This Appendix collects all the programs referred to in the course of this manual.

.word $0801 .org $0801 .word next, 10 ; Next line and current line number .byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064 next: .word 0 ; End of program .advance 2064 ldx #0 loop: lda hello, x beq done jsr $ffd2 inx bne loop done: rts hello: .byte "HELLO, WORLD!", 0

.word $0801 .org $0801 .scope .word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number .byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064 _next: .word 0 ; End of program .scend .advance 2064 .alias chrout $ffd2 ldx #0 * lda hello, x beq + jsr chrout inx bne - * rts hello: .byte "HELLO, WORLD!", 0

.word $0801 .org $0801 .scope .word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number .byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064 _next: .word 0 ; End of program .scend .advance 2064 .require "kernal.oph"

; KERNAL routine aliases (C64) .alias acptr $ffa5 .alias chkin $ffc6 .alias chkout $ffc9 .alias chrin $ffcf .alias chrout $ffd2 .alias ciout $ffa8 .alias cint $ff81 .alias clall $ffe7 .alias close $ffc3 .alias clrchn $ffcc .alias getin $ffe4 .alias iobase $fff3 .alias ioinit $ff84 .alias listen $ffb1 .alias load $ffd5 .alias membot $ff9c .alias memtop $ff99 .alias open $ffc0 .alias plot $fff0 .alias ramtas $ff87 .alias rdtim $ffde .alias readst $ffb7 .alias restor $ff8a .alias save $ffd8 .alias scnkey $ff9f .alias screen $ffed .alias second $ff93 .alias setlfs $ffba .alias setmsg $ff90 .alias setnam $ffbd .alias settim $ffdb .alias settmo $ffa2 .alias stop $ffe1 .alias talk $ffb4 .alias tksa $ff96 .alias udtim $ffea .alias unlsn $ffae .alias untlk $ffab .alias vector $ff8d ; Character codes for the colors. .alias color'0 144 .alias color'1 5 .alias color'2 28 .alias color'3 159 .alias color'4 156 .alias color'5 30 .alias color'6 31 .alias color'7 158 .alias color'8 129 .alias color'9 149 .alias color'10 150 .alias color'11 151 .alias color'12 152 .alias color'13 153 .alias color'14 154 .alias color'15 155 ; ...and reverse video .alias reverse'on 18 .alias reverse'off 146 ; ...and character set .alias upper'case 142 .alias lower'case 14

.include "c64-1.oph" .macro print ldx #0 _loop: lda _1, x beq _done jsr chrout inx bne _loop _done: .macend .macro greet `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0 target2: .byte "ROOM", 0 target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0 target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0 target5: .byte "CITY", 0 target6: .byte "NATION", 0 target7: .byte "WORLD", 0 target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0 target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0 target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0

.include "c64-1.oph" .macro print ldx #0 _loop: lda _1, x beq _done jsr chrout inx bne _loop _done: .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0 target2: .byte "ROOM", 0 target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0 target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0 target5: .byte "CITY", 0 target6: .byte "NATION", 0 target7: .byte "WORLD", 0 target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0 target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0 target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0 ; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements. delay: tax ldy #00 * nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop iny bne - dex bne - rts

.include "c64-1.oph" .macro print ldx #0 _loop: lda _1, x beq _done jsr chrout inx bne _loop _done: .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout lda #lower'case jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts hello1: .byte "Hello, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "programmer", 0 target2: .byte "room", 0 target3: .byte "building", 0 target4: .byte "neighborhood", 0 target5: .byte "city", 0 target6: .byte "nation", 0 target7: .byte "world", 0 target8: .byte "Solar System", 0 target9: .byte "Galaxy", 0 target10: .byte "Universe", 0 ; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements. delay: tax ldy #00 * nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop iny bne - dex bne - rts

.include "c64-1.oph" .macro print ldx #0 _loop: lda _1, x beq _done jsr chrout inx bne _loop _done: .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout lda #lower'case jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts .charmap 'A, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" .charmap 'a, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" hello1: .byte "Hello, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "programmer", 0 target2: .byte "room", 0 target3: .byte "building", 0 target4: .byte "neighborhood", 0 target5: .byte "city", 0 target6: .byte "nation", 0 target7: .byte "world", 0 target8: .byte "Solar System", 0 target9: .byte "Galaxy", 0 target10: .byte "Universe", 0 ; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements. delay: tax ldy #00 * nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop iny bne - dex bne - rts

.include "c64-1.oph" .data .org $C000 .text .macro print ldx #0 _loop: lda _1, x beq _done jsr chrout inx bne _loop _done: .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0 target2: .byte "ROOM", 0 target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0 target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0 target5: .byte "CITY", 0 target6: .byte "NATION", 0 target7: .byte "WORLD", 0 target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0 target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0 target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0 ; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses ; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second). .scope .data .space _tmp 1 .space _target 1 .text delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it) jsr rdtim clc adc _tmp ; add current time to get target sta _target * jsr rdtim cmp _target bmi - ; Buzz until target reached rts .scend .checkpc $A000 .data .checkpc $D000

.include "c64-1.oph" .data .org $C000 .space cache 2 .text .macro print lda #<_1 ldx #>_1 jsr printstr .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend ; Save the zero page locations that PRINTSTR uses. lda $10 sta cache lda $11 sta cache+1 lda #147 jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 ; Restore the zero page values printstr uses. lda cache sta $10 lda cache+1 sta $11 rts hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0 target2: .byte "ROOM", 0 target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0 target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0 target5: .byte "CITY", 0 target6: .byte "NATION", 0 target7: .byte "WORLD", 0 target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0 target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0 target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0 ; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses ; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second). .scope .data .space _tmp 1 .space _target 1 .text delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it) jsr rdtim clc adc _tmp ; add current time to get target sta _target * jsr rdtim cmp _target bmi - ; Buzz until target reached rts .scend ; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address, ; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and ; $11. .scope printstr: sta $10 stx $11 ldy #$00 _lp: lda ($10),y beq _done jsr chrout iny bne _lp _done: rts .scend .checkpc $A000 .data .checkpc $D000

.word $0801 .org $0801 .scope .word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number .byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064 _next: .word 0 ; End of program .scend .advance $0810 .require "kernal.oph" .data zp .org $0002 .text .scope ; Cache BASIC's zero page at top of available RAM. ldx #$7E * lda $01, x sta $CF81, x dex bne - jsr _main ; Restore BASIC's zero page and return control. ldx #$7E * lda $CF81, x sta $01, x dex bne - rts _main: ; Program follows... .scend

.include "c64-2.oph" .data .org $C000 .text .macro print lda #<_1 ldx #>_1 jsr printstr .macend .macro greet lda #30 jsr delay `print hello1 `print _1 `print hello2 .macend lda #147 jsr chrout `greet target1 `greet target2 `greet target3 `greet target4 `greet target5 `greet target6 `greet target7 `greet target8 `greet target9 `greet target10 rts hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0 hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0 target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0 target2: .byte "ROOM", 0 target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0 target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0 target5: .byte "CITY", 0 target6: .byte "NATION", 0 target7: .byte "WORLD", 0 target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0 target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0 target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0 ; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses ; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second). .scope .data .space _tmp 1 .space _target 1 .text delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it) jsr rdtim clc adc _tmp ; add current time to get target sta _target * jsr rdtim cmp _target bmi - ; Buzz until target reached rts .scend ; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address, ; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and ; $11. .scope .data zp .space _ptr 2 .text printstr: sta _ptr stx _ptr+1 ldy #$00 _lp: lda (_ptr),y beq _done jsr chrout iny bne _lp _done: rts .scend .checkpc $A000 .data .checkpc $D000 .data zp .checkpc $80