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514 lines
18 KiB
C++
514 lines
18 KiB
C++
//
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// Video.hpp
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// Clock Signal
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//
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// Created by Thomas Harte on 14/04/2018.
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// Copyright 2018 Thomas Harte. All rights reserved.
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//
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#pragma once
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#include "../../../Outputs/CRT/CRT.hpp"
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#include "../../../ClockReceiver/ClockReceiver.hpp"
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#include "../../../ClockReceiver/DeferredQueue.hpp"
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#include "VideoSwitches.hpp"
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#include <array>
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#include <vector>
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namespace Apple::II::Video {
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class BusHandler {
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public:
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/*!
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Requests fetching of the @c count bytes starting from @c address.
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The handler should write the values from base memory to @c base_target, and those
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from auxiliary memory to @c auxiliary_target. If the machine has no axiliary memory,
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it needn't write anything to auxiliary_target.
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*/
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void perform_read([[maybe_unused]] uint16_t address, [[maybe_unused]] size_t count, [[maybe_unused]] uint8_t *base_target, [[maybe_unused]] uint8_t *auxiliary_target) {
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}
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};
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class VideoBase: public VideoSwitches<Cycles> {
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public:
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VideoBase(bool is_iie, std::function<void(Cycles)> &&target);
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/// Sets the scan target.
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void set_scan_target(Outputs::Display::ScanTarget *scan_target);
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/// Gets the current scan status.
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Outputs::Display::ScanStatus get_scaled_scan_status() const;
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/// Sets the type of output.
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void set_display_type(Outputs::Display::DisplayType);
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/// Gets the type of output.
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Outputs::Display::DisplayType get_display_type() const;
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/// Sets whether the current CRT should be recalibrated away from normative NTSC
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/// to produce square pixels in 40-column text mode.
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void set_use_square_pixels(bool);
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bool get_use_square_pixels();
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protected:
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Outputs::CRT::CRT crt_;
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bool use_square_pixels_ = false;
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// State affecting output video stream generation.
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uint8_t *pixel_pointer_ = nullptr;
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// State affecting logical state.
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int row_ = 0, column_ = 0;
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// Graphics carry is the final level output in a fetch window;
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// it carries on into the next if it's high resolution with
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// the delay bit set.
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mutable uint8_t graphics_carry_ = 0;
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bool was_double_ = false;
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// Memory is fetched ahead of time into this array;
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// this permits the correct delay between fetching
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// without having to worry about a rolling buffer.
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std::array<uint8_t, 40> base_stream_;
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std::array<uint8_t, 40> auxiliary_stream_;
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const bool is_iie_ = false;
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/*!
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Outputs 40-column text to @c target, using @c length bytes from @c source.
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*/
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void output_text(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, size_t length, size_t pixel_row) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 80-column text to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source and @c auxiliary_source.
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*/
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void output_double_text(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, const uint8_t *auxiliary_source, size_t length, size_t pixel_row) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 40-column low-resolution graphics to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source.
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*/
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void output_low_resolution(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, size_t length, int column, int row) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 80-column low-resolution graphics to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source and @c auxiliary_source.
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*/
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void output_double_low_resolution(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, const uint8_t *auxiliary_source, size_t length, int column, int row) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 40-column high-resolution graphics to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source.
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*/
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void output_high_resolution(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, size_t length) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 80-column double-high-resolution graphics to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source.
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*/
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void output_double_high_resolution(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, const uint8_t *auxiliary_source, size_t length) const;
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/*!
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Outputs 40-column "fat low resolution" graphics to @c target, drawing @c length columns from @c source.
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Fat low-resolution mode is like regular low-resolution mode except that data is shifted out on the 7M
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clock rather than the 14M.
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*/
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void output_fat_low_resolution(uint8_t *target, const uint8_t *source, size_t length, int column, int row) const;
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};
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template <class BusHandler, bool is_iie> class Video: public VideoBase {
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public:
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/// Constructs an instance of the video feed; a CRT is also created.
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Video(BusHandler &bus_handler) :
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VideoBase(is_iie, [this] (Cycles cycles) { advance(cycles); }),
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bus_handler_(bus_handler) {}
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/*!
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Obtains the last value the video read prior to time now+offset.
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*/
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uint8_t get_last_read_value(Cycles offset) {
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// Rules of generation:
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// FOR ALL MODELS IN ALL MODES:
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//
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// - "Screen memory is divided into 128-byte segments. Each segment is divided into the FIRST 40, the
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// SECOND 40, the THIRD 40, and eight bytes of no man's memory (UNUSED 8)." (5-8*)
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//
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// - "The VBL base addresses are equal to the FIRST 40 base addresses minus eight bytes using 128-byte
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// wraparound subtraction. Example: $400 minus $8 gives $478; not $3F8." (5-11*)
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//
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// - "The memory locations scanned during HBL prior to a displayed line are the 24 bytes just below the
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// displayed area, using 128-byte wraparound addressing." (5-13*)
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//
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// - "The first address of HBL is always addressed twice consecutively" (5-11*)
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//
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// - "Memory scanned by lines 256 through 261 is identical to memory scanned by lines 250 through 255,
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// so those six 64-byte sections are scanned twice" (5-13*)
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// FOR II AND II+ ONLY (NOT IIE OR LATER) IN TEXT/LORES MODE ONLY (NOT HIRES):
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//
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// - "HBL scanned memory begins $18 bytes before display scanned memory plus $1000." (5-11*)
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//
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// - "Horizontal scanning wraps around at the 128-byte segment boundaries. Example: the address scanned
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// before address $400 is $47F during VBL. The address scanned before $400 when VBL is false is
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// $147F." (5-11*)
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//
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// - "the memory scanned during HBL is completely separate from the memory scanned during HBL´." (5-11*)
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//
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// - "HBL scanned memory is in an area normally taken up by Applesoft programs or Integer BASIC
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// variables" (5-37*)
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//
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// - Figure 5.17 Screen Memory Scanning (5-37*)
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// FOR IIE AND LATER IN ALL MODES AND II AND II+ IN HIRES MODE:
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//
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// - "HBL scanned memory begins $18 bytes before display scanned memory." (5-10**)
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//
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// - "Horizontal scanning wraps around at the 128-byte segment boundaries. Example: the address scanned
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// before address $400 is $47F." (5-11**)
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//
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// - "during HBL, the memory locations that are scanned are in the displayed memory area." (5-13*)
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//
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// - "Programs written for the Apple II may well not perform correctly on the Apple IIe because of
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// differences in scanning during HBL. In the Apple II, HBL scanned memory was separate from other
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// display memory in TEXT/LORES scanning. In the Apple IIe, HBL scanned memory overlaps other scanned
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// memory in TEXT/LORES scanning in similar fashion to HIRES scanning." (5-43**)
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//
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// - Figure 5.17 Display Memory Scanning (5-41**)
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// Source: * Understanding the Apple II by Jim Sather
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// Source: ** Understanding the Apple IIe by Jim Sather
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// Determine column at offset.
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int mapped_column = column_ + int(offset.as_integral());
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// Map that backwards from the internal pixels-at-start generation to pixels-at-end
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// (so what was column 0 is now column 25).
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mapped_column += 25;
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// Apply carry into the row counter.
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int mapped_row = row_ + (mapped_column / 65);
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mapped_row %= 262;
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mapped_column %= 65;
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// Remember if we're in a horizontal blanking interval.
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int hbl = mapped_column < 25;
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// The first column is read twice.
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if(mapped_column == 0) {
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mapped_column = 1;
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}
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// Vertical blanking rows read eight bytes earlier.
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if(mapped_row >= 192) {
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mapped_column -= 8;
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}
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// Apple out-of-bounds row logic.
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if(mapped_row >= 256) {
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mapped_row = 0x3a + (mapped_row&255);
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} else {
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mapped_row %= 192;
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}
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// Calculate the address.
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uint16_t read_address = uint16_t(get_row_address(mapped_row) + mapped_column - 25);
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// Wraparound addressing within 128 byte sections.
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if(mapped_row < 64 && mapped_column < 25) {
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read_address += 128;
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}
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if(hbl && !is_iie_) {
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// On Apple II and II+ (not IIe or later) in text/lores mode (not hires), horizontal
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// blanking bytes read from $1000 higher.
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const GraphicsMode pixel_mode = graphics_mode(mapped_row);
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if((pixel_mode == GraphicsMode::Text) || (pixel_mode == GraphicsMode::LowRes)) {
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read_address += 0x1000;
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}
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}
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// Read the address and return the value.
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uint8_t value, aux_value;
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bus_handler_.perform_read(read_address, 1, &value, &aux_value);
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return value;
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}
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/*!
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@returns @c true if the display will be within vertical blank at now + @c offset; @c false otherwise.
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*/
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bool get_is_vertical_blank(Cycles offset) {
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// Determine column at offset.
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int mapped_column = column_ + int(offset.as_integral());
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// Map that backwards from the internal pixels-at-start generation to pixels-at-end
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// (so what was column 0 is now column 25).
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mapped_column += 25;
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// Apply carry into the row counter.
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int mapped_row = row_ + (mapped_column / 65);
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mapped_row %= 262;
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// Per http://www.1000bit.it/support/manuali/apple/technotes/iigs/tn.iigs.040.html
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// "on the IIe, the screen is blanked when the bit is low".
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return mapped_row < 192;
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}
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private:
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/*!
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Advances time by @c cycles; expects to be fed by the CPU clock.
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Implicitly adds an extra half a colour clock at the end of
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line.
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*/
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void advance(Cycles cycles) {
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/*
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Addressing scheme used throughout is that column 0 is the first column with pixels in it;
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row 0 is the first row with pixels in it.
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A frame is oriented around 65 cycles across, 262 lines down.
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*/
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constexpr int first_sync_line = 220; // A complete guess. Information needed.
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constexpr int first_sync_column = 49; // Also a guess.
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constexpr int sync_length = 4; // One of the two likely candidates.
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int int_cycles = int(cycles.as_integral());
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while(int_cycles) {
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const int cycles_this_line = std::min(65 - column_, int_cycles);
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const int ending_column = column_ + cycles_this_line;
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const bool is_vertical_sync_line = (row_ >= first_sync_line && row_ < first_sync_line + 3);
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if(is_vertical_sync_line) {
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// In effect apply an XOR to HSYNC and VSYNC flags in order to include equalising
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// pulses (and hence keep hsync approximately where it should be during vsync).
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const int blank_start = std::max(first_sync_column - sync_length, column_);
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const int blank_end = std::min(first_sync_column, ending_column);
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if(blank_end > blank_start) {
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if(blank_start > column_) {
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crt_.output_sync((blank_start - column_) * 14);
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}
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crt_.output_blank((blank_end - blank_start) * 14);
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if(blank_end < ending_column) {
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crt_.output_sync((ending_column - blank_end) * 14);
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}
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} else {
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crt_.output_sync(cycles_this_line * 14);
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}
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} else {
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const GraphicsMode line_mode = graphics_mode(row_);
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// Determine whether there's any fetching to do. Fetching occurs during the first
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// 40 columns of rows prior to 192.
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if(row_ < 192 && column_ < 40) {
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const int character_row = row_ >> 3;
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const uint16_t row_address = uint16_t((character_row >> 3) * 40 + ((character_row&7) << 7));
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// Grab the memory contents that'll be needed momentarily.
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const int fetch_end = std::min(40, ending_column);
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uint16_t fetch_address;
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switch(line_mode) {
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default:
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case GraphicsMode::Text:
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleText:
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case GraphicsMode::LowRes:
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case GraphicsMode::FatLowRes:
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleLowRes: {
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const uint16_t text_address = uint16_t(((video_page()+1) * 0x400) + row_address);
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fetch_address = uint16_t(text_address + column_);
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} break;
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case GraphicsMode::HighRes:
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleHighRes:
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fetch_address = uint16_t(((video_page()+1) * 0x2000) + row_address + ((row_&7) << 10) + column_);
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break;
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}
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bus_handler_.perform_read(
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fetch_address,
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size_t(fetch_end - column_),
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&base_stream_[size_t(column_)],
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&auxiliary_stream_[size_t(column_)]);
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}
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if(row_ < 192) {
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// The pixel area is the first 40.5 columns; base contents
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// remain where they would naturally be but auxiliary
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// graphics appear to the left of that.
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if(!column_) {
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pixel_pointer_ = crt_.begin_data(568);
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graphics_carry_ = 0;
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was_double_ = true;
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}
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if(column_ < 40) {
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const int pixel_start = std::max(0, column_);
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const int pixel_end = std::min(40, ending_column);
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const int pixel_row = row_ & 7;
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const bool is_double = is_double_mode(line_mode);
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if(!is_double && was_double_ && pixel_pointer_) {
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 0] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 1] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 2] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 3] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 4] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 5] =
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pixel_pointer_[pixel_start*14 + 6] = 0;
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}
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was_double_ = is_double;
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if(pixel_pointer_) {
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switch(line_mode) {
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case GraphicsMode::Text:
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output_text(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14 + 7],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start),
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size_t(pixel_row));
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleText:
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output_double_text(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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&auxiliary_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start),
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size_t(pixel_row));
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::LowRes:
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output_low_resolution(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14 + 7],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start),
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pixel_start,
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pixel_row);
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::FatLowRes:
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output_fat_low_resolution(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14 + 7],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start),
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pixel_start,
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pixel_row);
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleLowRes:
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output_double_low_resolution(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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&auxiliary_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start),
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pixel_start,
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pixel_row);
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::HighRes:
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output_high_resolution(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14 + 7],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start));
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break;
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case GraphicsMode::DoubleHighRes:
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output_double_high_resolution(
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&pixel_pointer_[pixel_start * 14],
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&base_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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&auxiliary_stream_[size_t(pixel_start)],
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size_t(pixel_end - pixel_start));
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break;
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default: break;
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}
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}
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if(pixel_end == 40) {
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if(pixel_pointer_) {
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if(was_double_) {
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pixel_pointer_[560] = pixel_pointer_[561] = pixel_pointer_[562] = pixel_pointer_[563] =
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pixel_pointer_[564] = pixel_pointer_[565] = pixel_pointer_[566] = pixel_pointer_[567] = 0;
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} else {
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if(line_mode == GraphicsMode::HighRes && base_stream_[39]&0x80)
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pixel_pointer_[567] = graphics_carry_;
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else
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pixel_pointer_[567] = 0;
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}
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}
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crt_.output_data(568, 568);
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pixel_pointer_ = nullptr;
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}
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}
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} else {
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if(column_ < 40 && ending_column >= 40) {
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crt_.output_blank(568);
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}
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}
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/*
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The left border, sync, right border pattern doesn't depend on whether
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there were pixels this row and is output as soon as it is known.
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*/
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if(column_ < first_sync_column && ending_column >= first_sync_column) {
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crt_.output_blank(first_sync_column*14 - 568);
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}
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if(column_ < (first_sync_column + sync_length) && ending_column >= (first_sync_column + sync_length)) {
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crt_.output_sync(sync_length*14);
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}
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int second_blank_start;
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// Colour burst is present on all lines of the display if graphics mode is enabled on the top
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// portion; therefore use the graphics mode on line 0 rather than the current line, to avoid
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// disabling it in mixed modes.
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if(!is_text_mode(graphics_mode(0))) {
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const int colour_burst_start = std::max(first_sync_column + sync_length + 1, column_);
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const int colour_burst_end = std::min(first_sync_column + sync_length + 4, ending_column);
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if(colour_burst_end > colour_burst_start) {
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// UGLY HACK AHOY!
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// The OpenGL scan target introduces a phase error of 1/8th of a wave. The Metal one does not.
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// Supply the real phase value if this is an Apple build.
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// TODO: eliminate UGLY HACK.
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#if defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(IGNORE_APPLE)
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||
constexpr uint8_t phase = 224;
|
||
#else
|
||
constexpr uint8_t phase = 192;
|
||
#endif
|
||
|
||
crt_.output_colour_burst((colour_burst_end - colour_burst_start) * 14, phase);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
second_blank_start = std::max(first_sync_column + sync_length + 3, column_);
|
||
} else {
|
||
second_blank_start = std::max(first_sync_column + sync_length, column_);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if(ending_column > second_blank_start) {
|
||
crt_.output_blank((ending_column - second_blank_start) * 14);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int_cycles -= cycles_this_line;
|
||
column_ = (column_ + cycles_this_line) % 65;
|
||
if(!column_) {
|
||
row_ = (row_ + 1) % 262;
|
||
did_end_line();
|
||
|
||
// Add an extra half a colour cycle of blank; this isn't counted in the run_for
|
||
// count explicitly but is promised. If this is a vertical sync line, output sync
|
||
// instead of blank, taking that to be the default level.
|
||
if(is_vertical_sync_line) {
|
||
crt_.output_sync(2);
|
||
} else {
|
||
crt_.output_blank(2);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
BusHandler &bus_handler_;
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
}
|