Merge pull request #789 from TomHarte/OPLLDrums

Softens OPLL tremolo and vibrato; adds drum damping.

.github/workflows/ccpp.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ jobs:
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v1
     - name: Install dependencies
-      run: sudo apt-get --allow-releaseinfo-change update; sudo apt-get install libsdl2-dev scons
+      run: sudo apt-get --allow-releaseinfo-change update; sudo apt-get --fix-missing install libsdl2-dev scons
     - name: Make
       run: cd OSBindings/SDL; scons

Analyser/Dynamic/ConfidenceCounter.cpp

@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@
 using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 
 float ConfidenceCounter::get_confidence() {
-	return static_cast<float>(hits_) / static_cast<float>(hits_ + misses_);
+	return float(hits_) / float(hits_ + misses_);
 }
 
 void ConfidenceCounter::add_hit() {
-	hits_++;
+	++hits_;
 }
 
 void ConfidenceCounter::add_miss() {
-	misses_++;
+	++misses_;
 }
 
 void ConfidenceCounter::add_equivocal() {
 	if(hits_ > misses_) {
-		hits_++;
-		misses_++;
+		++hits_;
+		++misses_;
 	}
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/ConfidenceCounter.hpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 class ConfidenceCounter: public ConfidenceSource {
 	public:
 		/*! @returns The computed probability, based on the history of events. */
-		float get_confidence() override;
+		float get_confidence() final;
 
 		/*! Records an event that implies this is the appropriate class: pushes probability up towards 1.0. */
 		void add_hit();

Analyser/Dynamic/ConfidenceSummary.hpp

@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ class ConfidenceSummary: public ConfidenceSource {
 			const std::vector<float> &weights);
 
 		/*! @returns The weighted sum of all sources. */
-		float get_confidence() override;
+		float get_confidence() final;
 
 	private:
-		std::vector<ConfidenceSource *> sources_;
-		std::vector<float> weights_;
+		const std::vector<ConfidenceSource *> sources_;
+		const std::vector<float> weights_;
 		float weight_sum_;
 };
 

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiCRTMachine.cpp

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-//
-//  MultiCRTMachine.cpp
-//  Clock Signal
-//
-//  Created by Thomas Harte on 29/01/2018.
-//  Copyright 2018 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
-//
-
-#include "MultiCRTMachine.hpp"
-
-#include <condition_variable>
-#include <mutex>
-
-using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
-
-MultiCRTMachine::MultiCRTMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines, std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex) :
-	machines_(machines), machines_mutex_(machines_mutex), queues_(machines.size()) {
-	speaker_ = MultiSpeaker::create(machines);
-}
-
-void MultiCRTMachine::perform_parallel(const std::function<void(::CRTMachine::Machine *)> &function) {
-	// Apply a blunt force parallelisation of the machines; each run_for is dispatched
-	// to a separate queue and this queue will block until all are done.
-	volatile std::size_t outstanding_machines;
-	std::condition_variable condition;
-	std::mutex mutex;
-	{
-		std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
-		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-		outstanding_machines = machines_.size();
-
-		for(std::size_t index = 0; index < machines_.size(); ++index) {
-			CRTMachine::Machine *crt_machine = machines_[index]->crt_machine();
-			queues_[index].enqueue([&mutex, &condition, crt_machine, function, &outstanding_machines]() {
-				if(crt_machine) function(crt_machine);
-
-				std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-				outstanding_machines--;
-				condition.notify_all();
-			});
-		}
-	}
-
-	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-	condition.wait(lock, [&outstanding_machines] { return !outstanding_machines; });
-}
-
-void MultiCRTMachine::perform_serial(const std::function<void (::CRTMachine::Machine *)> &function) {
-	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
-	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
-		CRTMachine::Machine *const crt_machine = machine->crt_machine();
-		if(crt_machine) function(crt_machine);
-	}
-}
-
-void MultiCRTMachine::set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target) {
-	scan_target_ = scan_target;
-
-	CRTMachine::Machine *const crt_machine = machines_.front()->crt_machine();
-	if(crt_machine) crt_machine->set_scan_target(scan_target);
-}
-
-Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *MultiCRTMachine::get_speaker() {
-	return speaker_;
-}
-
-void MultiCRTMachine::run_for(Time::Seconds duration) {
-	perform_parallel([=](::CRTMachine::Machine *machine) {
-		if(machine->get_confidence() >= 0.01f) machine->run_for(duration);
-	});
-
-	if(delegate_) delegate_->multi_crt_did_run_machines();
-}
-
-void MultiCRTMachine::did_change_machine_order() {
-	if(scan_target_) scan_target_->will_change_owner();
-
-	perform_serial([=](::CRTMachine::Machine *machine) {
-		machine->set_scan_target(nullptr);
-	});
-	CRTMachine::Machine *const crt_machine = machines_.front()->crt_machine();
-	if(crt_machine) crt_machine->set_scan_target(scan_target_);
-
-	if(speaker_) {
-		speaker_->set_new_front_machine(machines_.front().get());
-	}
-}

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiConfigurable.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,81 @@
 
 using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 
+namespace {
+
+class MultiStruct: public Reflection::Struct {
+	public:
+		MultiStruct(const std::vector<Configurable::Device *> &devices) : devices_(devices) {
+			for(auto device: devices) {
+				options_.emplace_back(device->get_options());
+			}
+		}
+
+		void apply() {
+			auto options = options_.begin();
+			for(auto device: devices_) {
+				device->set_options(*options);
+				++options;
+			}
+		}
+
+		std::vector<std::string> all_keys() const final {
+			std::set<std::string> keys;
+			for(auto &options: options_) {
+				const auto new_keys = options->all_keys();
+				keys.insert(new_keys.begin(), new_keys.end());
+			}
+			return std::vector<std::string>(keys.begin(), keys.end());
+		}
+
+		std::vector<std::string> values_for(const std::string &name) const final {
+			std::set<std::string> values;
+			for(auto &options: options_) {
+				const auto new_values = options->values_for(name);
+				values.insert(new_values.begin(), new_values.end());
+			}
+			return std::vector<std::string>(values.begin(), values.end());
+		}
+
+		const std::type_info *type_of(const std::string &name) const final {
+			for(auto &options: options_) {
+				auto info = options->type_of(name);
+				if(info) return info;
+			}
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		const void *get(const std::string &name) const final {
+			for(auto &options: options_) {
+				auto value = options->get(name);
+				if(value) return value;
+			}
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		void set(const std::string &name, const void *value) final {
+			const auto safe_type = type_of(name);
+			if(!safe_type) return;
+
+			// Set this property only where the child's type is the same as that
+			// which was returned from here for type_of.
+			for(auto &options: options_) {
+				const auto type = options->type_of(name);
+				if(!type) continue;
+
+				if(*type == *safe_type) {
+					options->set(name, value);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	private:
+		const std::vector<Configurable::Device *> &devices_;
+		std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Reflection::Struct>> options_;
+};
+
+}
+
 MultiConfigurable::MultiConfigurable(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines) {
 	for(const auto &machine: machines) {
 		Configurable::Device *device = machine->configurable_device();
@@ -19,46 +94,11 @@ MultiConfigurable::MultiConfigurable(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine
 	}
 }
 
-std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Configurable::Option>> MultiConfigurable::get_options() {
-	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Configurable::Option>> options;
-
-	// Produce the list of unique options.
-	for(const auto &device : devices_) {
-		std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Configurable::Option>> device_options = device->get_options();
-		for(auto &option : device_options) {
-			if(std::find(options.begin(), options.end(), option) == options.end()) {
-				options.push_back(std::move(option));
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return options;
+void MultiConfigurable::set_options(const std::unique_ptr<Reflection::Struct> &str) {
+	const auto options = dynamic_cast<MultiStruct *>(str.get());
+	options->apply();
 }
 
-void MultiConfigurable::set_selections(const Configurable::SelectionSet &selection_by_option) {
-	for(const auto &device : devices_) {
-		device->set_selections(selection_by_option);
-	}
-}
-
-Configurable::SelectionSet MultiConfigurable::get_accurate_selections() {
-	Configurable::SelectionSet set;
-	for(const auto &device : devices_) {
-		Configurable::SelectionSet device_set = device->get_accurate_selections();
-		for(auto &selection : device_set) {
-			set.insert(std::move(selection));
-		}
-	}
-	return set;
-}
-
-Configurable::SelectionSet MultiConfigurable::get_user_friendly_selections() {
-	Configurable::SelectionSet set;
-	for(const auto &device : devices_) {
-		Configurable::SelectionSet device_set = device->get_user_friendly_selections();
-		for(auto &selection : device_set) {
-			set.insert(std::move(selection));
-		}
-	}
-	return set;
+std::unique_ptr<Reflection::Struct> MultiConfigurable::get_options() {
+	return std::make_unique<MultiStruct>(devices_);
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiConfigurable.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define MultiConfigurable_hpp
 
 #include "../../../../Machines/DynamicMachine.hpp"
+#include "../../../../Configurable/Configurable.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
@@ -28,10 +29,8 @@ class MultiConfigurable: public Configurable::Device {
 		MultiConfigurable(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines);
 
 		// Below is the standard Configurable::Device interface; see there for documentation.
-		std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Configurable::Option>> get_options() override;
-		void set_selections(const Configurable::SelectionSet &selection_by_option) override;
-		Configurable::SelectionSet get_accurate_selections() override;
-		Configurable::SelectionSet get_user_friendly_selections() override;
+		void set_options(const std::unique_ptr<Reflection::Struct> &options) final;
+		std::unique_ptr<Reflection::Struct> get_options() final;
 
 	private:
 		std::vector<Configurable::Device *> devices_;

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiJoystickMachine.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace {
 
 class MultiJoystick: public Inputs::Joystick {
 	public:
-		MultiJoystick(std::vector<JoystickMachine::Machine *> &machines, std::size_t index) {
+		MultiJoystick(std::vector<MachineTypes::JoystickMachine *> &machines, std::size_t index) {
 			for(const auto &machine: machines) {
 				const auto &joysticks = machine->get_joysticks();
 				if(joysticks.size() >= index) {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class MultiJoystick: public Inputs::Joystick {
 			}
 		}
 
-		std::vector<Input> &get_inputs() override {
+		std::vector<Input> &get_inputs() final {
 			if(inputs.empty()) {
 				for(const auto &joystick: joysticks_) {
 					std::vector<Input> joystick_inputs = joystick->get_inputs();
@@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ class MultiJoystick: public Inputs::Joystick {
 			return inputs;
 		}
 
-		void set_input(const Input &digital_input, bool is_active) override {
+		void set_input(const Input &digital_input, bool is_active) final {
 			for(const auto &joystick: joysticks_) {
 				joystick->set_input(digital_input, is_active);
 			}
 		}
 
-		void set_input(const Input &digital_input, float value) override {
+		void set_input(const Input &digital_input, float value) final {
 			for(const auto &joystick: joysticks_) {
 				joystick->set_input(digital_input, value);
 			}
 		}
 
-		void reset_all_inputs() override {
+		void reset_all_inputs() final {
 			for(const auto &joystick: joysticks_) {
 				joystick->reset_all_inputs();
 			}
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ class MultiJoystick: public Inputs::Joystick {
 
 MultiJoystickMachine::MultiJoystickMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines) {
 	std::size_t total_joysticks = 0;
-	std::vector<JoystickMachine::Machine *> joystick_machines;
+	std::vector<MachineTypes::JoystickMachine *> joystick_machines;
 	for(const auto &machine: machines) {
-		JoystickMachine::Machine *joystick_machine = machine->joystick_machine();
+		auto joystick_machine = machine->joystick_machine();
 		if(joystick_machine) {
 			joystick_machines.push_back(joystick_machine);
 			total_joysticks = std::max(total_joysticks, joystick_machine->get_joysticks().size());

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiJoystickMachine.hpp

@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 	Makes a static internal copy of the list of machines; makes no guarantees about the
 	order of delivered messages.
 */
-class MultiJoystickMachine: public JoystickMachine::Machine {
+class MultiJoystickMachine: public MachineTypes::JoystickMachine {
 	public:
 		MultiJoystickMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines);
 
 		// Below is the standard JoystickMachine::Machine interface; see there for documentation.
-		const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Inputs::Joystick>> &get_joysticks() override;
+		const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Inputs::Joystick>> &get_joysticks() final;
 
 	private:
 		std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Inputs::Joystick>> joysticks_;

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiKeyboardMachine.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboardMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines) :
 	keyboard_(machines_) {
 	for(const auto &machine: machines) {
-		KeyboardMachine::Machine *keyboard_machine = machine->keyboard_machine();
+		auto keyboard_machine = machine->keyboard_machine();
 		if(keyboard_machine) machines_.push_back(keyboard_machine);
 	}
 }
@@ -36,11 +36,19 @@ void MultiKeyboardMachine::type_string(const std::string &string) {
 	}
 }
 
+bool MultiKeyboardMachine::can_type(char c) {
+	bool can_type = true;
+	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
+		can_type &= machine->can_type(c);
+	}
+	return can_type;
+}
+
 Inputs::Keyboard &MultiKeyboardMachine::get_keyboard() {
 	return keyboard_;
 }
 
-MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::MultiKeyboard(const std::vector<::KeyboardMachine::Machine *> &machines)
+MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::MultiKeyboard(const std::vector<::MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine *> &machines)
 	: machines_(machines) {
 	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
 		observed_keys_.insert(machine->get_keyboard().observed_keys().begin(), machine->get_keyboard().observed_keys().end());
@@ -48,10 +56,12 @@ MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::MultiKeyboard(const std::vector<::KeyboardM
 	}
 }
 
-void MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::set_key_pressed(Key key, char value, bool is_pressed) {
+bool MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::set_key_pressed(Key key, char value, bool is_pressed) {
+	bool was_consumed = false;
 	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
-		machine->get_keyboard().set_key_pressed(key, value, is_pressed);
+		was_consumed |= machine->get_keyboard().set_key_pressed(key, value, is_pressed);
 	}
+	return was_consumed;
 }
 
 void MultiKeyboardMachine::MultiKeyboard::reset_all_keys() {

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiKeyboardMachine.hpp

@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 	Makes a static internal copy of the list of machines; makes no guarantees about the
 	order of delivered messages.
 */
-class MultiKeyboardMachine: public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
+class MultiKeyboardMachine: public MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine {
 	private:
-		std::vector<::KeyboardMachine::Machine *> machines_;
+		std::vector<MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine *> machines_;
 
 		class MultiKeyboard: public Inputs::Keyboard {
 			public:
-				MultiKeyboard(const std::vector<::KeyboardMachine::Machine *> &machines);
+				MultiKeyboard(const std::vector<MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine *> &machines);
 
-				void set_key_pressed(Key key, char value, bool is_pressed) override;
-				void reset_all_keys() override;
-				const std::set<Key> &observed_keys() override;
-				bool is_exclusive() override;
+				bool set_key_pressed(Key key, char value, bool is_pressed) final;
+				void reset_all_keys() final;
+				const std::set<Key> &observed_keys() final;
+				bool is_exclusive() final;
 
 			private:
-				const std::vector<::KeyboardMachine::Machine *> &machines_;
+				const std::vector<MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine *> &machines_;
 				std::set<Key> observed_keys_;
 				bool is_exclusive_ = false;
 		};
@@ -48,10 +48,11 @@ class MultiKeyboardMachine: public KeyboardMachine::Machine {
 		MultiKeyboardMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines);
 
 		// Below is the standard KeyboardMachine::Machine interface; see there for documentation.
-		void clear_all_keys() override;
-		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool is_pressed) override;
-		void type_string(const std::string &) override;
-		Inputs::Keyboard &get_keyboard() override;
+		void clear_all_keys() final;
+		void set_key_state(uint16_t key, bool is_pressed) final;
+		void type_string(const std::string &) final;
+		bool can_type(char c) final;
+		Inputs::Keyboard &get_keyboard() final;
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiMediaTarget.cpp

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 
 MultiMediaTarget::MultiMediaTarget(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines) {
 	for(const auto &machine: machines) {
-		MediaTarget::Machine *media_target = machine->media_target();
+		auto media_target = machine->media_target();
 		if(media_target) targets_.push_back(media_target);
 	}
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiMediaTarget.hpp

@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 	Makes a static internal copy of the list of machines; makes no guarantees about the
 	order of delivered messages.
 */
-struct MultiMediaTarget: public MediaTarget::Machine {
+struct MultiMediaTarget: public MachineTypes::MediaTarget {
 	public:
 		MultiMediaTarget(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines);
 
 		// Below is the standard MediaTarget::Machine interface; see there for documentation.
-		bool insert_media(const Analyser::Static::Media &media) override;
+		bool insert_media(const Analyser::Static::Media &media) final;
 
 	private:
-		std::vector<MediaTarget::Machine *> targets_;
+		std::vector<MachineTypes::MediaTarget *> targets_;
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiProducer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//
+//  MultiProducer.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 29/01/2018.
+//  Copyright 2018 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "MultiProducer.hpp"
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <mutex>
+
+using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
+
+// MARK: - MultiInterface
+
+template <typename MachineType>
+void MultiInterface<MachineType>::perform_parallel(const std::function<void(MachineType *)> &function) {
+	// Apply a blunt force parallelisation of the machines; each run_for is dispatched
+	// to a separate queue and this queue will block until all are done.
+	volatile std::size_t outstanding_machines;
+	std::condition_variable condition;
+	std::mutex mutex;
+	{
+		std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
+		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+		outstanding_machines = machines_.size();
+
+		for(std::size_t index = 0; index < machines_.size(); ++index) {
+			const auto machine = ::Machine::get<MachineType>(*machines_[index].get());
+			queues_[index].enqueue([&mutex, &condition, machine, function, &outstanding_machines]() {
+				if(machine) function(machine);
+
+				std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+				outstanding_machines--;
+				condition.notify_all();
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+	condition.wait(lock, [&outstanding_machines] { return !outstanding_machines; });
+}
+
+template <typename MachineType>
+void MultiInterface<MachineType>::perform_serial(const std::function<void(MachineType *)> &function) {
+	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
+	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
+		const auto typed_machine = ::Machine::get<MachineType>(*machine.get());
+		if(typed_machine) function(typed_machine);
+	}
+}
+
+// MARK: - MultiScanProducer
+void MultiScanProducer::set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target) {
+	scan_target_ = scan_target;
+
+	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
+	const auto machine = machines_.front()->scan_producer();
+	if(machine) machine->set_scan_target(scan_target);
+}
+
+Outputs::Display::ScanStatus MultiScanProducer::get_scan_status() const {
+	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
+	const auto machine = machines_.front()->scan_producer();
+	if(machine) return machine->get_scan_status();
+	return Outputs::Display::ScanStatus();
+}
+
+void MultiScanProducer::did_change_machine_order() {
+	if(scan_target_) scan_target_->will_change_owner();
+
+	perform_serial([](MachineTypes::ScanProducer *machine) {
+		machine->set_scan_target(nullptr);
+	});
+	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
+	const auto machine = machines_.front()->scan_producer();
+	if(machine) machine->set_scan_target(scan_target_);
+}
+
+// MARK: - MultiAudioProducer
+MultiAudioProducer::MultiAudioProducer(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines, std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex) : MultiInterface(machines, machines_mutex) {
+	speaker_ = MultiSpeaker::create(machines);
+}
+
+Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *MultiAudioProducer::get_speaker() {
+	return speaker_;
+}
+
+void MultiAudioProducer::did_change_machine_order() {
+	if(speaker_) {
+		speaker_->set_new_front_machine(machines_.front().get());
+	}
+}
+
+// MARK: - MultiTimedMachine
+
+void MultiTimedMachine::run_for(Time::Seconds duration) {
+	perform_parallel([duration](::MachineTypes::TimedMachine *machine) {
+		if(machine->get_confidence() >= 0.01f) machine->run_for(duration);
+	});
+
+	if(delegate_) delegate_->did_run_machines(this);
+}

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiProducer.hpp

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //
-//  MultiCRTMachine.hpp
+//  MultiProducer.hpp
 //  Clock Signal
 //
 //  Created by Thomas Harte on 29/01/2018.
 //  Copyright 2018 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
 //
 
-#ifndef MultiCRTMachine_hpp
-#define MultiCRTMachine_hpp
+#ifndef MultiProducer_hpp
+#define MultiProducer_hpp
 
 #include "../../../../Concurrency/AsyncTaskQueue.hpp"
-#include "../../../../Machines/CRTMachine.hpp"
+#include "../../../../Machines/MachineTypes.hpp"
 #include "../../../../Machines/DynamicMachine.hpp"
 
 #include "MultiSpeaker.hpp"
@@ -22,6 +22,91 @@
 namespace Analyser {
 namespace Dynamic {
 
+template <typename MachineType> class MultiInterface {
+	public:
+		MultiInterface(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines, std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex) :
+			machines_(machines), machines_mutex_(machines_mutex), queues_(machines.size()) {}
+
+	protected:
+		/*!
+			Performs a parallel for operation across all machines, performing the supplied
+			function on each and returning only once all applications have completed.
+
+			No guarantees are extended as to which thread operations will occur on.
+		*/
+		void perform_parallel(const std::function<void(MachineType *)> &);
+
+		/*!
+			Performs a serial for operation across all machines, performing the supplied
+			function on each on the calling thread.
+		*/
+		void perform_serial(const std::function<void(MachineType *)> &);
+
+	protected:
+		const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines_;
+		std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex_;
+
+	private:
+		std::vector<Concurrency::AsyncTaskQueue> queues_;
+};
+
+class MultiTimedMachine: public MultiInterface<MachineTypes::TimedMachine>, public MachineTypes::TimedMachine {
+	public:
+		using MultiInterface::MultiInterface;
+
+		/*!
+			Provides a mechanism by which a delegate can be informed each time a call to run_for has
+			been received.
+		*/
+		struct Delegate {
+			virtual void did_run_machines(MultiTimedMachine *) = 0;
+		};
+		/// Sets @c delegate as the receiver of delegate messages.
+		void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate) {
+			delegate_ = delegate;
+		}
+
+		void run_for(Time::Seconds duration) final;
+
+	private:
+		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) final {}
+		Delegate *delegate_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+class MultiScanProducer: public MultiInterface<MachineTypes::ScanProducer>, public MachineTypes::ScanProducer {
+	public:
+		using MultiInterface::MultiInterface;
+
+		/*!
+			Informs the MultiScanProducer that the order of machines has changed; it
+			uses this as an opportunity to synthesis any CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate messages that
+			are necessary to bridge the gap between one machine and the next.
+		*/
+		void did_change_machine_order();
+
+		void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target) final;
+		Outputs::Display::ScanStatus get_scan_status() const final;
+
+	private:
+		Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+class MultiAudioProducer: public MultiInterface<MachineTypes::AudioProducer>, public MachineTypes::AudioProducer {
+	public:
+		MultiAudioProducer(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines, std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex);
+
+		/*!
+			Informs the MultiAudio that the order of machines has changed; it
+			uses this as an opportunity to switch speaker delegates as appropriate.
+		*/
+		void did_change_machine_order();
+
+		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *get_speaker() final;
+
+	private:
+		MultiSpeaker *speaker_ = nullptr;
+};
+
 /*!
 	Provides a class that multiplexes the CRT machine interface to multiple machines.
 
@@ -29,60 +114,9 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 	acquiring a supplied mutex. The owner should also call did_change_machine_order()
 	if the order of machines changes.
 */
-class MultiCRTMachine: public CRTMachine::Machine {
-	public:
-		MultiCRTMachine(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines, std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex);
-
-		/*!
-			Informs the MultiCRTMachine that the order of machines has changed; the MultiCRTMachine
-			uses this as an opportunity to synthesis any CRTMachine::Machine::Delegate messages that
-			are necessary to bridge the gap between one machine and the next.
-		*/
-		void did_change_machine_order();
-
-		/*!
-			Provides a mechanism by which a delegate can be informed each time a call to run_for has
-			been received.
-		*/
-		struct Delegate {
-			virtual void multi_crt_did_run_machines() = 0;
-		};
-		/// Sets @c delegate as the receiver of delegate messages.
-		void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate) {
-			delegate_ = delegate;
-		}
-
-		// Below is the standard CRTMachine::Machine interface; see there for documentation.
-		void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target) override;
-		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *get_speaker() override;
-		void run_for(Time::Seconds duration) override;
-
-	private:
-		void run_for(const Cycles cycles) override {}
-		const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines_;
-		std::recursive_mutex &machines_mutex_;
-		std::vector<Concurrency::AsyncTaskQueue> queues_;
-		MultiSpeaker *speaker_ = nullptr;
-		Delegate *delegate_ = nullptr;
-		Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target_ = nullptr;
-
-		/*!
-			Performs a parallel for operation across all machines, performing the supplied
-			function on each and returning only once all applications have completed.
-
-			No guarantees are extended as to which thread operations will occur on.
-		*/
-		void perform_parallel(const std::function<void(::CRTMachine::Machine *)> &);
-
-		/*!
-			Performs a serial for operation across all machines, performing the supplied
-			function on each on the calling thread.
-		*/
-		void perform_serial(const std::function<void(::CRTMachine::Machine *)> &);
-};
 
 }
 }
 
 
-#endif /* MultiCRTMachine_hpp */
+#endif /* MultiProducer_hpp */

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiSpeaker.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 MultiSpeaker *MultiSpeaker::create(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<::Machine::DynamicMachine>> &machines) {
 	std::vector<Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *> speakers;
 	for(const auto &machine: machines) {
-		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *speaker = machine->crt_machine()->get_speaker();
+		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *speaker = machine->audio_producer()->get_speaker();
 		if(speaker) speakers.push_back(speaker);
 	}
 	if(speakers.empty()) return nullptr;
@@ -34,12 +34,29 @@ float MultiSpeaker::get_ideal_clock_rate_in_range(float minimum, float maximum)
 		ideal += speaker->get_ideal_clock_rate_in_range(minimum, maximum);
 	}
 
-	return ideal / static_cast<float>(speakers_.size());
+	return ideal / float(speakers_.size());
 }
 
-void MultiSpeaker::set_output_rate(float cycles_per_second, int buffer_size) {
+void MultiSpeaker::set_computed_output_rate(float cycles_per_second, int buffer_size, bool stereo) {
+	stereo_output_ = stereo;
 	for(const auto &speaker: speakers_) {
-		speaker->set_output_rate(cycles_per_second, buffer_size);
+		speaker->set_computed_output_rate(cycles_per_second, buffer_size, stereo);
+	}
+}
+
+bool MultiSpeaker::get_is_stereo() {
+	// Return as stereo if any subspeaker is stereo.
+	for(const auto &speaker: speakers_) {
+		if(speaker->get_is_stereo()) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+void MultiSpeaker::set_output_volume(float volume) {
+	for(const auto &speaker: speakers_) {
+		speaker->set_output_volume(volume);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +70,7 @@ void MultiSpeaker::speaker_did_complete_samples(Speaker *speaker, const std::vec
 		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock_guard(front_speaker_mutex_);
 		if(speaker != front_speaker_) return;
 	}
-	delegate_->speaker_did_complete_samples(this, buffer);
+	did_complete_samples(this, buffer, stereo_output_);
 }
 
 void MultiSpeaker::speaker_did_change_input_clock(Speaker *speaker) {
@@ -68,7 +85,7 @@ void MultiSpeaker::speaker_did_change_input_clock(Speaker *speaker) {
 void MultiSpeaker::set_new_front_machine(::Machine::DynamicMachine *machine) {
 	{
 		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock_guard(front_speaker_mutex_);
-		front_speaker_ = machine->crt_machine()->get_speaker();
+		front_speaker_ = machine->audio_producer()->get_speaker();
 	}
 	if(delegate_) {
 		delegate_->speaker_did_change_input_clock(this);

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/Implementation/MultiSpeaker.hpp

@@ -39,18 +39,22 @@ class MultiSpeaker: public Outputs::Speaker::Speaker, Outputs::Speaker::Speaker:
 
 		// Below is the standard Outputs::Speaker::Speaker interface; see there for documentation.
 		float get_ideal_clock_rate_in_range(float minimum, float maximum) override;
-		void set_output_rate(float cycles_per_second, int buffer_size) override;
+		void set_computed_output_rate(float cycles_per_second, int buffer_size, bool stereo) override;
 		void set_delegate(Outputs::Speaker::Speaker::Delegate *delegate) override;
+		bool get_is_stereo() override;
+		void set_output_volume(float) override;
 
 	private:
-		void speaker_did_complete_samples(Speaker *speaker, const std::vector<int16_t> &buffer) override;
-		void speaker_did_change_input_clock(Speaker *speaker) override;
+		void speaker_did_complete_samples(Speaker *speaker, const std::vector<int16_t> &buffer) final;
+		void speaker_did_change_input_clock(Speaker *speaker) final;
 		MultiSpeaker(const std::vector<Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *> &speakers);
 
 		std::vector<Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *> speakers_;
 		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *front_speaker_ = nullptr;
 		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker::Delegate *delegate_ = nullptr;
 		std::mutex front_speaker_mutex_;
+
+		bool stereo_output_ = false;
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/MultiMachine.cpp

@@ -16,74 +16,55 @@ using namespace Analyser::Dynamic;
 MultiMachine::MultiMachine(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine>> &&machines) :
 	machines_(std::move(machines)),
 	configurable_(machines_),
-	crt_machine_(machines_, machines_mutex_),
-	joystick_machine_(machines),
+	timed_machine_(machines_, machines_mutex_),
+	scan_producer_(machines_, machines_mutex_),
+	audio_producer_(machines_, machines_mutex_),
+	joystick_machine_(machines_),
 	keyboard_machine_(machines_),
 	media_target_(machines_) {
-	crt_machine_.set_delegate(this);
+	timed_machine_.set_delegate(this);
 }
 
 Activity::Source *MultiMachine::activity_source() {
 	return nullptr; // TODO
 }
 
-MediaTarget::Machine *MultiMachine::media_target() {
-	if(has_picked_) {
-		return machines_.front()->media_target();
-	} else {
-		return &media_target_;
+#define Provider(type, name, member)	\
+	type *MultiMachine::name() {	\
+		if(has_picked_) {	\
+			return machines_.front()->name();	\
+		} else {	\
+			return &member;	\
+		}	\
 	}
-}
 
-CRTMachine::Machine *MultiMachine::crt_machine() {
-	if(has_picked_) {
-		return machines_.front()->crt_machine();
-	} else {
-		return &crt_machine_;
-	}
-}
+Provider(Configurable::Device, configurable_device, configurable_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::TimedMachine, timed_machine, timed_machine_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::ScanProducer, scan_producer, scan_producer_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::AudioProducer, audio_producer, audio_producer_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::JoystickMachine, joystick_machine, joystick_machine_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine, keyboard_machine, keyboard_machine_)
+Provider(MachineTypes::MediaTarget, media_target, media_target_)
 
-JoystickMachine::Machine *MultiMachine::joystick_machine() {
-	if(has_picked_) {
-		return machines_.front()->joystick_machine();
-	} else {
-		return &joystick_machine_;
-	}
-}
-
-KeyboardMachine::Machine *MultiMachine::keyboard_machine() {
-	if(has_picked_) {
-		return machines_.front()->keyboard_machine();
-	} else {
-		return &keyboard_machine_;
-	}
-}
-
-MouseMachine::Machine *MultiMachine::mouse_machine() {
+MachineTypes::MouseMachine *MultiMachine::mouse_machine() {
 	// TODO.
 	return nullptr;
 }
 
-Configurable::Device *MultiMachine::configurable_device() {
-	if(has_picked_) {
-		return machines_.front()->configurable_device();
-	} else {
-		return &configurable_;
-	}
-}
+#undef Provider
 
 bool MultiMachine::would_collapse(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine>> &machines) {
 	return
-		(machines.front()->crt_machine()->get_confidence() > 0.9f) ||
-		(machines.front()->crt_machine()->get_confidence() >= 2.0f * machines[1]->crt_machine()->get_confidence());
+		(machines.front()->timed_machine()->get_confidence() > 0.9f) ||
+		(machines.front()->timed_machine()->get_confidence() >= 2.0f * machines[1]->timed_machine()->get_confidence());
 }
 
-void MultiMachine::multi_crt_did_run_machines() {
+void MultiMachine::did_run_machines(MultiTimedMachine *) {
 	std::lock_guard<decltype(machines_mutex_)> machines_lock(machines_mutex_);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 	for(const auto &machine: machines_) {
-		CRTMachine::Machine *crt = machine->crt_machine();
-		LOGNBR(PADHEX(2) << crt->get_confidence() << " " << crt->debug_type() << "; ");
+		auto timed_machine = machine->timed_machine();
+		LOGNBR(PADHEX(2) << timed_machine->get_confidence() << " " << timed_machine->debug_type() << "; ");
 	}
 	LOGNBR(std::endl);
 #endif
@@ -91,13 +72,14 @@ void MultiMachine::multi_crt_did_run_machines() {
 	DynamicMachine *front = machines_.front().get();
 	std::stable_sort(machines_.begin(), machines_.end(),
 		[] (const std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine> &lhs, const std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine> &rhs){
-			CRTMachine::Machine *lhs_crt = lhs->crt_machine();
-			CRTMachine::Machine *rhs_crt = rhs->crt_machine();
-			return lhs_crt->get_confidence() > rhs_crt->get_confidence();
+			auto lhs_timed = lhs->timed_machine();
+			auto rhs_timed = rhs->timed_machine();
+			return lhs_timed->get_confidence() > rhs_timed->get_confidence();
 		});
 
 	if(machines_.front().get() != front) {
-		crt_machine_.did_change_machine_order();
+		scan_producer_.did_change_machine_order();
+		audio_producer_.did_change_machine_order();
 	}
 
 	if(would_collapse(machines_)) {

Analyser/Dynamic/MultiMachine/MultiMachine.hpp

@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@
 
 #include "../../../Machines/DynamicMachine.hpp"
 
+#include "Implementation/MultiProducer.hpp"
 #include "Implementation/MultiConfigurable.hpp"
-#include "Implementation/MultiCRTMachine.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/MultiProducer.hpp"
 #include "Implementation/MultiJoystickMachine.hpp"
 #include "Implementation/MultiKeyboardMachine.hpp"
 #include "Implementation/MultiMediaTarget.hpp"
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Dynamic {
 	If confidence for any machine becomes disproportionately low compared to
 	the others in the set, that machine stops running.
 */
-class MultiMachine: public ::Machine::DynamicMachine, public MultiCRTMachine::Delegate {
+class MultiMachine: public ::Machine::DynamicMachine, public MultiTimedMachine::Delegate {
 	public:
 		/*!
 			Allows a potential MultiMachine creator to enquire as to whether there's any benefit in
@@ -50,23 +51,27 @@ class MultiMachine: public ::Machine::DynamicMachine, public MultiCRTMachine::De
 		static bool would_collapse(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine>> &machines);
 		MultiMachine(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine>> &&machines);
 
-		Activity::Source *activity_source() override;
-		Configurable::Device *configurable_device() override;
-		CRTMachine::Machine *crt_machine() override;
-		JoystickMachine::Machine *joystick_machine() override;
-		MouseMachine::Machine *mouse_machine() override;
-		KeyboardMachine::Machine *keyboard_machine() override;
-		MediaTarget::Machine *media_target() override;
-		void *raw_pointer() override;
+		Activity::Source *activity_source() final;
+		Configurable::Device *configurable_device() final;
+		MachineTypes::TimedMachine *timed_machine() final;
+		MachineTypes::ScanProducer *scan_producer() final;
+		MachineTypes::AudioProducer *audio_producer() final;
+		MachineTypes::JoystickMachine *joystick_machine() final;
+		MachineTypes::KeyboardMachine *keyboard_machine() final;
+		MachineTypes::MouseMachine *mouse_machine() final;
+		MachineTypes::MediaTarget *media_target() final;
+		void *raw_pointer() final;
 
 	private:
-		void multi_crt_did_run_machines() override;
+		void did_run_machines(MultiTimedMachine *) final;
 
 		std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DynamicMachine>> machines_;
 		std::recursive_mutex machines_mutex_;
 
 		MultiConfigurable configurable_;
-		MultiCRTMachine crt_machine_;
+		MultiTimedMachine timed_machine_;
+		MultiScanProducer scan_producer_;
+		MultiAudioProducer audio_producer_;
 		MultiJoystickMachine joystick_machine_;
 		MultiKeyboardMachine keyboard_machine_;
 		MultiMediaTarget media_target_;

Analyser/Static/Acorn/Disk.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "../../../Storage/Disk/Controller/DiskController.hpp"
 #include "../../../Storage/Disk/Encodings/MFM/Parser.hpp"
-#include "../../../NumberTheory/CRC.hpp"
+#include "../../../Numeric/CRC.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<Catalogue> Analyser::Static::Acorn::GetDFSCatalogue(const std::s
 	auto catalogue = std::make_unique<Catalogue>();
 	Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser parser(false, disk);
 
-	Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *names = parser.get_sector(0, 0, 0);
-	Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *details = parser.get_sector(0, 0, 1);
+	const Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *const names = parser.get_sector(0, 0, 0);
+	const Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *const details = parser.get_sector(0, 0, 1);
 
 	if(!names || !details) return nullptr;
 	if(names->samples.empty() || details->samples.empty()) return nullptr;
@@ -48,18 +48,18 @@ std::unique_ptr<Catalogue> Analyser::Static::Acorn::GetDFSCatalogue(const std::s
 		char name[10];
 		snprintf(name, 10, "%c.%.7s", names->samples[0][file_offset + 7] & 0x7f, &names->samples[0][file_offset]);
 		new_file.name = name;
-		new_file.load_address = (uint32_t)(details->samples[0][file_offset] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+1] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0x0c) << 14));
-		new_file.execution_address = (uint32_t)(details->samples[0][file_offset+2] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+3] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0xc0) << 10));
-		new_file.is_protected = !!(names->samples[0][file_offset + 7] & 0x80);
+		new_file.load_address = uint32_t(details->samples[0][file_offset] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+1] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0x0c) << 14));
+		new_file.execution_address = uint32_t(details->samples[0][file_offset+2] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+3] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0xc0) << 10));
+		new_file.is_protected = names->samples[0][file_offset + 7] & 0x80;
 
-		long data_length = static_cast<long>(details->samples[0][file_offset+4] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+5] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0x30) << 12));
+		long data_length = long(details->samples[0][file_offset+4] | (details->samples[0][file_offset+5] << 8) | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0x30) << 12));
 		int start_sector = details->samples[0][file_offset+7] | ((details->samples[0][file_offset+6]&0x03) << 8);
-		new_file.data.reserve(static_cast<std::size_t>(data_length));
+		new_file.data.reserve(size_t(data_length));
 
 		if(start_sector < 2) continue;
 		while(data_length > 0) {
-			uint8_t sector = static_cast<uint8_t>(start_sector % 10);
-			uint8_t track = static_cast<uint8_t>(start_sector / 10);
+			uint8_t sector = uint8_t(start_sector % 10);
+			uint8_t track = uint8_t(start_sector / 10);
 			start_sector++;
 
 			Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *next_sector = parser.get_sector(0, track, sector);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Catalogue> Analyser::Static::Acorn::GetADFSCatalogue(const std::
 	std::vector<uint8_t> root_directory;
 	root_directory.reserve(5 * 256);
 	for(uint8_t c = 2; c < 7; c++) {
-		Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *sector = parser.get_sector(0, 0, c);
+		const Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *const sector = parser.get_sector(0, 0, c);
 		if(!sector) return nullptr;
 		root_directory.insert(root_directory.end(), sector->samples[0].begin(), sector->samples[0].end());
 	}

Analyser/Static/Acorn/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ static std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge>>
 		if(segment.data.size() != 0x4000 && segment.data.size() != 0x2000) continue;
 
 		// is a copyright string present?
-		uint8_t copyright_offset = segment.data[7];
+		const uint8_t copyright_offset = segment.data[7];
 		if(
 			segment.data[copyright_offset] != 0x00 ||
 			segment.data[copyright_offset+1] != 0x28 ||
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ static std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge>>
 
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Acorn::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::Electron;
 	target->confidence = 0.5; // TODO: a proper estimation
 	target->has_dfs = false;
 	target->has_adfs = false;
@@ -84,8 +83,8 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Acorn::GetTargets(const Media &me
 			// check also for a continuous threading of BASIC lines; if none then this probably isn't BASIC code,
 			// so that's also justification to *RUN
 			std::size_t pointer = 0;
-			uint8_t *data = &files.front().data[0];
-			std::size_t data_size = files.front().data.size();
+			uint8_t *const data = &files.front().data[0];
+			const std::size_t data_size = files.front().data.size();
 			while(1) {
 				if(pointer >= data_size-1 || data[pointer] != 13) {
 					is_basic = false;

Analyser/Static/Acorn/Tape.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <deque>
 
-#include "../../../NumberTheory/CRC.hpp"
+#include "../../../Numeric/CRC.hpp"
 #include "../../../Storage/Tape/Parsers/Acorn.hpp"
 
 using namespace Analyser::Static::Acorn;
@@ -41,24 +41,24 @@ static std::unique_ptr<File::Chunk> GetNextChunk(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::
 	char name[11];
 	std::size_t name_ptr = 0;
 	while(!tape->is_at_end() && name_ptr < sizeof(name)) {
-		name[name_ptr] = (char)parser.get_next_byte(tape);
+		name[name_ptr] = char(parser.get_next_byte(tape));
 		if(!name[name_ptr]) break;
-		name_ptr++;
+		++name_ptr;
 	}
 	name[sizeof(name)-1] = '\0';
 	new_chunk->name = name;
 
 	// addresses
-	new_chunk->load_address = (uint32_t)parser.get_next_word(tape);
-	new_chunk->execution_address = (uint32_t)parser.get_next_word(tape);
-	new_chunk->block_number = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_short(tape));
-	new_chunk->block_length = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_short(tape));
-	new_chunk->block_flag = static_cast<uint8_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape));
-	new_chunk->next_address = (uint32_t)parser.get_next_word(tape);
+	new_chunk->load_address = uint32_t(parser.get_next_word(tape));
+	new_chunk->execution_address = uint32_t(parser.get_next_word(tape));
+	new_chunk->block_number = uint16_t(parser.get_next_short(tape));
+	new_chunk->block_length = uint16_t(parser.get_next_short(tape));
+	new_chunk->block_flag = uint8_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape));
+	new_chunk->next_address = uint32_t(parser.get_next_word(tape));
 
 	uint16_t calculated_header_crc = parser.get_crc();
-	uint16_t stored_header_crc = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_short(tape));
-	stored_header_crc = static_cast<uint16_t>((stored_header_crc >> 8) | (stored_header_crc << 8));
+	uint16_t stored_header_crc = uint16_t(parser.get_next_short(tape));
+	stored_header_crc = uint16_t((stored_header_crc >> 8) | (stored_header_crc << 8));
 	new_chunk->header_crc_matched = stored_header_crc == calculated_header_crc;
 
 	if(!new_chunk->header_crc_matched) return nullptr;
@@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ static std::unique_ptr<File::Chunk> GetNextChunk(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::
 	parser.reset_crc();
 	new_chunk->data.reserve(new_chunk->block_length);
 	for(int c = 0; c < new_chunk->block_length; c++) {
-		new_chunk->data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape)));
+		new_chunk->data.push_back(uint8_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape)));
 	}
 
 	if(new_chunk->block_length && !(new_chunk->block_flag&0x40)) {
 		uint16_t calculated_data_crc = parser.get_crc();
-		uint16_t stored_data_crc = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_short(tape));
-		stored_data_crc = static_cast<uint16_t>((stored_data_crc >> 8) | (stored_data_crc << 8));
+		uint16_t stored_data_crc = uint16_t(parser.get_next_short(tape));
+		stored_data_crc = uint16_t((stored_data_crc >> 8) | (stored_data_crc << 8));
 		new_chunk->data_crc_matched = stored_data_crc == calculated_data_crc;
 	} else {
 		new_chunk->data_crc_matched = true;

Analyser/Static/Acorn/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_Acorn_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_Acorn_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,11 +17,18 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace Acorn {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
+struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
 	bool has_adfs = false;
 	bool has_dfs = false;
 	bool should_shift_restart = false;
 	std::string loading_command;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::Electron) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(has_adfs);
+			DeclareField(has_dfs);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/AmstradCPC/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -182,7 +182,6 @@ static bool CheckBootSector(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> &disk, co
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::AmstradCPC::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	TargetList destination;
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::AmstradCPC;
 	target->confidence = 0.5;
 
 	target->model = Target::Model::CPC6128;

Analyser/Static/AmstradCPC/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_AmstradCPC_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_AmstradCPC_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,15 +18,17 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace AmstradCPC {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
-	enum class Model {
-		CPC464,
-		CPC664,
-		CPC6128
-	};
-
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	ReflectableEnum(Model, CPC464, CPC664, CPC6128);
 	Model model = Model::CPC464;
 	std::string loading_command;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::AmstradCPC) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(model);
+			AnnounceEnum(Model);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/AppleII/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::AppleII::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::AppleII;
 	target->media = media;
 
 	if(!target->media.disks.empty())

Analyser/Static/AppleII/Target.hpp

@@ -9,27 +9,38 @@
 #ifndef Target_h
 #define Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 
 namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace AppleII {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
-	enum class Model {
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	ReflectableEnum(Model,
 		II,
 		IIplus,
 		IIe,
 		EnhancedIIe
-	};
-	enum class DiskController {
+	);
+	ReflectableEnum(DiskController,
 		None,
 		SixteenSector,
 		ThirteenSector
-	};
+	);
 
 	Model model = Model::IIe;
 	DiskController disk_controller = DiskController::None;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::AppleII) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(model);
+			DeclareField(disk_controller);
+			AnnounceEnum(Model);
+			AnnounceEnum(DiskController);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Atari2600/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -16,24 +16,22 @@ using namespace Analyser::Static::Atari2600;
 using Target = Analyser::Static::Atari2600::Target;
 
 static void DeterminePagingFor2kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge::Segment &segment) {
-	// if this is a 2kb cartridge then it's definitely either unpaged or a CommaVid
-	uint16_t entry_address, break_address;
+	// If this is a 2kb cartridge then it's definitely either unpaged or a CommaVid.
+	const uint16_t entry_address = uint16_t(segment.data[0x7fc] | (segment.data[0x7fd] << 8)) & 0x1fff;
+	const uint16_t break_address = uint16_t(segment.data[0x7fe] | (segment.data[0x7ff] << 8)) & 0x1fff;
 
-	entry_address = (static_cast<uint16_t>(segment.data[0x7fc] | (segment.data[0x7fd] << 8))) & 0x1fff;
-	break_address = (static_cast<uint16_t>(segment.data[0x7fe] | (segment.data[0x7ff] << 8))) & 0x1fff;
-
-	// a CommaVid start address needs to be outside of its RAM
+	// A CommaVid start address needs to be outside of its RAM.
 	if(entry_address < 0x1800 || break_address < 0x1800) return;
 
 	std::function<std::size_t(uint16_t address)> high_location_mapper = [](uint16_t address) {
 		address &= 0x1fff;
-		return static_cast<std::size_t>(address - 0x1800);
+		return size_t(address - 0x1800);
 	};
 	Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly high_location_disassembly =
 		Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(segment.data, high_location_mapper, {entry_address, break_address});
 
-	// assume that any kind of store that looks likely to be intended for large amounts of memory implies
-	// large amounts of memory
+	// Assume that any kind of store that looks likely to be intended for large amounts of memory implies
+	// large amounts of memory.
 	bool has_wide_area_store = false;
 	for(std::map<uint16_t, Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Instruction>::value_type &entry : high_location_disassembly.instructions_by_address) {
 		if(entry.second.operation == Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Instruction::STA) {
@@ -45,17 +43,17 @@ static void DeterminePagingFor2kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartrid
 		}
 	}
 
-	// conclude that this is a CommaVid if it attempted to write something to the CommaVid RAM locations;
+	// Conclude that this is a CommaVid if it attempted to write something to the CommaVid RAM locations;
 	// caveat: false positives aren't likely to be problematic; a false positive is a 2KB ROM that always addresses
 	// itself so as to land in ROM even if mapped as a CommaVid and this code is on the fence as to whether it
-	// attempts to modify itself but it probably doesn't
+	// attempts to modify itself but it probably doesn't.
 	if(has_wide_area_store) target.paging_model = Target::PagingModel::CommaVid;
 }
 
 static void DeterminePagingFor8kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge::Segment &segment, const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
 	// Activision stack titles have their vectors at the top of the low 4k, not the top, and
 	// always list 0xf000 as both vectors; they do not repeat them, and, inexplicably, they all
-	// issue an SEI as their first instruction (maybe some sort of relic of the development environment?)
+	// issue an SEI as their first instruction (maybe some sort of relic of the development environment?).
 	if(
 		segment.data[4095] == 0xf0 && segment.data[4093] == 0xf0 && segment.data[4094] == 0x00 && segment.data[4092] == 0x00 &&
 		(segment.data[8191] != 0xf0 || segment.data[8189] != 0xf0 || segment.data[8190] != 0x00 || segment.data[8188] != 0x00) &&
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ static void DeterminePagingFor8kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartrid
 		return;
 	}
 
-	// make an assumption that this is the Atari paging model
+	// Make an assumption that this is the Atari paging model.
 	target.paging_model = Target::PagingModel::Atari8k;
 
 	std::set<uint16_t> internal_accesses;
@@ -91,7 +89,7 @@ static void DeterminePagingFor8kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartrid
 }
 
 static void DeterminePagingFor16kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge::Segment &segment, const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
-	// make an assumption that this is the Atari paging model
+	// Make an assumption that this is the Atari paging model.
 	target.paging_model = Target::PagingModel::Atari16k;
 
 	std::set<uint16_t> internal_accesses;
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ static void DeterminePagingFor16kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartri
 }
 
 static void DeterminePagingFor64kCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge::Segment &segment, const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
-	// make an assumption that this is a Tigervision if there is a write to 3F
+	// Make an assumption that this is a Tigervision if there is a write to 3F.
 	target.paging_model =
 		(disassembly.external_stores.find(0x3f) != disassembly.external_stores.end()) ?
 			Target::PagingModel::Tigervision : Target::PagingModel::MegaBoy;
@@ -123,17 +121,15 @@ static void DeterminePagingForCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge
 		return;
 	}
 
-	uint16_t entry_address, break_address;
-
-	entry_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(segment.data[segment.data.size() - 4] | (segment.data[segment.data.size() - 3] << 8));
-	break_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(segment.data[segment.data.size() - 2] | (segment.data[segment.data.size() - 1] << 8));
+	const uint16_t entry_address = uint16_t(segment.data[segment.data.size() - 4] | (segment.data[segment.data.size() - 3] << 8));
+	const uint16_t break_address = uint16_t(segment.data[segment.data.size() - 2] | (segment.data[segment.data.size() - 1] << 8));
 
 	std::function<std::size_t(uint16_t address)> address_mapper = [](uint16_t address) {
-		if(!(address & 0x1000)) return static_cast<std::size_t>(-1);
-		return static_cast<std::size_t>(address & 0xfff);
+		if(!(address & 0x1000)) return size_t(-1);
+		return size_t(address & 0xfff);
 	};
 
-	std::vector<uint8_t> final_4k(segment.data.end() - 4096, segment.data.end());
+	const std::vector<uint8_t> final_4k(segment.data.end() - 4096, segment.data.end());
 	Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly disassembly = Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(final_4k, address_mapper, {entry_address, break_address});
 
 	switch(segment.data.size()) {
@@ -159,7 +155,7 @@ static void DeterminePagingForCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge
 		break;
 	}
 
-	// check for a Super Chip. Atari ROM images [almost] always have the same value stored over RAM
+	// Check for a Super Chip. Atari ROM images [almost] always have the same value stored over RAM
 	// regions; when they don't they at least seem to have the first 128 bytes be the same as the
 	// next 128 bytes. So check for that.
 	if(	target.paging_model != Target::PagingModel::CBSRamPlus &&
@@ -174,7 +170,7 @@ static void DeterminePagingForCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge
 		target.uses_superchip = has_superchip;
 	}
 
-	// check for a Tigervision or Tigervision-esque scheme
+	// Check for a Tigervision or Tigervision-esque scheme
 	if(target.paging_model == Target::PagingModel::None && segment.data.size() > 4096) {
 		bool looks_like_tigervision = disassembly.external_stores.find(0x3f) != disassembly.external_stores.end();
 		if(looks_like_tigervision) target.paging_model = Target::PagingModel::Tigervision;
@@ -184,7 +180,6 @@ static void DeterminePagingForCartridge(Target &target, const Storage::Cartridge
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Atari2600::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	// TODO: sanity checking; is this image really for an Atari 2600?
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::Atari2600;
 	target->confidence = 0.5;
 	target->media.cartridges = media.cartridges;
 	target->paging_model = Target::PagingModel::None;

Analyser/Static/Atari2600/Target.hpp

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
 	// TODO: shouldn't these be properties of the cartridge?
 	PagingModel paging_model = PagingModel::None;
 	bool uses_superchip = false;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::Atari2600) {}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/AtariST/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::AtariST::GetTargets(const Media &
 	// As there is at least one usable media image, wave it through.
 	Analyser::Static::TargetList targets;
 
-	using Target = Analyser::Static::Target;
-	auto *target = new Target;
-	target->machine = Analyser::Machine::AtariST;
+	using Target = Analyser::Static::AtariST::Target;
+	auto *const target = new Target();
 	target->media = media;
 	targets.push_back(std::unique_ptr<Analyser::Static::Target>(target));
 

Analyser/Static/AtariST/Target.hpp

@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_AtariST_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_AtariST_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
+#include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
+
 namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace AtariST {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::AtariST) {}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Coleco/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ static std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge>>
 
 		// the two bytes that will be first must be 0xaa and 0x55, either way around
 		auto *start = &segment.data[0];
-		if((data_size & static_cast<std::size_t>(~8191)) > 32768) {
+		if((data_size & size_t(~8191)) > 32768) {
 			start = &segment.data[segment.data.size() - 16384];
 		}
 		if(start[0] != 0xaa && start[0] != 0x55 && start[1] != 0xaa && start[1] != 0x55) continue;
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ static std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge>>
 
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Coleco::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	TargetList targets;
-	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::ColecoVision;
+	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>(Machine::ColecoVision);
 	target->confidence = 1.0f - 1.0f / 32768.0f;
 	target->media.cartridges = ColecoCartridgesFrom(media.cartridges);
 	if(!target->media.empty())

Analyser/Static/Commodore/Disk.cpp

@@ -19,12 +19,10 @@ using namespace Analyser::Static::Commodore;
 
 class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 	public:
-		std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Drive> drive;
-
 		CommodoreGCRParser() : Storage::Disk::Controller(4000000), shift_register_(0), track_(1) {
-			drive = std::make_shared<Storage::Disk::Drive>(4000000, 300, 2);
-			set_drive(drive);
-			drive->set_motor_on(true);
+			emplace_drive(4000000, 300, 2);
+			set_drive(1);
+			get_drive().set_motor_on(true);
 		}
 
 		struct Sector {
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 			@returns a sector if one was found; @c nullptr otherwise.
 		*/
 		std::shared_ptr<Sector> get_sector(uint8_t track, uint8_t sector) {
-			int difference = static_cast<int>(track) - static_cast<int>(track_);
+			int difference = int(track) - int(track_);
 			track_ = track;
 
 			if(difference) {
@@ -61,6 +59,10 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 			return get_sector(sector);
 		}
 
+		void set_disk(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> &disk) {
+			get_drive().set_disk(disk);
+		}
+
 	private:
 		unsigned int shift_register_;
 		int index_count_;
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 		std::shared_ptr<Sector> sector_cache_[65536];
 
 		void process_input_bit(int value) {
-			shift_register_ = ((shift_register_ << 1) | static_cast<unsigned int>(value)) & 0x3ff;
+			shift_register_ = ((shift_register_ << 1) | unsigned(value)) & 0x3ff;
 			bit_count_++;
 		}
 
@@ -110,15 +112,15 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 		}
 
 		std::shared_ptr<Sector> get_sector(uint8_t sector) {
-			uint16_t sector_address = static_cast<uint16_t>((track_ << 8) | sector);
+			const uint16_t sector_address = uint16_t((track_ << 8) | sector);
 			if(sector_cache_[sector_address]) return sector_cache_[sector_address];
 
-			std::shared_ptr<Sector> first_sector = get_next_sector();
+			const std::shared_ptr<Sector> first_sector = get_next_sector();
 			if(!first_sector) return first_sector;
 			if(first_sector->sector == sector) return first_sector;
 
 			while(1) {
-				std::shared_ptr<Sector> next_sector = get_next_sector();
+				const std::shared_ptr<Sector> next_sector = get_next_sector();
 				if(next_sector->sector == first_sector->sector) return nullptr;
 				if(next_sector->sector == sector) return next_sector;
 			}
@@ -136,12 +138,12 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 				}
 
 				// get sector details, skip if this looks malformed
-				uint8_t checksum = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
-				sector->sector = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
-				sector->track = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
+				uint8_t checksum = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
+				sector->sector = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
+				sector->track = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
 				uint8_t disk_id[2];
-				disk_id[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
-				disk_id[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
+				disk_id[0] = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
+				disk_id[1] = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
 				if(checksum != (sector->sector ^ sector->track ^ disk_id[0] ^ disk_id[1])) continue;
 
 				// look for the following data
@@ -152,12 +154,12 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 
 				checksum = 0;
 				for(std::size_t c = 0; c < 256; c++) {
-					sector->data[c] = static_cast<uint8_t>(get_next_byte());
+					sector->data[c] = uint8_t(get_next_byte());
 					checksum ^= sector->data[c];
 				}
 
 				if(checksum == get_next_byte()) {
-					uint16_t sector_address = static_cast<uint16_t>((sector->track << 8) | sector->sector);
+					uint16_t sector_address = uint16_t((sector->track << 8) | sector->sector);
 					sector_cache_[sector_address] = sector;
 					return sector;
 				}
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ class CommodoreGCRParser: public Storage::Disk::Controller {
 std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Commodore::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> &disk) {
 	std::vector<File> files;
 	CommodoreGCRParser parser;
-	parser.drive->set_disk(disk);
+	parser.set_disk(disk);
 
 	// find any sector whatsoever to establish the current track
 	std::shared_ptr<CommodoreGCRParser::Sector> sector;
@@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Commodore::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<St
 	}
 
 	// parse directory
-	std::size_t header_pointer = static_cast<std::size_t>(-32);
+	std::size_t header_pointer = size_t(-32);
 	while(header_pointer+32+31 < directory.size()) {
 		header_pointer += 32;
 
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Commodore::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<St
 		}
 		new_file.name = Storage::Data::Commodore::petscii_from_bytes(&new_file.raw_name[0], 16, false);
 
-		std::size_t number_of_sectors = static_cast<std::size_t>(directory[header_pointer + 0x1e]) + (static_cast<std::size_t>(directory[header_pointer + 0x1f]) << 8);
+		std::size_t number_of_sectors = size_t(directory[header_pointer + 0x1e]) + (size_t(directory[header_pointer + 0x1f]) << 8);
 		new_file.data.reserve((number_of_sectors - 1) * 254 + 252);
 
 		bool is_first_sector = true;
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Commodore::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<St
 			next_track = sector->data[0];
 			next_sector = sector->data[1];
 
-			if(is_first_sector) new_file.starting_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(sector->data[2]) | static_cast<uint16_t>(sector->data[3] << 8);
+			if(is_first_sector) new_file.starting_address = uint16_t(sector->data[2]) | uint16_t(sector->data[3] << 8);
 			if(next_track)
 				new_file.data.insert(new_file.data.end(), sector->data.begin() + (is_first_sector ? 4 : 2), sector->data.end());
 			else

Analyser/Static/Commodore/File.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ bool Analyser::Static::Commodore::File::is_basic() {
 	//		... null-terminated code ...
 	//	(with a next line address of 0000 indicating end of program)
 	while(1) {
-		if(static_cast<size_t>(line_address - starting_address) >= data.size() + 2) break;
+		if(size_t(line_address - starting_address) >= data.size() + 2) break;
 
 		uint16_t next_line_address = data[line_address - starting_address];
 		next_line_address |= data[line_address - starting_address + 1] << 8;
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ bool Analyser::Static::Commodore::File::is_basic() {
 		}
 		if(next_line_address < line_address + 5) break;
 
-		if(static_cast<size_t>(line_address - starting_address) >= data.size() + 5) break;
+		if(size_t(line_address - starting_address) >= data.size() + 5) break;
 		uint16_t next_line_number = data[line_address - starting_address + 2];
 		next_line_number |= data[line_address - starting_address + 3] << 8;
 
 		if(next_line_number <= line_number) break;
 
-		line_number = static_cast<uint16_t>(next_line_number);
+		line_number = uint16_t(next_line_number);
 		line_address = next_line_address;
 	}
 

Analyser/Static/Commodore/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_Commodore_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_Commodore_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,20 +18,20 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace Commodore {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
 	enum class MemoryModel {
 		Unexpanded,
 		EightKB,
 		ThirtyTwoKB
 	};
 
-	enum class Region {
+	ReflectableEnum(Region,
 		American,
 		Danish,
 		Japanese,
 		European,
 		Swedish
-	};
+	);
 
 	/// Maps from a named memory model to a bank enabled/disabled set.
 	void set_memory_model(MemoryModel memory_model) {
@@ -54,6 +56,19 @@ struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
 	Region region = Region::European;
 	bool has_c1540 = false;
 	std::string loading_command;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::Vic20) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(enabled_ram.bank0);
+			DeclareField(enabled_ram.bank1);
+			DeclareField(enabled_ram.bank2);
+			DeclareField(enabled_ram.bank3);
+			DeclareField(enabled_ram.bank5);
+			DeclareField(region);
+			DeclareField(has_c1540);
+			AnnounceEnum(Region);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Disassembler/6502.cpp

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 
 		Instruction instruction;
 		instruction.address = address;
-		address++;
+		++address;
 
-		// get operation
-		uint8_t operation = memory[local_address];
+		// Get operation.
+		const uint8_t operation = memory[local_address];
 
-		// decode addressing mode
+		// Decode addressing mode.
 		switch(operation&0x1f) {
 			case 0x00:
 				if(operation >= 0x80) instruction.addressing_mode = Instruction::Immediate;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 			break;
 		}
 
-		// decode operation
+		// Decode operation.
 #define RM_INSTRUCTION(base, op)	\
 	case base+0x09: case base+0x05: case base+0x15: case base+0x01: case base+0x11: case base+0x0d: case base+0x1d: case base+0x19:	\
 		instruction.operation = op;	\
@@ -222,14 +222,14 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 #undef M_INSTRUCTION
 #undef IM_INSTRUCTION
 
-		// get operand
+		// Get operand.
 		switch(instruction.addressing_mode) {
-			// zero-byte operands
+			// Zero-byte operands.
 			case Instruction::Implied:
 				instruction.operand = 0;
 			break;
 
-			// one-byte operands
+			// One-byte operands.
 			case Instruction::Immediate:
 			case Instruction::ZeroPage: case Instruction::ZeroPageX: case Instruction::ZeroPageY:
 			case Instruction::IndexedIndirectX: case Instruction::IndirectIndexedY:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 			}
 			break;
 
-			// two-byte operands
+			// Two-byte operands.
 			case Instruction::Absolute: case Instruction::AbsoluteX: case Instruction::AbsoluteY:
 			case Instruction::Indirect: {
 				std::size_t low_operand_address = address_mapper(address);
@@ -250,18 +250,18 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 				if(low_operand_address >= memory.size() || high_operand_address >= memory.size()) return;
 				address += 2;
 
-				instruction.operand = memory[low_operand_address] | static_cast<uint16_t>(memory[high_operand_address] << 8);
+				instruction.operand = memory[low_operand_address] | uint16_t(memory[high_operand_address] << 8);
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 
-		// store the instruction away
+		// Store the instruction.
 		disassembly.disassembly.instructions_by_address[instruction.address] = instruction;
 
 		// TODO: something wider-ranging than this
 		if(instruction.addressing_mode == Instruction::Absolute || instruction.addressing_mode == Instruction::ZeroPage) {
-			std::size_t mapped_address = address_mapper(instruction.operand);
-			bool is_external = mapped_address >= memory.size();
+			const size_t mapped_address = address_mapper(instruction.operand);
+			const bool is_external = mapped_address >= memory.size();
 
 			switch(instruction.operation) {
 				default: break;
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 			}
 		}
 
-		// decide on overall flow control
+		// Decide on overall flow control.
 		if(instruction.operation == Instruction::RTS || instruction.operation == Instruction::RTI) return;
 		if(instruction.operation == Instruction::BRK) return;	// TODO: check whether IRQ vector is within memory range
 		if(instruction.operation == Instruction::JSR) {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ static void AddToDisassembly(PartialDisassembly &disassembly, const std::vector<
 			return;
 		}
 		if(instruction.addressing_mode == Instruction::Relative) {
-			uint16_t destination = static_cast<uint16_t>(address + (int8_t)instruction.operand);
+			uint16_t destination = uint16_t(address + int8_t(instruction.operand));
 			disassembly.remaining_entry_points.push_back(destination);
 		}
 	}

Analyser/Static/Disassembler/AddressMapper.cpp

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-//
-//  AddressMapper.cpp
-//  Clock Signal
-//
-//  Created by Thomas Harte on 30/12/2017.
-//  Copyright 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
-//
-
-#include "AddressMapper.hpp"

Analyser/Static/Disassembler/AddressMapper.hpp

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Disassembler {
 */
 template <typename T> std::function<std::size_t(T)> OffsetMapper(T start_address) {
 	return [start_address](T argument) {
-		return static_cast<std::size_t>(argument - start_address);
+		return size_t(argument - start_address);
 	};
 }
 

Analyser/Static/Disassembler/Z80.cpp

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Accessor {
 		uint16_t word() {
 			uint8_t low = byte();
 			uint8_t high = byte();
-			return static_cast<uint16_t>(low | (high << 8));
+			return uint16_t(low | (high << 8));
 		}
 
 		bool overrun() {
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ struct Z80Disassembler {
 			int access_type =
 				((instruction.source == Instruction::Location::Operand_Indirect) ? 1 : 0) |
 				((instruction.destination == Instruction::Location::Operand_Indirect) ? 2 : 0);
-			uint16_t address = static_cast<uint16_t>(instruction.operand);
+			uint16_t address = uint16_t(instruction.operand);
 			bool is_internal = address_mapper(address) < memory.size();
 			switch(access_type) {
 				default: break;
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ struct Z80Disassembler {
 				instruction.operation == Instruction::Operation::JR ||
 				instruction.operation == Instruction::Operation::CALL ||
 				instruction.operation == Instruction::Operation::RST) {
-				disassembly.remaining_entry_points.push_back(static_cast<uint16_t>(instruction.operand));
+				disassembly.remaining_entry_points.push_back(uint16_t(instruction.operand));
 			}
 
 			// This is it if: an unconditional RET, RETI, RETN, JP or JR is found.

Analyser/Static/DiskII/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ namespace {
 
 Analyser::Static::Target *AppleTarget(const Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::Sector *sector_zero) {
 	using Target = Analyser::Static::AppleII::Target;
-	auto *target = new Target;
-	target->machine = Analyser::Machine::AppleII;
+	auto *const target = new Target;
 
 	if(sector_zero && sector_zero->encoding == Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::Sector::Encoding::FiveAndThree) {
 		target->disk_controller = Target::DiskController::ThirteenSector;
@@ -34,8 +33,7 @@ Analyser::Static::Target *AppleTarget(const Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::Sector
 
 Analyser::Static::Target *OricTarget(const Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::Sector *sector_zero) {
 	using Target = Analyser::Static::Oric::Target;
-	auto *target = new Target;
-	target->machine = Analyser::Machine::Oric;
+	auto *const target = new Target;
 	target->rom = Target::ROM::Pravetz;
 	target->disk_interface = Target::DiskInterface::Pravetz;
 	target->loading_command = "CALL 800\n";
@@ -49,8 +47,8 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::DiskII::GetTargets(const Media &m
 	if(media.disks.empty()) return {};
 
 	// Grab track 0, sector 0: the boot sector.
-	auto track_zero = media.disks.front()->get_track_at_position(Storage::Disk::Track::Address(0, Storage::Disk::HeadPosition(0)));
-	auto sector_map = Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::sectors_from_segment(
+	const auto track_zero = media.disks.front()->get_track_at_position(Storage::Disk::Track::Address(0, Storage::Disk::HeadPosition(0)));
+	const auto sector_map = Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::sectors_from_segment(
 		Storage::Disk::track_serialisation(*track_zero, Storage::Time(1, 50000)));
 
 	const Storage::Encodings::AppleGCR::Sector *sector_zero = nullptr;
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::DiskII::GetTargets(const Media &m
 	// If the boot sector looks like it's intended for the Oric, create an Oric.
 	// Otherwise go with the Apple II.
 
-	auto disassembly = Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(sector_zero->data, Analyser::Static::Disassembler::OffsetMapper(0xb800), {0xb800});
+	const auto disassembly = Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(sector_zero->data, Analyser::Static::Disassembler::OffsetMapper(0xb800), {0xb800});
 
 	bool did_read_shift_register = false;
 	bool is_oric = false;

Analyser/Static/MSX/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static std::unique_ptr<Analyser::Static::Target> CartridgeTarget(
 	std::vector<Storage::Cartridge::Cartridge::Segment> output_segments;
 	if(segment.data.size() & 0x1fff) {
 		std::vector<uint8_t> truncated_data;
-		std::vector<uint8_t>::difference_type truncated_size = static_cast<std::vector<uint8_t>::difference_type>(segment.data.size()) & ~0x1fff;
+		std::vector<uint8_t>::difference_type truncated_size = std::vector<uint8_t>::difference_type(segment.data.size()) & ~0x1fff;
 		truncated_data.insert(truncated_data.begin(), segment.data.begin(), segment.data.begin() + truncated_size);
 		output_segments.emplace_back(start_address, truncated_data);
 	} else {
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ static std::unique_ptr<Analyser::Static::Target> CartridgeTarget(
 	}
 
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Analyser::Static::MSX::Target>();
-	target->machine = Analyser::Machine::MSX;
 	target->confidence = confidence;
 
 	if(type == Analyser::Static::MSX::Cartridge::Type::None) {
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ static Analyser::Static::TargetList CartridgeTargetsFrom(
 		// Reject cartridge if the ROM header wasn't found.
 		if(!found_start) continue;
 
-		uint16_t init_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(segment.data[2] | (segment.data[3] << 8));
+		uint16_t init_address = uint16_t(segment.data[2] | (segment.data[3] << 8));
 		// TODO: check for a rational init address?
 
 		// If this ROM is less than 48kb in size then it's an ordinary ROM. Just emplace it and move on.
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ static Analyser::Static::TargetList CartridgeTargetsFrom(
 //				) &&
 //				((next_iterator->second.operand >> 13) != (0x4000 >> 13))
 //			) {
-//				const uint16_t address = static_cast<uint16_t>(next_iterator->second.operand);
+//				const uint16_t address = uint16_t(next_iterator->second.operand);
 //				switch(iterator->second.operand) {
 //					case 0x6000:
 //						if(address >= 0x6000 && address < 0x8000) {
@@ -208,13 +207,13 @@ static Analyser::Static::TargetList CartridgeTargetsFrom(
 			if(	instruction_pair.second.operation == Instruction::Operation::LD &&
 				instruction_pair.second.destination == Instruction::Location::Operand_Indirect &&
 				instruction_pair.second.source == Instruction::Location::A) {
-				address_counts[static_cast<uint16_t>(instruction_pair.second.operand)]++;
+				address_counts[uint16_t(instruction_pair.second.operand)]++;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Weight confidences by number of observed hits.
 		float total_hits =
-			static_cast<float>(
+			float(
 				address_counts[0x6000] + address_counts[0x6800] +
 				address_counts[0x7000] + address_counts[0x7800] +
 				address_counts[0x77ff] + address_counts[0x8000] +
@@ -226,35 +225,35 @@ static Analyser::Static::TargetList CartridgeTargetsFrom(
 			segment,
 			start_address,
 			Analyser::Static::MSX::Cartridge::ASCII8kb,
-			static_cast<float>(	address_counts[0x6000] +
-								address_counts[0x6800] +
-								address_counts[0x7000] +
-								address_counts[0x7800]) / total_hits));
+			float(	address_counts[0x6000] +
+					address_counts[0x6800] +
+					address_counts[0x7000] +
+					address_counts[0x7800]) / total_hits));
 		targets.push_back(CartridgeTarget(
 			segment,
 			start_address,
 			Analyser::Static::MSX::Cartridge::ASCII16kb,
-			static_cast<float>(	address_counts[0x6000] +
-								address_counts[0x7000] +
-								address_counts[0x77ff]) / total_hits));
+			float(	address_counts[0x6000] +
+					address_counts[0x7000] +
+					address_counts[0x77ff]) / total_hits));
 		if(!is_ascii) {
 			targets.push_back(CartridgeTarget(
 				segment,
 				start_address,
 				Analyser::Static::MSX::Cartridge::Konami,
-				static_cast<float>(	address_counts[0x6000] +
-									address_counts[0x8000] +
-									address_counts[0xa000]) / total_hits));
+				float(	address_counts[0x6000] +
+						address_counts[0x8000] +
+						address_counts[0xa000]) / total_hits));
 		}
 		if(!is_ascii) {
 			targets.push_back(CartridgeTarget(
 				segment,
 				start_address,
 				Analyser::Static::MSX::Cartridge::KonamiWithSCC,
-				static_cast<float>(	address_counts[0x5000] +
-									address_counts[0x7000] +
-									address_counts[0x9000] +
-									address_counts[0xb000]) / total_hits));
+				float(	address_counts[0x5000] +
+						address_counts[0x7000] +
+						address_counts[0x9000] +
+						address_counts[0xb000]) / total_hits));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::MSX::GetTargets(const Media &medi
 	target->has_disk_drive = !media.disks.empty();
 
 	if(!target->media.empty()) {
-		target->machine = Machine::MSX;
 		target->confidence = 0.5;
 		destination.push_back(std::move(target));
 	}

Analyser/Static/MSX/Tape.cpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 		for(std::size_t c = 0; c < sizeof(header); ++c) {
 			int next_byte = Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player);
 			if(next_byte == -1) break;
-			header[c] = static_cast<uint8_t>(next_byte);
+			header[c] = uint8_t(next_byte);
 		}
 
 		bool bytes_are_same = true;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 		// Read file name.
 		char name[7];
 		for(std::size_t c = 1; c < 6; ++c)
-			name[c] = static_cast<char>(Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player));
+			name[c] = char(Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player));
 		name[6] = '\0';
 		file.name = name;
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 					int byte = Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player);
 					if(byte == -1) break;
 					contains_end_of_file |= (byte == 0x1a);
-					file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(byte));
+					file.data.push_back(uint8_t(byte));
 				}
 				if(c != -1) break;
 				if(contains_end_of_file) {
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 			for(c = 0; c < sizeof(locations); ++c) {
 				int byte = Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player);
 				if(byte == -1) break;
-				locations[c] = static_cast<uint8_t>(byte);
+				locations[c] = uint8_t(byte);
 			}
 			if(c != sizeof(locations)) continue;
 
-			file.starting_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(locations[0] | (locations[1] << 8));
-			end_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(locations[2] | (locations[3] << 8));
-			file.entry_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(locations[4] | (locations[5] << 8));
+			file.starting_address = uint16_t(locations[0] | (locations[1] << 8));
+			end_address = uint16_t(locations[2] | (locations[3] << 8));
+			file.entry_address = uint16_t(locations[4] | (locations[5] << 8));
 
 			if(end_address < file.starting_address) continue;
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 			while(length--) {
 				int byte = Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player);
 				if(byte == -1) continue;
-				file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(byte));
+				file.data.push_back(uint8_t(byte));
 			}
 
 			files.push_back(std::move(file));
@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 			next_address_buffer[1] = Parser::get_byte(*file_speed, tape_player);
 
 			if(next_address_buffer[0] == -1 || next_address_buffer[1] == -1) break;
-			file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(next_address_buffer[0]));
-			file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(next_address_buffer[1]));
+			file.data.push_back(uint8_t(next_address_buffer[0]));
+			file.data.push_back(uint8_t(next_address_buffer[1]));
 
-			uint16_t next_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(next_address_buffer[0] | (next_address_buffer[1] << 8));
+			uint16_t next_address = uint16_t(next_address_buffer[0] | (next_address_buffer[1] << 8));
 			if(!next_address) {
 				files.push_back(std::move(file));
 				break;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::MSX::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage:
 					found_error = true;
 					break;
 				}
-				file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(byte));
+				file.data.push_back(uint8_t(byte));
 			}
 			if(found_error) break;
 		}

Analyser/Static/MSX/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_MSX_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_MSX_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,15 +18,24 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace MSX {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
+struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
 	bool has_disk_drive = false;
 	std::string loading_command;
 
-	enum class Region {
+	ReflectableEnum(Region,
 		Japan,
 		USA,
 		Europe
-	} region = Region::USA;
+	);
+	Region region = Region::USA;
+
+	Target(): Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::MSX) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(has_disk_drive);
+			DeclareField(region);
+			AnnounceEnum(Region);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Macintosh/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Macintosh::GetTargets(const Media
 	Analyser::Static::TargetList targets;
 
 	using Target = Analyser::Static::Macintosh::Target;
-	auto *target = new Target;
-	target->machine = Analyser::Machine::Macintosh;
+	auto *const target = new Target;
 	target->media = media;
 	targets.push_back(std::unique_ptr<Analyser::Static::Target>(target));
 

Analyser/Static/Macintosh/Target.hpp

@@ -9,19 +9,25 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_Macintosh_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_Macintosh_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
+#include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
+
 namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace Macintosh {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
-	enum class Model {
-		Mac128k,
-		Mac512k,
-		Mac512ke,
-		MacPlus
-	};
-
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	ReflectableEnum(Model, Mac128k, Mac512k, Mac512ke, MacPlus);
 	Model model = Model::MacPlus;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::Macintosh) {
+		// Boilerplate for declaring fields and potential values.
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(model);
+			AnnounceEnum(Model);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Oric/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 
 using namespace Analyser::Static::Oric;
 
-static int Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly, const std::set<uint16_t> &rom_functions, const std::set<uint16_t> &variable_locations) {
+namespace {
+
+int score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly, const std::set<uint16_t> &rom_functions, const std::set<uint16_t> &variable_locations) {
 	int score = 0;
 
 	for(const auto address : disassembly.outward_calls)		score += (rom_functions.find(address) != rom_functions.end()) ? 1 : -1;
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ static int Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly, cons
 	return score;
 }
 
-static int Basic10Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
+int basic10_score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
 	const std::set<uint16_t> rom_functions = {
 		0x0228,	0x022b,
 		0xc3ca,	0xc3f8,	0xc448,	0xc47c,	0xc4b5,	0xc4e3,	0xc4e0,	0xc524,	0xc56f,	0xc5a2,	0xc5f8,	0xc60a,	0xc6a5,	0xc6de,	0xc719,	0xc738,
@@ -51,10 +53,10 @@ static int Basic10Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembl
 		0x0228, 0x0229, 0x022a, 0x022b, 0x022c, 0x022d, 0x0230
 	};
 
-	return Score(disassembly, rom_functions, variable_locations);
+	return score(disassembly, rom_functions, variable_locations);
 }
 
-static int Basic11Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
+int basic11_score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembly) {
 	const std::set<uint16_t> rom_functions = {
 		0x0238,	0x023b,	0x023e,	0x0241,	0x0244,	0x0247,
 		0xc3c6,	0xc3f4,	0xc444,	0xc47c,	0xc4a8,	0xc4d3,	0xc4e0,	0xc524,	0xc55f,	0xc592,	0xc5e8,	0xc5fa,	0xc692,	0xc6b3,	0xc6ee,	0xc70d,
@@ -76,10 +78,10 @@ static int Basic11Score(const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly &disassembl
 		0x0244, 0x0245, 0x0246, 0x0247, 0x0248, 0x0249, 0x024a, 0x024b, 0x024c
 	};
 
-	return Score(disassembly, rom_functions, variable_locations);
+	return score(disassembly, rom_functions, variable_locations);
 }
 
-static bool IsMicrodisc(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser) {
+bool is_microdisc(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser) {
 	/*
 		The Microdisc boot sector is sector 2 of track 0 and contains a 23-byte signature.
 	*/
@@ -100,9 +102,51 @@ static bool IsMicrodisc(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser) {
 	return !std::memcmp(signature, first_sample.data(), sizeof(signature));
 }
 
+bool is_400_loader(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser, uint16_t range_start, uint16_t range_end) {
+	/*
+		Both the Jasmin and BD-DOS boot sectors are sector 1 of track 0 and are loaded at $400;
+		use disassembly to test for likely matches.
+	*/
+
+	Storage::Encodings::MFM::Sector *sector = parser.get_sector(0, 0, 1);
+	if(!sector) return false;
+	if(sector->samples.empty()) return false;
+
+	// Take a copy of the first sampling, and keep only the final 256 bytes (assuming at least that many were found).
+	std::vector<uint8_t> first_sample = sector->samples[0];
+	if(first_sample.size() < 256) return false;
+	if(first_sample.size() > 256) {
+		first_sample.erase(first_sample.end() - 256, first_sample.end());
+	}
+
+	// Grab a disassembly.
+	const auto disassembly =
+		Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(first_sample, Analyser::Static::Disassembler::OffsetMapper(0x400), {0x400});
+
+	// Check for references to the Jasmin registers.
+	int register_hits = 0;
+	for(auto list : {disassembly.external_stores, disassembly.external_loads, disassembly.external_modifies}) {
+		for(auto address : list) {
+			register_hits += (address >= range_start && address <= range_end);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Arbitrary, sure, but as long as at least two accesses to the requested register range are found, accept this.
+	return register_hits >= 2;
+}
+
+bool is_jasmin(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser) {
+	return is_400_loader(parser, 0x3f4, 0x3ff);
+}
+
+bool is_bd500(Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser &parser) {
+	return is_400_loader(parser, 0x310, 0x323);
+}
+
+}
+
 Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Oric::GetTargets(const Media &media, const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::IntType potential_platforms) {
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
-	target->machine = Machine::Oric;
 	target->confidence = 0.5;
 
 	int basic10_votes = 0;
@@ -115,12 +159,10 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Oric::GetTargets(const Media &med
 			for(const auto &file : tape_files) {
 				if(file.data_type == File::MachineCode) {
 					std::vector<uint16_t> entry_points = {file.starting_address};
-					Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly disassembly =
+					const Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassembly disassembly =
 						Analyser::Static::MOS6502::Disassemble(file.data, Analyser::Static::Disassembler::OffsetMapper(file.starting_address), entry_points);
 
-					int basic10_score = Basic10Score(disassembly);
-					int basic11_score = Basic11Score(disassembly);
-					if(basic10_score > basic11_score) basic10_votes++; else basic11_votes++;
+					if(basic10_score(disassembly) > basic11_score(disassembly)) ++basic10_votes; else ++basic11_votes;
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -130,12 +172,22 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Oric::GetTargets(const Media &med
 	}
 
 	if(!media.disks.empty()) {
-		// Only the Microdisc is emulated right now, so accept only disks that it can boot from.
+		// 8-DOS is recognised by a dedicated Disk II analyser, so check only for Microdisc,
+		// Jasmin and BD-DOS formats here.
 		for(auto &disk: media.disks) {
 			Storage::Encodings::MFM::Parser parser(true, disk);
-			if(IsMicrodisc(parser)) {
+
+			if(is_microdisc(parser)) {
 				target->disk_interface = Target::DiskInterface::Microdisc;
 				target->media.disks.push_back(disk);
+			} else if(is_jasmin(parser)) {
+				target->disk_interface = Target::DiskInterface::Jasmin;
+				target->should_start_jasmin = true;
+				target->media.disks.push_back(disk);
+			} else if(is_bd500(parser)) {
+				target->disk_interface = Target::DiskInterface::BD500;
+				target->media.disks.push_back(disk);
+				target->rom = Target::ROM::BASIC10;
 			}
 		}
 	}

Analyser/Static/Oric/Tape.cpp

@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Oric::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage
 		}
 
 		// read end and start addresses
-		new_file.ending_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast) << 8);
-		new_file.ending_address |= static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast));
-		new_file.starting_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast) << 8);
-		new_file.starting_address |= static_cast<uint16_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast));
+		new_file.ending_address = uint16_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast) << 8);
+		new_file.ending_address |= uint16_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast));
+		new_file.starting_address = uint16_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast) << 8);
+		new_file.starting_address |= uint16_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast));
 
 		// skip an empty byte
 		parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast);
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Oric::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage
 		char file_name[17];
 		int name_pos = 0;
 		while(name_pos < 16) {
-			file_name[name_pos] = (char)parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast);
+			file_name[name_pos] = char(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast));
 			if(!file_name[name_pos]) break;
 			name_pos++;
 		}
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ std::vector<File> Analyser::Static::Oric::GetFiles(const std::shared_ptr<Storage
 		std::size_t body_length = new_file.ending_address - new_file.starting_address + 1;
 		new_file.data.reserve(body_length);
 		for(std::size_t c = 0; c < body_length; c++) {
-			new_file.data.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast)));
+			new_file.data.push_back(uint8_t(parser.get_next_byte(tape, is_fast)));
 		}
 
 		// only one validation check: was there enough tape?

Analyser/Static/Oric/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_Oric_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_Oric_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,22 +18,34 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace Oric {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
-	enum class ROM {
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	ReflectableEnum(ROM,
 		BASIC10,
 		BASIC11,
 		Pravetz
-	};
+	);
 
-	enum class DiskInterface {
+	ReflectableEnum(DiskInterface,
+		None,
 		Microdisc,
 		Pravetz,
-		None
-	};
+		Jasmin,
+		BD500
+	);
 
 	ROM rom = ROM::BASIC11;
 	DiskInterface disk_interface = DiskInterface::None;
 	std::string loading_command;
+	bool should_start_jasmin = false;
+
+	Target(): Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::Oric) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(rom);
+			DeclareField(disk_interface);
+			AnnounceEnum(ROM);
+			AnnounceEnum(DiskInterface);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

Analyser/Static/Sega/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::Sega::GetTargets(const Media &med
 	TargetList targets;
 	auto target = std::make_unique<Target>();
 
-	target->machine = Machine::MasterSystem;
-
 	// Files named .sg are treated as for the SG1000; otherwise assume a Master System.
 	if(file_name.size() >= 2 && *(file_name.end() - 2) == 's' && *(file_name.end() - 1) == 'g') {
 		target->model = Target::Model::SG1000;

Analyser/Static/Sega/Target.hpp

@@ -9,23 +9,27 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_Sega_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_Sega_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
+#include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
+
 namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace Sega {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
+struct Target: public Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
 	enum class Model {
 		SG1000,
 		MasterSystem,
 		MasterSystem2,
 	};
 
-	enum class Region {
+	ReflectableEnum(Region,
 		Japan,
 		USA,
 		Europe,
 		Brazil
-	};
+	);
 
 	enum class PagingScheme {
 		Sega,
@@ -35,6 +39,13 @@ struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
 	Model model = Model::MasterSystem;
 	Region region = Region::Japan;
 	PagingScheme paging_scheme = PagingScheme::Sega;
+
+	Target() : Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::MasterSystem) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(region);
+			AnnounceEnum(Region);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 #define is_master_system(v) v >= Analyser::Static::Sega::Target::Model::MasterSystem

Analyser/Static/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 #include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskImage/Formats/OricMFMDSK.hpp"
 #include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskImage/Formats/SSD.hpp"
 #include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskImage/Formats/ST.hpp"
+#include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskImage/Formats/STX.hpp"
 #include "../../Storage/Disk/DiskImage/Formats/WOZ.hpp"
 
 // Mass Storage Devices (i.e. usually, hard disks)
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ static Media GetMediaAndPlatforms(const std::string &file_name, TargetPlatform::
 	Format("sms", result.cartridges, Cartridge::BinaryDump, TargetPlatform::Sega)								// SMS
 	Format("ssd", result.disks, Disk::DiskImageHolder<Storage::Disk::SSD>, TargetPlatform::Acorn)				// SSD
 	Format("st", result.disks, Disk::DiskImageHolder<Storage::Disk::ST>, TargetPlatform::AtariST)				// ST
+	Format("stx", result.disks, Disk::DiskImageHolder<Storage::Disk::STX>, TargetPlatform::AtariST)				// STX
 	Format("tap", result.tapes, Tape::CommodoreTAP, TargetPlatform::Commodore)									// TAP (Commodore)
 	Format("tap", result.tapes, Tape::OricTAP, TargetPlatform::Oric)											// TAP (Oric)
 	Format("tsx", result.tapes, Tape::TZX, TargetPlatform::MSX)													// TSX

Analyser/Static/StaticAnalyser.hpp

@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@ struct Media {
 	bool empty() const {
 		return disks.empty() && tapes.empty() && cartridges.empty() && mass_storage_devices.empty();
 	}
+
+	Media &operator +=(const Media &rhs) {
+#define append(name)	name.insert(name.end(), rhs.name.begin(), rhs.name.end());
+		append(disks);
+		append(tapes);
+		append(cartridges);
+		append(mass_storage_devices);
+#undef append
+		return *this;
+	}
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -42,11 +52,12 @@ struct Media {
 	and instructions on how to launch the software attached, plus a measure of confidence in this target's correctness.
 */
 struct Target {
+	Target(Machine machine) : machine(machine) {}
 	virtual ~Target() {}
 
 	Machine machine;
 	Media media;
-	float confidence;
+	float confidence = 0.0f;
 };
 typedef std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Target>> TargetList;
 

Analyser/Static/ZX8081/StaticAnalyser.cpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Analyser::Static::TargetList Analyser::Static::ZX8081::GetTargets(const Media &m
 		std::vector<Storage::Data::ZX8081::File> files = GetFiles(media.tapes.front());
 		media.tapes.front()->reset();
 		if(!files.empty()) {
-			Target *target = new Target;
+			Target *const target = new Target;
 			destination.push_back(std::unique_ptr<::Analyser::Static::Target>(target));
 			target->machine = Machine::ZX8081;
 

Analyser/Static/ZX8081/Target.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef Analyser_Static_ZX8081_Target_h
 #define Analyser_Static_ZX8081_Target_h
 
+#include "../../../Reflection/Enum.hpp"
+#include "../../../Reflection/Struct.hpp"
 #include "../StaticAnalyser.hpp"
 #include <string>
 
@@ -16,17 +18,26 @@ namespace Analyser {
 namespace Static {
 namespace ZX8081 {
 
-struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target {
-	enum class MemoryModel {
+struct Target: public ::Analyser::Static::Target, public Reflection::StructImpl<Target> {
+	ReflectableEnum(MemoryModel,
 		Unexpanded,
 		SixteenKB,
 		SixtyFourKB
-	};
+	);
 
 	MemoryModel memory_model = MemoryModel::Unexpanded;
 	bool is_ZX81 = false;
 	bool ZX80_uses_ZX81_ROM = false;
 	std::string loading_command;
+
+	Target(): Analyser::Static::Target(Machine::ZX8081) {
+		if(needs_declare()) {
+			DeclareField(memory_model);
+			DeclareField(is_ZX81);
+			DeclareField(ZX80_uses_ZX81_ROM);
+			AnnounceEnum(MemoryModel);
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

ClockReceiver/ClockingHintSource.hpp

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class Source {
 		}
 
 		/// @returns the current preferred clocking strategy.
-		virtual Preference preferred_clocking() = 0;
+		virtual Preference preferred_clocking() const = 0;
 
 	private:
 		Observer *observer_ = nullptr;

ClockReceiver/DeferredQueue.hpp

@@ -13,62 +13,68 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 /*!
-	A DeferredQueue maintains a list of ordered actions and the times at which
-	they should happen, and divides a total execution period up into the portions
-	that occur between those actions, triggering each action when it is reached.
+	Provides the logic to insert into and traverse a list of future scheduled items.
 */
 template <typename TimeUnit> class DeferredQueue {
 	public:
-		/// Constructs a DeferredQueue that will call target(period) in between deferred actions.
-		DeferredQueue(std::function<void(TimeUnit)> &&target) : target_(std::move(target)) {}
-
 		/*!
 			Schedules @c action to occur in @c delay units of time.
-
-			Actions must be scheduled in the order they will occur. It is undefined behaviour
-			to schedule them out of order.
 		*/
 		void defer(TimeUnit delay, const std::function<void(void)> &action) {
-			pending_actions_.emplace_back(delay, action);
-		}
-
-		/*!
-			Runs for @c length units of time.
-
-			The constructor-supplied target will be called with one or more periods that add up to @c length;
-			any scheduled actions will be called between periods.
-		*/
-		void run_for(TimeUnit length) {
-			// If there are no pending actions, just run for the entire length.
-			// This should be the normal branch.
-			if(pending_actions_.empty()) {
-				target_(length);
+			// Apply immediately if there's no delay (or a negative delay).
+			if(delay <= TimeUnit(0)) {
+				action();
 				return;
 			}
 
-			// Divide the time to run according to the pending actions.
-			while(length > TimeUnit(0)) {
-				TimeUnit next_period = pending_actions_.empty() ? length : std::min(length, pending_actions_[0].delay);
-				target_(next_period);
-				length -= next_period;
+			if(!pending_actions_.empty()) {
+				// Otherwise enqueue, having subtracted the delay for any preceding events,
+				// and subtracting from the subsequent, if any.
+				auto insertion_point = pending_actions_.begin();
+				while(insertion_point != pending_actions_.end() && insertion_point->delay < delay) {
+					delay -= insertion_point->delay;
+					++insertion_point;
+				}
+				if(insertion_point != pending_actions_.end()) {
+					insertion_point->delay -= delay;
+				}
 
-				off_t performances = 0;
-				for(auto &action: pending_actions_) {
-					action.delay -= next_period;
-					if(!action.delay) {
-						action.action();
-						++performances;
-					}
-				}
-				if(performances) {
-					pending_actions_.erase(pending_actions_.begin(), pending_actions_.begin() + performances);
+				pending_actions_.emplace(insertion_point, delay, action);
+			} else {
+				pending_actions_.emplace_back(delay, action);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns The amount of time until the next enqueued action will occur,
+				or TimeUnit(-1) if the queue is empty.
+		*/
+		TimeUnit time_until_next_action() {
+			if(pending_actions_.empty()) return TimeUnit(-1);
+			return pending_actions_.front().delay;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Advances the queue the specified amount of time, performing any actions it reaches.
+		*/
+		void advance(TimeUnit time) {
+			auto erase_iterator = pending_actions_.begin();
+			while(erase_iterator != pending_actions_.end()) {
+				erase_iterator->delay -= time;
+				if(erase_iterator->delay <= TimeUnit(0)) {
+					time = -erase_iterator->delay;
+					erase_iterator->action();
+					++erase_iterator;
+				} else {
+					break;
 				}
 			}
+			if(erase_iterator != pending_actions_.begin()) {
+				pending_actions_.erase(pending_actions_.begin(), erase_iterator);
+			}
 		}
 
 	private:
-		std::function<void(TimeUnit)> target_;
-
 		// The list of deferred actions.
 		struct DeferredAction {
 			TimeUnit delay;
@@ -79,4 +85,40 @@ template <typename TimeUnit> class DeferredQueue {
 		std::vector<DeferredAction> pending_actions_;
 };
 
+/*!
+	A DeferredQueue maintains a list of ordered actions and the times at which
+	they should happen, and divides a total execution period up into the portions
+	that occur between those actions, triggering each action when it is reached.
+
+	This list is efficient only for short queues.
+*/
+template <typename TimeUnit> class DeferredQueuePerformer: public DeferredQueue<TimeUnit> {
+	public:
+		/// Constructs a DeferredQueue that will call target(period) in between deferred actions.
+		DeferredQueuePerformer(std::function<void(TimeUnit)> &&target) : target_(std::move(target)) {}
+
+		/*!
+			Runs for @c length units of time.
+
+			The constructor-supplied target will be called with one or more periods that add up to @c length;
+			any scheduled actions will be called between periods.
+		*/
+		void run_for(TimeUnit length) {
+			auto time_to_next = DeferredQueue<TimeUnit>::time_until_next_action();
+			while(time_to_next != TimeUnit(-1) && time_to_next <= length) {
+				target_(time_to_next);
+				length -= time_to_next;
+				DeferredQueue<TimeUnit>::advance(time_to_next);
+			}
+
+			DeferredQueue<TimeUnit>::advance(length);
+			target_(length);
+
+			// TODO: optimise this to avoid the multiple std::vector deletes. Find a neat way to expose that solution, maybe?
+		}
+
+	private:
+		std::function<void(TimeUnit)> target_;
+};
+
 #endif /* DeferredQueue_h */

ClockReceiver/JustInTime.hpp

@@ -43,6 +43,13 @@ template <class T, int multiplier = 1, int divider = 1, class LocalTimeScale = H
 			return &object_;
 		}
 
+		/// Acts exactly as per the standard ->, but preserves constness.
+		forceinline const T *operator->() const {
+			auto non_const_this = const_cast<JustInTimeActor<T, multiplier, divider, LocalTimeScale, TargetTimeScale> *>(this);
+			non_const_this->flush();
+			return &object_;
+		}
+
 		/// Returns a pointer to the included object without flushing time.
 		forceinline T *last_valid() {
 			return &object_;
@@ -53,7 +60,8 @@ template <class T, int multiplier = 1, int divider = 1, class LocalTimeScale = H
 			if(!is_flushed_) {
 				is_flushed_ = true;
 				if constexpr (divider == 1) {
-					object_.run_for(time_since_update_.template flush<TargetTimeScale>());
+					const auto duration = time_since_update_.template flush<TargetTimeScale>();
+					object_.run_for(duration);
 				} else {
 					const auto duration = time_since_update_.template divide<TargetTimeScale>(LocalTimeScale(divider));
 					if(duration > TargetTimeScale(0))
@@ -68,6 +76,48 @@ template <class T, int multiplier = 1, int divider = 1, class LocalTimeScale = H
 		bool is_flushed_ = true;
 };
 
+/*!
+	A RealTimeActor presents the same interface as a JustInTimeActor but doesn't defer work.
+	Time added will be performed immediately.
+
+	Its primary purpose is to allow consumers to remain flexible in their scheduling.
+*/
+template <class T, int multiplier = 1, int divider = 1, class LocalTimeScale = HalfCycles, class TargetTimeScale = LocalTimeScale> class RealTimeActor {
+	public:
+		template<typename... Args> RealTimeActor(Args&&... args) : object_(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+		forceinline void operator += (const LocalTimeScale &rhs) {
+			if constexpr (multiplier == 1 && divider == 1) {
+				object_.run_for(TargetTimeScale(rhs));
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if constexpr (multiplier == 1) {
+				accumulated_time_ += rhs;
+			} else {
+				accumulated_time_ += rhs * multiplier;
+			}
+
+			if constexpr (divider == 1) {
+				const auto duration = accumulated_time_.template flush<TargetTimeScale>();
+				object_.run_for(duration);
+			} else {
+				const auto duration = accumulated_time_.template divide<TargetTimeScale>(LocalTimeScale(divider));
+				if(duration > TargetTimeScale(0))
+					object_.run_for(duration);
+			}
+		}
+
+		forceinline T *operator->()				{	return &object_;	}
+		forceinline const T *operator->() const	{	return &object_;	}
+		forceinline T *last_valid() 			{	return &object_;	}
+		forceinline void flush()				{}
+
+	private:
+		T object_;
+		LocalTimeScale accumulated_time_;
+};
+
 /*!
 	A AsyncJustInTimeActor acts like a JustInTimeActor but additionally contains an AsyncTaskQueue.
 	Any time the amount of accumulated time crosses a threshold provided at construction time,

ClockReceiver/ScanSynchroniser.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//
+//  ScanSynchroniser.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 09/02/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef ScanSynchroniser_h
+#define ScanSynchroniser_h
+
+#include "../Outputs/ScanTarget.hpp"
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace Time {
+
+/*!
+	Where an emulated machine is sufficiently close to a host machine's frame rate that a small nudge in
+	its speed multiplier will bring it into frame synchronisation, the ScanSynchroniser provides a sequence of
+	speed multipliers designed both to adjust the machine to the proper speed and, in a reasonable amount
+	of time, to bring it into phase.
+*/
+class ScanSynchroniser {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			@returns @c true if the emulated machine can be synchronised with the host frame output based on its
+				current @c [scan]status and the host machine's @c frame_duration; @c false otherwise.
+		*/
+		bool can_synchronise(const Outputs::Display::ScanStatus &scan_status, double frame_duration) {
+			ratio_ = 1.0;
+			if(scan_status.field_duration_gradient < 0.00001) {
+				// Check out the machine's current frame time.
+				// If it's within 3% of a non-zero integer multiple of the
+				// display rate, mark this time window to be split over the sync.
+				ratio_ = (frame_duration * base_multiplier_) / scan_status.field_duration;
+				const double integer_ratio = round(ratio_);
+				if(integer_ratio > 0.0) {
+					ratio_ /= integer_ratio;
+					return ratio_ <= maximum_rate_adjustment && ratio_ >= 1.0 / maximum_rate_adjustment;
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns The appropriate speed multiplier for the next frame based on the inputs previously supplied to @c can_synchronise.
+				Results are undefined if @c can_synchroise returned @c false.
+		*/
+		double next_speed_multiplier(const Outputs::Display::ScanStatus &scan_status) {
+			// The host versus emulated ratio is calculated based on the current perceived frame duration of the machine.
+			// Either that number is exactly correct or it's already the result of some sort of low-pass filter. So there's
+			// no benefit to second guessing it here — just take it to be correct.
+			//
+			// ... with one slight caveat, which is that it is desireable to adjust phase here, to align vertical sync points.
+			// So the set speed multiplier may be adjusted slightly to aim for that.
+			double speed_multiplier = 1.0 / (ratio_ / base_multiplier_);
+			if(scan_status.current_position > 0.0) {
+				if(scan_status.current_position < 0.5) speed_multiplier /= phase_adjustment_ratio;
+				else speed_multiplier *= phase_adjustment_ratio;
+			}
+			speed_multiplier_ = (speed_multiplier_ * 0.95) + (speed_multiplier * 0.05);
+			return speed_multiplier_ * base_multiplier_;
+		}
+
+		void set_base_speed_multiplier(double multiplier) {
+			base_multiplier_ = multiplier;
+		}
+
+		double get_base_speed_multiplier() {
+			return base_multiplier_;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		static constexpr double maximum_rate_adjustment = 1.03;
+		static constexpr double phase_adjustment_ratio = 1.005;
+
+		// Managed local state.
+		double speed_multiplier_ = 1.0;
+		double base_multiplier_ = 1.0;
+
+		// Temporary storage to bridge the can_synchronise -> next_speed_multiplier gap.
+		double ratio_ = 1.0;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* ScanSynchroniser_h */

ClockReceiver/TimeTypes.hpp

@@ -9,9 +9,16 @@
 #ifndef TimeTypes_h
 #define TimeTypes_h
 
+#include <chrono>
+
 namespace Time {
 
 typedef double Seconds;
+typedef int64_t Nanos;
+
+inline Nanos nanos_now() {
+	return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
 
 }
 

Components/1770/1770.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ WD1770::WD1770(Personality p) :
 	posit_event(int(Event1770::Command));
 }
 
-void WD1770::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+void WD1770::write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	switch(address&3) {
 		case 0: {
 			if((value&0xf0) == 0xd0) {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void WD1770::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	}
 }
 
-uint8_t WD1770::get_register(int address) {
+uint8_t WD1770::read(int address) {
 	switch(address&3) {
 		default: {
 			update_status([] (Status &status) {
@@ -336,6 +336,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(int new_event_type) {
 		READ_ID();
 
 		if(index_hole_count_ == 6) {
+			LOG("Nothing found to verify");
 			update_status([] (Status &status) {
 				status.seek_error = true;
 			});
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(int new_event_type) {
 			status.data_request = true;
 		});
 		distance_into_section_++;
-		if(distance_into_section_ == 128 << header_[3]) {
+		if(distance_into_section_ == 128 << (header_[3]&3)) {
 			distance_into_section_ = 0;
 			goto type2_check_crc;
 		}
@@ -563,7 +564,7 @@ void WD1770::posit_event(int new_event_type) {
 		*/
 		write_byte(data_);
 		distance_into_section_++;
-		if(distance_into_section_ == 128 << header_[3]) {
+		if(distance_into_section_ == 128 << (header_[3]&3)) {
 			goto type2_write_crc;
 		}
 
@@ -823,7 +824,11 @@ void WD1770::set_head_loaded(bool head_loaded) {
 	if(head_loaded) posit_event(int(Event1770::HeadLoad));
 }
 
-ClockingHint::Preference WD1770::preferred_clocking() {
+bool WD1770::get_head_loaded() const {
+	return head_is_loaded_;
+}
+
+ClockingHint::Preference WD1770::preferred_clocking() const {
 	if(status_.busy) return ClockingHint::Preference::RealTime;
 	return Storage::Disk::MFMController::preferred_clocking();
 }

Components/1770/1770.hpp

@@ -36,54 +36,57 @@ class WD1770: public Storage::Disk::MFMController {
 		using Storage::Disk::MFMController::set_is_double_density;
 
 		/// Writes @c value to the register at @c address. Only the low two bits of the address are decoded.
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value);
 
 		/// Fetches the value of the register @c address. Only the low two bits of the address are decoded.
-		uint8_t get_register(int address);
+		uint8_t read(int address);
 
 		/// Runs the controller for @c number_of_cycles cycles.
 		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 
 		enum Flag: uint8_t {
-			NotReady		= 0x80,
+			NotReady		= 0x80,		// 0x80
 			MotorOn			= 0x80,
-			WriteProtect	= 0x40,
-			RecordType		= 0x20,
+			WriteProtect	= 0x40,		// 0x40
+			RecordType		= 0x20,		// 0x20
 			SpinUp			= 0x20,
 			HeadLoaded		= 0x20,
-			RecordNotFound	= 0x10,
+			RecordNotFound	= 0x10,		// 0x10
 			SeekError		= 0x10,
-			CRCError		= 0x08,
-			LostData		= 0x04,
+			CRCError		= 0x08,		// 0x08
+			LostData		= 0x04,		// 0x04
 			TrackZero		= 0x04,
-			DataRequest		= 0x02,
+			DataRequest		= 0x02,		// 0x02
 			Index			= 0x02,
-			Busy			= 0x01
+			Busy			= 0x01		// 0x01
 		};
 
 		/// @returns The current value of the IRQ line output.
-		inline bool get_interrupt_request_line()		{	return status_.interrupt_request;	}
+		inline bool get_interrupt_request_line() const	{	return status_.interrupt_request;	}
 
 		/// @returns The current value of the DRQ line output.
-		inline bool get_data_request_line()				{	return status_.data_request;		}
+		inline bool get_data_request_line() const		{	return status_.data_request;		}
 
 		class Delegate {
 			public:
 				virtual void wd1770_did_change_output(WD1770 *wd1770) = 0;
 		};
-		inline void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate)	{	delegate_ = delegate;			}
+		inline void set_delegate(Delegate *delegate)	{	delegate_ = delegate;				}
 
-		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() final;
+		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() const final;
 
 	protected:
 		virtual void set_head_load_request(bool head_load);
 		virtual void set_motor_on(bool motor_on);
 		void set_head_loaded(bool head_loaded);
 
+		/// @returns The last value posted to @c set_head_loaded.
+		bool get_head_loaded() const;
+
 	private:
-		Personality personality_;
-		inline bool has_motor_on_line() { return (personality_ != P1793 ) && (personality_ != P1773); }
-		inline bool has_head_load_line() { return (personality_ == P1793 ); }
+		const Personality personality_;
+		bool has_motor_on_line() const { return (personality_ != P1793 ) && (personality_ != P1773); }
+		bool has_head_load_line() const { return (personality_ == P1793 ); }
 
 		struct Status {
 			bool write_protect = false;

Components/6522/6522.hpp

@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ template <class T> class MOS6522: public MOS6522Storage {
 		MOS6522(const MOS6522 &) = delete;
 
 		/*! Sets a register value. */
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value);
 
 		/*! Gets a register value. */
-		uint8_t get_register(int address);
+		uint8_t read(int address);
 
 		/*! @returns the bus handler. */
 		T &bus_handler();
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6522: public MOS6522Storage {
 		void run_for(const Cycles cycles);
 
 		/// @returns @c true if the IRQ line is currently active; @c false otherwise.
-		bool get_interrupt_line();
+		bool get_interrupt_line() const;
 
 		/// Updates the port handler to the current time and then requests that it flush.
 		void flush();

Components/6522/Implementation/6522Implementation.hpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::access(int address) {
 	}
 }
 
-template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	address &= 0xf;
 	access(address);
 	switch(address) {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::set_register(int address, uint8_t value)
 		// Timer 1
 		case 0x6:	case 0x4:	registers_.timer_latch[0] = (registers_.timer_latch[0]&0xff00) | value;	break;
 		case 0x5:	case 0x7:
-			registers_.timer_latch[0] = (registers_.timer_latch[0]&0x00ff) | static_cast<uint16_t>(value << 8);
+			registers_.timer_latch[0] = (registers_.timer_latch[0]&0x00ff) | uint16_t(value << 8);
 			registers_.interrupt_flags &= ~InterruptFlag::Timer1;
 			if(address == 0x05) {
 				registers_.next_timer[0] = registers_.timer_latch[0];
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::set_register(int address, uint8_t value)
 		case 0x8:	registers_.timer_latch[1] = value;	break;
 		case 0x9:
 			registers_.interrupt_flags &= ~InterruptFlag::Timer2;
-			registers_.next_timer[1] = registers_.timer_latch[1] | static_cast<uint16_t>(value << 8);
+			registers_.next_timer[1] = registers_.timer_latch[1] | uint16_t(value << 8);
 			timer_is_running_[1] = true;
 			reevaluate_interrupts();
 		break;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::set_register(int address, uint8_t value)
 	}
 }
 
-template <typename T> uint8_t MOS6522<T>::get_register(int address) {
+template <typename T> uint8_t MOS6522<T>::read(int address) {
 	address &= 0xf;
 	access(address);
 	switch(address) {
@@ -281,11 +281,11 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::do_phase2() {
 
 	registers_.timer[1] --;
 	if(registers_.next_timer[0] >= 0) {
-		registers_.timer[0] = static_cast<uint16_t>(registers_.next_timer[0]);
+		registers_.timer[0] = uint16_t(registers_.next_timer[0]);
 		registers_.next_timer[0] = -1;
 	}
 	if(registers_.next_timer[1] >= 0) {
-		registers_.timer[1] = static_cast<uint16_t>(registers_.next_timer[1]);
+		registers_.timer[1] = uint16_t(registers_.next_timer[1]);
 		registers_.next_timer[1] = -1;
 	}
 
@@ -383,9 +383,9 @@ template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 }
 
 /*! @returns @c true if the IRQ line is currently active; @c false otherwise. */
-template <typename T> bool MOS6522<T>::get_interrupt_line() {
+template <typename T> bool MOS6522<T>::get_interrupt_line() const {
 	uint8_t interrupt_status = registers_.interrupt_flags & registers_.interrupt_enable & 0x7f;
-	return !!interrupt_status;
+	return interrupt_status;
 }
 
 template <typename T> void MOS6522<T>::evaluate_cb2_output() {

Components/6532/6532.hpp

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 		inline void set_ram(uint16_t address, uint8_t value)	{	ram_[address&0x7f] = value;		}
 		inline uint8_t get_ram(uint16_t address)				{	return ram_[address & 0x7f];	}
 
-		inline void set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+		inline void write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 			const uint8_t decodedAddress = address & 0x07;
 			switch(decodedAddress) {
 				// Port output
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 				case 0x04: case 0x05: case 0x06: case 0x07:
 					if(address & 0x10) {
 						timer_.writtenShift = timer_.activeShift = (decodedAddress - 0x04) * 3 + (decodedAddress / 0x07);	// i.e. 0, 3, 6, 10
-						timer_.value = (static_cast<unsigned int>(value) << timer_.activeShift) ;
+						timer_.value = (unsigned(value) << timer_.activeShift) ;
 						timer_.interrupt_enabled = !!(address&0x08);
 						interrupt_status_ &= ~InterruptFlag::Timer;
 						evaluate_interrupts();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 			}
 		}
 
-		inline uint8_t get_register(int address) {
+		inline uint8_t read(int address) {
 			const uint8_t decodedAddress = address & 0x7;
 			switch(decodedAddress) {
 				// Port input
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 
 				// Timer and interrupt control
 				case 0x04: case 0x06: {
-					uint8_t value = static_cast<uint8_t>(timer_.value >> timer_.activeShift);
+					uint8_t value = uint8_t(timer_.value >> timer_.activeShift);
 					timer_.interrupt_enabled = !!(address&0x08);
 					interrupt_status_ &= ~InterruptFlag::Timer;
 					evaluate_interrupts();
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 		}
 
 		inline void run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
-			unsigned int number_of_cycles = static_cast<unsigned int>(cycles.as_integral());
+			unsigned int number_of_cycles = unsigned(cycles.as_integral());
 
 			// permit counting _to_ zero; counting _through_ zero initiates the other behaviour
 			if(timer_.value >= number_of_cycles) {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 		}
 
 		MOS6532() {
-			timer_.value = static_cast<unsigned int>((rand() & 0xff) << 10);
+			timer_.value = unsigned((rand() & 0xff) << 10);
 		}
 
 		inline void set_port_did_change(int port) {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ template <class T> class MOS6532 {
 			}
 		}
 
-		inline bool get_inerrupt_line() {
+		inline bool get_inerrupt_line() const {
 			return interrupt_line_;
 		}
 

Components/6560/6560.cpp

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ AudioGenerator::AudioGenerator(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &audio_queue
 
 
 void AudioGenerator::set_volume(uint8_t volume) {
-	audio_queue_.defer([=]() {
-		volume_ = static_cast<int16_t>(volume) * range_multiplier_;
+	audio_queue_.defer([this, volume]() {
+		volume_ = int16_t(volume) * range_multiplier_;
 	});
 }
 
 void AudioGenerator::set_control(int channel, uint8_t value) {
-	audio_queue_.defer([=]() {
+	audio_queue_.defer([this, channel, value]() {
 		control_registers_[channel] = value;
 	});
 }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ static uint8_t noise_pattern[] = {
 
 #define shift(r) shift_registers_[r] = (shift_registers_[r] << 1) | (((shift_registers_[r]^0x80)&control_registers_[r]) >> 7)
 #define increment(r) shift_registers_[r] = (shift_registers_[r]+1)%8191
-#define update(r, m, up) counters_[r]++; if((counters_[r] >> m) == 0x80) { up(r); counters_[r] = static_cast<unsigned int>(control_registers_[r]&0x7f) << m; }
+#define update(r, m, up) counters_[r]++; if((counters_[r] >> m) == 0x80) { up(r); counters_[r] = unsigned(control_registers_[r]&0x7f) << m; }
 // Note on slightly askew test: as far as I can make out, if the value in the register is 0x7f then what's supposed to happen
 // is that the 0x7f is loaded, on the next clocked cycle the Vic spots a 0x7f, pumps the output, reloads, etc. No increment
 // ever occurs. It's conditional. I don't really want two conditionals if I can avoid it so I'm incrementing regardless and
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void AudioGenerator::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target)
 
 		// this sums the output of all three sounds channels plus a DC offset for volume;
 		// TODO: what's the real ratio of this stuff?
-		target[c] = static_cast<int16_t>(
+		target[c] = int16_t(
 			(shift_registers_[0]&1) +
 			(shift_registers_[1]&1) +
 			(shift_registers_[2]&1) +
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void AudioGenerator::skip_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples) {
 }
 
 void AudioGenerator::set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range) {
-	range_multiplier_ = static_cast<int16_t>(range / 64);
+	range_multiplier_ = int16_t(range / 64);
 }
 
 #undef shift

Components/6560/6560.hpp

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class AudioGenerator: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 		void get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target);
 		void skip_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples);
 		void set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range);
+		static constexpr bool get_is_stereo() { return false; }
 
 	private:
 		Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &audio_queue_;
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ enum class OutputMode {
 	To run the VIC for a cycle, the caller should call @c get_address, make the requested bus access
 	and call @c set_graphics_value with the result.
 
-	@c set_register and @c get_register provide register access.
+	@c write and @c read provide register access.
 */
 template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 	public:
@@ -80,12 +81,14 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 		}
 
 		void set_clock_rate(double clock_rate) {
-			speaker_.set_input_rate(static_cast<float>(clock_rate / 4.0));
+			speaker_.set_input_rate(float(clock_rate / 4.0));
 		}
 
-		void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target)		{ crt_.set_scan_target(scan_target); 	}
-		void set_display_type(Outputs::Display::DisplayType display_type)	{ crt_.set_display_type(display_type); 	}
-		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *get_speaker() { return &speaker_; }
+		void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target)		{ crt_.set_scan_target(scan_target); 			}
+		Outputs::Display::ScanStatus get_scaled_scan_status() const			{ return crt_.get_scaled_scan_status() / 4.0f;	}
+		void set_display_type(Outputs::Display::DisplayType display_type)	{ crt_.set_display_type(display_type); 			}
+		Outputs::Display::DisplayType get_display_type() const				{ return crt_.get_display_type(); 				}
+		Outputs::Speaker::Speaker *get_speaker()	 						{ return &speaker_; 							}
 
 		void set_high_frequency_cutoff(float cutoff) {
 			speaker_.set_high_frequency_cutoff(cutoff);
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 					if(column_counter_&1) {
 						fetch_address = registers_.character_cell_start_address + (character_code_*(registers_.tall_characters ? 16 : 8)) + current_character_row_;
 					} else {
-						fetch_address = static_cast<uint16_t>(registers_.video_matrix_start_address + video_matrix_address_counter_);
+						fetch_address = uint16_t(registers_.video_matrix_start_address + video_matrix_address_counter_);
 						video_matrix_address_counter_++;
 						if(
 							(current_character_row_ == 15) ||
@@ -353,7 +356,7 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 		/*!
 			Writes to a 6560 register.
 		*/
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 			address &= 0xf;
 			registers_.direct_values[address] = value;
 			switch(address) {
@@ -368,7 +371,7 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 
 				case 0x2:
 					registers_.number_of_columns = value & 0x7f;
-					registers_.video_matrix_start_address = static_cast<uint16_t>((registers_.video_matrix_start_address & 0x3c00) | ((value & 0x80) << 2));
+					registers_.video_matrix_start_address = uint16_t((registers_.video_matrix_start_address & 0x3c00) | ((value & 0x80) << 2));
 				break;
 
 				case 0x3:
@@ -377,8 +380,8 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 				break;
 
 				case 0x5:
-					registers_.character_cell_start_address = static_cast<uint16_t>((value & 0x0f) << 10);
-					registers_.video_matrix_start_address = static_cast<uint16_t>((registers_.video_matrix_start_address & 0x0200) | ((value & 0xf0) << 6));
+					registers_.character_cell_start_address = uint16_t((value & 0x0f) << 10);
+					registers_.video_matrix_start_address = uint16_t((registers_.video_matrix_start_address & 0x0200) | ((value & 0xf0) << 6));
 				break;
 
 				case 0xa:
@@ -417,11 +420,11 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 		/*
 			Reads from a 6560 register.
 		*/
-		uint8_t get_register(int address) {
+		uint8_t read(int address) const {
 			address &= 0xf;
 			switch(address) {
 				default: return registers_.direct_values[address];
-				case 0x03: return static_cast<uint8_t>(raster_value() << 7) | (registers_.direct_values[3] & 0x7f);
+				case 0x03: return uint8_t(raster_value() << 7) | (registers_.direct_values[3] & 0x7f);
 				case 0x04: return (raster_value() >> 1) & 0xff;
 			}
 		}
@@ -459,11 +462,11 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 
 		// counters that cover an entire field
 		int horizontal_counter_ = 0, vertical_counter_ = 0;
-		const int lines_this_field() {
+		int lines_this_field() const {
 			// Necessary knowledge here: only the NTSC 6560 supports interlaced video.
 			return registers_.interlaced ? (is_odd_frame_ ? 262 : 263) : timing_.lines_per_progressive_field;
 		}
-		const int raster_value() {
+		int raster_value() const {
 			const int bonus_line = (horizontal_counter_ + timing_.line_counter_increment_offset) / timing_.cycles_per_line;
 			const int line = vertical_counter_ + bonus_line;
 			const int final_line = lines_this_field();
@@ -478,7 +481,7 @@ template <class BusHandler> class MOS6560 {
 			}
 			// Cf. http://www.sleepingelephant.com/ipw-web/bulletin/bb/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=7237&start=15#p80737
 		}
-		bool is_odd_frame() {
+		bool is_odd_frame() const {
 			return is_odd_frame_ || !registers_.interlaced;
 		}
 

Components/6845/CRTC6845.hpp

@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ template <class T> class CRTC6845 {
 	private:
 		inline void perform_bus_cycle_phase1() {
 			// Skew theory of operation: keep a history of the last three states, and apply whichever is selected.
-			character_is_visible_shifter_ = (character_is_visible_shifter_ << 1) | static_cast<unsigned int>(character_is_visible_);
-			bus_state_.display_enable = (static_cast<int>(character_is_visible_shifter_) & display_skew_mask_) && line_is_visible_;
+			character_is_visible_shifter_ = (character_is_visible_shifter_ << 1) | unsigned(character_is_visible_);
+			bus_state_.display_enable = (int(character_is_visible_shifter_) & display_skew_mask_) && line_is_visible_;
 			bus_handler_.perform_bus_cycle_phase1(bus_state_);
 		}
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ template <class T> class CRTC6845 {
 		inline void do_end_of_frame() {
 			line_counter_ = 0;
 			line_is_visible_ = true;
-			line_address_ = static_cast<uint16_t>((registers_[12] << 8) | registers_[13]);
+			line_address_ = uint16_t((registers_[12] << 8) | registers_[13]);
 			bus_state_.refresh_address = line_address_;
 		}
 

Components/6850/6850.cpp

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ void ACIA::consider_transmission() {
 	}
 }
 
-ClockingHint::Preference ACIA::preferred_clocking() {
+ClockingHint::Preference ACIA::preferred_clocking() const {
 	// Real-time clocking is required if a transmission is ongoing; this is a courtesy for whomever
 	// is on the receiving end.
 	if(transmit.transmission_data_time_remaining() > 0) return ClockingHint::Preference::RealTime;

Components/6850/6850.hpp

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class ACIA: public ClockingHint::Source, private Serial::Line::ReadDelegate {
 		Serial::Line request_to_send;
 
 		// ClockingHint::Source.
-		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() final;
+		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() const final;
 
 		struct InterruptDelegate {
 			virtual void acia6850_did_change_interrupt_status(ACIA *acia) = 0;

Components/68901/MFP68901.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 using namespace Motorola::MFP68901;
 
-ClockingHint::Preference MFP68901::preferred_clocking() {
+ClockingHint::Preference MFP68901::preferred_clocking() const {
 	// Rule applied: if any timer is actively running and permitted to produce an
 	// interrupt, request real-time running.
 	return

Components/68901/MFP68901.hpp

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class MFP68901: public ClockingHint::Source {
 		void set_interrupt_delegate(InterruptDelegate *delegate);
 
 		// ClockingHint::Source.
-		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() final;
+		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() const final;
 
 	private:
 		// MARK: - Timers

Components/8255/i8255.hpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ template <class T> class i8255 {
 			Stores the value @c value to the register at @c address. If this causes a change in 8255 output
 			then the PortHandler will be informed.
 		*/
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 			switch(address & 3) {
 				case 0:
 					if(!(control_ & 0x10)) {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ template <class T> class i8255 {
 			Obtains the current value for the register at @c address. If this provides a reading
 			of input then the PortHandler will be queried.
 		*/
-		uint8_t get_register(int address) {
+		uint8_t read(int address) {
 			switch(address & 3) {
 				case 0:	return (control_ & 0x10) ? port_handler_.get_value(0) : outputs_[0];
 				case 1:	return (control_ & 0x02) ? port_handler_.get_value(1) : outputs_[1];

Components/8272/i8272.cpp

@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ namespace {
 i8272::i8272(BusHandler &bus_handler, Cycles clock_rate) :
 	Storage::Disk::MFMController(clock_rate),
 	bus_handler_(bus_handler) {
-	posit_event(static_cast<int>(Event8272::CommandByte));
+	posit_event(int(Event8272::CommandByte));
 }
 
-ClockingHint::Preference i8272::preferred_clocking() {
+ClockingHint::Preference i8272::preferred_clocking() const {
 	const auto mfm_controller_preferred_clocking = Storage::Disk::MFMController::preferred_clocking();
 	if(mfm_controller_preferred_clocking != ClockingHint::Preference::None) return mfm_controller_preferred_clocking;
 	return is_sleeping_ ? ClockingHint::Preference::None : ClockingHint::Preference::JustInTime;
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void i8272::run_for(Cycles cycles) {
 	if(delay_time_ > 0) {
 		if(cycles.as_integral() >= delay_time_) {
 			delay_time_ = 0;
-			posit_event(static_cast<int>(Event8272::Timer));
+			posit_event(int(Event8272::Timer));
 		} else {
 			delay_time_ -= cycles.as_integral();
 		}
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void i8272::run_for(Cycles cycles) {
 				while(steps--) {
 					// Perform a step.
 					int direction = (drives_[c].target_head_position < drives_[c].head_position) ? -1 : 1;
-					LOG("Target " << PADDEC(0) << drives_[c].target_head_position << " versus believed " << static_cast<int>(drives_[c].head_position));
+					LOG("Target " << PADDEC(0) << drives_[c].target_head_position << " versus believed " << int(drives_[c].head_position));
 					select_drive(c);
 					get_drive().step(Storage::Disk::HeadPosition(direction));
 					if(drives_[c].target_head_position >= 0) drives_[c].head_position += direction;
@@ -156,14 +156,14 @@ void i8272::run_for(Cycles cycles) {
 
 	// check for busy plus ready disabled
 	if(is_executing_ && !get_drive().get_is_ready()) {
-		posit_event(static_cast<int>(Event8272::NoLongerReady));
+		posit_event(int(Event8272::NoLongerReady));
 	}
 
 	is_sleeping_ = !delay_time_ && !drives_seeking_ && !head_timers_running_;
 	if(is_sleeping_) update_clocking_observer();
 }
 
-void i8272::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+void i8272::write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	// don't consider attempted sets to the status register
 	if(!address) return;
 
@@ -177,16 +177,16 @@ void i8272::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	} else {
 		// accumulate latest byte in the command byte sequence
 		command_.push_back(value);
-		posit_event(static_cast<int>(Event8272::CommandByte));
+		posit_event(int(Event8272::CommandByte));
 	}
 }
 
-uint8_t i8272::get_register(int address) {
+uint8_t i8272::read(int address) {
 	if(address) {
 		if(result_stack_.empty()) return 0xff;
 		uint8_t result = result_stack_.back();
 		result_stack_.pop_back();
-		if(result_stack_.empty()) posit_event(static_cast<int>(Event8272::ResultEmpty));
+		if(result_stack_.empty()) posit_event(int(Event8272::ResultEmpty));
 
 		return result;
 	} else {
@@ -198,16 +198,16 @@ uint8_t i8272::get_register(int address) {
 #define END_SECTION()	}
 
 #define MS_TO_CYCLES(x)			x * 8000
-#define WAIT_FOR_EVENT(mask)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = static_cast<int>(mask); return; case __LINE__:
-#define WAIT_FOR_TIME(ms)		resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = static_cast<int>(Event8272::Timer); delay_time_ = MS_TO_CYCLES(ms); is_sleeping_ = false; update_clocking_observer(); case __LINE__: if(delay_time_) return;
+#define WAIT_FOR_EVENT(mask)	resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = int(mask); return; case __LINE__:
+#define WAIT_FOR_TIME(ms)		resume_point_ = __LINE__; interesting_event_mask_ = int(Event8272::Timer); delay_time_ = MS_TO_CYCLES(ms); is_sleeping_ = false; update_clocking_observer(); case __LINE__: if(delay_time_) return;
 
 #define PASTE(x, y) x##y
 #define CONCAT(x, y) PASTE(x, y)
 
 #define FIND_HEADER()	\
 	set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);	\
-	CONCAT(find_header, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event::Token) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole)); \
-	if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole)) { index_hole_limit_--; }	\
+	CONCAT(find_header, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event::Token) | int(Event::IndexHole)); \
+	if(event_type == int(Event::IndexHole)) { index_hole_limit_--; }	\
 	else if(get_latest_token().type == Token::ID) goto CONCAT(header_found, __LINE__);	\
 	\
 	if(index_hole_limit_) goto CONCAT(find_header, __LINE__);	\
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ uint8_t i8272::get_register(int address) {
 
 #define FIND_DATA()	\
 	set_data_mode(DataMode::Scanning);	\
-	CONCAT(find_data, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event::Token) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole)); \
-	if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event::Token)) { \
+	CONCAT(find_data, __LINE__): WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event::Token) | int(Event::IndexHole)); \
+	if(event_type == int(Event::Token)) { \
 		if(get_latest_token().type == Token::Byte || get_latest_token().type == Token::Sync) goto CONCAT(find_data, __LINE__);	\
 	}
 
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ uint8_t i8272::get_register(int address) {
 	}
 
 void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
-	if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole)) index_hole_count_++;
-	if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event8272::NoLongerReady)) {
+	if(event_type == int(Event::IndexHole)) index_hole_count_++;
+	if(event_type == int(Event8272::NoLongerReady)) {
 		SetNotReady();
 		goto abort;
 	}
@@ -425,12 +425,12 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 	// Performs the read data or read deleted data command.
 	read_data:
 			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Read [deleted] data ["
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[2]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[3]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[4]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[5]) << " ... "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[6]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[8]) << "]");
+				<< int(command_[2]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[3]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[4]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[5]) << " ... "
+				<< int(command_[6]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[8]) << "]");
 		read_next_data:
 			goto read_write_find_header;
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 		read_data_found_header:
 			FIND_DATA();
 			ClearControlMark();
-			if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event::Token)) {
+			if(event_type == int(Event::Token)) {
 				if(get_latest_token().type != Token::Data && get_latest_token().type != Token::DeletedData) {
 					// Something other than a data mark came next, impliedly an ID or index mark.
 					SetMissingAddressMark();
@@ -470,24 +470,24 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 		//
 		// TODO: consider DTL.
 		read_data_get_byte:
-			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event::Token) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole));
-			if(event_type == static_cast<int>(Event::Token)) {
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event::Token) | int(Event::IndexHole));
+			if(event_type == int(Event::Token)) {
 				result_stack_.push_back(get_latest_token().byte_value);
 				distance_into_section_++;
 				SetDataRequest();
 				SetDataDirectionToProcessor();
-				WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event8272::ResultEmpty) | static_cast<int>(Event::Token) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole));
+				WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event8272::ResultEmpty) | int(Event::Token) | int(Event::IndexHole));
 			}
 			switch(event_type) {
-				case static_cast<int>(Event8272::ResultEmpty):	// The caller read the byte in time; proceed as normal.
+				case int(Event8272::ResultEmpty):	// The caller read the byte in time; proceed as normal.
 					ResetDataRequest();
 					if(distance_into_section_ < (128 << size_)) goto read_data_get_byte;
 				break;
-				case static_cast<int>(Event::Token):				// The caller hasn't read the old byte yet and a new one has arrived
+				case int(Event::Token):				// The caller hasn't read the old byte yet and a new one has arrived
 					SetOverrun();
 					goto abort;
 				break;
-				case static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole):
+				case int(Event::IndexHole):
 					SetEndOfCylinder();
 					goto abort;
 				break;
@@ -515,12 +515,12 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 
 	write_data:
 			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Write [deleted] data ["
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[2]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[3]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[4]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[5]) << " ... "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[6]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[8]) << "]");
+				<< int(command_[2]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[3]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[4]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[5]) << " ... "
+				<< int(command_[6]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[8]) << "]");
 
 			if(get_drive().get_is_read_only()) {
 				SetNotWriteable();
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 	// Performs the read ID command.
 	read_id:
 		// Establishes the drive and head being addressed, and whether in double density mode.
-			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Read ID [" << static_cast<int>(command_[0]) << " " << static_cast<int>(command_[1]) << "]");
+			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Read ID [" << int(command_[0]) << " " << int(command_[1]) << "]");
 
 		// Sets a maximum index hole limit of 2 then waits either until it finds a header mark or sees too many index holes.
 		// If a header mark is found, reads in the following bytes that produce a header. Otherwise branches to data not found.
@@ -594,10 +594,10 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 	// Performs read track.
 	read_track:
 			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Read track ["
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[2]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[3]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[4]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(command_[5]) << "]");
+				<< int(command_[2]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[3]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[4]) << " "
+				<< int(command_[5]) << "]");
 
 			// Wait for the index hole.
 			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event::IndexHole);
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 			distance_into_section_++;
 			SetDataRequest();
 			// TODO: other possible exit conditions; find a way to merge with the read_data version of this.
-			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event8272::ResultEmpty));
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event8272::ResultEmpty));
 			ResetDataRequest();
 			if(distance_into_section_ < (128 << header_[2])) goto read_track_get_byte;
 
@@ -664,13 +664,13 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 			expects_input_ = true;
 			distance_into_section_ = 0;
 		format_track_write_header:
-			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event::DataWritten) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole));
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event::DataWritten) | int(Event::IndexHole));
 			switch(event_type) {
-				case static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole):
+				case int(Event::IndexHole):
 					SetOverrun();
 					goto abort;
 				break;
-				case static_cast<int>(Event::DataWritten):
+				case int(Event::DataWritten):
 					header_[distance_into_section_] = input_;
 					write_byte(input_);
 					has_input_ = false;
@@ -683,10 +683,10 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 			}
 
 			LOG(PADHEX(2) << "W:"
-				<< static_cast<int>(header_[0]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(header_[1]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(header_[2]) << " "
-				<< static_cast<int>(header_[3]) << ", "
+				<< int(header_[0]) << " "
+				<< int(header_[1]) << " "
+				<< int(header_[2]) << " "
+				<< int(header_[3]) << ", "
 				<< get_crc_generator().get_value());
 			write_crc();
 
@@ -706,8 +706,8 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 			// Otherwise, pad out to the index hole.
 		format_track_pad:
 			write_byte(get_is_double_density() ? 0x4e : 0xff);
-			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(static_cast<int>(Event::DataWritten) | static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole));
-			if(event_type != static_cast<int>(Event::IndexHole)) goto format_track_pad;
+			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(int(Event::DataWritten) | int(Event::IndexHole));
+			if(event_type != int(Event::IndexHole)) goto format_track_pad;
 
 			end_writing();
 
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 				// up in run_for understands to mean 'keep going until track 0 is active').
 				if(command_.size() > 2) {
 					drives_[drive].target_head_position = command_[2];
-					LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Seek to " << static_cast<int>(command_[2]));
+					LOG(PADHEX(2) << "Seek to " << int(command_[2]));
 				} else {
 					drives_[drive].target_head_position = -1;
 					drives_[drive].head_position = 0;
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 				// If a drive was found, return its results. Otherwise return a single 0x80.
 				if(found_drive != -1) {
 					drives_[found_drive].phase = Drive::NotSeeking;
-					status_[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(found_drive);
+					status_[0] = uint8_t(found_drive);
 					main_status_ &= ~(1 << found_drive);
 					SetSeekEnd();
 
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 				int drive = command_[1] & 3;
 				select_drive(drive);
 				result_stack_= {
-					static_cast<uint8_t>(
+					uint8_t(
 						(command_[1] & 7) |	// drive and head number
 						0x08 |				// single sided
 						(get_drive().get_is_track_zero() ? 0x10 : 0x00)	|
@@ -853,9 +853,9 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 	// Posts whatever is in result_stack_ as a result phase. Be aware that it is a stack, so the
 	// last thing in it will be returned first.
 	post_result:
-			LOGNBR(PADHEX(2) << "Result to " << static_cast<int>(command_[0] & 0x1f) << ", main " << static_cast<int>(main_status_) << "; ");
+			LOGNBR(PADHEX(2) << "Result to " << int(command_[0] & 0x1f) << ", main " << int(main_status_) << "; ");
 			for(std::size_t c = 0; c < result_stack_.size(); c++) {
-				LOGNBR(" " << static_cast<int>(result_stack_[result_stack_.size() - 1 - c]));
+				LOGNBR(" " << int(result_stack_[result_stack_.size() - 1 - c]));
 			}
 			LOGNBR(std::endl);
 
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ void i8272::posit_event(int event_type) {
 			SetDataRequest();
 			SetDataDirectionToProcessor();
 
-			// The actual stuff of unwinding result_stack_ is handled by ::get_register; wait
+			// The actual stuff of unwinding result_stack_ is handled by ::read; wait
 			// until the processor has read all result bytes.
 			WAIT_FOR_EVENT(Event8272::ResultEmpty);
 

Components/8272/i8272.hpp

@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ class i8272 : public Storage::Disk::MFMController {
 		void set_data_input(uint8_t value);
 		uint8_t get_data_output();
 
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
-		uint8_t get_register(int address);
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value);
+		uint8_t read(int address);
 
 		void set_dma_acknowledge(bool dack);
 		void set_terminal_count(bool tc);
 
-		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() final;
+		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() const final;
 
 	protected:
 		virtual void select_drive(int number) = 0;
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ class i8272 : public Storage::Disk::MFMController {
 			ResultEmpty = (1 << 5),
 			NoLongerReady = (1 << 6)
 		};
-		void posit_event(int type) override;
-		int interesting_event_mask_ = static_cast<int>(Event8272::CommandByte);
+		void posit_event(int type) final;
+		int interesting_event_mask_ = int(Event8272::CommandByte);
 		int resume_point_ = 0;
 		bool is_access_command_ = false;
 

Components/8530/z8530.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ void z8530::reset() {
 	// TODO.
 }
 
-bool z8530::get_interrupt_line() {
+bool z8530::get_interrupt_line() const {
 	return
 		(master_interrupt_control_ & 0x8) &&
 		(
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ void z8530::Channel::set_dcd(bool level) {
 	}
 }
 
-bool z8530::Channel::get_interrupt_line() {
+bool z8530::Channel::get_interrupt_line() const {
 	return
 		(interrupt_mask_ & 1) && external_status_interrupt_;
 	// TODO: other potential causes of an interrupt.

Components/8530/z8530.hpp

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class z8530 {
 		std::uint8_t read(int address);
 		void write(int address, std::uint8_t value);
 		void reset();
-		bool get_interrupt_line();
+		bool get_interrupt_line() const;
 
 		struct Delegate {
 			virtual void did_change_interrupt_status(z8530 *, bool new_status) = 0;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class z8530 {
 				uint8_t read(bool data, uint8_t pointer);
 				void write(bool data, uint8_t pointer, uint8_t value);
 				void set_dcd(bool level);
-				bool get_interrupt_line();
+				bool get_interrupt_line() const;
 
 			private:
 				uint8_t data_ = 0xff;

Components/9918/9918.cpp

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ struct ReverseTable {
 
 	ReverseTable() {
 		for(int c = 0; c < 256; ++c) {
-			map[c] = static_cast<uint8_t>(
+			map[c] = uint8_t(
 				((c & 0x80) >> 7) |
 				((c & 0x40) >> 5) |
 				((c & 0x20) >> 3) |
@@ -117,10 +117,22 @@ void TMS9918::set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target) {
 	crt_.set_scan_target(scan_target);
 }
 
+Outputs::Display::ScanStatus TMS9918::get_scaled_scan_status() const {
+	// The input was scaled by 3/4 to convert half cycles to internal ticks,
+	// so undo that and also allow for: (i) the multiply by 4 that it takes
+	// to reach the CRT; and (ii) the fact that the half-cycles value was scaled,
+	// and this should really reply in whole cycles.
+	return crt_.get_scaled_scan_status() * (4.0f / (3.0f * 8.0f));
+}
+
 void TMS9918::set_display_type(Outputs::Display::DisplayType display_type) {
 	crt_.set_display_type(display_type);
 }
 
+Outputs::Display::DisplayType TMS9918::get_display_type() {
+	return crt_.get_display_type();
+}
+
 void Base::LineBuffer::reset_sprite_collection() {
 	sprites_stopped = false;
 	active_sprite_slot = 0;
@@ -132,7 +144,7 @@ void Base::LineBuffer::reset_sprite_collection() {
 
 void Base::posit_sprite(LineBuffer &buffer, int sprite_number, int sprite_position, int screen_row) {
 	if(!(status_ & StatusSpriteOverflow)) {
-		status_ = static_cast<uint8_t>((status_ & ~0x1f) | (sprite_number & 0x1f));
+		status_ = uint8_t((status_ & ~0x1f) | (sprite_number & 0x1f));
 	}
 	if(buffer.sprites_stopped)
 		return;
@@ -492,7 +504,7 @@ void Base::output_border(int cycles, uint32_t cram_dot) {
 	}
 }
 
-void TMS9918::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
+void TMS9918::write(int address, uint8_t value) {
 	// Writes to address 0 are writes to the video RAM. Store
 	// the value and return.
 	if(!(address & 1)) {
@@ -519,7 +531,7 @@ void TMS9918::set_register(int address, uint8_t value) {
 
 	// The RAM pointer is always set on a second write, regardless of
 	// whether the caller is intending to enqueue a VDP operation.
-	ram_pointer_ = (ram_pointer_ & 0x00ff) | static_cast<uint16_t>(value << 8);
+	ram_pointer_ = (ram_pointer_ & 0x00ff) | uint16_t(value << 8);
 
 	write_phase_ = false;
 	if(value & 0x80) {
@@ -653,7 +665,7 @@ uint8_t TMS9918::get_current_line() {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return static_cast<uint8_t>(source_row);
+	return uint8_t(source_row);
 }
 
 uint8_t TMS9918::get_latched_horizontal_counter() {
@@ -670,7 +682,7 @@ void TMS9918::latch_horizontal_counter() {
 	latched_column_ = write_pointer_.column;
 }
 
-uint8_t TMS9918::get_register(int address) {
+uint8_t TMS9918::read(int address) {
 	write_phase_ = false;
 
 	// Reads from address 0 read video RAM, via the read-ahead buffer.

Components/9918/9918.hpp

@@ -44,9 +44,15 @@ class TMS9918: public Base {
 		/*! Sets the scan target this TMS will post content to. */
 		void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *);
 
+		/// Gets the current scan status.
+		Outputs::Display::ScanStatus get_scaled_scan_status() const;
+
 		/*! Sets the type of display the CRT will request. */
 		void set_display_type(Outputs::Display::DisplayType);
 
+		/*! Gets the type of display the CRT will request. */
+		Outputs::Display::DisplayType get_display_type();
+
 		/*!
 			Runs the VCP for the number of cycles indicate; it is an implicit assumption of the code
 			that the input clock rate is 3579545 Hz, the NTSC colour clock rate.
@@ -54,10 +60,10 @@ class TMS9918: public Base {
 		void run_for(const HalfCycles cycles);
 
 		/*! Sets a register value. */
-		void set_register(int address, uint8_t value);
+		void write(int address, uint8_t value);
 
 		/*! Gets a register value. */
-		uint8_t get_register(int address);
+		uint8_t read(int address);
 
 		/*! Gets the current scan line; provided by the Master System only. */
 		uint8_t get_current_line();
@@ -69,8 +75,8 @@ class TMS9918: public Base {
 		void latch_horizontal_counter();
 
 		/*!
-			Returns the amount of time until get_interrupt_line would next return true if
-			there are no interceding calls to set_register or get_register.
+			Returns the amount of time until @c get_interrupt_line would next return true if
+			there are no interceding calls to @c write or to @c read.
 
 			If get_interrupt_line is true now, returns zero. If get_interrupt_line would
 			never return true, returns -1.

Components/9918/Implementation/9918Base.hpp

@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ class Base {
 					if(master_system_.cram_is_selected) {
 						// Adjust the palette.
 						master_system_.colour_ram[ram_pointer_ & 0x1f] = palette_pack(
-							static_cast<uint8_t>(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 0) & 3) * 255 / 3),
-							static_cast<uint8_t>(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 2) & 3) * 255 / 3),
-							static_cast<uint8_t>(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 4) & 3) * 255 / 3)
+							uint8_t(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 0) & 3) * 255 / 3),
+							uint8_t(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 2) & 3) * 255 / 3),
+							uint8_t(((read_ahead_buffer_ >> 4) & 3) * 255 / 3)
 						);
 
 						// Schedule a CRAM dot; this is scheduled for wherever it should appear
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ class Base {
 	fetch_columns_4(location+12, column+4);
 
 			LineBuffer &line_buffer = line_buffers_[write_pointer_.row];
-			const size_t row_base = pattern_name_address_ & (0x3c00 | static_cast<size_t>(write_pointer_.row >> 3) * 40);
+			const size_t row_base = pattern_name_address_ & (0x3c00 | size_t(write_pointer_.row >> 3) * 40);
 			const size_t row_offset = pattern_generator_table_address_ & (0x3800 | (write_pointer_.row & 7));
 
 			switch(start) {
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ class Base {
 		const size_t scrolled_column = (column - horizontal_offset) & 0x1f;\
 		const size_t address = row_info.pattern_address_base + (scrolled_column << 1);	\
 		line_buffer.names[column].flags = ram_[address+1];	\
-		line_buffer.names[column].offset = static_cast<size_t>(	\
+		line_buffer.names[column].offset = size_t(	\
 			(((line_buffer.names[column].flags&1) << 8) | ram_[address]) << 5	\
 		) + row_info.sub_row[(line_buffer.names[column].flags&4) >> 2];	\
 	}
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ class Base {
 			};
 			const RowInfo scrolled_row_info = {
 				(pattern_name_address & size_t(((scrolled_row & ~7) << 3) | 0x3800)) - pattern_name_offset,
-				{static_cast<size_t>((scrolled_row & 7) << 2), 28 ^ static_cast<size_t>((scrolled_row & 7) << 2)}
+				{size_t((scrolled_row & 7) << 2), 28 ^ size_t((scrolled_row & 7) << 2)}
 			};
 			RowInfo row_info;
 			if(master_system_.vertical_scroll_lock) {

Components/AY38910/AY38910.cpp

@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@
 //  Copyright 2016 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
 //
 
+#include <cmath>
+
 #include "AY38910.hpp"
 
-#include <cmath>
+//namespace GI {
+//namespace AY38910 {
 
 using namespace GI::AY38910;
 
-AY38910::AY38910(Personality personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue) : task_queue_(task_queue) {
+template <bool is_stereo>
+AY38910<is_stereo>::AY38910(Personality personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue) : task_queue_(task_queue) {
 	// Don't use the low bit of the envelope position if this is an AY.
 	envelope_position_mask_ |= personality == Personality::AY38910;
 
@@ -70,17 +74,34 @@ AY38910::AY38910(Personality personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &
 	set_sample_volume_range(0);
 }
 
-void AY38910::set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range) {
-	// set up volume lookup table
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range) {
+	// Set up volume lookup table; the function below is based on a combination of the graph
+	// from the YM's datasheet, showing a clear power curve, and fitting that to observed
+	// values reported elsewhere.
 	const float max_volume = float(range) / 3.0f;	// As there are three channels.
 	constexpr float root_two = 1.414213562373095f;
 	for(int v = 0; v < 32; v++) {
-		volumes_[v] = int(max_volume / powf(root_two, float(v ^ 0x1f) / 2.0f));
+		volumes_[v] = int(max_volume / powf(root_two, float(v ^ 0x1f) / 3.18f));
 	}
+
+	// Tie level 0 to silence.
+	for(int v = 31; v >= 0; --v) {
+		volumes_[v] -= volumes_[0];
+	}
+
 	evaluate_output_volume();
 }
 
-void AY38910::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_output_mixing(float a_left, float b_left, float c_left, float a_right, float b_right, float c_right) {
+	a_left_ = uint8_t(a_left * 255.0f);
+	b_left_ = uint8_t(b_left * 255.0f);
+	c_left_ = uint8_t(c_left * 255.0f);
+	a_right_ = uint8_t(a_right * 255.0f);
+	b_right_ = uint8_t(b_right * 255.0f);
+	c_right_ = uint8_t(c_right * 255.0f);
+}
+
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
 	// Note on structure below: the real AY has a built-in divider of 8
 	// prior to applying its tone and noise dividers. But the YM fills the
 	// same total periods for noise and tone with double-precision envelopes.
@@ -92,7 +113,11 @@ void AY38910::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
 
 	std::size_t c = 0;
 	while((master_divider_&3) && c < number_of_samples) {
-		target[c] = output_volume_;
+		if constexpr (is_stereo) {
+			reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(target)[c] = output_volume_;
+		} else {
+			target[c] = int16_t(output_volume_);
+		}
 		master_divider_++;
 		c++;
 	}
@@ -134,7 +159,11 @@ void AY38910::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
 		evaluate_output_volume();
 
 		for(int ic = 0; ic < 4 && c < number_of_samples; ic++) {
-			target[c] = output_volume_;
+			if constexpr (is_stereo) {
+				reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(target)[c] = output_volume_;
+			} else {
+				target[c] = int16_t(output_volume_);
+			}
 			c++;
 			master_divider_++;
 		}
@@ -143,7 +172,7 @@ void AY38910::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target) {
 	master_divider_ &= 3;
 }
 
-void AY38910::evaluate_output_volume() {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::evaluate_output_volume() {
 	int envelope_volume = envelope_shapes_[output_registers_[13]][envelope_position_ | envelope_position_mask_];
 
 	// The output level for a channel is:
@@ -161,10 +190,20 @@ void AY38910::evaluate_output_volume() {
 	};
 #undef level
 
+	// This remapping table seeks to map 'channel volumes', i.e. the levels produced from the
+	// 16-step progammatic volumes set per channel to 'envelope volumes', i.e. the 32-step
+	// volumes that are produced by the envelope generators (on a YM at least). My reading of
+	// the data sheet is that '0' is still off, but 15 should be as loud as peak envelope. So
+	// I've thrown in the discontinuity at the low end, where it'll be very quiet.
+	const int channel_volumes[] = {
+		0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31
+	};
+	static_assert(sizeof(channel_volumes) == 16*sizeof(int));
+
 		// Channel volume is a simple selection: if the bit at 0x10 is set, use the envelope volume; otherwise use the lower four bits,
 		// mapped to the range 1–31 in case this is a YM.
 #define channel_volume(c)	\
-	((output_registers_[c] >> 4)&1) * envelope_volume + (((output_registers_[c] >> 4)&1)^1) * (((output_registers_[c]&0xf) << 1) + 1)
+	((output_registers_[c] >> 4)&1) * envelope_volume + (((output_registers_[c] >> 4)&1)^1) * channel_volumes[output_registers_[c]&0xf]
 
 	const int volumes[3] = {
 		channel_volume(8),
@@ -173,34 +212,47 @@ void AY38910::evaluate_output_volume() {
 	};
 #undef channel_volume
 
-	// Mix additively.
-	output_volume_ = static_cast<int16_t>(
-		volumes_[volumes[0]] * channel_levels[0] +
-		volumes_[volumes[1]] * channel_levels[1] +
-		volumes_[volumes[2]] * channel_levels[2]
-	);
+	// Mix additively, weighting if in stereo.
+	if constexpr (is_stereo) {
+		int16_t *const output_volumes = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(&output_volume_);
+		output_volumes[0] = int16_t((
+			volumes_[volumes[0]] * channel_levels[0] * a_left_ +
+			volumes_[volumes[1]] * channel_levels[1] * b_left_ +
+			volumes_[volumes[2]] * channel_levels[2] * c_left_
+		) >> 8);
+		output_volumes[1] = int16_t((
+			volumes_[volumes[0]] * channel_levels[0] * a_right_ +
+			volumes_[volumes[1]] * channel_levels[1] * b_right_ +
+			volumes_[volumes[2]] * channel_levels[2] * c_right_
+		) >> 8);
+	} else {
+		output_volume_ = uint32_t(
+			volumes_[volumes[0]] * channel_levels[0] +
+			volumes_[volumes[1]] * channel_levels[1] +
+			volumes_[volumes[2]] * channel_levels[2]
+		);
+	}
 }
 
-bool AY38910::is_zero_level() {
+template <bool is_stereo> bool AY38910<is_stereo>::is_zero_level() const {
 	// Confirm that the AY is trivially at the zero level if all three volume controls are set to fixed zero.
 	return output_registers_[0x8] == 0 && output_registers_[0x9] == 0 && output_registers_[0xa] == 0;
 }
 
 // MARK: - Register manipulation
 
-void AY38910::select_register(uint8_t r) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::select_register(uint8_t r) {
 	selected_register_ = r;
 }
 
-void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 	// There are only 16 registers.
 	if(selected_register_ > 15) return;
 
 	// If this is a register that affects audio output, enqueue a mutation onto the
 	// audio generation thread.
 	if(selected_register_ < 14) {
-		const int selected_register = selected_register_;
-		task_queue_.defer([=] () {
+		task_queue_.defer([this, selected_register = selected_register_, value] () {
 			// Perform any register-specific mutation to output generation.
 			uint8_t masked_value = value;
 			switch(selected_register) {
@@ -209,7 +261,7 @@ void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 					int channel = selected_register >> 1;
 
 					if(selected_register & 1)
-						tone_periods_[channel] = (tone_periods_[channel] & 0xff) | static_cast<uint16_t>((value&0xf) << 8);
+						tone_periods_[channel] = (tone_periods_[channel] & 0xff) | uint16_t((value&0xf) << 8);
 					else
 						tone_periods_[channel] = (tone_periods_[channel] & ~0xff) | value;
 				}
@@ -224,7 +276,7 @@ void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 				break;
 
 				case 12:
-					envelope_period_ = (envelope_period_ & 0xff) | static_cast<int>(value << 8);
+					envelope_period_ = (envelope_period_ & 0xff) | int(value << 8);
 				break;
 
 				case 13:
@@ -262,7 +314,7 @@ void AY38910::set_register_value(uint8_t value) {
 	if(update_port_a) set_port_output(false);
 }
 
-uint8_t AY38910::get_register_value() {
+template <bool is_stereo> uint8_t AY38910<is_stereo>::get_register_value() {
 	// This table ensures that bits that aren't defined within the AY are returned as 0s
 	// when read, conforming to CPC-sourced unit tests.
 	const uint8_t register_masks[16] = {
@@ -276,24 +328,24 @@ uint8_t AY38910::get_register_value() {
 
 // MARK: - Port querying
 
-uint8_t AY38910::get_port_output(bool port_b) {
+template <bool is_stereo> uint8_t AY38910<is_stereo>::get_port_output(bool port_b) {
 	return registers_[port_b ? 15 : 14];
 }
 
 // MARK: - Bus handling
 
-void AY38910::set_port_handler(PortHandler *handler) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_port_handler(PortHandler *handler) {
 	port_handler_ = handler;
 	set_port_output(true);
 	set_port_output(false);
 }
 
-void AY38910::set_data_input(uint8_t r) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_data_input(uint8_t r) {
 	data_input_ = r;
 	update_bus();
 }
 
-void AY38910::set_port_output(bool port_b) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_port_output(bool port_b) {
 	// Per the data sheet: "each [IO] pin is provided with an on-chip pull-up resistor,
 	// so that when in the "input" mode, all pins will read normally high". Therefore,
 	// report programmer selection of input mode as creating an output of 0xff.
@@ -303,7 +355,7 @@ void AY38910::set_port_output(bool port_b) {
 	}
 }
 
-uint8_t AY38910::get_data_output() {
+template <bool is_stereo> uint8_t AY38910<is_stereo>::get_data_output() {
 	if(control_state_ == Read && selected_register_ >= 14 && selected_register_ < 16) {
 		// Per http://cpctech.cpc-live.com/docs/psgnotes.htm if a port is defined as output then the
 		// value returned to the CPU when reading it is the and of the output value and any input.
@@ -319,22 +371,22 @@ uint8_t AY38910::get_data_output() {
 	return data_output_;
 }
 
-void AY38910::set_control_lines(ControlLines control_lines) {
-	switch(static_cast<int>(control_lines)) {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::set_control_lines(ControlLines control_lines) {
+	switch(int(control_lines)) {
 		default:					control_state_ = Inactive;		break;
 
-		case static_cast<int>(BDIR | BC2 | BC1):
+		case int(BDIR | BC2 | BC1):
 		case BDIR:
 		case BC1:					control_state_ = LatchAddress;	break;
 
-		case static_cast<int>(BC2 | BC1):		control_state_ = Read;			break;
-		case static_cast<int>(BDIR | BC2):		control_state_ = Write;			break;
+		case int(BC2 | BC1):		control_state_ = Read;			break;
+		case int(BDIR | BC2):		control_state_ = Write;			break;
 	}
 
 	update_bus();
 }
 
-void AY38910::update_bus() {
+template <bool is_stereo> void AY38910<is_stereo>::update_bus() {
 	// Assume no output, unless this turns out to be a read.
 	data_output_ = 0xff;
 	switch(control_state_) {
@@ -344,3 +396,7 @@ void AY38910::update_bus() {
 		case Read:			data_output_ = get_register_value();	break;
 	}
 }
+
+// Ensure both mono and stereo versions of the AY are built.
+template class GI::AY38910::AY38910<true>;
+template class GI::AY38910::AY38910<false>;

Components/AY38910/AY38910.hpp

@@ -63,8 +63,10 @@ enum class Personality {
 	Provides emulation of an AY-3-8910 / YM2149, which is a three-channel sound chip with a
 	noise generator and a volume envelope generator, which also provides two bidirectional
 	interface ports.
+
+	This AY has an attached mono or stereo mixer.
 */
-class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
+template <bool is_stereo> class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 	public:
 		/// Creates a new AY38910.
 		AY38910(Personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &);
@@ -91,10 +93,23 @@ class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 		*/
 		void set_port_handler(PortHandler *);
 
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables stereo output; if stereo output is enabled then also sets the weight of each of the AY's
+			channels in each of the output channels.
+
+			If a_left_ = b_left = c_left = a_right = b_right = c_right = 1.0 then you'll get output that's effectively mono.
+
+			a_left = 0.0, a_right = 1.0 will make A full volume on the right output, and silent on the left.
+
+			a_left = 0.5, a_right = 0.5 will make A half volume on both outputs.
+		*/
+		void set_output_mixing(float a_left, float b_left, float c_left, float a_right = 1.0, float b_right = 1.0, float c_right = 1.0);
+
 		// to satisfy ::Outputs::Speaker (included via ::Outputs::Filter.
 		void get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, int16_t *target);
-		bool is_zero_level();
+		bool is_zero_level() const;
 		void set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range);
+		static constexpr bool get_is_stereo() { return is_stereo; }
 
 	private:
 		Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue_;
@@ -135,14 +150,21 @@ class AY38910: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 
 		uint8_t data_input_, data_output_;
 
-		int16_t output_volume_;
-		void evaluate_output_volume();
+		uint32_t output_volume_;
 
 		void update_bus();
 		PortHandler *port_handler_ = nullptr;
 		void set_port_output(bool port_b);
+
+		void evaluate_output_volume();
+
+		// Output mixing control.
+		uint8_t a_left_ = 255, a_right_ = 255;
+		uint8_t b_left_ = 255, b_right_ = 255;
+		uint8_t c_left_ = 255, c_right_ = 255;
 };
 
+
 }
 }
 

Components/AudioToggle/AudioToggle.cpp

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ void Toggle::skip_samples(const std::size_t number_of_samples) {}
 void Toggle::set_output(bool enabled) {
 	if(is_enabled_ == enabled) return;
 	is_enabled_ = enabled;
-	audio_queue_.defer([=] {
+	audio_queue_.defer([this, enabled] {
 		level_ = enabled ? volume_ : 0;
 	});
 }
 
-bool Toggle::get_output() {
+bool Toggle::get_output() const {
 	return is_enabled_;
 }

Components/AudioToggle/AudioToggle.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Toggle: public Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 		void skip_samples(const std::size_t number_of_samples);
 
 		void set_output(bool enabled);
-		bool get_output();
+		bool get_output() const;
 
 	private:
 		// Accessed on the calling thread.

Components/DiskII/DiskII.cpp

@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ void DiskII::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 			--flux_duration_;
 			if(!flux_duration_) inputs_ |= input_flux;
 		}
-		state_ = state_machine_[static_cast<std::size_t>(address)];
+		state_ = state_machine_[size_t(address)];
 		switch(state_ & 0xf) {
-			default:	shift_register_ = 0;													break;	// clear
-			case 0x8:																			break;	// nop
+			default:	shift_register_ = 0;										break;	// clear
+			case 0x8:																break;	// nop
 
-			case 0x9:	shift_register_ = static_cast<uint8_t>(shift_register_ << 1);			break;	// shift left, bringing in a zero
-			case 0xd:	shift_register_ = static_cast<uint8_t>((shift_register_ << 1) | 1);		break;	// shift left, bringing in a one
+			case 0x9:	shift_register_ = uint8_t(shift_register_ << 1);			break;	// shift left, bringing in a zero
+			case 0xd:	shift_register_ = uint8_t((shift_register_ << 1) | 1);		break;	// shift left, bringing in a one
 
 			case 0xa:	// shift right, bringing in write protected status
 				shift_register_ = (shift_register_ >> 1) | (is_write_protected() ? 0x80 : 0x00);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ void DiskII::run_for(const Cycles cycles) {
 					return;
 				}
 			break;
-			case 0xb:	shift_register_ = data_input_;											break;	// load data register from data bus
+			case 0xb:	shift_register_ = data_input_;								break;	// load data register from data bus
 		}
 
 		// Currently writing?
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ void DiskII::set_component_prefers_clocking(ClockingHint::Source *component, Clo
 	decide_clocking_preference();
 }
 
-ClockingHint::Preference DiskII::preferred_clocking() {
+ClockingHint::Preference DiskII::preferred_clocking() const {
 	return clocking_preference_;
 }
 

Components/DiskII/DiskII.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Apple {
 /*!
 	Provides an emulation of the Apple Disk II.
 */
-class DiskII final:
+class DiskII :
 	public Storage::Disk::Drive::EventDelegate,
 	public ClockingHint::Source,
 	public ClockingHint::Observer {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class DiskII final:
 		void set_disk(const std::shared_ptr<Storage::Disk::Disk> &disk, int drive);
 
 		// As per Sleeper.
-		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() final;
+		ClockingHint::Preference preferred_clocking() const final;
 
 		// The Disk II functions as a potential target for @c Activity::Sources.
 		void set_activity_observer(Activity::Observer *observer);
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class DiskII final:
 		void select_drive(int drive);
 
 		uint8_t trigger_address(int address, uint8_t value);
-		void process_event(const Storage::Disk::Drive::Event &event) override;
-		void set_component_prefers_clocking(ClockingHint::Source *component, ClockingHint::Preference preference) override;
+		void process_event(const Storage::Disk::Drive::Event &event) final;
+		void set_component_prefers_clocking(ClockingHint::Source *component, ClockingHint::Preference preference) final;
 
 		const Cycles::IntType clock_rate_ = 0;
 

Components/DiskII/IWM.hpp

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class IWM:
 
 	private:
 		// Storage::Disk::Drive::EventDelegate.
-		void process_event(const Storage::Disk::Drive::Event &event) override;
+		void process_event(const Storage::Disk::Drive::Event &event) final;
 
 		const int clock_rate_;
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class IWM:
 		IWMDrive *drives_[2] = {nullptr, nullptr};
 		bool drive_is_rotating_[2] = {false, false};
 
-		void set_component_prefers_clocking(ClockingHint::Source *component, ClockingHint::Preference clocking) override;
+		void set_component_prefers_clocking(ClockingHint::Source *component, ClockingHint::Preference clocking) final;
 
 		Cycles cycles_until_disable_;
 		uint8_t write_handshake_ = 0x80;

Components/DiskII/MacintoshDoubleDensityDrive.hpp

@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ class DoubleDensityDrive: public IWMDrive {
 		*/
 		void set_rotation_speed(float revolutions_per_minute);
 
-		void set_enabled(bool) override;
-		void set_control_lines(int) override;
-		bool read() override;
-
 	private:
+		void set_enabled(bool) final;
+		void set_control_lines(int) final;
+		bool read() final;
+
 		// To receive the proper notifications from Storage::Disk::Drive.
-		void did_step(Storage::Disk::HeadPosition to_position) override;
-		void did_set_disk() override;
+		void did_step(Storage::Disk::HeadPosition to_position) final;
+		void did_set_disk() final;
 
 		const bool is_800k_;
 		bool has_new_disk_ = false;

Components/KonamiSCC/KonamiSCC.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ using namespace Konami;
 SCC::SCC(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue) :
 	task_queue_(task_queue) {}
 
-bool SCC::is_zero_level() {
+bool SCC::is_zero_level() const {
 	return !(channel_enable_ & 0x1f);
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void SCC::write(uint16_t address, uint8_t value) {
 	address &= 0xff;
 	if(address < 0x80) ram_[address] = value;
 
-	task_queue_.defer([=] {
+	task_queue_.defer([this, address, value] {
 		// Check for a write into waveform memory.
 		if(address < 0x80) {
 			waves_[address >> 5].samples[address & 0x1f] = value;
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ void SCC::write(uint16_t address, uint8_t value) {
 
 void SCC::evaluate_output_volume() {
 	transient_output_level_ =
-		static_cast<int16_t>(
+		int16_t(
 			((
-				(channel_enable_ & 0x01) ? static_cast<int8_t>(waves_[0].samples[channels_[0].offset]) * channels_[0].amplitude : 0 +
-				(channel_enable_ & 0x02) ? static_cast<int8_t>(waves_[1].samples[channels_[1].offset]) * channels_[1].amplitude : 0 +
-				(channel_enable_ & 0x04) ? static_cast<int8_t>(waves_[2].samples[channels_[2].offset]) * channels_[2].amplitude : 0 +
-				(channel_enable_ & 0x08) ? static_cast<int8_t>(waves_[3].samples[channels_[3].offset]) * channels_[3].amplitude : 0 +
-				(channel_enable_ & 0x10) ? static_cast<int8_t>(waves_[3].samples[channels_[4].offset]) * channels_[4].amplitude : 0
+				(channel_enable_ & 0x01) ? int8_t(waves_[0].samples[channels_[0].offset]) * channels_[0].amplitude : 0 +
+				(channel_enable_ & 0x02) ? int8_t(waves_[1].samples[channels_[1].offset]) * channels_[1].amplitude : 0 +
+				(channel_enable_ & 0x04) ? int8_t(waves_[2].samples[channels_[2].offset]) * channels_[2].amplitude : 0 +
+				(channel_enable_ & 0x08) ? int8_t(waves_[3].samples[channels_[3].offset]) * channels_[3].amplitude : 0 +
+				(channel_enable_ & 0x10) ? int8_t(waves_[3].samples[channels_[4].offset]) * channels_[4].amplitude : 0
 			) * master_volume_) / (255*15*5)
 			// Five channels, each with 8-bit samples and 4-bit volumes implies a natural range of 0 to 255*15*5.
 		);

Components/KonamiSCC/KonamiSCC.hpp

@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ class SCC: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 		SCC(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue);
 
 		/// As per ::SampleSource; provides a broadphase test for silence.
-		bool is_zero_level();
+		bool is_zero_level() const;
 
 		/// As per ::SampleSource; provides audio output.
 		void get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, std::int16_t *target);
 		void set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range);
+		static constexpr bool get_is_stereo() { return false; }
 
 		/// Writes to the SCC.
 		void write(uint16_t address, uint8_t value);

Components/OPx/Implementation/EnvelopeGenerator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//
+//  EnvelopeGenerator.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 01/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef EnvelopeGenerator_h
+#define EnvelopeGenerator_h
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <functional>
+#include "LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp"
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+/*!
+	Models an OPL-style envelope generator.
+
+	Damping is optional; if damping is enabled then if there is a transition to key-on while
+	attenuation is less than maximum then attenuation will be quickly transitioned to maximum
+	before the attack phase can begin.
+
+	in real hardware damping is used by the envelope generators associated with
+	carriers, with phases being reset upon the transition from damping to attack.
+
+	This code considers application of tremolo to be a function of the envelope generator;
+	this is largely for logical conformity with the phase generator that necessarily has to
+	apply vibrato.
+
+	TODO: use envelope_precision.
+*/
+template <int envelope_precision, int period_precision> class EnvelopeGenerator {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			Advances the envelope generator a single step, given the current state of the low-frequency oscillator, @c oscillator.
+		*/
+		void update(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator) {
+			// Apply tremolo, which is fairly easy.
+			tremolo_ = tremolo_enable_ * oscillator.tremolo << 4;
+
+			// Something something something...
+			const int key_scaling_rate = key_scale_rate_ >> key_scale_rate_shift_;
+			switch(phase_) {
+				case Phase::Damp:
+					update_decay(oscillator, 12 << 2);
+					if(attenuation_ == 511) {
+						(*will_attack_)();
+						phase_ = Phase::Attack;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case Phase::Attack:
+					update_attack(oscillator, attack_rate_ + key_scaling_rate);
+
+					// Two possible terminating conditions: (i) the attack rate is 15; (ii) full volume has been reached.
+					if(attenuation_ <= 0) {
+						attenuation_ = 0;
+						phase_ = Phase::Decay;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case Phase::Decay:
+					update_decay(oscillator, decay_rate_ + key_scaling_rate);
+					if(attenuation_ >= sustain_level_) {
+						attenuation_ = sustain_level_;
+						phase_ = use_sustain_level_ ? Phase::Sustain : Phase::Release;
+					}
+				break;
+
+				case Phase::Sustain:
+					// Nothing to do.
+				break;
+
+				case Phase::Release:
+					update_decay(oscillator, release_rate_ + key_scaling_rate);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns The current attenuation from this envelope generator. This is independent of the envelope precision.
+		*/
+		int attenuation() const {
+			// TODO: if this envelope is fully released, should tremolo still be able to vocalise it?
+			return (attenuation_ << 3) + tremolo_;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables damping on this envelope generator. If damping is enabled then this envelope generator will
+			use the damping phase when necessary (i.e. when transitioning to key on if attenuation is not already at maximum)
+			and in any case will call @c will_attack before transitioning from any other state to attack.
+
+			@param will_attack Supply a will_attack callback to enable damping mode; supply nullopt to disable damping mode.
+		*/
+		void set_should_damp(const std::optional<std::function<void(void)>> &will_attack) {
+			will_attack_ = will_attack;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the current state of the key-on input.
+		*/
+		void set_key_on(bool key_on) {
+			// Do nothing if this is not a leading or trailing edge.
+			if(key_on == key_on_) return;
+			key_on_ = key_on;
+
+			// Always transition to release upon a key off.
+			if(!key_on_) {
+				phase_ = Phase::Release;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// On key on: if this is an envelope generator with damping, and damping is required,
+			// schedule that. If damping is not required, announce a pending attack now and
+			// transition to attack.
+			if(will_attack_) {
+				if(attenuation_ != 511) {
+					phase_ = Phase::Damp;
+					return;
+				}
+
+				(*will_attack_)();
+			}
+			phase_ = Phase::Attack;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the attack rate, which should be in the range 0–15.
+		*/
+		void set_attack_rate(int rate) {
+			attack_rate_ = rate << 2;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the decay rate, which should be in the range 0–15.
+		*/
+		void set_decay_rate(int rate) {
+			decay_rate_ = rate << 2;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the release rate, which should be in the range 0–15.
+		*/
+		void set_release_rate(int rate) {
+			release_rate_ = rate << 2;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the sustain level, which should be in the range 0–15.
+		*/
+		void set_sustain_level(int level) {
+			sustain_level_ = level << 3;
+			// TODO: verify the shift level here. Especially re: precision.
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables use of the sustain level. If this is disabled, the envelope proceeds
+			directly from decay to release.
+		*/
+		void set_use_sustain_level(bool use) {
+			use_sustain_level_ = use;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables key-rate scaling.
+		*/
+		void set_key_scaling_rate_enabled(bool enabled) {
+			key_scale_rate_shift_ = int(enabled) * 2;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables application of the low-frequency oscillator's tremolo.
+		*/
+		void set_tremolo_enabled(bool enabled) {
+			tremolo_enable_ = int(enabled);
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the current period associated with the channel that owns this envelope generator;
+			this is used to select a key scaling rate if key-rate scaling is enabled.
+		*/
+		void set_period(int period, int octave) {
+			key_scale_rate_ = (octave << 1) | (period >> (period_precision - 1));
+		}
+
+	private:
+		enum class Phase {
+			Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release, Damp
+		} phase_ = Phase::Release;
+		int attenuation_ = 511, tremolo_ = 0;
+
+		bool key_on_ = false;
+		std::optional<std::function<void(void)>> will_attack_;
+
+		int key_scale_rate_ = 0;
+		int key_scale_rate_shift_ = 0;
+
+		int tremolo_enable_ = 0;
+
+		int attack_rate_ = 0;
+		int decay_rate_ = 0;
+		int release_rate_ = 0;
+		int sustain_level_ = 0;
+		bool use_sustain_level_ = false;
+
+		static constexpr int dithering_patterns[4][8] = {
+			{0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
+			{0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1},
+			{0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1},
+			{0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
+		};
+
+		void update_attack(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator, int rate) {
+			// Special case: no attack.
+			if(rate < 4) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Special case: instant attack.
+			if(rate >= 60) {
+				attenuation_ = 0;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Work out the number of cycles between each adjustment tick, and stop now
+			// if not at the next adjustment boundary.
+			const int shift_size = 13 - (std::min(rate, 52) >> 2);
+			if(oscillator.counter & ((1 << shift_size) - 1)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Apply dithered adjustment.
+			const int rate_shift = (rate > 55);
+			const int step = dithering_patterns[rate & 3][(oscillator.counter >> shift_size) & 7];
+			attenuation_ -= ((attenuation_ >> (3 - rate_shift)) + 1) * step;
+		}
+
+		void update_decay(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator, int rate) {
+			// Special case: no decay.
+			if(rate < 4) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Work out the number of cycles between each adjustment tick, and stop now
+			// if not at the next adjustment boundary.
+			const int shift_size = 13 - (std::min(rate, 52) >> 2);
+			if(oscillator.counter & ((1 << shift_size) - 1)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Apply dithered adjustment and clamp.
+			const int rate_shift = 1 + (rate > 59) + (rate > 55);
+			attenuation_ += dithering_patterns[rate & 3][(oscillator.counter >> shift_size) & 7] * (4 << rate_shift);
+			attenuation_ = std::min(attenuation_, 511);
+		}
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* EnvelopeGenerator_h */

Components/OPx/Implementation/KeyLevelScaler.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+//  KeyLevelScaler.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 02/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef KeyLevelScaler_h
+#define KeyLevelScaler_h
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+template <int frequency_precision> class KeyLevelScaler {
+	public:
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the current period associated with the channel that owns this envelope generator;
+			this is used to select a key scaling rate if key-rate scaling is enabled.
+		*/
+		void set_period(int period, int octave) {
+			constexpr int key_level_scales[16] = {0, 48, 64, 74, 80, 86, 90, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112};
+			constexpr int masks[2] = {~0, 0};
+
+			// A two's complement assumption is embedded below; the use of masks relies
+			// on the sign bit to clamp to zero.
+			level_ = key_level_scales[period >> (frequency_precision - 4)];
+			level_ -= 16 * (octave ^ 7);
+			level_ &= masks[(level_ >> ((sizeof(int) * 8) - 1)) & 1];
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables key-rate scaling.
+		*/
+		void set_key_scaling_level(int level) {
+			// '7' is just a number large enough to render all possible scaling coefficients as 0.
+			constexpr int key_level_scale_shifts[4] = {7, 1, 2, 0};
+			shift_ = key_level_scale_shifts[level];
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns The current attenuation level due to key-level scaling.
+		*/
+		int attenuation() const {
+			return level_ >> shift_;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		int level_ = 0;
+		int shift_ = 0;
+};
+
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* KeyLevelScaler_h */

Components/OPx/Implementation/LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//
+//  LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 23/04/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef LowFrequencyOscillator_hpp
+#define LowFrequencyOscillator_hpp
+
+#include "../../../Numeric/LFSR.hpp"
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+/*!
+	Models the output of the OPL low-frequency oscillator, which provides a couple of optional fixed-frequency
+	modifications to an operator: tremolo and vibrato. Also exposes a global time counter, which oscillators use
+	as part of their ADSR envelope.
+*/
+class LowFrequencyOscillator {
+	public:
+		/// Current attenuation due to tremolo / amplitude modulation, between 0 and 26.
+		int tremolo = 0;
+
+		/// A number between 0 and 7 indicating the current vibrato offset; this should be combined by operators
+		/// with their frequency number to get the actual vibrato.
+		int vibrato = 0;
+
+		/// A counter of the number of operator update cycles (i.e. input clock / 72) since an arbitrary time.
+		int counter = 0;
+
+		/// Describes the current output of the LFSR; will be either 0 or 1.
+		int lfsr = 0;
+
+		/// Updates the oscillator outputs. Should be called at the (input clock/72) rate.
+		void update() {
+			++counter;
+
+			// This produces output of:
+			//
+			// four instances of 0, four instances of 1... _three_ instances of 26,
+			// four instances of 25, four instances of 24... _three_ instances of 0.
+			//
+			// ... advancing once every 64th update.
+			const int tremolo_index = (counter >> 6) % 210;
+			const int tremolo_levels[2] = {tremolo_index >> 2, 52 - ((tremolo_index+1) >> 2)};
+			tremolo = tremolo_levels[tremolo_index / 107];
+
+			// Vibrato is relatively simple: it's just three bits from the counter.
+			vibrato = (counter >> 10) & 7;
+		}
+
+		/// Updartes the LFSR output. Should be called at the input clock rate.
+		void update_lfsr() {
+			lfsr = noise_source_.next();		
+		}
+
+	private:
+		// This is the correct LSFR per forums.submarine.org.uk.
+		Numeric::LFSR<int, 0x800302> noise_source_;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* LowFrequencyOscillator_hpp */

Components/OPx/Implementation/OPLBase.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+//  OPLBase.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef OPLBase_h
+#define OPLBase_h
+
+#include "../../../Outputs/Speaker/Implementation/SampleSource.hpp"
+#include "../../../Concurrency/AsyncTaskQueue.hpp"
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+template <typename Child> class OPLBase: public ::Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
+	public:
+		void write(uint16_t address, uint8_t value) {
+			if(address & 1) {
+				static_cast<Child *>(this)->write_register(selected_register_, value);
+			} else {
+				selected_register_ = value;
+			}
+		}
+
+	protected:
+		OPLBase(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue) : task_queue_(task_queue) {}
+
+		Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue_;
+
+	private:
+		uint8_t selected_register_ = 0;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* OPLBase_h */

Components/OPx/Implementation/PhaseGenerator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//
+//  PhaseGenerator.h
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 30/04/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef PhaseGenerator_h
+#define PhaseGenerator_h
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include "LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp"
+#include "Tables.hpp"
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+/*!
+	Models an OPL-style phase generator of templated precision; having been told its period ('f-num'), octave ('block') and
+	multiple, and whether to apply vibrato, this will then appropriately update and return phase.
+*/
+template <int precision> class PhaseGenerator {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			Advances the phase generator a single step, given the current state of the low-frequency oscillator, @c oscillator.
+		*/
+		void update(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator) {
+			constexpr int vibrato_shifts[4] = {3, 1, 0, 1};
+			constexpr int vibrato_signs[2] = {1, -1};
+
+			// Get just the top three bits of the period_.
+			const int top_freq = period_ >> (precision - 3);
+
+			// Cacluaute applicable vibrato as a function of (i) the top three bits of the
+			// oscillator period; (ii) the current low-frequency oscillator vibrato output; and
+			// (iii) whether vibrato is enabled.
+			const int vibrato = (top_freq >> vibrato_shifts[oscillator.vibrato & 3]) * vibrato_signs[oscillator.vibrato >> 2] * enable_vibrato_;
+
+			// Apply phase update with vibrato from the low-frequency oscillator.
+			phase_ += (multiple_ * ((period_ << 1) + vibrato) << octave_) >> 1;
+		}
+
+
+		/*!
+			@returns Current phase; real hardware provides only the low ten bits of this result.
+		*/
+		int phase() const {
+			// My table if multipliers is multiplied by two, so shift by one more
+			// than the stated precision.
+			return phase_ >> precision_shift;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns Current phase, scaled up by (1 << precision).
+		*/
+		int scaled_phase() const {
+			return phase_ >> 1;
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Applies feedback based on two historic samples of a total output level,
+			plus the degree of feedback to apply
+		*/
+		void apply_feedback(LogSign first, LogSign second, int level) {
+			constexpr int masks[] = {0, ~0, ~0, ~0, ~0, ~0, ~0, ~0};
+			phase_ += ((second.level(precision) + first.level(precision)) >> (8 - level)) & masks[level];
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the multiple for this phase generator, in the same terms as an OPL programmer,
+			i.e. a 4-bit number that is used as a lookup into the internal multiples table.
+		*/
+		void set_multiple(int multiple) {
+			// This encodes the MUL -> multiple table given on page 12,
+			// multiplied by two.
+			constexpr int multipliers[] = {
+				1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 20, 24, 24, 30, 30
+			};
+			assert(multiple < 16);
+			multiple_ = multipliers[multiple];
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Sets the period of this generator, along with its current octave.
+
+			Yamaha tends to refer to the period as the 'f-number', and used both 'octave' and 'block' for octave.
+		*/
+		void set_period(int period, int octave) {
+			period_ = period;
+			octave_ = octave;
+
+			assert(octave_ < 8);
+			assert(period_ < (1 << precision));
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Enables or disables vibrato.
+		*/
+		void set_vibrato_enabled(bool enabled) {
+			enable_vibrato_ = int(enabled);
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			Resets the current phase.
+		*/
+		void reset() {
+			phase_ = 0;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		static constexpr int precision_shift =  1 + precision;
+
+		int phase_ = 0;
+
+		int multiple_ = 0;
+		int period_ = 0;
+		int octave_ = 0;
+		int enable_vibrato_ = 0;
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* PhaseGenerator_h */

Components/OPx/Implementation/Tables.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+//
+//  Tables.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 15/04/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef Tables_hpp
+#define Tables_hpp
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+/*
+	These are the OPL's built-in log-sin and exponentiation tables, as recovered by
+	Matthew Gambrell and Olli Niemitalo in 'OPLx decapsulated'. Despite the formulas
+	being well known, I've elected not to generate these at runtime because even if I
+	did, I'd just end up with the proper values laid out in full in a unit test, and
+	they're very compact.
+*/
+
+/*!
+	Represents both the logarithm of a value and its sign.
+
+	It's actually the negative logarithm, in base two, in fixed point.
+*/
+struct LogSign {
+	int log;
+	int sign;
+
+	void reset() {
+		log = 0;
+		sign = 1;
+	}
+
+	LogSign &operator +=(int attenuation) {
+		log += attenuation;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	LogSign &operator +=(LogSign log_sign) {
+		log += log_sign.log;
+		sign *= log_sign.sign;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	int level(int fractional = 0) const;
+};
+
+/*!
+	@returns Negative log sin of x, assuming a 1024-unit circle.
+*/
+constexpr LogSign negative_log_sin(int x) {
+	/// Defines the first quadrant of 1024-unit negative log to the base two of  sine (that conveniently misses sin(0)).
+	///
+	/// Expected branchless usage for a full 1024 unit output:
+	///
+	///	constexpr int multiplier[] = { 1, -1 };
+	///	constexpr int mask[] = { 0, 255 };
+	///
+	/// value = exp( log_sin[angle & 255] ^ mask[(angle >> 8) & 1]) * multitplier[(angle >> 9) & 1]
+	///
+	/// ... where exp(x) = 2 ^ -x / 256
+	constexpr int16_t log_sin[] = {
+		2137,	1731,	1543,	1419,	1326,	1252,	1190,	1137,
+		1091,	1050,	1013,	979,	949,	920,	894,	869,
+		846,	825,	804,	785,	767,	749,	732,	717,
+		701,	687,	672,	659,	646,	633,	621,	609,
+		598,	587,	576,	566,	556,	546,	536,	527,
+		518,	509,	501,	492,	484,	476,	468,	461,
+		453,	446,	439,	432,	425,	418,	411,	405,
+		399,	392,	386,	380,	375,	369,	363,	358,
+		352,	347,	341,	336,	331,	326,	321,	316,
+		311,	307,	302,	297,	293,	289,	284,	280,
+		276,	271,	267,	263,	259,	255,	251,	248,
+		244,	240,	236,	233,	229,	226,	222,	219,
+		215,	212,	209,	205,	202,	199,	196,	193,
+		190,	187,	184,	181,	178,	175,	172,	169,
+		167,	164,	161,	159,	156,	153,	151,	148,
+		146,	143,	141,	138,	136,	134,	131,	129,
+		127,	125,	122,	120,	118,	116,	114,	112,
+		110,	108,	106,	104,	102,	100,	98,		96,
+		94,		92,		91,		89,		87,		85,		83,		82,
+		80,		78,		77,		75,		74,		72,		70,		69,
+		67,		66,		64,		63,		62,		60,		59,		57,
+		56,		55,		53,		52,		51,		49,		48,		47,
+		46,		45,		43,		42,		41,		40,		39,		38,
+		37,		36,		35,		34,		33,		32,		31,		30,
+		29,		28,		27,		26,		25,		24,		23,		23,
+		22,		21,		20,		20,		19,		18,		17,		17,
+		16,		15,		15,		14,		13,		13,		12,		12,
+		11,		10,		10,		9,		9,		8,		8,		7,
+		7,		7,		6,		6,		5,		5,		5,		4,
+		4,		4,		3,		3,		3,		2,		2,		2,
+		2,		1,		1,		1,		1,		1,		1,		1,
+		0,		0,		0,		0,		0,		0,		0,		0
+	};
+	constexpr int16_t sign[] = { 1, -1 };
+	constexpr int16_t mask[] = { 0, 255 };
+
+	return {
+		.log = log_sin[(x & 255) ^ mask[(x >> 8) & 1]],
+		.sign = sign[(x >> 9) & 1]
+	};
+}
+
+/*!
+	Computes the linear value represented by the log-sign @c ls, shifted left by @c fractional prior
+	to loss of precision.
+*/
+constexpr int power_two(LogSign ls, int fractional = 0) {
+	/// A derivative of the exponent table in a real OPL2; mapped_exp[x] = (source[c ^ 0xff] << 1) | 0x800.
+	///
+	/// The ahead-of-time transformation represents fixed work the OPL2 does when reading its table
+	/// independent on the input.
+	///
+	/// The original table is a 0.10 fixed-point representation of 2^x - 1 with bit 10 implicitly set, where x is
+	/// in 0.8 fixed point.
+	///
+	/// Since the log_sin table represents sine in a negative base-2 logarithm, values from it would need
+	/// to be negatived before being put into the original table. That's haned with the ^ 0xff. The | 0x800 is to
+	/// set the implicit bit 10 (subject to the shift).
+	///
+	/// The shift by 1 is to allow the chip's exploitation of the recursive symmetry of the exponential table to
+	/// be achieved more easily. Specifically, to convert a logarithmic attenuation to a linear one, just perform:
+	///
+	///	result = mapped_exp[x & 0xff] >> (x >> 8)
+	constexpr int16_t mapped_exp[] = {
+		4084,	4074,	4062,	4052,	4040,	4030,	4020,	4008,
+		3998,	3986,	3976,	3966,	3954,	3944,	3932,	3922,
+		3912,	3902,	3890,	3880,	3870,	3860,	3848,	3838,
+		3828,	3818,	3808,	3796,	3786,	3776,	3766,	3756,
+		3746,	3736,	3726,	3716,	3706,	3696,	3686,	3676,
+		3666,	3656,	3646,	3636,	3626,	3616,	3606,	3596,
+		3588,	3578,	3568,	3558,	3548,	3538,	3530,	3520,
+		3510,	3500,	3492,	3482,	3472,	3464,	3454,	3444,
+		3434,	3426,	3416,	3408,	3398,	3388,	3380,	3370,
+		3362,	3352,	3344,	3334,	3326,	3316,	3308,	3298,
+		3290,	3280,	3272,	3262,	3254,	3246,	3236,	3228,
+		3218,	3210,	3202,	3192,	3184,	3176,	3168,	3158,
+		3150,	3142,	3132,	3124,	3116,	3108,	3100,	3090,
+		3082,	3074,	3066,	3058,	3050,	3040,	3032,	3024,
+		3016,	3008,	3000,	2992,	2984,	2976,	2968,	2960,
+		2952,	2944,	2936,	2928,	2920,	2912,	2904,	2896,
+		2888,	2880,	2872,	2866,	2858,	2850,	2842,	2834,
+		2826,	2818,	2812,	2804,	2796,	2788,	2782,	2774,
+		2766,	2758,	2752,	2744,	2736,	2728,	2722,	2714,
+		2706,	2700,	2692,	2684,	2678,	2670,	2664,	2656,
+		2648,	2642,	2634,	2628,	2620,	2614,	2606,	2600,
+		2592,	2584,	2578,	2572,	2564,	2558,	2550,	2544,
+		2536,	2530,	2522,	2516,	2510,	2502,	2496,	2488,
+		2482,	2476,	2468,	2462,	2456,	2448,	2442,	2436,
+		2428,	2422,	2416,	2410,	2402,	2396,	2390,	2384,
+		2376,	2370,	2364,	2358,	2352,	2344,	2338,	2332,
+		2326,	2320,	2314,	2308,	2300,	2294,	2288,	2282,
+		2276,	2270,	2264,	2258,	2252,	2246,	2240,	2234,
+		2228,	2222,	2216,	2210,	2204,	2198,	2192,	2186,
+		2180,	2174,	2168,	2162,	2156,	2150,	2144,	2138,
+		2132,	2128,	2122,	2116,	2110,	2104,	2098,	2092,
+		2088,	2082,	2076,	2070,	2064,	2060,	2054,	2048,
+	};
+
+	return ((mapped_exp[ls.log & 0xff] << fractional) >> (ls.log >> 8)) * ls.sign;
+}
+
+/*
+
+	Credit for the fixed register lists goes to Nuke.YKT; I found them at:
+	https://siliconpr0n.org/archive/doku.php?id=vendor:yamaha:opl2#ym2413_instrument_rom
+
+	The arrays below begin with channel 1, then each line is a single channel defined
+	in exactly the same terms as the OPL's user-defined channel.
+
+*/
+
+constexpr uint8_t opll_patch_set[] = {
+	0x71, 0x61, 0x1e, 0x17, 0xd0, 0x78, 0x00, 0x17,
+	0x13, 0x41, 0x1a, 0x0d, 0xd8, 0xf7, 0x23, 0x13,
+	0x13, 0x01, 0x99, 0x00, 0xf2, 0xc4, 0x11, 0x23,
+	0x31, 0x61, 0x0e, 0x07, 0xa8, 0x64, 0x70, 0x27,
+	0x32, 0x21, 0x1e, 0x06, 0xe0, 0x76, 0x00, 0x28,
+	0x31, 0x22, 0x16, 0x05, 0xe0, 0x71, 0x00, 0x18,
+	0x21, 0x61, 0x1d, 0x07, 0x82, 0x81, 0x10, 0x07,
+	0x23, 0x21, 0x2d, 0x14, 0xa2, 0x72, 0x00, 0x07,
+	0x61, 0x61, 0x1b, 0x06, 0x64, 0x65, 0x10, 0x17,
+	0x41, 0x61, 0x0b, 0x18, 0x85, 0xf7, 0x71, 0x07,
+	0x13, 0x01, 0x83, 0x11, 0xfa, 0xe4, 0x10, 0x04,
+	0x17, 0xc1, 0x24, 0x07, 0xf8, 0xf8, 0x22, 0x12,
+	0x61, 0x50, 0x0c, 0x05, 0xc2, 0xf5, 0x20, 0x42,
+	0x01, 0x01, 0x55, 0x03, 0xc9, 0x95, 0x03, 0x02,
+	0x61, 0x41, 0x89, 0x03, 0xf1, 0xe4, 0x40, 0x13,
+};
+
+constexpr uint8_t vrc7_patch_set[] = {
+	0x03, 0x21, 0x05, 0x06, 0xe8, 0x81, 0x42, 0x27,
+	0x13, 0x41, 0x14, 0x0d, 0xd8, 0xf6, 0x23, 0x12,
+	0x11, 0x11, 0x08, 0x08, 0xfa, 0xb2, 0x20, 0x12,
+	0x31, 0x61, 0x0c, 0x07, 0xa8, 0x64, 0x61, 0x27,
+	0x32, 0x21, 0x1e, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x76, 0x01, 0x28,
+	0x02, 0x01, 0x06, 0x00, 0xa3, 0xe2, 0xf4, 0xf4,
+	0x21, 0x61, 0x1d, 0x07, 0x82, 0x81, 0x11, 0x07,
+	0x23, 0x21, 0x22, 0x17, 0xa2, 0x72, 0x01, 0x17,
+	0x35, 0x11, 0x25, 0x00, 0x40, 0x73, 0x72, 0x01,
+	0xb5, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0xa8, 0xa5, 0x51, 0x02,
+	0x17, 0xc1, 0x24, 0x07, 0xf8, 0xf8, 0x22, 0x12,
+	0x71, 0x23, 0x11, 0x06, 0x65, 0x74, 0x18, 0x16,
+	0x01, 0x02, 0xd3, 0x05, 0xc9, 0x95, 0x03, 0x02,
+	0x61, 0x63, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x94, 0xc0, 0x33, 0xf6,
+	0x21, 0x72, 0x0d, 0x00, 0xc1, 0xd5, 0x56, 0x06,
+};
+
+constexpr uint8_t percussion_patch_set[] = {
+	0x01, 0x01, 0x18, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0xf8, 0x6a, 0x6d,
+	0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc8, 0xd8, 0xa7, 0x48,
+	0x05, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0xaa, 0x59, 0x55,
+};
+
+
+inline int LogSign::level(int fractional) const {
+	return power_two(*this, fractional);
+}
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* Tables_hpp */

Components/OPx/Implementation/WaveformGenerator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//
+//  WaveformGenerator.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef WaveformGenerator_h
+#define WaveformGenerator_h
+
+#include "Tables.hpp"
+#include "LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp"
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+enum class Waveform {
+	Sine, HalfSine, AbsSine, PulseSine
+};
+
+template <int phase_precision> class WaveformGenerator {
+	public:
+		/*!
+			@returns The output of waveform @c form at [integral] phase @c phase.
+		*/
+		static constexpr LogSign wave(Waveform form, int phase) {
+			constexpr int waveforms[4][4] = {
+				{1023, 1023, 1023, 1023},	// Sine: don't mask in any quadrant.
+				{511, 511, 0, 0},			// Half sine: keep the first half intact, lock to 0 in the second half.
+				{511, 511, 511, 511},		// AbsSine: endlessly repeat the first half of the sine wave.
+				{255, 0, 255, 0},			// PulseSine: act as if the first quadrant is in the first and third; lock the other two to 0.
+			};
+			return negative_log_sin(phase & waveforms[int(form)][(phase >> 8) & 3]);
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns The output of waveform @c form at [scaled] phase @c scaled_phase given the modulation input @c modulation.
+		*/
+		static constexpr LogSign wave(Waveform form, int scaled_phase, LogSign modulation) {
+			const int scaled_phase_offset = modulation.level(phase_precision);
+			const int phase = (scaled_phase + scaled_phase_offset) >> phase_precision;
+			return wave(form, phase);
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns Snare output, calculated from the current LFSR state as captured in @c oscillator and an operator's phase.
+		*/
+		static constexpr LogSign snare(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator, int phase) {
+			// If noise is 0, output is positive.
+			// If noise is 1, output is negative.
+			// If (noise ^ sign) is 0, output is 0. Otherwise it is max.
+			const int sign = phase & 0x200;
+			const int level = ((phase >> 9) & 1) ^ oscillator.lfsr;
+			return negative_log_sin(sign + (level << 8));
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns Cymbal output, calculated from an operator's phase and a modulator's phase.
+		*/
+		static constexpr LogSign cymbal(int carrier_phase, int modulator_phase) {
+			return negative_log_sin(256 + (phase_combination(carrier_phase, modulator_phase) << 9));
+		}
+
+		/*!
+			@returns High-hat output, calculated from the current LFSR state as captured in @c oscillator, an operator's phase and a modulator's phase.
+		*/
+		static constexpr LogSign high_hat(const LowFrequencyOscillator &oscillator, int carrier_phase, int modulator_phase) {
+			constexpr int angles[] = {0x234, 0xd0, 0x2d0, 0x34};
+			return negative_log_sin(angles[
+				phase_combination(carrier_phase, modulator_phase) |
+				(oscillator.lfsr << 1)
+			]);
+		}
+
+	private:
+		/*!
+			@returns The phase bit used for cymbal and high-hat generation, which is a function of two operators' phases.
+		*/
+		static constexpr int phase_combination(int carrier_phase, int modulator_phase) {
+			return (
+				((carrier_phase >> 5) ^ (carrier_phase >> 3)) &
+				((modulator_phase >> 7) ^ (modulator_phase >> 2)) &
+				((carrier_phase >> 5) ^ (modulator_phase >> 3))
+			) & 1;
+		}
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* WaveformGenerator_h */

Components/OPx/OPLL.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+//
+//  OPLL.cpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "OPLL.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace Yamaha::OPL;
+
+OPLL::OPLL(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue, int audio_divider, bool is_vrc7):
+	OPLBase(task_queue), audio_divider_(audio_divider), is_vrc7_(is_vrc7) {
+	// Due to the way that sound mixing works on the OPLL, the audio divider may not
+	// be larger than 4.
+	assert(audio_divider <= 4);
+
+	// Setup the rhythm envelope generators.
+
+	// Treat the bass exactly as if it were a melodic channel.
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassCarrier].set_should_damp([this] {
+		// Propagate attack mode to the modulator, and reset both phases.
+		rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassModulator].set_key_on(true);
+		phase_generators_[6 + 0].reset();
+		phase_generators_[6 + 9].reset();
+	});
+
+	// Set the other drums to damp, but only the TomTom to affect phase.
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[TomTom].set_should_damp([this] {
+		phase_generators_[8 + 9].reset();
+	});
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[Snare].set_should_damp({});
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[Cymbal].set_should_damp({});
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[HighHat].set_should_damp({});
+
+	// Crib the proper rhythm envelope generator settings by installing
+	// the rhythm instruments and copying them over.
+	rhythm_mode_enabled_ = true;
+	install_instrument(6);
+	install_instrument(7);
+	install_instrument(8);
+
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassCarrier] = envelope_generators_[6];
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassModulator] = envelope_generators_[6 + 9];
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[HighHat] = envelope_generators_[7 + 9];
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[Cymbal] = envelope_generators_[8];
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[TomTom] = envelope_generators_[8 + 9];
+	rhythm_envelope_generators_[Snare] = envelope_generators_[7];
+
+	// Return to ordinary default mode.
+	rhythm_mode_enabled_ = false;
+
+	// Set up damping for the melodic channels.
+	for(int c = 0; c < 9; ++c) {
+		envelope_generators_[c].set_should_damp([this, c] {
+			// Propagate attack mode to the modulator, and reset both phases.
+			envelope_generators_[c + 9].set_key_on(true);
+			phase_generators_[c + 0].reset();
+			phase_generators_[c + 9].reset();
+		});
+	}
+
+	// Set default instrument.
+	for(int c = 0; c < 9; ++c) {
+		install_instrument(c);
+	}
+}
+
+// MARK: - Machine-facing programmatic input.
+
+void OPLL::write_register(uint8_t address, uint8_t value) {
+	// The OPLL doesn't have timers or other non-audio functions, so all writes
+	// go to the audio queue.
+	task_queue_.defer([this, address, value] {
+		// The first 8 locations are used to define the custom instrument, and have
+		// exactly the same format as the patch set arrays at the head of this file.
+		if(address < 8) {
+			custom_instrument_[address] = value;
+
+			// Update all channels that refer to instrument 0.
+			for(int c = 0; c < 9; ++c) {
+				if(!channels_[c].instrument) {
+					install_instrument(c);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Register 0xe enables or disables rhythm mode and contains the
+		// percussion key-on bits.
+		if(address == 0xe) {
+			const bool old_rhythm_mode = rhythm_mode_enabled_;
+			rhythm_mode_enabled_ = value & 0x20;
+			if(old_rhythm_mode != rhythm_mode_enabled_) {
+				// Change the instlled instruments for channels 6, 7 and 8
+				// if this was a transition into or out of rhythm mode.
+				install_instrument(6);
+				install_instrument(7);
+				install_instrument(8);
+			}
+			rhythm_envelope_generators_[HighHat].set_key_on(value & 0x01);
+			rhythm_envelope_generators_[Cymbal].set_key_on(value & 0x02);
+			rhythm_envelope_generators_[TomTom].set_key_on(value & 0x04);
+			rhythm_envelope_generators_[Snare].set_key_on(value & 0x08);
+			if(value & 0x10) {
+				rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassCarrier].set_key_on(true);
+			} else {
+				rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassCarrier].set_key_on(false);
+				rhythm_envelope_generators_[BassModulator].set_key_on(false);
+
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// That leaves only per-channel selections, for which the addressing
+		// is completely orthogonal; check that a valid channel is being requested.
+		const auto index = address & 0xf;
+		if(index > 8) return;
+
+		switch(address & 0xf0) {
+			default: break;
+
+			// Address 1x sets the low 8 bits of the period for channel x.
+			case 0x10:
+				channels_[index].period = (channels_[index].period & ~0xff) | value;
+				set_channel_period(index);
+			return;
+
+			// Address 2x Sets the octave and a single bit of the frequency, as well
+			// as setting key on and sustain mode.
+			case 0x20:
+				channels_[index].period = (channels_[index].period & 0xff) | ((value & 1) << 8);
+				channels_[index].octave = (value >> 1) & 7;
+				set_channel_period(index);
+
+				// In this implementation the first 9 envelope generators are for
+				// channel carriers, and their will_attack callback is used to trigger
+				// key-on for modulators. But key-off needs to be set to both envelope
+				// generators now.
+				if(value & 0x10) {
+					envelope_generators_[index].set_key_on(true);
+				} else {
+					envelope_generators_[index + 0].set_key_on(false);
+					envelope_generators_[index + 9].set_key_on(false);
+				}
+
+				// Set sustain bit to both the relevant operators.
+				channels_[index].use_sustain = value & 0x20;
+				set_use_sustain(index);
+			return;
+
+			// Address 3x selects the instrument and attenuation for a channel;
+			// in rhythm mode some of the nibbles that ordinarily identify instruments
+			// instead nominate additional attenuations. This code reads those back
+			// from the stored instrument values.
+			case 0x30:
+				channels_[index].attenuation = value & 0xf;
+
+				// Install an instrument only if it's new.
+				if(channels_[index].instrument != value >> 4) {
+					channels_[index].instrument = value >> 4;
+					if(index < 6 || !rhythm_mode_enabled_) {
+						install_instrument(index);
+					}
+				}
+			return;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+void OPLL::set_channel_period(int channel) {
+	phase_generators_[channel + 0].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+	phase_generators_[channel + 9].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+
+	envelope_generators_[channel + 0].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+	envelope_generators_[channel + 9].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+
+	key_level_scalers_[channel + 0].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+	key_level_scalers_[channel + 9].set_period(channels_[channel].period, channels_[channel].octave);
+}
+
+const uint8_t *OPLL::instrument_definition(int instrument, int channel) {
+	// Divert to the appropriate rhythm instrument if in rhythm mode.
+	if(channel >= 6 && rhythm_mode_enabled_) {
+		return &percussion_patch_set[(channel - 6) * 8];
+	}
+
+	// Instrument 0 is the custom instrument.
+	if(!instrument) return custom_instrument_;
+
+	// Instruments other than 0 are taken from the fixed set.
+	const int index = (instrument - 1) * 8;
+	return is_vrc7_ ? &vrc7_patch_set[index] : &opll_patch_set[index];
+}
+
+void OPLL::install_instrument(int channel) {
+	auto &carrier_envelope = envelope_generators_[channel + 0];
+	auto &carrier_phase = phase_generators_[channel + 0];
+	auto &carrier_scaler = key_level_scalers_[channel + 0];
+
+	auto &modulator_envelope = envelope_generators_[channel + 9];
+	auto &modulator_phase = phase_generators_[channel + 9];
+	auto &modulator_scaler = key_level_scalers_[channel + 9];
+
+	const uint8_t *const instrument = instrument_definition(channels_[channel].instrument, channel);
+
+	// Bytes 0 (modulator) and 1 (carrier):
+	//
+	//	b0-b3:	multiplier;
+	//	b4:		key-scale rate enable;
+	//	b5:		sustain-level enable;
+	//	b6:		vibrato enable;
+	//	b7:		tremolo enable.
+	modulator_phase.set_multiple(instrument[0] & 0xf);
+	channels_[channel].modulator_key_rate_scale_multiplier = (instrument[0] >> 4) & 1;
+	modulator_phase.set_vibrato_enabled(instrument[0] & 0x40);
+	modulator_envelope.set_tremolo_enabled(instrument[0] & 0x80);
+
+	carrier_phase.set_multiple(instrument[1] & 0xf);
+	channels_[channel].carrier_key_rate_scale_multiplier = (instrument[1] >> 4) & 1;
+	carrier_phase.set_vibrato_enabled(instrument[1] & 0x40);
+	carrier_envelope.set_tremolo_enabled(instrument[1] & 0x80);
+
+	// Pass off bit 5.
+	set_use_sustain(channel);
+
+	// Byte 2:
+	//
+	//	b0–b5:	modulator attenuation;
+	//	b6–b7:	modulator key-scale level.
+	modulator_scaler.set_key_scaling_level(instrument[3] >> 6);
+	channels_[channel].modulator_attenuation = instrument[2] & 0x3f;
+
+	// Byte 3:
+	//
+	//	b0–b2:	modulator feedback level;
+	//	b3:		modulator waveform selection;
+	//	b4:		carrier waveform selection;
+	//	b5:		[unused]
+	//	b6–b7:	carrier key-scale level.
+	channels_[channel].modulator_feedback = instrument[3] & 7;
+	channels_[channel].modulator_waveform = Waveform((instrument[3] >> 3) & 1);
+	channels_[channel].carrier_waveform = Waveform((instrument[3] >> 4) & 1);
+	carrier_scaler.set_key_scaling_level(instrument[3] >> 6);
+
+	// Bytes 4 (modulator) and 5 (carrier):
+	//
+	//	b0–b3:	decay rate;
+	//	b4–b7:	attack rate.
+	modulator_envelope.set_decay_rate(instrument[4] & 0xf);
+	modulator_envelope.set_attack_rate(instrument[4] >> 4);
+	carrier_envelope.set_decay_rate(instrument[5] & 0xf);
+	carrier_envelope.set_attack_rate(instrument[5] >> 4);
+
+	// Bytes 6 (modulator) and 7 (carrier):
+	//
+	//	b0–b3:	release rate;
+	//	b4–b7:	sustain level.
+	modulator_envelope.set_release_rate(instrument[6] & 0xf);
+	modulator_envelope.set_sustain_level(instrument[6] >> 4);
+	carrier_envelope.set_release_rate(instrument[7] & 0xf);
+	carrier_envelope.set_sustain_level(instrument[7] >> 4);
+}
+
+void OPLL::set_use_sustain(int channel) {
+	const uint8_t *const instrument = instrument_definition(channels_[channel].instrument, channel);
+	envelope_generators_[channel + 0].set_use_sustain_level((instrument[1] & 0x20) || channels_[channel].use_sustain);
+	envelope_generators_[channel + 9].set_use_sustain_level((instrument[0] & 0x20) || channels_[channel].use_sustain);
+}
+
+// MARK: - Output generation.
+
+void OPLL::set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range) {
+	total_volume_ = range;
+}
+
+void OPLL::get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, std::int16_t *target) {
+	// Both the OPLL and the OPL2 divide the input clock by 72 to get the base tick frequency;
+	// unlike the OPL2 the OPLL time-divides the output for 'mixing'.
+
+	const int update_period = 72 / audio_divider_;
+	const int channel_output_period = 4 / audio_divider_;
+
+	// TODO: the conditional below is terrible. Fix.
+	while(number_of_samples--) {
+		if(!audio_offset_) update_all_channels();
+
+		*target = output_levels_[audio_offset_ / channel_output_period];
+		++target;
+		audio_offset_ = (audio_offset_ + 1) % update_period;
+	}
+}
+
+void OPLL::update_all_channels() {
+	oscillator_.update();
+
+	// Update all phase generators. That's guaranteed.
+	for(int c = 0; c < 18; ++c) {
+		phase_generators_[c].update(oscillator_);
+	}
+
+	// Update the ADSR envelopes that are guaranteed to be melodic.
+	for(int c = 0; c < 6; ++c) {
+		envelope_generators_[c + 0].update(oscillator_);
+		envelope_generators_[c + 9].update(oscillator_);
+	}
+
+#define VOLUME(x)	int16_t(((x) * total_volume_) >> 12)
+
+	if(rhythm_mode_enabled_) {
+		// Advance the rhythm envelope generators.
+		for(int c = 0; c < 6; ++c) {
+			rhythm_envelope_generators_[c].update(oscillator_);
+		}
+
+		// Fill in the melodic channels.
+		output_levels_[3] = VOLUME(melodic_output(0));
+		output_levels_[4] = VOLUME(melodic_output(1));
+		output_levels_[5] = VOLUME(melodic_output(2));
+
+		output_levels_[9] = VOLUME(melodic_output(3));
+		output_levels_[10] = VOLUME(melodic_output(4));
+		output_levels_[11] = VOLUME(melodic_output(5));
+
+		// Bass drum, which is a regular FM effect.
+		output_levels_[2] = output_levels_[15] = VOLUME(bass_drum());
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+
+		// Tom tom, which is a single operator.
+		output_levels_[1] = output_levels_[14] = VOLUME(tom_tom());
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+
+		// Snare.
+		output_levels_[6] = output_levels_[16] = VOLUME(snare_drum());
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+
+		// Cymbal.
+		output_levels_[7] = output_levels_[17] = VOLUME(cymbal());
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+
+		// High-hat.
+		output_levels_[0] = output_levels_[13] = VOLUME(high_hat());
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+
+		// Unutilised slots.
+		output_levels_[8] = output_levels_[12] = 0;
+		oscillator_.update_lfsr();
+	} else {
+		for(int c = 6; c < 9; ++c) {
+			envelope_generators_[c + 0].update(oscillator_);
+			envelope_generators_[c + 9].update(oscillator_);
+		}
+
+		// All melodic. Fairly easy.
+		output_levels_[0] = output_levels_[1] = output_levels_[2] =
+		output_levels_[6] = output_levels_[7] = output_levels_[8] =
+		output_levels_[12] = output_levels_[13] = output_levels_[14] = 0;
+
+		output_levels_[3] = VOLUME(melodic_output(0));
+		output_levels_[4] = VOLUME(melodic_output(1));
+		output_levels_[5] = VOLUME(melodic_output(2));
+
+		output_levels_[9] = VOLUME(melodic_output(3));
+		output_levels_[10] = VOLUME(melodic_output(4));
+		output_levels_[11] = VOLUME(melodic_output(5));
+
+		output_levels_[15] = VOLUME(melodic_output(6));
+		output_levels_[16] = VOLUME(melodic_output(7));
+		output_levels_[17] = VOLUME(melodic_output(8));
+	}
+
+#undef VOLUME
+
+	// TODO: batch updates of the LFSR.
+}
+
+// TODO: verify attenuation scales pervasively below.
+
+#define ATTENUATION(x)	((x) << 7)
+
+int OPLL::melodic_output(int channel) {
+	// The modulator always updates after the carrier, oddly enough. So calculate actual output first, based on the modulator's last value.
+	auto carrier = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::wave(channels_[channel].carrier_waveform, phase_generators_[channel].scaled_phase(), channels_[channel].modulator_output);
+	carrier += envelope_generators_[channel].attenuation() + ATTENUATION(channels_[channel].attenuation) + key_level_scalers_[channel].attenuation();
+
+	// Get the modulator's new value.
+	auto modulation = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::wave(channels_[channel].modulator_waveform, phase_generators_[channel + 9].phase());
+	modulation += envelope_generators_[channel + 9].attenuation() + (channels_[channel].modulator_attenuation << 5) + key_level_scalers_[channel + 9].attenuation();
+
+	// Apply feedback, if any.
+	phase_generators_[channel + 9].apply_feedback(channels_[channel].modulator_output, modulation, channels_[channel].modulator_feedback);
+	channels_[channel].modulator_output = modulation;
+
+	return carrier.level();
+}
+
+int OPLL::bass_drum() {
+	// Use modulator 6 and carrier 6, attenuated as per the bass-specific envelope generators and the attenuation level for channel 6.
+	auto modulation = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::wave(Waveform::Sine, phase_generators_[6 + 9].phase());
+	modulation += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::BassModulator].attenuation();
+
+	auto carrier = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::wave(Waveform::Sine, phase_generators_[6].scaled_phase(), modulation);
+	carrier += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::BassCarrier].attenuation() + ATTENUATION(channels_[6].attenuation);
+	return carrier.level();
+}
+
+int OPLL::tom_tom() {
+	// Use modulator 8 and the 'instrument' selection for channel 8 as an attenuation.
+	auto tom_tom = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::wave(Waveform::Sine, phase_generators_[8 + 9].phase());
+	tom_tom += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::TomTom].attenuation();
+	tom_tom += ATTENUATION(channels_[8].instrument);
+	return tom_tom.level();
+}
+
+int OPLL::snare_drum() {
+	// Use modulator 7 and the carrier attenuation level for channel 7.
+	LogSign snare = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::snare(oscillator_, phase_generators_[7 + 9].phase());
+	snare += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::Snare].attenuation();
+	snare += ATTENUATION(channels_[7].attenuation);
+	return snare.level();
+}
+
+int OPLL::cymbal() {
+	// Use modulator 7, carrier 8 and the attenuation level for channel 8.
+	LogSign cymbal = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::cymbal(phase_generators_[8].phase(), phase_generators_[7 + 9].phase());
+	cymbal += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::Cymbal].attenuation();
+	cymbal += ATTENUATION(channels_[8].attenuation);
+	return cymbal.level();
+}
+
+int OPLL::high_hat() {
+	// Use modulator 7, carrier 8 a and the 'instrument' selection for channel 7 as an attenuation.
+	LogSign high_hat = WaveformGenerator<period_precision>::high_hat(oscillator_, phase_generators_[8].phase(), phase_generators_[7 + 9].phase());
+	high_hat += rhythm_envelope_generators_[RhythmIndices::HighHat].attenuation();
+	high_hat += ATTENUATION(channels_[7].instrument);
+	return high_hat.level();
+}
+
+#undef ATTENUATION

Components/OPx/OPLL.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//
+//  OPLL.hpp
+//  Clock Signal
+//
+//  Created by Thomas Harte on 03/05/2020.
+//  Copyright © 2020 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef OPLL_hpp
+#define OPLL_hpp
+
+#include "Implementation/OPLBase.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/EnvelopeGenerator.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/KeyLevelScaler.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/PhaseGenerator.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/LowFrequencyOscillator.hpp"
+#include "Implementation/WaveformGenerator.hpp"
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace Yamaha {
+namespace OPL {
+
+class OPLL: public OPLBase<OPLL> {
+	public:
+		/// Creates a new OPLL or VRC7.
+		OPLL(Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue, int audio_divider = 1, bool is_vrc7 = false);
+
+		/// As per ::SampleSource; provides audio output.
+		void get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, std::int16_t *target);
+		void set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range);
+
+		// The OPLL is generally 'half' as loud as it's told to be. This won't strictly be true in
+		// rhythm mode, but it's correct for melodic output.
+		double get_average_output_peak() const { return 0.5; }
+
+		/// Reads from the OPL.
+		uint8_t read(uint16_t address);
+
+	private:
+		friend OPLBase<OPLL>;
+		void write_register(uint8_t address, uint8_t value);
+
+		int audio_divider_ = 0;
+		int audio_offset_ = 0;
+		std::atomic<int> total_volume_;
+
+		int16_t output_levels_[18];
+		void update_all_channels();
+
+		int melodic_output(int channel);
+		int bass_drum();
+		int tom_tom();
+		int snare_drum();
+		int cymbal();
+		int high_hat();
+
+		static constexpr int period_precision = 9;
+		static constexpr int envelope_precision = 7;
+
+		// Standard melodic phase and envelope generators;
+		//
+		// These are assigned as:
+		//
+		//		[x], 0 <= x < 9		= carrier for channel x;
+		//		[x+9]				= modulator for channel x.
+		//
+		PhaseGenerator<period_precision> phase_generators_[18];
+		EnvelopeGenerator<envelope_precision, period_precision> envelope_generators_[18];
+		KeyLevelScaler<period_precision> key_level_scalers_[18];
+
+		// Dedicated rhythm envelope generators and attenuations.
+		EnvelopeGenerator<envelope_precision, period_precision> rhythm_envelope_generators_[6];
+		enum RhythmIndices {
+			HighHat = 0,
+			Cymbal = 1,
+			TomTom = 2,
+			Snare = 3,
+			BassCarrier = 4,
+			BassModulator = 5
+		};
+
+		// Channel specifications.
+		struct Channel {
+			int octave = 0;
+			int period = 0;
+			int instrument = 0;
+
+			int attenuation = 0;
+			int modulator_attenuation = 0;
+
+			Waveform carrier_waveform = Waveform::Sine;
+			Waveform modulator_waveform = Waveform::Sine;
+
+			int carrier_key_rate_scale_multiplier = 0;
+			int modulator_key_rate_scale_multiplier = 0;
+
+			LogSign modulator_output;
+			int modulator_feedback = 0;
+
+			bool use_sustain = false;
+		} channels_[9];
+
+		// The low-frequency oscillator.
+		LowFrequencyOscillator oscillator_;
+		bool rhythm_mode_enabled_ = false;
+		bool is_vrc7_ = false;
+
+		// Contains the current configuration of the custom instrument.
+		uint8_t custom_instrument_[8] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+		// Helpers to push per-channel information.
+
+		/// Pushes the current octave and period to channel @c channel.
+		void set_channel_period(int channel);
+
+		/// Installs the appropriate instrument on channel @c channel.
+		void install_instrument(int channel);
+
+		/// Sets whether the sustain level is used for channel @c channel based on its current instrument
+		/// and the user's selection.
+		void set_use_sustain(int channel);
+
+		/// @returns The 8-byte definition of instrument @c instrument.
+		const uint8_t *instrument_definition(int instrument, int channel);
+};
+
+}
+}
+
+#endif /* OPLL_hpp */

Components/SN76489/SN76489.cpp

@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ SN76489::SN76489(Personality personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &
 void SN76489::set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range) {
 	// Build a volume table.
 	double multiplier = pow(10.0, -0.1);
-	double volume = static_cast<float>(range) / 4.0f;	// As there are four channels.
+	double volume = float(range) / 4.0f;	// As there are four channels.
 	for(int c = 0; c < 16; ++c) {
-		volumes_[c] = (int)round(volume);
+		volumes_[c] = int(round(volume));
 		volume *= multiplier;
 	}
 	volumes_[15] = 0;
 	evaluate_output_volume();
 }
 
-void SN76489::set_register(uint8_t value) {
+void SN76489::write(uint8_t value) {
 	task_queue_.defer([value, this] () {
 		if(value & 0x80) {
 			active_register_ = value;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void SN76489::set_register(uint8_t value) {
 				if(value & 0x80) {
 					channels_[channel].divider = (channels_[channel].divider & ~0xf) | (value & 0xf);
 				} else {
-					channels_[channel].divider = static_cast<uint16_t>((channels_[channel].divider & 0xf) | ((value & 0x3f) << 4));
+					channels_[channel].divider = uint16_t((channels_[channel].divider & 0xf) | ((value & 0x3f) << 4));
 				}
 			} else {
 				// writes to the noise register always reset the shifter
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ void SN76489::set_register(uint8_t value) {
 					noise_mode_ = shifter_is_16bit_ ? Periodic16 : Periodic15;
 				}
 
-				channels_[3].divider = static_cast<uint16_t>(0x10 << (value & 3));
+				channels_[3].divider = uint16_t(0x10 << (value & 3));
 				// Special case: if these bits are both set, the noise channel should track channel 2,
 				// which is marked with a divider of 0xffff.
 				if(channels_[3].divider == 0x80) channels_[3].divider = 0xffff;
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ void SN76489::set_register(uint8_t value) {
 	});
 }
 
-bool SN76489::is_zero_level() {
+bool SN76489::is_zero_level() const {
 	return channels_[0].volume == 0xf && channels_[1].volume == 0xf && channels_[2].volume == 0xf && channels_[3].volume == 0xf;
 }
 
 void SN76489::evaluate_output_volume() {
-	output_volume_ = static_cast<int16_t>(
+	output_volume_ = int16_t(
 		channels_[0].level * volumes_[channels_[0].volume] +
 		channels_[1].level * volumes_[channels_[1].volume] +
 		channels_[2].level * volumes_[channels_[2].volume] +

Components/SN76489/SN76489.hpp

@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ class SN76489: public Outputs::Speaker::SampleSource {
 		SN76489(Personality personality, Concurrency::DeferringAsyncTaskQueue &task_queue, int additional_divider = 1);
 
 		/// Writes a new value to the SN76489.
-		void set_register(uint8_t value);
+		void write(uint8_t value);
 
 		// As per SampleSource.
 		void get_samples(std::size_t number_of_samples, std::int16_t *target);
-		bool is_zero_level();
+		bool is_zero_level() const;
 		void set_sample_volume_range(std::int16_t range);
+		static constexpr bool get_is_stereo() { return false; }
 
 	private:
 		int master_divider_ = 0;