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ACME
...the ACME Crossassembler for Multiple Environments
--- Quick reference ---
This file should give you a basic overview. More specialized stuff
like forcing a specific addressing mode is discussed in extra files
("AddrModes.txt" in this case).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section: Example of what an ACME source code file looks like
----------------------------------------------------------------------
;--- Example code fragment, start ---
!to "tiny.o", cbm ; set output file and format
* = $c000 ; set program counter
CLEAR = 147 ; a global label definition
!addr basout = $ffd2 ; another one, marked as an address
; a string output loop:
ldx #0
beq + ; enter loop
- jsr basout ; output character
inx ; advance pointer
+ lda .string, x ; get character
bne - ; check whether last
rts
.string !pet "Dumb example", 13, 0
;--- Example code fragment, end ---
Here's the same fragment again, now with some additional info:
;--- Example code fragment, start ---
!to "tiny.o", cbm ; set output file and format
; This is a pseudo opcode to select the output filename and format.
; This can also be done using the command line options "-o" and "-f",
; respectively.
* = $c000 ; set program counter
; This can also be done using the command line option "--setpc".
; some global label definitions
CLEAR = 147 ; this is a simple constant
; Now "CLEAR" is defined as a global label having the value 147.
!addr basout = $ffd2 ; this gets marked as an address
; Now "basout" is defined as a global "address" type label having the
; value $ffd2.
; The distinction between addresses and non-addresses only
; matters when the type check system gets activated using
; the "-Wtype-mismatch" switch. Then, a line like
; "lda CLEAR" would trigger a type mismatch warning because
; of the missing '#' character.
; a string output loop:
ldx #0
beq + ; enter loop
; "+" is an anonymous forward label. Other ones are "++", "+++", etc.
; They can be used like any other label, but they always reference
; their *NEXT* definition. This saves having to think of names for
; unimportant labels. As the label's value is not defined yet, ACME
; will need to perform a second pass.
- jsr basout ; output character
; "-" is an anonymous backward label. Other ones are "--", "---", etc.
; They can be used like any other label, but they always reference
; their *PREVIOUS* definition. This saves having to think of names for
; unimportant labels. In the line above, the value of "-" is set to
; the current program counter.
inx ; advance pointer
+ lda .string,x ; get character
; Here the value of "+" is set to the current program counter.
; ".string" is a local label (because its name starts with a '.'
; character), but as its value is not defined yet, ACME will need to
; perform a second pass.
bne - ; check whether last
; Here the last definition of the anonymous "-" label is referenced.
rts
.string !pet "Dumb example", 13, 0
; Now the value of the local label ".string" is set to the current
; program counter. All label values are defined now, so after having
; done the second pass, the binary will be saved. The "!pet" pseudo
; opcode stores its string argument in PetSCII encoding to memory,
; followed by the given byte values.
;--- Example code fragment, end ---
As you can see, pseudo opcodes are prefixed with an exclamation mark.
That's non-standard, but: Backwards compatibility is the root of all
evil. :)
Summary about labels:
There are global labels (their names starting with a letter or an
underscore character). These can be accessed throughout the whole
assembly.
Then there are local labels (their names starting with a '.'
character). These can only be accessed from inside the macro or zone
they were defined in (for more about macros and zones, see the file
"AllPOs.txt").
And then there are anonymous labels (their names being sequences of
either '-' or '+' characters). They are also local (bound to their
macro/zone), but in addition to that, the "-" labels can only be used
for backward references, while the "+" labels can only be used for
forward references.
In contrast to global and local labels, anonymous labels can not be
defined explicitly (as in LABEL = VALUE).
Save the given example source code to a file called "tiny.a" and start
acme by typing
acme tiny.a
ACME will then parse the file and report any errors. An output file
will only be generated if there were no errors and if an output
filename has been given.
After assembly, the example program can be run on a C64 using
LOAD "tiny.o", 8, 1
SYS 49152
Note that ACME does not include any routines for transferring data to
a C64. Such tools exist on almost every platform, and I didn't want
ACME to become bloatware.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section: The pseudo opcodes
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A list with information on how to use all the Pseudo Opcodes can be
found in the file "AllPOs.txt". Here's just a short overview:
!byte !word !24 !32 !fill !align
...for directly placing values into the output file.
!zone !sl
...for defining the scope of local labels and saving global labels.
!convtab !pet !raw !scr !scrxor !text
...for converting and outputting strings.
!do !endoffile !for !if !ifdef !ifndef !set
...for flow control; looping assembly and conditional assembly.
!binary !source !to
...for handling input and output files.
!pseudopc
...for offset assembly.
!initmem *=
...for segment assembly.
!macro +
...for defining and calling macros.
!cpu !al !as !rl !rs
...for CPU support, especially the 65816 processor.
!warn !error !serious
...for generating warnings, errors and serious errors.
!addr
...to mark labels as addresses, for the optional type check system.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section: Command line arguments
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The command line syntax for calling acme is quite simple:
acme [options] [files]
Available options are:
-h, --help show this help and exit
This is more or less useless, because the help is also shown
if ACME is run without any arguments at all.
-f, --format FORMAT select output format ("plain", "cbm" or "apple")
-o, --outfile FILE select output file
Output filename and format can also be given using the "!to"
pseudo opcode. If the format is not specified, "!to" defaults
to "cbm", while the command line option defaults to "plain".
-l, --labeldump FILE select label dump file
This can also be given using the "!sl" pseudo opcode.
--setpc NUMBER set program counter
This can also be given in the source code using "* = NUMBER".
--cpu CPU_TYPE set processor type
This can be changed in the source code using the "!cpu" pseudo
opcode. Defaults to 6502.
--initmem NUMBER define 'empty' memory
This can also be given using the "!initmem" pseudo opcode.
Defaults to zero.
--maxerrors NUMBER set number of errors before exiting
If not given, defaults to 10.
--maxdepth NUMBER set recursion depth for macro calls and the
"!source" pseudo opcode. If not given, defaults to 64.
-vDIGIT set verbosity level
Sets how much additional informational output is generated.
Higher values mean more output:
acme -v0 source.a
This is the default: No additional output is generated,
ACME will only display warnings and errors.
acme -v1 source.a
Now the start and end addresses of the generated output
file are displayed, along with its size (a CBM-style
"load address" is *not* counted).
acme -v2 source.a
In addition to the "-v1" output, ACME will announce each
pass, will show amount and offset of "!binary" loads, and
show start and end addresses and size of each segment.
acme -v3 source.a
In addition to the "-v2" output, ACME will now announce
each source file.
-DLABEL=VALUE define global label
This option is useful if you build your projects using
Makefiles: "-DSYSTEM=64" could build the C64 version while
"-DSYSTEM=128" could build the C128 version of the software
(using conditional assembly in your source code file).
-W fine-tune amount and type of warnings
-Wno-label-indent
Disables warnings about implicit label definitions not
being in the leftmost column.
-Wno-old-for
Disables warnings about the old "!for" syntax and at the
same time enables warnings about the _new_ "!for" syntax.
-Wtype-mismatch
Enables type checking system (warns about wrong types).
--use-stdout fix for 'Relaunch64' IDE
With this option, errors are written to the standard output
stream instead of to the standard error stream.
-V, --version show version and exit.
Platform-specific versions of ACME might offer more options.
Since version 0.89, ACME accepts more than one top-level-filename
given on the command line.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section: The maths parser
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ACME has a relatively powerful maths parser. This parser is used
whenever ACME expects to read a numerical value. Supported operations
include addition, subtraction, multiplication, divisions, comparisons,
shifts, negation, boolean operations and some assembler-specific stuff
like extracting the "low byte", the "high byte" or the "bank byte"
of a value.
Calculations are done using either signed 32-bit integer arithmetic or
floating point arithmetic using the C "double" data type. Label values
are stored the same way.
This is a list of the operators currently known by ACME:
Priority Example Meaning Alias
------------------------------------------------------------
14 sin(v) Trigonometric sine function
14 cos(v) Trigonometric cosine function
14 tan(v) Trigonometric tangent function
14 arcsin(v) Inverse of sin()
14 arccos(v) Inverse of cos()
14 arctan(v) Inverse of tan()
14 addr(v) Mark as address
14 int(v) Convert to integer
14 float(v) Convert to float
13 ! v Complement of NOT
12 v ^ w To the power of
11 - v Negate
10 v * w Multiply
10 v / w Divide
10 v DIV w Integer-Divide
10 v % w Remainder of DIV MOD
9 v + w Add
9 v - w Subtract
8 v << w Shift left ASL, LSL
8 v >> w Arithmetic shift right ASR
8 v >>> w Logical shift right LSR
7 < v Lowbyte of
7 > v Highbyte of
7 ^ v Bankbyte of
6 v <= w Lower or equal
6 v < w Lower than
6 v >= w Higher or equal
6 v > w Higher than
5 v != w Not equal <>, ><
4 v = w Equal
3 v & w Bit-wise AND AND
2 Bit-wise exclusive OR XOR
1 v | w Bit-wise OR OR
Operations with higher priority are done first. Of course you can
change this using parentheses. If you prefer the aliases over the
shorthand characters, note that they must be written in capital
letters.
Note that though there are operators to extract the "low byte", the
"high byte" and the "bank byte", there is no operator to extract the
fourth byte. If you want to access that, shift it down using ">>>" or
"LSR".
In cases where it's not clear which operator was wanted, ACME takes
the longest possible one:
v<>w ...checks for "v not equal w"
v< >w ...checks for "v smaller than high byte of w"
So you may have to separate operators with spaces to make sure ACME
does what you want.
The "power-of" operator is right-associative, so a^b^c means a^(b^c).
Calculating 0^0 (zero to the power of zero) will give 1. If
you don't know why I'm telling you this, ask a mathematician. :)
This is a list of the value formats currently known by ACME:
Examples Notes
---------------------------------------------------------------------
128 a decimal value, integer
128.5 a decimal value, floating point
$d011 hexadecimal values are indicated by either a
0xffd2 leading "$" or a leading "0x".
&1701 an octal value, indicated by "&"
%010010 binary values are indicated by either a leading "%"
%....#... or a leading "0b". In binary values, you can
0b01100110 substitute the characters "0" and "1" by "." and
"#" respectively. This way the values are much
more readable, especially when building bitmapped
objects (like C64 sprites or fonts) in your source
code.
"p" character values are indicated by double or single
'q' quotes. The actual numeric value depends on the
current conversion table (none/petscii/screen),
chosen using the "!ct" pseudo opcode.
poll_joy2 a global label
.fail a local label, indicated by leading dot
* the current program counter. During offset assembly,
"*" gives the value of the "Pseudo PC". Just to
make sure: The value of the program counter is
always the value that was valid at the start of
the current statement, so
!word *, *, *, *
will give the same value four times. I think most
assemblers do it this way.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section: Almost, but not quite, entirely useless syntax
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Every ACME source code file consists of a non-negative number of
"lines". The lines have to be separated from each other using CR, LF
or CRLF characters.
Every line consists of a non-negative number of "statements" and an
optional comment. Statements have to be separated from each other
using colon (":") characters, the comment has to be prefixed with a
semicolon (";") character.
Every statement consists of an optional "implicit label definition"
and an optional "command". These are separated from each other using
any number of SPACE or TAB characters. If an implicit label definition
has blanks before it, a warning is given (to spot typing errors - see
Errors.txt for more info).
Every label consists of these characters: "a" to "z", "A" to "Z", "0"
to "9", the underscore character "_" and all characters with values
beyond 127. The first character must not be a digit though. But it can
be a dot ("."), making the label a local one. Two other possibilities
for label names are "all-characters-are-minus" (then it's an anonymous
backward label) and "all-characters-are-plus" (then it's an anonymous
forward label).
Every command is one of the following:
An assembler opcode
A pseudo opcode, beginning with a "!" character
An explicit label definition (label=value)
A pc definition, beginning with a "*" character
A macro call, beginning with a "+" character
...and the syntax of those things varies. :)
Assembler mnemonics and pseudo opcodes are case insensitive, so
whether you write "LDA" or "lda" or "LdA" does not make a difference.
In earlier releases of ACME, arithmetic operators like MOD, XOR, LSL
had to be written in UPPER CASE. This is no longer needed.
Label names are case sensitive, so "label" and "Label" are two
different things.
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