CLK/Machines/Atari2600/TIA.cpp

//
//  TIA.cpp
//  Clock Signal
//
//  Created by Thomas Harte on 28/01/2017.
//  Copyright © 2017 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
//

#include "TIA.hpp"

using namespace Atari2600;
namespace {
	const int cycles_per_line = 228;
	const int first_pixel_cycle = 68;

	const int sync_flag	= 0x1;
	const int blank_flag = 0x2;

	uint8_t reverse_table[256];
}

TIA::TIA(bool create_crt) :
	horizontal_counter_(0),
	pixels_start_location_(0),
	output_mode_(0),
	pixel_target_(nullptr),
	background_{0, 0},
	background_half_mask_(0),
	horizontal_blank_extend_(false),
	collision_flags_(0)
{
	if(create_crt)
	{
		crt_.reset(new Outputs::CRT::CRT(cycles_per_line * 2 + 1, 1, Outputs::CRT::DisplayType::NTSC60, 1));
		crt_->set_output_device(Outputs::CRT::Television);
		set_output_mode(OutputMode::NTSC);
	}

	for(int c = 0; c < 256; c++)
	{
		reverse_table[c] = (uint8_t)(
			((c & 0x01) << 7) | ((c & 0x02) << 5) | ((c & 0x04) << 3) | ((c & 0x08) << 1) |
			((c & 0x10) >> 1) | ((c & 0x20) >> 3) | ((c & 0x40) >> 5) | ((c & 0x80) >> 7)
		);
	}

	for(int c = 0; c < 64; c++)
	{
		bool has_playfield = c & (int)(CollisionType::Playfield);
		bool has_ball = c & (int)(CollisionType::Ball);
		bool has_player0 = c & (int)(CollisionType::Player0);
		bool has_player1 = c & (int)(CollisionType::Player1);
		bool has_missile0 = c & (int)(CollisionType::Missile0);
		bool has_missile1 = c & (int)(CollisionType::Missile1);

		uint8_t collision_registers[8];
		collision_registers[0] = ((has_missile0 && has_player1) ? 0x80 : 0x00)		|	((has_missile0 && has_player0) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[1] = ((has_missile1 && has_player0) ? 0x80 : 0x00)		|	((has_missile1 && has_player1) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[2] = ((has_playfield && has_player0) ? 0x80 : 0x00)		|	((has_ball && has_player0) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[3] = ((has_playfield && has_player1) ? 0x80 : 0x00)		|	((has_ball && has_player1) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[4] = ((has_playfield && has_missile0) ? 0x80 : 0x00)	|	((has_ball && has_missile0) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[5] = ((has_playfield && has_missile1) ? 0x80 : 0x00)	|	((has_ball && has_missile1) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[6] = ((has_playfield && has_ball) ? 0x80 : 0x00);
		collision_registers[7] = ((has_player0 && has_player1) ? 0x80 : 0x00)		|	((has_missile0 && has_missile1) ? 0x40 : 0x00);
		collision_flags_by_buffer_vaules_[c] =
			(collision_registers[0] >> 6) |
			(collision_registers[1] >> 4) |
			(collision_registers[2] >> 2) |
			(collision_registers[3] >> 0) |
			(collision_registers[4] << 2) |
			(collision_registers[5] << 4) |
			(collision_registers[6] << 6) |
			(collision_registers[7] << 8);

		// all priority modes show the background if nothing else is present
		colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::Standard][c] =
		colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][c] =
		colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][c] =
		colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::OnTop][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::Background;

		// test 1 for standard priority: if there is a playfield or ball pixel, plot that colour
		if(has_playfield || has_ball)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::Standard][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayfieldBall;
		}

		// test 1 for score mode: if there is a ball pixel, plot that colour
		if(has_ball)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayfieldBall;
		}

		// test 1 for on-top mode, test 2 for everbody else: if there is a player 1 or missile 1 pixel, plot that colour
		if(has_player1 || has_missile1)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::Standard][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::OnTop][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayerMissile1;
		}

		// in the right-hand side of score mode, the playfield has the same priority as player 1
		if(has_playfield)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayerMissile1;
		}

		// next test for everybody: if there is a player 0 or missile 0 pixel, plot that colour instead
		if(has_player0 || has_missile0)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::Standard][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][c] =
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::OnTop][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayerMissile0;
		}

		// if this is the left-hand side of score mode, the playfield has the same priority as player 0
		if(has_playfield)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayerMissile0;
		}

		// a final test for 'on top' priority mode: if the playfield or ball are visible, prefer that colour to all others
		if(has_playfield || has_ball)
		{
			colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::OnTop][c] = (uint8_t)ColourIndex::PlayfieldBall;
		}
	}

	collision_buffer_.resize(160);
}

TIA::TIA() : TIA(true) {}

TIA::TIA(std::function<void(uint8_t *output_buffer)> line_end_function) : TIA(false)
{
	line_end_function_ = line_end_function;
}

void TIA::set_output_mode(Atari2600::TIA::OutputMode output_mode)
{
	Outputs::CRT::DisplayType display_type;

	if(output_mode == OutputMode::NTSC)
	{
		crt_->set_composite_sampling_function(
			"float composite_sample(usampler2D texID, vec2 coordinate, vec2 iCoordinate, float phase, float amplitude)"
			"{"
				"uint c = texture(texID, coordinate).r;"
				"uint y = c & 14u;"
				"uint iPhase = (c >> 4);"

				"float phaseOffset = 6.283185308 * float(iPhase) / 13.0  + 5.074880441076923;"
				"return mix(float(y) / 14.0, step(1, iPhase) * cos(phase + phaseOffset), amplitude);"
			"}");
		display_type = Outputs::CRT::DisplayType::NTSC60;
	}
	else
	{
		crt_->set_composite_sampling_function(
			"float composite_sample(usampler2D texID, vec2 coordinate, vec2 iCoordinate, float phase, float amplitude)"
			"{"
				"uint c = texture(texID, coordinate).r;"
				"uint y = c & 14u;"
				"uint iPhase = (c >> 4);"

				"uint direction = iPhase & 1u;"
				"float phaseOffset = float(7u - direction) + (float(direction) - 0.5) * 2.0 * float(iPhase >> 1);"
				"phaseOffset *= 6.283185308 / 12.0;"
				"return mix(float(y) / 14.0, step(4, (iPhase + 2u) & 15u) * cos(phase + phaseOffset), amplitude);"
			"}");
		display_type = Outputs::CRT::DisplayType::PAL50;
	}
	crt_->set_new_display_type(cycles_per_line * 2 + 1, display_type);

/*	speaker_->set_input_rate((float)(get_clock_rate() / 38.0));*/
}

TIA::~TIA()
{
}

						// justification for +5: "we need to wait at least 71 [clocks] before the HMOVE operation is complete";
						// which will take 16*4 + 2 = 66 cycles from the first compare, implying the first compare must be
						// in five cycles from now


void TIA::run_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles)
{
	// if part way through a line, definitely perform a partial, at most up to the end of the line
	if(horizontal_counter_)
	{
		int cycles = std::min(number_of_cycles, cycles_per_line - horizontal_counter_);
		output_for_cycles(cycles);
		number_of_cycles -= cycles;
	}

	// output full lines for as long as possible
	while(number_of_cycles >= cycles_per_line)
	{
		output_line();
		number_of_cycles -= cycles_per_line;
	}

	// partly start a new line if necessary
	if(number_of_cycles)
	{
		output_for_cycles(number_of_cycles);
	}
}

void TIA::set_sync(bool sync)
{
	output_mode_ = (output_mode_ & ~sync_flag) | (sync ? sync_flag : 0);
}

void TIA::set_blank(bool blank)
{
	output_mode_ = (output_mode_ & ~blank_flag) | (blank ? blank_flag : 0);
}

void TIA::reset_horizontal_counter()
{
}

int TIA::get_cycles_until_horizontal_blank(unsigned int from_offset)
{
	return (cycles_per_line - (horizontal_counter_ + (int)from_offset) % cycles_per_line) % cycles_per_line;
}

void TIA::set_background_colour(uint8_t colour)
{
	colour_palette_[(int)ColourIndex::Background] = colour;
}

void TIA::set_playfield(uint16_t offset, uint8_t value)
{
	switch(offset)
	{
		case 0:
			background_[1] = (background_[1] & 0x0ffff) | ((uint32_t)reverse_table[value & 0xf0] << 16);
			background_[0] = (background_[0] & 0xffff0) | (uint32_t)(value >> 4);
		break;
		case 1:
			background_[1] = (background_[1] & 0xf00ff) | ((uint32_t)value << 8);
			background_[0] = (background_[0] & 0xff00f) | ((uint32_t)reverse_table[value] << 4);
		break;
		case 2:
			background_[1] = (background_[1] & 0xfff00) | reverse_table[value];
			background_[0] = (background_[0] & 0x00fff) | ((uint32_t)value << 12);
		break;
	}
}

void TIA::set_playfield_control_and_ball_size(uint8_t value)
{
	background_half_mask_ = value & 1;
	switch(value & 6)
	{
		case 0:
			playfield_priority_ = PlayfieldPriority::Standard;
		break;
		case 2:
			playfield_priority_ = PlayfieldPriority::Score;
		break;
		case 4:
		case 6:
			playfield_priority_ = PlayfieldPriority::OnTop;
		break;
	}

	ball_.size = 1 << ((value >> 4)&3);
}

void TIA::set_playfield_ball_colour(uint8_t colour)
{
	colour_palette_[(int)ColourIndex::PlayfieldBall] = colour;
}

void TIA::set_player_number_and_size(int player, uint8_t value)
{
	switch(value & 7)
	{
		case 0: case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4:
			player_[player].size = 0;
			player_[player].copy_flags = value & 7;
		break;
		case 5:
			player_[player].size = 1;
			player_[player].copy_flags = 0;
		break;
		case 6:
			player_[player].size = 0;
			player_[player].copy_flags = 6;
		break;
		case 7:
			player_[player].size = 2;
			player_[player].copy_flags = 0;
		break;
	}

	missile_[player].size = (value >> 4)&3;
}

void TIA::set_player_graphic(int player, uint8_t value)
{
	player_[player].graphic[1] = value;
	player_[player^1].graphic[0] = player_[player^1].graphic[1];
	if(player) ball_.enabled[0] = ball_.enabled[1];
}

void TIA::set_player_reflected(int player, bool reflected)
{
	player_[player].reverse_mask = reflected ? 7 : 0;
}

void TIA::set_player_delay(int player, bool delay)
{
	player_[player].graphic_index = delay ? 0 : 1;
}

void TIA::set_player_position(int player)
{
	// players have an extra clock of delay before output and don't display upon reset;
	// both aims are achieved by setting to -1 because: (i) it causes the clock to be
	// one behind its real hardware value, creating the extra delay; and (ii) the player
	// code is written to start a draw upon wraparound from 159 to 0, so -1 is the
	// correct option rather than 159.
	object_[(int)MotionIndex::Player0 + player].position = -1;
}

void TIA::set_player_motion(int player, uint8_t motion)
{
	object_[(int)MotionIndex::Player0 + player].motion = (motion >> 4)&0xf;
}

void TIA::set_player_missile_colour(int player, uint8_t colour)
{
	colour_palette_[(int)ColourIndex::PlayerMissile0 + player] = colour;
}

void TIA::set_missile_enable(int missile, bool enabled)
{
}

void TIA::set_missile_position(int missile)
{
}

void TIA::set_missile_position_to_player(int missile)
{
}

void TIA::set_missile_motion(int missile, uint8_t motion)
{
}

void TIA::set_ball_enable(bool enabled)
{
	ball_.enabled[1] = enabled;
}

void TIA::set_ball_delay(bool delay)
{
	ball_.enabled_index = delay ? 0 : 1;
}

void TIA::set_ball_position()
{
	object_[(int)MotionIndex::Ball].position = 0;

	// setting the ball position also triggers a draw
	ball_.pixel_position = ball_.size;
}

void TIA::set_ball_motion(uint8_t motion)
{
	object_[(int)MotionIndex::Ball].motion = (motion >> 4) & 0xf;
}

void TIA::move()
{
	horizontal_blank_extend_ = true;
	object_[0].is_moving = object_[1].is_moving = object_[2].is_moving = object_[3].is_moving = object_[4].is_moving = true;
	object_[0].motion_step = object_[1].motion_step = object_[2].motion_step = object_[3].motion_step = object_[4].motion_step = 15;
	object_[0].motion_time = object_[1].motion_time = object_[2].motion_time = object_[3].motion_time = object_[4].motion_time = (horizontal_counter_ + 3) & ~3;
}

void TIA::clear_motion()
{
	object_[0].motion = object_[1].motion = object_[2].motion = object_[3].motion = object_[4].motion = 0;
}

uint8_t TIA::get_collision_flags(int offset)
{
	return (uint8_t)((collision_flags_ >> (offset << 1)) << 6) & 0xc0;
}

void TIA::clear_collision_flags()
{
	collision_flags_ = 0;
}

void TIA::output_for_cycles(int number_of_cycles)
{
	/*
		Line timing is oriented around 0 being the start of the right-hand side vertical blank;
		a wsync synchronises the CPU to horizontal_counter_ = 0. All timing below is in terms of the
		NTSC colour clock.

		Therefore, each line is composed of:

			16 cycles:	blank					; -> 16
			16 cycles:	sync					; -> 32
			16 cycles:	colour burst			; -> 48
			20 cycles:	blank					; -> 68
			8 cycles:	blank or pixels, depending on whether the blank extend bit is set
			152 cycles:	pixels
	*/
	int output_cursor = horizontal_counter_;
	horizontal_counter_ += number_of_cycles;

	if(!output_cursor)
	{
		if(line_end_function_) line_end_function_(collision_buffer_.data());
		memset(collision_buffer_.data(), 0, 160);	// sizeof(collision_buffer_)
		horizontal_blank_extend_ = false;
		for(int c = 0; c < 5; c++) object_[c].motion_time %= 228;
	}

	// accumulate an OR'd version of the output into the collision buffer
	int latent_start = output_cursor + 4;
	int latent_end = horizontal_counter_ + 4;
	draw_playfield(latent_start, latent_end);
	draw_player(player_[0], object_[(int)MotionIndex::Player0], CollisionType::Player0, output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);
	draw_player(player_[1], object_[(int)MotionIndex::Player1], CollisionType::Player1, output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);
	draw_missile(missile_[0], object_[(int)MotionIndex::Missile0], CollisionType::Missile0, output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);
	draw_missile(missile_[1], object_[(int)MotionIndex::Missile1], CollisionType::Missile1, output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);
	draw_ball(object_[(int)MotionIndex::Ball], output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);

	// convert to television signals

#define Period(function, target)	\
	if(output_cursor < target) \
	{ \
		if(horizontal_counter_ <= target) \
		{ \
			if(crt_) crt_->function((unsigned int)((horizontal_counter_ - output_cursor) * 2)); \
			horizontal_counter_ %= cycles_per_line; \
			return; \
		} \
		else \
		{ \
			if(crt_) crt_->function((unsigned int)((target - output_cursor) * 2)); \
			output_cursor = target; \
		} \
	}

	switch(output_mode_)
	{
		default:
			Period(output_blank, 16)
			Period(output_sync, 32)
			Period(output_default_colour_burst, 48)
			Period(output_blank, 68)
		break;
		case sync_flag:
		case sync_flag | blank_flag:
			Period(output_sync, 16)
			Period(output_blank, 32)
			Period(output_default_colour_burst, 48)
			Period(output_sync, 228)
		break;
	}

#undef Period

	if(output_mode_ & blank_flag)
	{
		if(pixel_target_)
		{
			output_pixels(pixels_start_location_, output_cursor);
			if(crt_) crt_->output_data((unsigned int)(output_cursor - pixels_start_location_) * 2, 2);
			pixel_target_ = nullptr;
			pixels_start_location_ = 0;
		}
		int duration = std::min(228, horizontal_counter_) - output_cursor;
		if(crt_) crt_->output_blank((unsigned int)(duration * 2));
	}
	else
	{
		if(!pixels_start_location_ && crt_)
		{
			pixels_start_location_ = output_cursor;
			pixel_target_ = crt_->allocate_write_area(160);
		}

		// convert that into pixels
		if(pixel_target_) output_pixels(output_cursor, horizontal_counter_);

		// accumulate collision flags
		while(output_cursor < horizontal_counter_)
		{
			collision_flags_ |= collision_flags_by_buffer_vaules_[collision_buffer_[output_cursor - first_pixel_cycle]];
			output_cursor++;
		}

		if(horizontal_counter_ == cycles_per_line && crt_)
		{
			crt_->output_data((unsigned int)(output_cursor - pixels_start_location_) * 2, 2);
			pixel_target_ = nullptr;
			pixels_start_location_ = 0;
		}
	}

	horizontal_counter_ %= cycles_per_line;
}

void TIA::output_pixels(int start, int end)
{
	int target_position = start - pixels_start_location_;

	if(start < first_pixel_cycle+8 && horizontal_blank_extend_)
	{
		while(start < end && start < first_pixel_cycle+8)
		{
			pixel_target_[target_position] = 0;
			start++;
			target_position++;
		}
	}

	if(playfield_priority_ == PlayfieldPriority::Score)
	{
		while(start < end && start < first_pixel_cycle + 80)
		{
			uint8_t buffer_value = collision_buffer_[start - first_pixel_cycle];
			pixel_target_[target_position] = colour_palette_[colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreLeft][buffer_value]];
			start++;
			target_position++;
		}
		while(start < end)
		{
			uint8_t buffer_value = collision_buffer_[start - first_pixel_cycle];
			pixel_target_[target_position] = colour_palette_[colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[(int)ColourMode::ScoreRight][buffer_value]];
			start++;
			target_position++;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		int table_index = (int)((playfield_priority_ == PlayfieldPriority::Standard) ? ColourMode::Standard : ColourMode::OnTop);
		while(start < end)
		{
			uint8_t buffer_value = collision_buffer_[start - first_pixel_cycle];
			pixel_target_[target_position] = colour_palette_[colour_mask_by_mode_collision_flags_[table_index][buffer_value]];
			start++;
			target_position++;
		}
	}
}

void TIA::output_line()
{
	switch(output_mode_)
	{
		default:
			// TODO: optimise special case
			output_for_cycles(cycles_per_line);
		break;
		case sync_flag:
		case sync_flag | blank_flag:
			if(crt_)
			{
				crt_->output_sync(32);
				crt_->output_blank(32);
				crt_->output_sync(392);
			}
			horizontal_blank_extend_ = false;
		break;
		case blank_flag:
			if(crt_)
			{
				crt_->output_blank(32);
				crt_->output_sync(32);
				crt_->output_default_colour_burst(32);
				crt_->output_blank(360);
			}
			horizontal_blank_extend_ = false;
		break;
	}
}

#pragma mark - Playfield output

void TIA::draw_playfield(int start, int end)
{
	// don't do anything if this window ends too early
	if(end < first_pixel_cycle) return;

	// clip to drawable bounds
	start = std::max(start, first_pixel_cycle);
	end = std::min(end, 228);

	// proceed along four-pixel boundaries, plotting four pixels at a time
	int aligned_position = (start + 3)&~3;
	while(aligned_position < end)
	{
		int offset = (aligned_position - first_pixel_cycle) >> 2;
		uint32_t value = ((background_[(offset/20)&background_half_mask_] >> (offset%20))&1) * 0x01010101;
		*(uint32_t *)&collision_buffer_[aligned_position - first_pixel_cycle] |= value;
		aligned_position += 4;
	}
}

#pragma mark - Motion

void TIA::perform_motion_step(Object &object)
{
	if((object.motion_step ^ (object.motion ^ 8)) == 0xf)
		object.is_moving = false;
	else
	{
		object.position ++;
		object.motion_step --;
		object.motion_time += 4;
	}
}

int TIA::perform_border_motion(Object &object, int start, int end)
{
	if(!object.is_moving) return 0;

	int steps_taken = 0;
	while(object.is_moving && object.motion_time < end)
	{
		perform_motion_step(object);
		steps_taken++;
	}
	object.position %= 160;

	return steps_taken;
}

#pragma mark - Player output

void TIA::draw_player_visible(Player &player, Object &object, CollisionType collision_identity, int start, int end)
{
	int adder = 4 >> player.size;

	// perform a miniature event loop on (i) triggering draws; (ii) drawing; and (iii) motion
	int next_motion_time = object.motion_time - first_pixel_cycle + 4;
	while(start < end)
	{
		int next_event_time = end;

		// is the next event a movement tick?
		if(object.is_moving && next_motion_time < next_event_time)
		{
			next_event_time = next_motion_time;
		}

		// is the next event a graphics trigger?
		int next_copy = 160;
		if(object.position < 16 && player.copy_flags&1)
		{
			next_copy = 16;
		} else if(object.position < 32 && player.copy_flags&2)
		{
			next_copy = 32;
		} else if(object.position < 64 && player.copy_flags&4)
		{
			next_copy = 64;
		}

		int next_copy_time = start + next_copy - object.position;
		if(next_copy_time < next_event_time) next_event_time = next_copy_time;

		// the decision is to progress by length
		const int length = next_event_time - start;

		if(player.pixel_position < 32)
		{
			player.pixel_position &= ~(adder - 1);
			if(player.graphic[player.graphic_index])
			{
				int output_cursor = 0;
				while(player.pixel_position < 32 && output_cursor < length)
				{
					int shift = (player.pixel_position >> 2) ^ player.reverse_mask;
					collision_buffer_[start + output_cursor] |= ((player.graphic[player.graphic_index] >> shift)&1) * (uint8_t)collision_identity;
					output_cursor++;
					player.pixel_position += adder;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				player.pixel_position = std::max(32, player.pixel_position + length * adder);
			}
		}

		// the next interesting event is after next_event_time cycles, so progress
		object.position = (object.position + length) % 160;
		start = next_event_time;

		// if the event is a motion tick, apply
		if(object.is_moving && start == next_motion_time)
		{
			perform_motion_step(object);
			next_motion_time += 4;
		}

		// if it's a draw trigger, trigger a draw
		if(start == next_copy_time)
		{
			player.pixel_position = 0;
		}
	}
}

void TIA::draw_player(Player &player, Object &object, CollisionType collision_identity, int start, int end)
{
	int adder = 4 >> player.size;
	int first_pixel = first_pixel_cycle - 4 + (horizontal_blank_extend_ ? 8 : 0);

	// movement works across the entire screen, so do work that falls outside of the pixel area
	if(start < first_pixel)
	{
		player.pixel_position = std::min(32, player.pixel_position + adder * perform_border_motion(object, start, std::max(end, first_pixel)));
	}

	// don't continue to do any drawing if this window ends too early
	if(end < first_pixel) return;
	if(start < first_pixel) start = first_pixel;
	if(start >= end) return;

	// perform the visible part of the line, if any
	if(start < 224)
	{
		draw_player_visible(player, object, collision_identity, start - first_pixel_cycle + 4, std::min(end - first_pixel_cycle + 4, 160));
	}

	// move further if required
	if(object.is_moving && end >= 224 && object.motion_time < end)
	{
		perform_motion_step(object);
		player.pixel_position = std::min(32, player.pixel_position + adder);
	}
}

#pragma mark - Missile output

void TIA::draw_missile(Missile &missile, Object &object, CollisionType collision_identity, int start, int end)
{
}

void TIA::draw_missile_visible(Missile &missile, Object &object, CollisionType collision_identity, int start, int end)
{
}

#pragma mark - Ball output

void TIA::draw_ball(Object &object, int start, int end)
{
	int first_pixel = first_pixel_cycle - 4 + (horizontal_blank_extend_ ? 8 : 0);

	// movement works across the entire screen, so do work that falls outside of the pixel area
	if(start < first_pixel)
	{
		ball_.pixel_position = std::max(0, ball_.pixel_position - perform_border_motion(object, start, std::max(end, first_pixel)));
	}

	// don't continue to do any drawing if this window ends too early
	if(end < first_pixel) return;
	if(start < first_pixel) start = first_pixel;
	if(start >= end) return;

	// perform the visible part of the line, if any
	if(start < 224)
	{
		draw_ball_visible(object, start - first_pixel_cycle + 4, std::min(end - first_pixel_cycle + 4, 160));
	}

	// move further if required
	if(object_[(int)MotionIndex::Ball].is_moving && end >= 224 && object_[(int)MotionIndex::Ball].motion_time < end)
	{
		perform_motion_step(object);
		ball_.pixel_position = std::max(0, ball_.pixel_position - 1);
	}
}

void TIA::draw_ball_visible(Object &object, int start, int end)
{
	// perform a miniature event loop on (i) triggering draws; (ii) drawing; and (iii) motion
	int next_motion_time = object.motion_time - first_pixel_cycle + 4;
	while(start < end)
	{
		int next_event_time = end;

		// is the next event a movement tick?
		if(object.is_moving && next_motion_time < next_event_time)
		{
			next_event_time = next_motion_time;
		}

		// is the next event a graphics trigger?
		if(ball_.enabled[ball_.enabled_index])
		{
			int time_until_copy = 160 - object.position;
			int next_copy_time = start + time_until_copy;
			if(next_copy_time < next_event_time) next_event_time = next_copy_time;
		}

		// the decision is to progress by length
		const int length = next_event_time - start;

		if(ball_.pixel_position)
		{
			int output_cursor = 0;
			if(ball_.enabled[ball_.enabled_index])
			{
				while(ball_.pixel_position && output_cursor < length)
				{
					collision_buffer_[start + output_cursor] |= (uint8_t)CollisionType::Ball;
					output_cursor++;
					ball_.pixel_position--;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				ball_.pixel_position = std::max(0, ball_.pixel_position - length);
			}
		}

		// the next interesting event is after next_event_time cycles, so progress
		object.position = (object.position + length) % 160;
		start = next_event_time;

		// if the event is a motion tick, apply
		if(object.is_moving && start == next_motion_time)
		{
			perform_motion_step(object);
			next_motion_time += 4;
		}

		// if it's a draw trigger, trigger a draw
		if(!object.position)
		{
			ball_.pixel_position = ball_.size;
		}
	}
}