nothing if sync hasn't changed.
+	if(sync_ == sync) return;
+
+	// Complete whatever was being drawn, and update sync.
+	flush(sync);
+	sync_ = sync;
+}
+
+void Video::output_byte(uint8_t byte) {
+	// Complete whatever was going on.
+	if(sync_) return;
+	flush();
+
+	// Grab a buffer if one isn't already available.
+	if(!line_data_) {
+		line_data_pointer_ = line_data_ = crt_->allocate_write_area(320);
+	}
+
+	// If a buffer was obtained, serialise the new pixels.
+	if(line_data_) {
+		// If the buffer is full, output it now and obtain a new one
+		if(line_data_pointer_ - line_data_ == 320) {
+			crt_->output_data(320, 1);
+			cycles_since_update_ -= 320;
+			line_data_pointer_ = line_data_ = crt_->allocate_write_area(320);
+			if(!line_data_) return;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t mask = 0x80;
+		for(int c = 0; c < 8; c++) {
+			line_data_pointer_[c] = (byte & mask) ? 0xff : 0x00;
+			mask >>= 1;
+		}
+		line_data_pointer_ += 8;
+	}
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> Video::get_crt() {
+	return crt_;
+}

Machines/ZX8081/Video.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//
+//  Video.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 06/06/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Machines_ZX8081_Video_hpp
+#define Machines_ZX8081_Video_hpp
+
+#include "../../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
+
+namespace ZX8081 {
+
+/*!
+	Packages a ZX80/81-style video feed into a CRT-compatible waveform.
+
+	While sync is active, this feed will output the sync level.
+
+	While sync is inactive, this feed will output the white level unless it is supplied
+	with a byte to output. When a byte is supplied for output, it will be interpreted as
+	a 1-bit graphic and output over the next 4 cycles, picking between the white level
+	and the black level.
+*/
+class Video {
+	public:
+		/// Constructs an instance of the video feed; a CRT is also created.
+		Video();
+		/// @returns The CRT this video feed is feeding.
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt();
+
+		/// Advances time by @c cycles.
+		void run_for(const HalfCycles);
+		/// Forces output to catch up to the current output position.
+		void flush();
+
+		/// Sets the current sync output.
+		void set_sync(bool sync);
+		/// Causes @c byte to be serialised into pixels and output over the next four cycles.
+		void output_byte(uint8_t byte);
+
+	private:
+		bool sync_;
+		uint8_t *line_data_, *line_data_pointer_;
+		unsigned int cycles_since_update_;
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> crt_;
+
+		void flush(bool next_sync);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* Video_hpp */

Machines/ZX8081/ZX8081.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+//
+//  ZX8081.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 04/06/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "ZX8081.hpp"
+
+#include "../../Processors/Z80/Z80.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Tape.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Tape/Parsers/ZX8081.hpp"
+
+#include "../../ClockReceiver/ForceInline.hpp"
+
+#include "../MemoryFuzzer.hpp"
+#include "../Typer.hpp"
+
+#include "CharacterMapper.hpp"
+#include "Video.hpp"
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace {
+	// The clock rate is 3.25Mhz.
+	const unsigned int ZX8081ClockRate = 3250000;
+}
+
+namespace ZX8081 {
+
+template<bool is_zx81> class ConcreteMachine:
+	public Utility::TypeRecipient,
+	public CPU::Z80::BusHandler,
+	public Machine {
+	public:
+		ConcreteMachine() :
+			z80_(*this),
+			vsync_(false),
+			hsync_(false),
+			nmi_is_enabled_(false),
+			tape_player_(ZX8081ClockRate),
+			use_fast_tape_hack_(false),
+			tape_advance_delay_(0),
+			has_latched_video_byte_(false) {
+			set_clock_rate(ZX8081ClockRate);
+			clear_all_keys();
+		}
+
+		forceinline HalfCycles perform_machine_cycle(const CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle &cycle) {
+			HalfCycles previous_counter = horizontal_counter_;
+			horizontal_counter_ += cycle.length;
+
+			if(previous_counter < vsync_start_ && horizontal_counter_ >= vsync_start_) {
+				video_->run_for(vsync_start_ - previous_counter);
+				set_hsync(true);
+				line_counter_ = (line_counter_ + 1) & 7;
+				if(nmi_is_enabled_) {
+					z80_.set_non_maskable_interrupt_line(true);
+				}
+				video_->run_for(horizontal_counter_ - vsync_start_);
+			} else if(previous_counter < vsync_end_ && horizontal_counter_ >= vsync_end_) {
+				video_->run_for(vsync_end_ - previous_counter);
+				set_hsync(false);
+				if(nmi_is_enabled_) {
+					z80_.set_non_maskable_interrupt_line(false);
+					z80_.set_wait_line(false);
+				}
+				video_->run_for(horizontal_counter_ - vsync_end_);
+			} else {
+				video_->run_for(cycle.length);
+			}
+
+			if(is_zx81_) horizontal_counter_ %= HalfCycles(Cycles(207));
+			if(!tape_advance_delay_) {
+				tape_player_.run_for(cycle.length);
+			} else {
+				tape_advance_delay_ = std::max(tape_advance_delay_ - cycle.length, HalfCycles(0));
+			}
+
+			if(nmi_is_enabled_ && !z80_.get_halt_line() && z80_.get_non_maskable_interrupt_line()) {
+				z80_.set_wait_line(true);
+			}
+
+			if(!cycle.is_terminal()) {
+				return Cycles(0);
+			}
+
+			uint16_t address = cycle.address ? *cycle.address : 0;
+			bool is_opcode_read = false;
+			switch(cycle.operation) {
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Output:
+					if(!(address & 2)) nmi_is_enabled_ = false;
+					if(!(address & 1)) nmi_is_enabled_ = is_zx81_;
+					if(!nmi_is_enabled_) {
+						// Line counter reset is held low while vsync is active; simulate that lazily by performing
+						// an instant reset upon the transition from active to inactive.
+						if(vsync_) line_counter_ = 0;
+						set_vsync(false);
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Input: {
+					uint8_t value = 0xff;
+					if(!(address&1)) {
+						if(!nmi_is_enabled_) set_vsync(true);
+
+						uint16_t mask = 0x100;
+						for(int c = 0; c < 8; c++) {
+							if(!(address & mask)) value &= key_states_[c];
+							mask <<= 1;
+						}
+
+						value &= ~(tape_player_.get_input() ? 0x00 : 0x80);
+					}
+					*cycle.value = value;
+				} break;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Interrupt:
+					// resetting event is M1 and IOREQ both simultaneously having leading edges;
+					// that happens 2 cycles before the end of INTACK. So the timer was reset and
+					// now has advanced twice.
+					horizontal_counter_ = HalfCycles(2);
+
+					*cycle.value = 0xff;
+				break;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Refresh:
+					// The ZX80 and 81 signal an interrupt while refresh is active and bit 6 of the refresh
+					// address is low. The Z80 signals a refresh, providing the refresh address during the
+					// final two cycles of an opcode fetch. Therefore communicate a transient signalling
+					// of the IRQ line if necessary.
+					if(!(address & 0x40)) {
+						z80_.set_interrupt_line(true, Cycles(-2));
+						z80_.set_interrupt_line(false);
+					}
+					if(has_latched_video_byte_) {
+						size_t char_address = (size_t)((address & 0xfe00) | ((latched_video_byte_ & 0x3f) << 3) | line_counter_);
+						uint8_t mask = (latched_video_byte_ & 0x80) ? 0x00 : 0xff;
+						if(char_address < ram_base_) {
+							latched_video_byte_ = rom_[char_address & rom_mask_] ^ mask;
+						} else {
+							latched_video_byte_ = ram_[address & ram_mask_] ^ mask;
+						}
+
+						video_->output_byte(latched_video_byte_);
+						has_latched_video_byte_ = false;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::ReadOpcode:
+					// Check for use of the fast tape hack.
+					if(use_fast_tape_hack_ && address == tape_trap_address_ && tape_player_.has_tape()) {
+						uint64_t prior_offset = tape_player_.get_tape()->get_offset();
+						int next_byte = parser_.get_next_byte(tape_player_.get_tape());
+						if(next_byte != -1) {
+							uint16_t hl = z80_.get_value_of_register(CPU::Z80::Register::HL);
+							ram_[hl & ram_mask_] = (uint8_t)next_byte;
+							*cycle.value = 0x00;
+							z80_.set_value_of_register(CPU::Z80::Register::ProgramCounter, tape_return_address_ - 1);
+
+							// Assume that having read one byte quickly, we're probably going to be asked to read
+							// another shortly. Therefore, temporarily disable the tape motor for 1000 cycles in order
+							// to avoid fighting with real time. This is a stop-gap fix.
+							tape_advance_delay_ = 1000;
+							return 0;
+						} else {
+							tape_player_.get_tape()->set_offset(prior_offset);
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Check for automatic tape control.
+					if(use_automatic_tape_motor_control_) {
+						tape_player_.set_motor_control((address >= automatic_tape_motor_start_address_) && (address < automatic_tape_motor_end_address_));
+					}
+					is_opcode_read = true;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Read:
+					if(address < ram_base_) {
+						*cycle.value = rom_[address & rom_mask_];
+					} else {
+						uint8_t value = ram_[address & ram_mask_];
+
+						// If this is an M1 cycle reading from above the 32kb mark and HALT is not
+						// currently active, latch for video output and return a NOP. Otherwise,
+						// just return the value as read.
+						if(is_opcode_read && address&0x8000 && !(value & 0x40) && !z80_.get_halt_line()) {
+							latched_video_byte_ = value;
+							has_latched_video_byte_ = true;
+							*cycle.value = 0;
+						} else *cycle.value = value;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case CPU::Z80::PartialMachineCycle::Write:
+					if(address >= ram_base_) {
+						ram_[address & ram_mask_] = *cycle.value;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				default: break;
+			}
+
+			if(typer_) typer_->run_for(cycle.length);
+
+			return HalfCycles(0);
+		}
+
+		forceinline void flush() {
+			video_->flush();
+		}
+
+		void setup_output(float aspect_ratio) override final {
+			video_.reset(new Video);
+		}
+
+		void close_output() override final {
+			video_.reset();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::CRT::CRT> get_crt() override final {
+			return video_->get_crt();
+		}
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> get_speaker() override final {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) override final {
+			z80_.run_for(cycles);
+		}
+
+		void configure_as_target(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target) override final {
+			is_zx81_ = target.zx8081.isZX81;
+			if(is_zx81_) {
+				rom_ = zx81_rom_;
+				tape_trap_address_ = 0x37c;
+				tape_return_address_ = 0x380;
+				vsync_start_ = HalfCycles(32);
+				vsync_end_ = HalfCycles(64);
+				automatic_tape_motor_start_address_ = 0x0340;
+				automatic_tape_motor_end_address_ = 0x03c3;
+			} else {
+				rom_ = zx80_rom_;
+				tape_trap_address_ = 0x220;
+				tape_return_address_ = 0x248;
+				vsync_start_ = HalfCycles(26);
+				vsync_end_ = HalfCycles(66);
+				automatic_tape_motor_start_address_ = 0x0206;
+				automatic_tape_motor_end_address_ = 0x024d;
+			}
+			rom_mask_ = (uint16_t)(rom_.size() - 1);
+
+			switch(target.zx8081.memory_model) {
+				case StaticAnalyser::ZX8081MemoryModel::Unexpanded:
+					ram_.resize(1024);
+					ram_base_ = 16384;
+					ram_mask_ = 1023;
+				break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::ZX8081MemoryModel::SixteenKB:
+					ram_.resize(16384);
+					ram_base_ = 16384;
+					ram_mask_ = 16383;
+				break;
+				case StaticAnalyser::ZX8081MemoryModel::SixtyFourKB:
+					ram_.resize(65536);
+					ram_base_ = 8192;
+					ram_mask_ = 65535;
+				break;
+			}
+			Memory::Fuzz(ram_);
+
+			if(target.loadingCommand.length()) {
+				set_typer_for_string(target.loadingCommand.c_str());
+			}
+
+			insert_media(target.media);
+		}
+
+		bool insert_media(const StaticAnalyser::Media &media) override final {
+			if(!media.tapes.empty()) {
+				tape_player_.set_tape(media.tapes.front());
+			}
+
+			return !media.tapes.empty();
+		}
+
+		void set_typer_for_string(const char *string) override final {
+			std::unique_ptr<CharacterMapper> mapper(new CharacterMapper(is_zx81_));
+			Utility::TypeRecipient::set_typer_for_string(string, std::move(mapper));
+		}
+
+		void set_rom(ROMType type, std::vector<uint8_t> data) override final {
+			switch(type) {
+				case ZX80: zx80_rom_ = data; break;
+				case ZX81: zx81_rom_ = data; break;
+			}
+		}
+
+#pragma mark - Keyboard
+
+		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool isPressed) override final {
+			if(isPressed)
+				key_states_[key >> 8] &= (uint8_t)(~key);
+			else
+				key_states_[key >> 8] |= (uint8_t)key;
+		}
+
+		void clear_all_keys() override final {
+			memset(key_states_, 0xff, 8);
+		}
+
+#pragma mark - Tape control
+
+		void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) override final {
+			use_fast_tape_hack_ = activate;
+		}
+
+		void set_use_automatic_tape_motor_control(bool enabled) override final {
+			use_automatic_tape_motor_control_ = enabled;
+			if(!enabled) {
+				tape_player_.set_motor_control(false);
+			}
+		}
+		void set_tape_is_playing(bool is_playing) override final {
+			tape_player_.set_motor_control(is_playing);
+		}
+
+#pragma mark - Typer timing
+
+		HalfCycles get_typer_delay() override final { return Cycles(7000000); }
+		HalfCycles get_typer_frequency() override final { return Cycles(390000); }
+
+	private:
+		CPU::Z80::Processor<ConcreteMachine, false, is_zx81> z80_;
+
+		std::shared_ptr<Video> video_;
+		std::vector<uint8_t> zx81_rom_, zx80_rom_;
+
+		uint16_t tape_trap_address_, tape_return_address_;
+		uint16_t automatic_tape_motor_start_address_, automatic_tape_motor_end_address_;
+
+		std::vector<uint8_t> ram_;
+		uint16_t ram_mask_, ram_base_;
+
+		std::vector<uint8_t> rom_;
+		uint16_t rom_mask_;
+
+		bool vsync_, hsync_;
+		int line_counter_;
+
+		uint8_t key_states_[8];
+
+		HalfClockReceiver<Storage::Tape::BinaryTapePlayer> tape_player_;
+		Storage::Tape::ZX8081::Parser parser_;
+
+		bool is_zx81_;
+		bool nmi_is_enabled_;
+
+		HalfCycles vsync_start_, vsync_end_;
+		HalfCycles horizontal_counter_;
+
+		uint8_t latched_video_byte_;
+		bool has_latched_video_byte_;
+
+		bool use_fast_tape_hack_;
+		bool use_automatic_tape_motor_control_;
+		HalfCycles tape_advance_delay_;
+
+#pragma mark - Video
+
+		inline void set_vsync(bool sync) {
+			vsync_ = sync;
+			update_sync();
+		}
+
+		inline void set_hsync(bool sync) {
+			hsync_ = sync;
+			update_sync();
+		}
+
+		inline void update_sync() {
+			video_->set_sync(vsync_ || hsync_);
+		}
+};
+
+}
+
+using namespace ZX8081;
+
+// See header; constructs and returns an instance of the ZX80 or 81.
+Machine *Machine::ZX8081(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target_hint) {
+	// Instantiate the correct type of machine.
+	if(target_hint.zx8081.isZX81)
+		return new ZX8081::ConcreteMachine<true>();
+	else
+		return new ZX8081::ConcreteMachine<false>();
+}
+
+Machine::~Machine() {}

Machines/ZX8081/ZX8081.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+//  ZX8081.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 04/06/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef ZX8081_hpp
+#define ZX8081_hpp
+
+#include "../ConfigurationTarget.hpp"
+#include "../CRTMachine.hpp"
+#include "../KeyboardMachine.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace ZX8081 {
+
+enum ROMType: uint8_t {
+	ZX80, ZX81
+};
+
+enum Key: uint16_t {
+	KeyShift	= 0x0000 | 0x01,	KeyZ	= 0x0000 | 0x02,	KeyX = 0x0000 | 0x04,	KeyC = 0x0000 | 0x08,	KeyV = 0x0000 | 0x10,
+	KeyA		= 0x0100 | 0x01,	KeyS	= 0x0100 | 0x02,	KeyD = 0x0100 | 0x04,	KeyF = 0x0100 | 0x08,	KeyG = 0x0100 | 0x10,
+	KeyQ		= 0x0200 | 0x01,	KeyW	= 0x0200 | 0x02,	KeyE = 0x0200 | 0x04,	KeyR = 0x0200 | 0x08,	KeyT = 0x0200 | 0x10,
+	Key1		= 0x0300 | 0x01,	Key2	= 0x0300 | 0x02,	Key3 = 0x0300 | 0x04,	Key4 = 0x0300 | 0x08,	Key5 = 0x0300 | 0x10,
+	Key0		= 0x0400 | 0x01,	Key9	= 0x0400 | 0x02,	Key8 = 0x0400 | 0x04,	Key7 = 0x0400 | 0x08,	Key6 = 0x0400 | 0x10,
+	KeyP		= 0x0500 | 0x01,	KeyO	= 0x0500 | 0x02,	KeyI = 0x0500 | 0x04,	KeyU = 0x0500 | 0x08,	KeyY = 0x0500 | 0x10,
+	KeyEnter	= 0x0600 | 0x01,	KeyL	= 0x0600 | 0x02,	KeyK = 0x0600 | 0x04,	KeyJ = 0x0600 | 0x08,	KeyH = 0x0600 | 0x10,
+	KeySpace	= 0x0700 | 0x01,	KeyDot	= 0x0700 | 0x02,	KeyM = 0x0700 | 0x04,	KeyN = 0x0700 | 0x08,	KeyB = 0x0700 | 0x10,
+};
+
+class Machine:
+	public CRTMachine::Machine,
+	public ConfigurationTarget::Machine,
+	public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
+	public:
+		static Machine *ZX8081(const StaticAnalyser::Target &target_hint);
+		virtual ~Machine();
+
+		virtual void set_rom(ROMType type, std::vector<uint8_t> data) = 0;
+
+		virtual void set_use_fast_tape_hack(bool activate) = 0;
+		virtual void set_tape_is_playing(bool is_playing) = 0;
+		virtual void set_use_automatic_tape_motor_control(bool enabled) = 0;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* ZX8081_hpp */

NumberTheory/CRC.hpp

@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace NumberTheory {
 
+/*! Provides a class capable of accumulating a CRC16 from source data. */
 class CRC16 {
 	public:
+		/*!
+			Instantiates a CRC16 that will compute the CRC16 specified by the supplied
+			@c polynomial and @c reset_value.
+		*/
 		CRC16(uint16_t polynomial, uint16_t reset_value) :
 				reset_value_(reset_value), value_(reset_value) {
 			for(int c = 0; c < 256; c++) {
@@ -27,11 +32,18 @@ class CRC16 {
 			}
 		}
 
+		/// Resets the CRC to the reset value.
 		inline void reset() { value_ = reset_value_; }
+
+		/// Updates the CRC to include @c byte.
 		inline void add(uint8_t byte) {
 			value_ = (uint16_t)((value_ << 8) ^ xor_table[(value_ >> 8) ^ byte]);
 		}
+
+		/// @returns The current value of the CRC.
 		inline uint16_t get_value() const {	return value_; }
+
+		/// Sets the current value of the CRC.
 		inline void set_value(uint16_t value) { value_ = value; }
 
 	private:

NumberTheory/Factors.hpp

@@ -9,15 +9,19 @@
 #ifndef Factors_hpp
 #define Factors_hpp
 
+#include <numeric>
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace NumberTheory {
 	/*!
-		@returns The greatest common divisor of @c a and @c b as computed by Euclid's algorithm.
+		@returns The greatest common divisor of @c a and @c b.
 	*/
 	template<class T> T greatest_common_divisor(T a, T b) {
+#if __cplusplus > 201402L
+		return std::gcd(a, b);
+#else
 		if(a < b) {
-			T swap = b;
-			b = a;
-			a = swap;
+			std::swap(a, b);
 		}
 
 		while(1) {
@@ -28,11 +32,12 @@ namespace NumberTheory {
 			a = b;
 			b = remainder;
 		}
+#endif
 	}
 
 	/*!
-		@returns The least common multiple of @c a and @c b computed indirectly via Euclid's greatest
-		common divisor algorithm.
+		@returns The least common multiple of @c a and @c b computed indirectly via the greatest
+		common divisor.
 	*/
 	template<class T> T least_common_multiple(T a, T b) {
 		if(a == b) return a;

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal.xcodeproj/xcshareddata/xcschemes/Clock Signal.xcscheme

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@
                BlueprintName = "Clock SignalTests"
                ReferencedContainer = "container:Clock Signal.xcodeproj">
             </BuildableReference>
+            <SkippedTests>
+               <Test
+                  Identifier = "ZexallTests">
+               </Test>
+            </SkippedTests>
          </TestableReference>
          <TestableReference
             skipped = "YES">

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Base.lproj/AmstradCPCOptions.xib

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<document type="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder3.Cocoa.XIB" version="3.0" toolsVersion="12121" systemVersion="16F73" targetRuntime="MacOSX.Cocoa" propertyAccessControl="none" useAutolayout="YES" customObjectInstantitationMethod="direct">
+    <dependencies>
+        <plugIn identifier="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder.CocoaPlugin" version="12121"/>
+        <capability name="documents saved in the Xcode 8 format" minToolsVersion="8.0"/>
+    </dependencies>
+    <objects>
+        <customObject id="-2" userLabel="File's Owner" customClass="MachineDocument" customModule="Clock_Signal" customModuleProvider="target">
+            <connections>
+                <outlet property="optionsPanel" destination="ZW7-Bw-4RP" id="JpE-wG-zRR"/>
+            </connections>
+        </customObject>
+        <customObject id="-1" userLabel="First Responder" customClass="FirstResponder"/>
+        <customObject id="-3" userLabel="Application" customClass="NSObject"/>
+        <window title="Options" allowsToolTipsWhenApplicationIsInactive="NO" autorecalculatesKeyViewLoop="NO" hidesOnDeactivate="YES" oneShot="NO" releasedWhenClosed="NO" showsToolbarButton="NO" visibleAtLaunch="NO" frameAutosaveName="" animationBehavior="default" id="ZW7-Bw-4RP" customClass="MachinePanel" customModule="Clock_Signal" customModuleProvider="target">
+            <windowStyleMask key="styleMask" titled="YES" closable="YES" utility="YES" nonactivatingPanel="YES" HUD="YES"/>
+            <windowPositionMask key="initialPositionMask" leftStrut="YES" rightStrut="YES" topStrut="YES" bottomStrut="YES"/>
+            <rect key="contentRect" x="83" y="102" width="200" height="54"/>
+            <rect key="screenRect" x="0.0" y="0.0" width="1366" height="768"/>
+            <view key="contentView" id="tpZ-0B-QQu">
+                <rect key="frame" x="0.0" y="0.0" width="200" height="54"/>
+                <autoresizingMask key="autoresizingMask"/>
+                <subviews>
+                    <button translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints="NO" id="e1J-pw-zGw">
+                        <rect key="frame" x="18" y="18" width="164" height="18"/>
+                        <buttonCell key="cell" type="check" title="Load Quickly" bezelStyle="regularSquare" imagePosition="left" alignment="left" state="on" inset="2" id="tD6-UB-ESB">
+                            <behavior key="behavior" changeContents="YES" doesNotDimImage="YES" lightByContents="YES"/>
+                            <font key="font" metaFont="system"/>
+                        </buttonCell>
+                        <connections>
+                            <action selector="setFastLoading:" target="ZW7-Bw-4RP" id="JmG-Ks-jSh"/>
+                        </connections>
+                    </button>
+                </subviews>
+                <constraints>
+                    <constraint firstItem="e1J-pw-zGw" firstAttribute="leading" secondItem="tpZ-0B-QQu" secondAttribute="leading" constant="20" id="HSD-3d-Bl7"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="trailing" secondItem="e1J-pw-zGw" secondAttribute="trailing" constant="20" id="Q9M-FH-92N"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="bottom" secondItem="e1J-pw-zGw" secondAttribute="bottom" constant="20" id="sdh-oJ-ZIQ"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="e1J-pw-zGw" firstAttribute="top" secondItem="tpZ-0B-QQu" secondAttribute="top" constant="20" id="ul9-lf-Y3u"/>
+                </constraints>
+            </view>
+            <connections>
+                <outlet property="fastLoadingButton" destination="e1J-pw-zGw" id="jj7-OZ-mOH"/>
+            </connections>
+            <point key="canvasLocation" x="175" y="30"/>
+        </window>
+    </objects>
+</document>

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Base.lproj/ZX8081Options.xib

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<document type="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder3.Cocoa.XIB" version="3.0" toolsVersion="12121" systemVersion="16F73" targetRuntime="MacOSX.Cocoa" propertyAccessControl="none" useAutolayout="YES" customObjectInstantitationMethod="direct">
+    <dependencies>
+        <plugIn identifier="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder.CocoaPlugin" version="12121"/>
+        <capability name="documents saved in the Xcode 8 format" minToolsVersion="8.0"/>
+    </dependencies>
+    <objects>
+        <customObject id="-2" userLabel="File's Owner" customClass="MachineDocument" customModule="Clock_Signal" customModuleProvider="target">
+            <connections>
+                <outlet property="optionsPanel" destination="ota-g7-hOL" id="zeO-di-9i3"/>
+            </connections>
+        </customObject>
+        <customObject id="-1" userLabel="First Responder" customClass="FirstResponder"/>
+        <customObject id="-3" userLabel="Application" customClass="NSObject"/>
+        <window title="Options" allowsToolTipsWhenApplicationIsInactive="NO" autorecalculatesKeyViewLoop="NO" hidesOnDeactivate="YES" oneShot="NO" releasedWhenClosed="NO" showsToolbarButton="NO" visibleAtLaunch="NO" frameAutosaveName="" animationBehavior="default" id="ota-g7-hOL" customClass="ZX8081OptionsPanel" customModule="Clock_Signal" customModuleProvider="target">
+            <windowStyleMask key="styleMask" titled="YES" closable="YES" utility="YES" nonactivatingPanel="YES" HUD="YES"/>
+            <windowPositionMask key="initialPositionMask" leftStrut="YES" rightStrut="YES" topStrut="YES" bottomStrut="YES"/>
+            <rect key="contentRect" x="83" y="102" width="261" height="100"/>
+            <rect key="screenRect" x="0.0" y="0.0" width="1366" height="768"/>
+            <view key="contentView" id="7Pv-WL-2Rq">
+                <rect key="frame" x="0.0" y="0.0" width="261" height="100"/>
+                <autoresizingMask key="autoresizingMask" widthSizable="YES" heightSizable="YES"/>
+                <subviews>
+                    <button translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints="NO" id="sBT-cU-h7s">
+                        <rect key="frame" x="18" y="64" width="225" height="18"/>
+                        <buttonCell key="cell" type="check" title="Load Tapes Quickly" bezelStyle="regularSquare" imagePosition="left" alignment="left" state="on" inset="2" id="w0l-ha-esm">
+                            <behavior key="behavior" changeContents="YES" doesNotDimImage="YES" lightByContents="YES"/>
+                            <font key="font" metaFont="system"/>
+                        </buttonCell>
+                        <connections>
+                            <action selector="setFastLoading:" target="ota-g7-hOL" id="me0-h2-Ga5"/>
+                        </connections>
+                    </button>
+                    <button translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints="NO" id="qSb-72-6Os">
+                        <rect key="frame" x="18" y="44" width="225" height="18"/>
+                        <buttonCell key="cell" type="check" title="Control Tape Motor Automatically" bezelStyle="regularSquare" imagePosition="left" state="on" inset="2" id="CzC-YT-lgA">
+                            <behavior key="behavior" changeContents="YES" doesNotDimImage="YES" lightByContents="YES"/>
+                            <font key="font" metaFont="system"/>
+                        </buttonCell>
+                        <connections>
+                            <action selector="setAutomaticTapeMotorConrol:" target="ota-g7-hOL" id="bpF-1P-tga"/>
+                        </connections>
+                    </button>
+                    <button verticalHuggingPriority="750" translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints="NO" id="tkN-gI-RmT">
+                        <rect key="frame" x="20" y="19" width="221" height="19"/>
+                        <buttonCell key="cell" type="roundRect" title="Play Tape" bezelStyle="roundedRect" alignment="center" enabled="NO" state="on" borderStyle="border" imageScaling="proportionallyDown" inset="2" id="cTq-f9-Gzx">
+                            <behavior key="behavior" pushIn="YES" lightByBackground="YES" lightByGray="YES"/>
+                            <font key="font" metaFont="cellTitle"/>
+                        </buttonCell>
+                        <connections>
+                            <action selector="playOrPauseTape:" target="ota-g7-hOL" id="O0K-pL-nOr"/>
+                        </connections>
+                    </button>
+                </subviews>
+                <constraints>
+                    <constraint firstItem="qSb-72-6Os" firstAttribute="leading" secondItem="7Pv-WL-2Rq" secondAttribute="leading" constant="20" id="05p-Jn-ueX"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="trailing" secondItem="sBT-cU-h7s" secondAttribute="trailing" constant="20" id="79b-2A-2c7"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="sBT-cU-h7s" firstAttribute="top" secondItem="7Pv-WL-2Rq" secondAttribute="top" constant="20" id="E5m-wo-X92"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="qSb-72-6Os" firstAttribute="top" secondItem="sBT-cU-h7s" secondAttribute="bottom" constant="6" id="WxD-kP-vwf"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="bottom" secondItem="tkN-gI-RmT" secondAttribute="bottom" constant="20" id="Xnu-On-nOA"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="tkN-gI-RmT" firstAttribute="leading" secondItem="7Pv-WL-2Rq" secondAttribute="leading" constant="20" id="fHf-K0-PsU"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="tkN-gI-RmT" firstAttribute="top" secondItem="qSb-72-6Os" secondAttribute="bottom" constant="8" id="gLh-vE-Cqk"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="trailing" secondItem="qSb-72-6Os" secondAttribute="trailing" constant="20" id="mQz-p8-aYf"/>
+                    <constraint firstItem="sBT-cU-h7s" firstAttribute="leading" secondItem="7Pv-WL-2Rq" secondAttribute="leading" constant="20" id="nDy-Xc-Ug9"/>
+                    <constraint firstAttribute="trailing" secondItem="tkN-gI-RmT" secondAttribute="trailing" constant="20" id="vgD-A3-m6T"/>
+                </constraints>
+            </view>
+            <connections>
+                <outlet property="automaticTapeMotorControlButton" destination="qSb-72-6Os" id="bB6-FP-TKM"/>
+                <outlet property="fastLoadingButton" destination="sBT-cU-h7s" id="uWa-EB-mbd"/>
+                <outlet property="playOrPauseTapeButton" destination="tkN-gI-RmT" id="UnJ-nb-3mv"/>
+            </connections>
+            <point key="canvasLocation" x="28.5" y="15"/>
+        </window>
+    </objects>
+</document>

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/ClockSignal-Bridging-Header.h

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #import "CSElectron.h"
 #import "CSOric.h"
 #import "CSVic20.h"
+#import "CSZX8081.h"
 
 #import "CSStaticAnalyser.h"
 

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Documents/MachineDocument.swift

@@ -164,6 +164,13 @@ class MachineDocument:
 		}
 	}
 
+	final func openGLView(_ view: CSOpenGLView, didReceiveFileAt URL: URL) {
+		let mediaSet = CSMediaSet(fileAt: URL)
+		if let mediaSet = mediaSet {
+			mediaSet.apply(to: self.machine)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// MARK: NSDocument overrides
 	override func data(ofType typeName: String) throws -> Data {
 		throw NSError(domain: NSOSStatusErrorDomain, code: unimpErr, userInfo: nil)

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Documents/ZX8081OptionsPanel.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//
+//  ZX8081OptionsPanel.swift
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 08/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+class ZX8081OptionsPanel: MachinePanel {
+	var zx8081: CSZX8081! {
+		get {
+			return self.machine as! CSZX8081
+		}
+	}
+
+	@IBOutlet var automaticTapeMotorControlButton: NSButton!
+	var automaticTapeMotorControlDefaultsKey: String {
+		get { return prefixedUserDefaultsKey("automaticTapeMotorControl") }
+	}
+	@IBAction func setAutomaticTapeMotorConrol(_ sender: NSButton!) {
+		let isEnabled = sender.state == NSOnState
+		UserDefaults.standard.set(isEnabled, forKey: self.automaticTapeMotorControlDefaultsKey)
+		self.playOrPauseTapeButton.isEnabled = !isEnabled
+		self.zx8081.useAutomaticTapeMotorControl = isEnabled
+	}
+
+	@IBOutlet var playOrPauseTapeButton: NSButton!
+	@IBAction func playOrPauseTape(_ sender: NSButton!) {
+		self.zx8081.tapeIsPlaying = !self.zx8081.tapeIsPlaying
+		self.playOrPauseTapeButton.title = self.zx8081.tapeIsPlaying
+			? NSLocalizedString("Stop Tape", comment: "Text for a button that will stop tape playback")
+			: NSLocalizedString("Play Tape", comment: "Text for a button that will start tape playback")
+	}
+
+	// MARK: option restoration
+	override func establishStoredOptions() {
+		super.establishStoredOptions()
+
+		let standardUserDefaults = UserDefaults.standard
+		standardUserDefaults.register(defaults: [
+			self.automaticTapeMotorControlDefaultsKey: true
+		])
+
+		let automaticTapeMotorControlIsEnabled = standardUserDefaults.bool(forKey: self.automaticTapeMotorControlDefaultsKey)
+		self.automaticTapeMotorControlButton.state = automaticTapeMotorControlIsEnabled ? NSOnState : NSOffState
+		self.playOrPauseTapeButton.isEnabled = !automaticTapeMotorControlIsEnabled
+		self.zx8081.useAutomaticTapeMotorControl = automaticTapeMotorControlIsEnabled
+	}
+}

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Info.plist

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
 			<string>Commodore Disk</string>
 			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<string>Editor</string>
 			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
 			<integer>0</integer>
 			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
 			<string>Commodore 1540/1 Disk</string>
 			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<string>Editor</string>
 			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
 			<integer>0</integer>
 			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
@@ -140,7 +140,9 @@
 			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
 			<string>Electron/BBC Disk Image</string>
 			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<string>Editor</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
 			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
 			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
 		</dict>
@@ -154,7 +156,108 @@
 			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
 			<string>Disk Image</string>
 			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Editor</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>o</string>
+				<string>80</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>cassette</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>ZX80 Tape Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
 			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>p</string>
+				<string>81</string>
+				<string>p81</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>cassette</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>ZX81 Tape Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>csw</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>cassette</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>Tape Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>tzx</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>cassette</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>Tape Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>cdt</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>cassette</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>Amstrad CPC Tape Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
+			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
+		</dict>
+		<dict>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+			<array>
+				<string>hfe</string>
+			</array>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+			<string>floppy35</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+			<string>HxC Disk Image</string>
+			<key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+			<string>Viewer</string>
+			<key>LSTypeIsPackage</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
 			<key>NSDocumentClass</key>
 			<string>$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).MachineDocument</string>
 		</dict>

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/CSMachine+Subclassing.h

@@ -11,7 +11,5 @@
 
 @interface CSMachine (Subclassing)
 
-- (CRTMachine::Machine * const)machine;
 - (void)setupOutputWithAspectRatio:(float)aspectRatio;
-
 @end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/CSMachine+Target.h

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 @interface CSMachine(Target)
 
-- (void)applyTarget:(StaticAnalyser::Target)target;
+- (void)applyTarget:(const StaticAnalyser::Target &)target;
+- (void)applyMedia:(const StaticAnalyser::Media &)media;
 
 @end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/CSMachine.h

@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@
 
 @interface CSMachine : NSObject
 
+- (instancetype)init NS_UNAVAILABLE;
+/*!
+	Initialises an instance of CSMachine.
+	
+	@param machine The pointer to an instance of @c CRTMachine::Machine* . C++ type is omitted because
+	this header is visible to Swift, and the designated initialiser cannot be placed into a category.
+*/
+- (instancetype)initWithMachine:(void *)machine NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;
+
 - (void)runForNumberOfCycles:(int)numberOfCycles;
 
 - (float)idealSamplingRateFromRange:(NSRange)range;

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/CSMachine.mm

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 
 struct SpeakerDelegate: public Outputs::Speaker::Delegate {
 	__weak CSMachine *machine;
-	void speaker_did_complete_samples(Outputs::Speaker *speaker, const int16_t *buffer, int buffer_size) {
-		[machine speaker:speaker didCompleteSamples:buffer length:buffer_size];
+	void speaker_did_complete_samples(Outputs::Speaker *speaker, const std::vector<int16_t> &buffer) {
+		[machine speaker:speaker didCompleteSamples:buffer.data() length:(int)buffer.size()];
 	}
 };
 
@@ -39,15 +39,17 @@ struct MachineDelegate: CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate {
 @implementation CSMachine {
 	SpeakerDelegate _speakerDelegate;
 	MachineDelegate _machineDelegate;
+	CRTMachine::Machine *_machine;
 }
 
-- (instancetype)init {
+- (instancetype)initWithMachine:(void *)machine {
 	self = [super init];
-	if(self)
-	{
+	if(self) {
+		_machine = (CRTMachine::Machine *)machine;
 		_machineDelegate.machine = self;
-		self.machine->set_delegate(&_machineDelegate);
 		_speakerDelegate.machine = self;
+
+		_machine->set_delegate(&_machineDelegate);
 	}
 	return self;
 }
@@ -67,14 +69,14 @@ struct MachineDelegate: CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate {
 - (void)dealloc {
 	[_view performWithGLContext:^{
 		@synchronized(self) {
-			self.machine->close_output();
+			_machine->close_output();
 		}
 	}];
 }
 
 - (float)idealSamplingRateFromRange:(NSRange)range {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> speaker = self.machine->get_speaker();
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> speaker = _machine->get_speaker();
 		if(speaker)
 		{
 			return speaker->get_ideal_clock_rate_in_range((float)range.location, (float)(range.location + range.length));
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ struct MachineDelegate: CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate {
 
 - (BOOL)setSpeakerDelegate:(Outputs::Speaker::Delegate *)delegate sampleRate:(float)sampleRate bufferSize:(NSUInteger)bufferSize {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> speaker = self.machine->get_speaker();
+		std::shared_ptr<Outputs::Speaker> speaker = _machine->get_speaker();
 		if(speaker)
 		{
 			speaker->set_output_rate(sampleRate, (int)bufferSize);
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ struct MachineDelegate: CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate {
 
 - (void)runForNumberOfCycles:(int)numberOfCycles {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		self.machine->run_for_cycles(numberOfCycles);
+		_machine->run_for(Cycles(numberOfCycles));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -116,33 +118,44 @@ struct MachineDelegate: CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate {
 }
 
 - (void)setupOutputWithAspectRatio:(float)aspectRatio {
-	self.machine->setup_output(aspectRatio);
+	_machine->setup_output(aspectRatio);
+
+	// Since OS X v10.6, Macs have had a gamma of 2.2.
+	_machine->get_crt()->set_output_gamma(2.2f);
 }
 
 - (void)drawViewForPixelSize:(CGSize)pixelSize onlyIfDirty:(BOOL)onlyIfDirty {
-	self.machine->get_crt()->draw_frame((unsigned int)pixelSize.width, (unsigned int)pixelSize.height, onlyIfDirty ? true : false);
+	_machine->get_crt()->draw_frame((unsigned int)pixelSize.width, (unsigned int)pixelSize.height, onlyIfDirty ? true : false);
 }
 
 - (double)clockRate {
-	return self.machine->get_clock_rate();
+	return _machine->get_clock_rate();
 }
 
 - (BOOL)clockIsUnlimited {
-	return self.machine->get_clock_is_unlimited() ? YES : NO;
+	return _machine->get_clock_is_unlimited() ? YES : NO;
 }
 
 - (void)paste:(NSString *)paste {
-	Utility::TypeRecipient *typeRecipient = dynamic_cast<Utility::TypeRecipient *>(self.machine);
+	Utility::TypeRecipient *typeRecipient = dynamic_cast<Utility::TypeRecipient *>(_machine);
 	if(typeRecipient)
 		typeRecipient->set_typer_for_string([paste UTF8String]);
 }
 
-- (void)applyTarget:(StaticAnalyser::Target)target {
+- (void)applyTarget:(const StaticAnalyser::Target &)target {
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		ConfigurationTarget::Machine *const configurationTarget =
-			dynamic_cast<ConfigurationTarget::Machine *>(self.machine);
+			dynamic_cast<ConfigurationTarget::Machine *>(_machine);
 		if(configurationTarget) configurationTarget->configure_as_target(target);
 	}
 }
 
+- (void)applyMedia:(const StaticAnalyser::Media &)media {
+	@synchronized(self) {
+		ConfigurationTarget::Machine *const configurationTarget =
+			dynamic_cast<ConfigurationTarget::Machine *>(_machine);
+		if(configurationTarget) configurationTarget->insert_media(media);
+	}
+}
+
 @end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/StaticAnalyser/CSStaticAnalyser.h

@@ -22,3 +22,10 @@
 - (void)applyToMachine:(CSMachine *)machine;
 
 @end
+
+@interface CSMediaSet : NSObject
+
+- (instancetype)initWithFileAtURL:(NSURL *)url;
+- (void)applyToMachine:(CSMachine *)machine;
+
+@end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/StaticAnalyser/CSStaticAnalyser.mm

@@ -14,23 +14,22 @@
 
 #include "StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 
+#import "CSAmstradCPC.h"
 #import "CSAtari2600.h"
 #import "CSElectron.h"
 #import "CSOric.h"
 #import "CSVic20.h"
+#import "CSZX8081+Instantiation.h"
 
 #import "Clock_Signal-Swift.h"
 
-@implementation CSStaticAnalyser
-{
+@implementation CSStaticAnalyser {
 	StaticAnalyser::Target _target;
 }
 
-- (instancetype)initWithFileAtURL:(NSURL *)url
-{
+- (instancetype)initWithFileAtURL:(NSURL *)url {
 	self = [super init];
-	if(self)
-	{
+	if(self) {
 		std::list<StaticAnalyser::Target> targets = StaticAnalyser::GetTargets([url fileSystemRepresentation]);
 		if(!targets.size()) return nil;
 		_target = targets.front();
@@ -41,33 +40,50 @@
 	return self;
 }
 
-- (NSString *)optionsPanelNibName
-{
-	switch(_target.machine)
-	{
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Atari2600:	return @"Atari2600Options";
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Electron:	return @"ElectronOptions";
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Oric:		return @"OricOptions";
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Vic20:		return @"Vic20Options";
+- (NSString *)optionsPanelNibName {
+	switch(_target.machine) {
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::AmstradCPC:	return nil;
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Atari2600:		return @"Atari2600Options";
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Electron:		return @"ElectronOptions";
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Oric:			return @"OricOptions";
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Vic20:			return @"Vic20Options";
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::ZX8081:		return @"ZX8081Options";
 		default: return nil;
 	}
 }
 
-- (CSMachine *)newMachine
-{
-	switch(_target.machine)
-	{
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Atari2600:	return [[CSAtari2600 alloc] init];
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Electron:	return [[CSElectron alloc] init];
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Oric:		return [[CSOric alloc] init];
-		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Vic20:		return [[CSVic20 alloc] init];
+- (CSMachine *)newMachine {
+	switch(_target.machine) {
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::AmstradCPC:	return [[CSAmstradCPC alloc] init];
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Atari2600:		return [[CSAtari2600 alloc] init];
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Electron:		return [[CSElectron alloc] init];
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Oric:			return [[CSOric alloc] init];
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::Vic20:			return [[CSVic20 alloc] init];
+		case StaticAnalyser::Target::ZX8081:		return [[CSZX8081 alloc] initWithIntendedTarget:_target];
 		default: return nil;
 	}
 }
 
-- (void)applyToMachine:(CSMachine *)machine
-{
+- (void)applyToMachine:(CSMachine *)machine {
 	[machine applyTarget:_target];
 }
 
 @end
+
+@implementation CSMediaSet {
+	StaticAnalyser::Media _media;
+}
+
+- (instancetype)initWithFileAtURL:(NSURL *)url {
+	self = [super init];
+	if(self) {
+		_media = StaticAnalyser::GetMedia([url fileSystemRepresentation]);
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+- (void)applyToMachine:(CSMachine *)machine {
+	[machine applyMedia:_media];
+}
+
+@end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSAmstradCPC.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+//  CSAmstradCPC.h
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 30/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#import "CSMachine.h"
+#import "CSKeyboardMachine.h"
+
+@interface CSAmstradCPC : CSMachine <CSKeyboardMachine>
+
+- (instancetype)init;
+
+@end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSAmstradCPC.mm

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+//
+//  CSAmstradCPC.m
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 30/07/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#import "CSAmstradCPC.h"
+
+#include "AmstradCPC.hpp"
+
+#import "CSMachine+Subclassing.h"
+#import "NSData+StdVector.h"
+#import "NSBundle+DataResource.h"
+
+@implementation CSAmstradCPC {
+	std::unique_ptr<AmstradCPC::Machine> _amstradCPC;
+}
+
+- (instancetype)init {
+	AmstradCPC::Machine *machine = AmstradCPC::Machine::AmstradCPC();
+
+	self = [super initWithMachine:machine];
+	if(self) {
+		_amstradCPC.reset(machine);
+
+		NSDictionary *roms = @{
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::OS464) : @"os464",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::OS664) : @"os664",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::OS6128) : @"os6128",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::BASIC464) : @"basic464",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::BASIC664) : @"basic664",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::BASIC6128) : @"basic6128",
+			@(AmstradCPC::ROMType::AMSDOS) : @"amsdos",
+		};
+
+		for(NSNumber *key in roms.allKeys) {
+			AmstradCPC::ROMType type = (AmstradCPC::ROMType)key.integerValue;
+			NSString *name = roms[key];
+			NSData *data = [self rom:name];
+			if(data) {
+				_amstradCPC->set_rom(type, data.stdVector8);
+			} else {
+				NSLog(@"Amstrad CPC ROM missing: %@", name);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name {
+	return [[NSBundle mainBundle] dataForResource:name withExtension:@"rom" subdirectory:@"ROMImages/AmstradCPC"];
+}
+
+- (NSString *)userDefaultsPrefix {	return @"amstradCPC";	}
+
+#pragma mark - Keyboard Mapping
+
+- (void)clearAllKeys {
+	@synchronized(self) {
+		_amstradCPC->clear_all_keys();
+	}
+}
+
+- (void)setKey:(uint16_t)key isPressed:(BOOL)isPressed {
+	@synchronized(self) {
+		switch(key) {
+			case VK_ANSI_0:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key0, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_1:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key1, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_2:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key2, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_3:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key3, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_4:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key4, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_5:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key5, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_6:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key6, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_7:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key7, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_8:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key8, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_9:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::Key9, isPressed);	break;
+
+			case VK_ANSI_Q:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyQ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_W:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyW, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_E:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyE, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_R:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyR, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_T:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyT, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Y:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyY, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_U:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyU, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_I:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyI, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_O:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyO, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_P:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyP, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_A:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyA, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_S:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyS, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_D:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyD, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_F:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_G:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyG, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_H:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyH, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_J:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyJ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_K:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyK, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_L:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyL, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Z:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyZ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_X:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyX, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_C:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyC, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_V:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyV, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_B:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyB, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_N:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyN, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_M:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyM, isPressed);	break;
+
+			case VK_Space:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeySpace, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Grave:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyCopy, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Return:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyReturn, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Minus:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyMinus, isPressed);		break;
+
+			case VK_RightArrow:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyRight, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_LeftArrow:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyLeft, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_DownArrow:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyDown, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_UpArrow:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyUp, isPressed);			break;
+
+			case VK_Delete:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyDelete, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Escape:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyEscape, isPressed);		break;
+
+			case VK_ANSI_Comma:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyComma, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Period:	_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyFullStop, isPressed);	break;
+
+			case VK_ANSI_Semicolon:
+									_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeySemicolon, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Quote:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyColon, isPressed);		break;
+
+			case VK_ANSI_Slash:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyForwardSlash, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Backslash:	_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyBackSlash, isPressed);		break;
+
+			case VK_Shift:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyShift, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Control:		_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyControl, isPressed);		break;
+
+			case VK_F1:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF1, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F2:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF2, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F3:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF3, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F4:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF4, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F5:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF5, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F6:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF6, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F7:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF7, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F8:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF8, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F9:				_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF9, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F10:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyF0, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_F12:			_amstradCPC->set_key_state(AmstradCPC::Key::KeyFDot, isPressed);		break;
+
+			default:
+//				printf("%02x\n", key);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+@end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSAtari2600.h

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 @interface CSAtari2600 : CSMachine <CSJoystickMachine>
 
+- (instancetype)init;
+
 - (void)setResetLineEnabled:(BOOL)enabled;
 
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL colourButton;

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSAtari2600.mm

@@ -12,7 +12,16 @@
 #import "CSMachine+Subclassing.h"
 
 @implementation CSAtari2600 {
-	Atari2600::Machine _atari2600;
+	std::unique_ptr<Atari2600::Machine> _atari2600;
+}
+
+- (instancetype)init {
+	Atari2600::Machine *machine = Atari2600::Machine::Atari2600();
+	self = [super initWithMachine:machine];
+	if(self) {
+		_atari2600.reset(machine);
+	}
+	return self;
 }
 
 - (void)setDirection:(CSJoystickDirection)direction onPad:(NSUInteger)pad isPressed:(BOOL)isPressed {
@@ -25,19 +34,19 @@
 		case CSJoystickDirectionRight:	input = pad ? Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Right : Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Right;	break;
 	}
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_digital_input(input, isPressed ? true : false);
+		_atari2600->set_digital_input(input, isPressed ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setButtonAtIndex:(NSUInteger)button onPad:(NSUInteger)pad isPressed:(BOOL)isPressed {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_digital_input(pad ? Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Fire : Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Fire, isPressed ? true : false);
+		_atari2600->set_digital_input(pad ? Atari2600DigitalInputJoy2Fire : Atari2600DigitalInputJoy1Fire, isPressed ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setResetLineEnabled:(BOOL)enabled {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_reset_line(enabled ? true : false);
+		_atari2600->set_reset_switch(enabled ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -47,40 +56,36 @@
 	}
 }
 
-- (CRTMachine::Machine * const)machine {
-	return &_atari2600;
-}
-
 #pragma mark - Switches
 
 - (void)setColourButton:(BOOL)colourButton {
 	_colourButton = colourButton;
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchColour, colourButton);
+		_atari2600->set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchColour, colourButton);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setLeftPlayerDifficultyButton:(BOOL)leftPlayerDifficultyButton {
 	_leftPlayerDifficultyButton = leftPlayerDifficultyButton;
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchLeftPlayerDifficulty, leftPlayerDifficultyButton);
+		_atari2600->set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchLeftPlayerDifficulty, leftPlayerDifficultyButton);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setRightPlayerDifficultyButton:(BOOL)rightPlayerDifficultyButton {
 	_rightPlayerDifficultyButton = rightPlayerDifficultyButton;
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchRightPlayerDifficulty, rightPlayerDifficultyButton);
+		_atari2600->set_switch_is_enabled(Atari2600SwitchRightPlayerDifficulty, rightPlayerDifficultyButton);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)toggleSwitch:(Atari2600Switch)toggleSwitch {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_atari2600.set_switch_is_enabled(toggleSwitch, true);
+		_atari2600->set_switch_is_enabled(toggleSwitch, true);
 	}
 	dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(0.5 * NSEC_PER_SEC)), dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
 		@synchronized(self) {
-			_atari2600.set_switch_is_enabled(toggleSwitch, false);
+			_atari2600->set_switch_is_enabled(toggleSwitch, false);
 		}
 	});
 }

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSElectron.h

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 @interface CSElectron : CSMachine <CSKeyboardMachine, CSFastLoading>
 
+- (instancetype)init;
+
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL useFastLoadingHack;
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL useTelevisionOutput;
 

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSElectron.mm

@@ -16,17 +16,16 @@
 #import "NSBundle+DataResource.h"
 
 @implementation CSElectron {
-	Electron::Machine _electron;
-}
-
-- (CRTMachine::Machine * const)machine {
-	return &_electron;
+	std::unique_ptr<Electron::Machine> _electron;
 }
 
 - (instancetype)init {
-	self = [super init];
-	if(self)
-	{
+	Electron::Machine *machine = Electron::Machine::Electron();
+
+	self = [super initWithMachine:machine];
+	if(self) {
+		_electron.reset(machine);
+
 		[self setOSROM:[self rom:@"os"]];
 		[self setBASICROM:[self rom:@"basic"]];
 		[self setDFSROM:[self rom:@"DFS-1770-2.20"]];
@@ -38,8 +37,7 @@
 	return self;
 }
 
-- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name
-{
+- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name {
 	return [[NSBundle mainBundle] dataForResource:name withExtension:@"rom" subdirectory:@"ROMImages/Electron"];
 }
 
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@
 	if(rom)
 	{
 		@synchronized(self) {
-			_electron.set_rom((Electron::ROMSlot)slot, rom.stdVector8, false);
+			_electron->set_rom((Electron::ROMSlot)slot, rom.stdVector8, false);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@
 
 - (void)clearAllKeys {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_electron.clear_all_keys();
+		_electron->clear_all_keys();
 	}
 }
 
@@ -71,74 +69,74 @@
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		switch(key)
 		{
-			case VK_ANSI_0:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key0, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_1:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key1, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_2:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key2, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_3:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key3, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_4:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key4, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_5:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key5, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_6:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key6, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_7:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key7, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_8:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key8, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_9:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key9, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_0:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key0, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_1:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key1, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_2:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key2, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_3:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key3, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_4:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key4, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_5:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key5, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_6:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key6, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_7:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key7, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_8:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key8, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_9:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::Key9, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Q:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyQ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_W:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyW, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_E:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyE, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_R:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyR, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_T:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyT, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Y:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyY, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_U:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyU, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_I:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyI, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_O:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyO, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_P:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyP, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_A:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyA, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_S:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyS, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_D:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyD, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_F:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyF, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_G:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyG, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_H:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyH, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_J:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyJ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_K:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyK, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_L:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyL, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Z:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyZ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_X:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyX, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_C:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyC, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_V:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyV, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_B:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyB, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_N:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyN, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_M:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyM, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Q:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyQ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_W:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyW, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_E:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyE, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_R:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyR, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_T:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyT, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Y:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyY, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_U:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyU, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_I:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyI, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_O:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyO, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_P:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyP, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_A:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyA, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_S:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyS, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_D:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyD, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_F:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyF, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_G:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyG, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_H:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyH, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_J:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyJ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_K:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyK, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_L:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyL, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Z:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyZ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_X:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyX, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_C:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyC, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_V:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyV, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_B:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyB, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_N:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyN, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_M:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyM, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_Space:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySpace, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Space:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySpace, isPressed);		break;
 			case VK_ANSI_Grave:
 			case VK_ANSI_Backslash:
-									_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyCopy, isPressed);			break;
-			case VK_Return:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyReturn, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Minus:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyMinus, isPressed);		break;
+									_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyCopy, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Return:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyReturn, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Minus:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyMinus, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_RightArrow:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyRight, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_LeftArrow:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyLeft, isPressed);			break;
-			case VK_DownArrow:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyDown, isPressed);			break;
-			case VK_UpArrow:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyUp, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_RightArrow:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyRight, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_LeftArrow:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyLeft, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_DownArrow:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyDown, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_UpArrow:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyUp, isPressed);			break;
 
-			case VK_Delete:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyDelete, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_Escape:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyEscape, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Delete:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyDelete, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Escape:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyEscape, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Comma:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyComma, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Period:	_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyFullStop, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Comma:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyComma, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Period:	_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyFullStop, isPressed);	break;
 
 			case VK_ANSI_Semicolon:
-									_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySemiColon, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Quote:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyColon, isPressed);		break;
+									_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySemiColon, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Quote:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyColon, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Slash:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySlash, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Slash:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeySlash, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_Shift:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyShift, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_Control:		_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyControl, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Shift:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyShift, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Control:		_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyControl, isPressed);		break;
 			case VK_Command:
-			case VK_Option:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyFunc, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_Option:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyFunc, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_F12:			_electron.set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyBreak, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_F12:			_electron->set_key_state(Electron::Key::KeyBreak, isPressed);		break;
 
 			default:
 //				printf("%02x\n", key);
@@ -154,19 +152,14 @@
 - (void)setUseFastLoadingHack:(BOOL)useFastLoadingHack {
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		_useFastLoadingHack = useFastLoadingHack;
-		_electron.set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
+		_electron->set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setUseTelevisionOutput:(BOOL)useTelevisionOutput {
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		_useTelevisionOutput = useTelevisionOutput;
-		_electron.get_crt()->set_output_device(useTelevisionOutput ? Outputs::CRT::Television : Outputs::CRT::Monitor);
+		_electron->get_crt()->set_output_device(useTelevisionOutput ? Outputs::CRT::Television : Outputs::CRT::Monitor);
 	}
 }
-
-//override func aspectRatio() -> NSSize {
-//		return NSSize(width: 11.0, height: 10.0)
-//	}
-
 @end

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSOric.h

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 @interface CSOric : CSMachine <CSKeyboardMachine, CSFastLoading>
 
+- (instancetype)init;
+
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL useFastLoadingHack;
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL useCompositeOutput;
 

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSOric.mm

@@ -15,118 +15,113 @@
 #import "NSData+StdVector.h"
 #import "NSBundle+DataResource.h"
 
-@implementation CSOric
-{
-	Oric::Machine _oric;
+@implementation CSOric {
+	std::unique_ptr<Oric::Machine> _oric;
 }
 
-- (instancetype)init
-{
-	self = [super init];
-	if(self)
-	{
+- (instancetype)init {
+	Oric::Machine *machine = Oric::Machine::Oric();
+
+	self = [super initWithMachine:machine];
+	if(self) {
+		_oric.reset(machine);
+
 		NSData *basic10 = [self rom:@"basic10"];
 		NSData *basic11 = [self rom:@"basic11"];
 		NSData *colour = [self rom:@"colour"];
 		NSData *microdisc = [self rom:@"microdisc"];
 
-		if(basic10)		_oric.set_rom(Oric::BASIC10, basic10.stdVector8);
-		if(basic11)		_oric.set_rom(Oric::BASIC11, basic11.stdVector8);
-		if(colour)		_oric.set_rom(Oric::Colour, colour.stdVector8);
-		if(microdisc)	_oric.set_rom(Oric::Microdisc, microdisc.stdVector8);
+		if(basic10)		_oric->set_rom(Oric::BASIC10, basic10.stdVector8);
+		if(basic11)		_oric->set_rom(Oric::BASIC11, basic11.stdVector8);
+		if(colour)		_oric->set_rom(Oric::Colour, colour.stdVector8);
+		if(microdisc)	_oric->set_rom(Oric::Microdisc, microdisc.stdVector8);
 	}
 	return self;
 }
 
-- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name
-{
+- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name {
 	return [[NSBundle mainBundle] dataForResource:name withExtension:@"rom" subdirectory:@"ROMImages/Oric"];
 }
 
-- (CRTMachine::Machine * const)machine
-{
-	return &_oric;
-}
-
 #pragma mark - CSKeyboardMachine
 
-- (void)setKey:(uint16_t)key isPressed:(BOOL)isPressed
-{
+- (void)setKey:(uint16_t)key isPressed:(BOOL)isPressed {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		switch(key)
-		{
-			case VK_ANSI_0:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key0, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_1:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key1, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_2:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key2, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_3:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key3, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_4:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key4, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_5:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key5, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_6:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key6, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_7:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key7, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_8:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key8, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_9:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key9, isPressed);	break;
+		switch(key) {
+			case VK_ANSI_0:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key0, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_1:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key1, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_2:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key2, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_3:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key3, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_4:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key4, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_5:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key5, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_6:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key6, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_7:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key7, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_8:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key8, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_9:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::Key9, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Q:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyQ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_W:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyW, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_E:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyE, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_R:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyR, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_T:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyT, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Y:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyY, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_U:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyU, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_I:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyI, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_O:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyO, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_P:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyP, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_A:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyA, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_S:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyS, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_D:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyD, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_F:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyF, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_G:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyG, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_H:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyH, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_J:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyJ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_K:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyK, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_L:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyL, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Z:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyZ, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_X:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyX, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_C:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyC, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_V:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyV, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_B:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyB, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_N:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyN, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_M:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyM, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Q:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyQ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_W:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyW, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_E:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyE, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_R:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyR, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_T:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyT, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Y:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyY, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_U:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyU, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_I:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyI, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_O:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyO, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_P:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyP, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_A:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyA, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_S:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyS, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_D:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyD, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_F:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyF, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_G:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyG, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_H:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyH, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_J:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyJ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_K:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyK, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_L:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyL, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Z:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyZ, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_X:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyX, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_C:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyC, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_V:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyV, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_B:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyB, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_N:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyN, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_M:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyM, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_Space:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeySpace, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_Return:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyReturn, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Minus:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyMinus, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Equal:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyEquals, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Space:			_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeySpace, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Return:			_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyReturn, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Minus:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyMinus, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Equal:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyEquals, isPressed);		break;
 			case VK_ANSI_Backslash:
-									_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyBackSlash, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Slash:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyForwardSlash, isPressed);	break;
+									_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyBackSlash, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Slash:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyForwardSlash, isPressed);	break;
 
 			case VK_ANSI_LeftBracket:
-									_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyOpenSquare, isPressed);	break;
+									_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyOpenSquare, isPressed);	break;
 			case VK_ANSI_RightBracket:
-									_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyCloseSquare, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Quote:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyQuote, isPressed);		break;
+									_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyCloseSquare, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Quote:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyQuote, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_RightArrow:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyRight, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_LeftArrow:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyLeft, isPressed);			break;
-			case VK_DownArrow:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyDown, isPressed);			break;
-			case VK_UpArrow:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyUp, isPressed);			break;
+			case VK_RightArrow:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyRight, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_LeftArrow:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyLeft, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_DownArrow:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyDown, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_UpArrow:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyUp, isPressed);			break;
 
-			case VK_Delete:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyDelete, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_Escape:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyEscape, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Delete:			_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyDelete, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Escape:			_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyEscape, isPressed);		break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Comma:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyComma, isPressed);		break;
-			case VK_ANSI_Period:	_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyFullStop, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Comma:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyComma, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Period:	_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyFullStop, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_ANSI_Semicolon:
-									_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeySemiColon, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_ANSI_Semicolon:	_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeySemiColon, isPressed);	break;
 
-			case VK_Shift:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyLeftShift, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_RightShift:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyRightShift, isPressed);	break;
-			case VK_Control:		_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyControl, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_Shift:
+				_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyLeftShift, isPressed);
+				_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyRightShift, isPressed);
+			break;
+			case VK_RightShift:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyRightShift, isPressed);	break;
+			case VK_Control:		_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyControl, isPressed);		break;
 
 			case VK_ANSI_Grave:
-			case VK_F12:			_oric.set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyNMI, isPressed);		break;
+			case VK_F12:			_oric->set_key_state(Oric::Key::KeyNMI, isPressed);			break;
 
 			default:
 				printf("%02x\n", key);
@@ -135,9 +130,10 @@
 	}
 }
 
-- (void)clearAllKeys
-{
-	_oric.clear_all_keys();
+- (void)clearAllKeys {
+	@synchronized(self) {
+		_oric->clear_all_keys();
+	}
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Options
@@ -145,14 +141,14 @@
 - (void)setUseFastLoadingHack:(BOOL)useFastLoadingHack {
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		_useFastLoadingHack = useFastLoadingHack;
-		_oric.set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
+		_oric->set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
 - (void)setUseCompositeOutput:(BOOL)useCompositeOutput {
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		_useCompositeOutput = useCompositeOutput;
-		_oric.set_output_device(useCompositeOutput ? Outputs::CRT::Television : Outputs::CRT::Monitor);
+		_oric->set_output_device(useCompositeOutput ? Outputs::CRT::Television : Outputs::CRT::Monitor);
 	}
 }
 

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSVic20.h

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, CSVic20MemorySize)
 
 @interface CSVic20 : CSMachine <CSKeyboardMachine, CSFastLoading>
 
+- (instancetype)init;
+
 @property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL useFastLoadingHack;
 @property (nonatomic, assign) CSVic20Country country;
 @property (nonatomic, assign) CSVic20MemorySize memorySize;

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSVic20.mm

@@ -13,22 +13,24 @@
 #include "G64.hpp"
 #include "D64.hpp"
 
+#import "CSmachine+Subclassing.h"
 #import "NSBundle+DataResource.h"
 
 using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 
 @implementation CSVic20 {
-	Machine _vic20;
+	std::unique_ptr<Machine> _vic20;
 	BOOL _joystickMode;
 }
 
-- (CRTMachine::Machine * const)machine	{	return &_vic20;		}
 - (NSString *)userDefaultsPrefix		{	return @"vic20";	}
 
 - (instancetype)init {
-	self = [super init];
-	if(self)
-	{
+	Machine *machine = Commodore::Vic20::Machine::Vic20();
+
+	self = [super initWithMachine:machine];
+	if(self) {
+		_vic20.reset(machine);
 		[self setDriveROM:[[NSBundle mainBundle] dataForResource:@"1540" withExtension:@"bin" subdirectory:@"ROMImages/Commodore1540"]];
 		[self setBASICROM:[self rom:@"basic"]];
 		[self setCountry:CSVic20CountryEuropean];
@@ -36,8 +38,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 	return self;
 }
 
-- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name
-{
+- (NSData *)rom:(NSString *)name {
 	return [[NSBundle mainBundle] dataForResource:name withExtension:@"bin" subdirectory:@"ROMImages/Vic20"];
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 
 - (void)setROM:(nonnull NSData *)rom slot:(ROMSlot)slot {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_vic20.set_rom(slot, rom.length, (const uint8_t *)rom.bytes);
+		_vic20->set_rom(slot, rom.length, (const uint8_t *)rom.bytes);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -120,32 +121,26 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 	//	KeyPlus
 	//	KeyGBP
 
-	if(key == VK_Tab && isPressed)
-	{
+	if(key == VK_Tab && isPressed) {
 		_joystickMode ^= YES;
 	}
 
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		if(_joystickMode)
-		{
-			switch(key)
-			{
-				case VK_UpArrow:	_vic20.set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Up, isPressed);	break;
-				case VK_DownArrow:	_vic20.set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Down, isPressed);	break;
-				case VK_LeftArrow:	_vic20.set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Left, isPressed);	break;
-				case VK_RightArrow:	_vic20.set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Right, isPressed);	break;
-				case VK_ANSI_A:		_vic20.set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Fire, isPressed);	break;
+		if(_joystickMode) {
+			switch(key) {
+				case VK_UpArrow:	_vic20->set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Up, isPressed);	break;
+				case VK_DownArrow:	_vic20->set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Down, isPressed);	break;
+				case VK_LeftArrow:	_vic20->set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Left, isPressed);	break;
+				case VK_RightArrow:	_vic20->set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Right, isPressed);	break;
+				case VK_ANSI_A:		_vic20->set_joystick_state(JoystickInput::Fire, isPressed);	break;
 			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			switch(key)
-			{
+		} else {
+			switch(key) {
 				default: {
 					NSNumber *targetKey = vicKeysByKeys[@(key)];
 					if(targetKey)
 					{
-						_vic20.set_key_state((Key)targetKey.integerValue, isPressed);
+						_vic20->set_key_state((Key)targetKey.integerValue, isPressed);
 					}
 					else
 					{
@@ -155,8 +150,8 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 
 				case VK_Shift:
 					// Yuck
-					_vic20.set_key_state(Key::KeyLShift, isPressed);
-					_vic20.set_key_state(Key::KeyRShift, isPressed);
+					_vic20->set_key_state(Key::KeyLShift, isPressed);
+					_vic20->set_key_state(Key::KeyRShift, isPressed);
 				break;
 			}
 		}
@@ -165,7 +160,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 
 - (void)clearAllKeys {
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_vic20.clear_all_keys();
+		_vic20->clear_all_keys();
 	}
 }
 
@@ -174,7 +169,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 - (void)setUseFastLoadingHack:(BOOL)useFastLoadingHack {
 	_useFastLoadingHack = useFastLoadingHack;
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_vic20.set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
+		_vic20->set_use_fast_tape_hack(useFastLoadingHack ? true : false);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -182,8 +177,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 	_country = country;
 	NSString *charactersROM, *kernelROM;
 	Commodore::Vic20::Region region;
-	switch(country)
-	{
+	switch(country) {
 		case CSVic20CountryDanish:
 			region = Commodore::Vic20::Region::PAL;
 			charactersROM = @"characters-danish";
@@ -212,7 +206,7 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 	}
 
 	@synchronized(self) {
-		_vic20.set_region(region);
+		_vic20->set_region(region);
 		[self setCharactersROM:[self rom:charactersROM]];
 		[self setKernelROM:[self rom:kernelROM]];
 	}
@@ -222,9 +216,9 @@ using namespace Commodore::Vic20;
 	_memorySize = memorySize;
 	@synchronized(self) {
 		switch(memorySize) {
-			case CSVic20MemorySize5Kb: _vic20.set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::Default);	break;
-			case CSVic20MemorySize8Kb: _vic20.set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::ThreeKB);	break;
-			case CSVic20MemorySize32Kb: _vic20.set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::ThirtyTwoKB);	break;
+			case CSVic20MemorySize5Kb: _vic20->set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::Default);	break;
+			case CSVic20MemorySize8Kb: _vic20->set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::ThreeKB);	break;
+			case CSVic20MemorySize32Kb: _vic20->set_memory_size(Commodore::Vic20::ThirtyTwoKB);	break;
 		}
 	}
 }

OSBindings/Mac/Clock Signal/Machine/Wrappers/CSZX8081+Instantiation.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+//  CSZX8081+Instantiation.h
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 27/08/2017.
+//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "StaticAnalyser.hpp"
+#import "CSZX8081.h"
+
+@interface CSZX8081 (Instantiation)
+
+- (instancetype)initWithIntendedTarget:(const StaticAnalyser::Target &)target;
+
+@end