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557 lines
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557 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
<!doctype linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>Atari specific information for cc65
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<author>Shawn Jefferson, <htmlurl
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url="mailto:shawnjefferson@24fightingchickens.com"
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name="shawnjefferson@24fightingchickens.com"> and
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Christian Groessler, <htmlurl url="mailto:chris@groessler.org" name="chris@groessler.org">
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<date>03-Jan-2006
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<abstract>
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An overview over the Atari runtime system as it is implemented for the cc65 C
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compiler.
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</abstract>
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<!-- Table of contents -->
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<toc>
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<!-- Begin the document -->
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<sect>Overview<p>
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This file contains an overview of the Atari runtime system as it comes
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with the cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, Atari specific
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header files, available drivers, and any pitfalls specific to that
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platform.
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Please note that Atari specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
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described in detail in the separate <htmlurl url="funcref.html" name="function
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reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may be available on
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more than one platform. Please see the function reference for more
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information.
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<sect>Binary format<p>
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The standard binary output format generated by the linker for the
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Atari target is a machine language program with a standard executable
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header (FF FF <2 byte start address> <2 bytes end address>
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[program bytes]). These values are calculated in the crt0.s
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file from the __STARTUP_LOAD__ and __ZPSAVE_LOAD__ values, so keep
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this in mind if you create a custom linker config file and start
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moving segments around (see section
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<ref name="Reserving a memory area inside the program" id="memhole">).
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You can override this behaviour by creating your own crt0.s file and
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linking it into your program. A run vector is added to the end of the
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file ($02E0 <run vector>) and is calculated using
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__STARTUP_LOAD__ in crt0.s.
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<sect>Memory layout<p>
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The default linker script assumes that the BASIC ROM is disabled (or
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the BASIC cartridge unplugged). This gives a usable memory range from
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$2E00 - $BC1F. The library startup code examines the
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current memory configuration, which depends on the size of the
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installed memory and cartridges present, by inspecting the value in
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the MEMTOP ($2E5) variable. Then the initial stack pointer,
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which indicates the upper bound of memory used, is adjusted. The
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default load address of $2E00 was chosen to accommodate having
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a DOS loaded and a driver that resides in low memory such as the 850
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R: handler. You can override this behaviour by creating a custom
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linker config file or by using the "--start-addr" cl65 command line
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argument or the "--start-addr" or "-S" ld65 command line arguments.
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Special locations:
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<descrip>
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<tag/Text screen/
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The text screen depends on the installed memory size and cartridges
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and can be obtained from the SAVMSC variable ($58).
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<tag/Stack/
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The C runtime stack is located at MEMTOP and grows downwards,
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regardless of how your linker config file is setup. This
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accommodates the different memory configurations of the Atari
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machines, as well as having a cartridge installed. You can override
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this behaviour by writing your own crt0.s file and linking it to
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your program (see also <ref name="Final note"
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id="memhole_final_note">).
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<tag/Heap/
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The C heap is located at the end of the program and grows towards the C
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runtime stack.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect>Platform specific header files<p>
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Programs containing Atari specific code may use the <tt/atari.h/
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header file.
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<sect1>Atari specific functions<p>
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The functions listed below are special for the Atari. See the <htmlurl
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url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and usage.
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<itemize>
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<item>get_ostype
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<item>get_tv
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<item>_gtia_mkcolor
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<item>_getcolor
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<item>_getdefdev
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<item>_graphics
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<item>_rest_vecs
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<item>_save_vecs
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<item>_scroll
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<item>_setcolor
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<item>_setcolor_low
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</itemize>
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<sect1>Hardware access<p>
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The following pseudo variables declared in the <tt/atari.h/ header
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file do allow access to hardware located in the address space. Some
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variables are structures, accessing the struct fields will access the
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chip registers.
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt/GTIA_READ/ and <tt/GTIA_WRITE/</tag>
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The <tt/GTIA_READ/ structure allows read access to the GTIA. The
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<tt/GTIA_WRITE/ structure allows write access to the GTIA.
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See the <tt/_gtia.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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<tag><tt/POKEY_READ/ and <tt/POKEY_WRITE/</tag>
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The <tt/POKEY_READ/ structure allows read access to the POKEY. The
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<tt/POKEY_WRITE/ structure allows write access to the POKEY.
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See the <tt/_pokey.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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<tag><tt/ANTIC/</tag>
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The <tt/ANTIC/ structure allows read access to the ANTIC.
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See the <tt/_antic.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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<tag><tt/PIA/</tag>
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The <tt/PIA/ structure allows read access to the PIA 6520.
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See the <tt/_pia.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect>Loadable drivers<p>
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<sect1>Graphics drivers<p>
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Currently there are no graphics drivers available for the Atari platform.
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However, the runtime library provides a function named _graphics, with
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a mode parameter just like the BASIC GRAPHICS command. This function will
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switch to the requested graphics mode.
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There are currently no functions available to access the graphics
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memory. The access must be implemented manually.
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Many graphics modes require more memory than the text screen which is
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in effect when the program starts up. Therefore the programmer has to
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tell the program beforehand the memory requirements of the graphics
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modes the program intends to use.
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This can be done by using the __RESERVED_MEMORY__ linker config
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variable. The number specified there describes the number of bytes to
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subtract from the top of available memory as seen from the runtime
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library. This memory is then used by the screen buffer.
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The numbers for the different graphics modes presented below should
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only be seen as a rule of thumb. Since the screen buffer memory needs
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to start at specific boundaries, the numbers depend on the current top
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of available memory.
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The following numbers were determined by a BASIC program.
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<table>
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<tabular ca="rr">
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graphics mode|reserved memory@<hline>
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0|1@
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1|1@
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2|1@
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3|1@
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4|1@
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5|182@
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6|1182@
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7|3198@
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8|7120@
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9|7146@
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10|7146@
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11|7146@
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12|162@
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13|1@
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14|3278@
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15|7120@
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16|1@
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17|1@
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18|1@
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19|1@
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20|1@
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21|184@
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22|1192@
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23|3208@
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24|7146@
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25|7146@
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26|7146@
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27|7146@
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28|162@
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29|1@
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30|3304@
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31|7146
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</tabular>
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<caption>reserved memory required for different graphics modes
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</table>
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The values of "1" are needed because the graphics command crashes if
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it doesn't have at least one byte available. This seems to be a bug of
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the Atari ROM code.
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<sect1>Extended memory drivers<p>
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Currently there are no extended memory drivers available for the Atari
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platform.
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<sect1>Joystick drivers<p>
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt/ataristd.joy/</tag>
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Supports up to four standard joysticks connected to the joystick ports of
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the Atari.
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<tag><tt/atarim8.joy/</tag>
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Supports up to eight standard joysticks connected to a MultiJoy adapter.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect1>Mouse drivers<p>
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Currently no drivers available (in fact, the API for loadable mouse drivers
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does not exist). There is a static driver you can use.
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<sect1>RS232 device drivers<p>
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Currently there are no RS232 loadable drivers available for the Atari
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platform. There is a static driver you can use.
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<sect>Limitations<p>
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<sect>DIO implementation<label id="dio"><p>
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The Atari supports disk drives with either 128 or 256 byte sectors.
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The first three sectors of any disk are always 128 bytes long though. This is
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because the system can only boot from 128 bytes sectors.
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Therefore the DIO read and write functions transfer only 128 bytes
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for sectors 1 to 3, regardless of the type of diskette.
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<sect>CONIO implementation<label id="conio"><p>
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The console I/O is speed optimized therefore support for XEP80 hardware
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or f80.com software is missing. Of course you may use stdio.h functions.
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<sect>Other hints<p>
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<sect1>Function keys<p>
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Function keys are mapped to Atari + number key.
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<sect1>Passing arguments to the program<p>
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Command line arguments can be passed to <tt/main()/ when DOS supports it.
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<enum>
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<item>Arguments are separated by spaces.
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<item>Leading and trailing spaces around an argument are ignored.
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<item>The first argument passed to <tt/main/ is the program name.
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<item>A maximum number of 16 arguments (including the program name) are
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supported.
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</enum>
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<sect1>Interrupts<p>
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The runtime for the Atari uses routines marked as <tt/.INTERRUPTOR/ for
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interrupt handlers. Such routines must be written as simple machine language
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subroutines and will be called automatically by the VBI handler code
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when they are linked into a program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/
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feature in the <htmlurl url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
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<sect1>Reserving a memory area inside a program<label id="memhole"><p>
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The Atari 130XE maps its additional memory into CPU memory in 16K
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chunks at address $4000 to $7FFF. One might want to
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prevent this memory area from being used by cc65. Other reasons to
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prevent the use of some memory area could be to reserve space for the
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buffers for display lists and screen memory.
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<p>
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The Atari executable format allows holes inside a program, e.g. one
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part loads into $2E00 to $3FFF, going below the reserved
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memory area (assuming a reserved area from $4000 to
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$7FFF), and another part loads into $8000 to
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$BC1F.
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<p>
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Each load chunk of the executable starts with a 4 byte header which
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defines its load address and size. In the following linker scripts
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these headers are named HEADER and SECHDR (for the MEMORY layout), and
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accordingly NEXEHDR and CHKHDR (for the SEGMENTS layout).
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<p>
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<sect2>Low code and high data example<p>
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Goal: Create an executable with 2 load chunks which doesn't use the
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memory area from $4000 to $7FFF. The CODE segment of
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the program should go below $4000 and the DATA and RODATA
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segments should go above $7FFF.
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<p>
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The main problem is that the EXE header generated by the cc65 runtime
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lib is wrong. It defines a single load chunk with the sizes/addresses
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of the STARTUP, LOWCODE, INIT, CODE, RODATA, and DATA segments (the whole user
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program).
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<p>
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The contents of the EXE header come from the EXEHDR segment, which is
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defined in crt0.s. This cannot be changed without modifying and
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recompiling the cc65 atari runtime lib. Therefore the original EXE
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header must be discarded. It will be replaced by a user created
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one. The discarding is done by assigning the EXEHDR segment to the
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BANK memory area. The BANK memory area is discarded in the new linker
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script (written to file "").
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<p>
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The user needs to create a customized linker config file which adds
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new memory areas and segments to hold the new EXE header and the
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header data for the second load chunk. Also an assembly source file
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needs to be created which defines the contents of the new EXE header
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and the second load chunk header.
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<p>
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<p>
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This is an example of a modified cc65 Atari linker configuration file
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(split.cfg):
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<tscreen><verb>
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SYMBOLS {
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__STACKSIZE__ = $800; # 2K stack
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__RESERVED_MEMORY__: value = $0000, weak = yes;
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}
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FEATURES {
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STARTADDRESS: default = $2E00;
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}
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MEMORY {
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ZP: start = $82, size = $7E, type = rw, define = yes;
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HEADER: start = $0000, size = $6, file = %O; # first load chunk
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RAMLO: start = %S, size = $4000 - %S, file = %O;
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BANK: start = $4000, size = $4000, file = "";
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SECHDR: start = $0000, size = $4, file = %O; # second load chunk
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RAM: start = $8000, size = $3C20, file = %O; # $3C20: matches upper bound $BC1F
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}
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SEGMENTS {
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EXEHDR: load = BANK, type = ro;
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NEXEHDR: load = HEADER, type = ro; # first load chunk
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STARTUP: load = RAMLO, type = ro, define = yes;
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LOWCODE: load = RAMLO, type = ro, define = yes, optional = yes;
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INIT: load = RAMLO, type = ro, optional = yes;
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CODE: load = RAMLO, type = ro, define = yes;
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CHKHDR: load = SECHDR, type = ro; # second load chunk
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RODATA: load = RAM, type = ro, define = yes;
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DATA: load = RAM, type = rw, define = yes;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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ZPSAVE: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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ZEROPAGE: load = ZP, type = zp;
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AUTOSTRT: load = RAM, type = ro; # defines program entry point
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}
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FEATURES {
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CONDES: segment = RODATA,
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type = constructor,
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label = __CONSTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
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count = __CONSTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
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CONDES: segment = RODATA,
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type = destructor,
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label = __DESTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
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count = __DESTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
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}
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</verb></tscreen>
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<p>
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A new memory area BANK was added which describes the reserved area.
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It gets loaded with the contents of the old EXEHDR segment. But the
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memory area isn't written to the output file. This way the contents of
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the EXEHDR segment get discarded.
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<p>
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The newly added NEXEHDR segment defines the correct EXE header. It
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puts the STARTUP, LOWCODE, INIT, and CODE segments, which are the
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segments containing only code, into load chunk #1 (RAMLO memory area).
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<p>
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The header for the second load chunk comes from the new CHKHDR
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segment. It puts the RODATA, DATA, BSS, and ZPSAVE segments into load
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chunk #2 (RAM memory area).
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<p>
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<p>
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The contents of the new NEXEHDR and CHKHDR segments come from this
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file (split.s):
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<tscreen><verb>
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.import __CODE_LOAD__, __BSS_LOAD__, __CODE_SIZE__
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.import __DATA_LOAD__, __RODATA_LOAD__, __STARTUP_LOAD__
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.segment "NEXEHDR"
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.word $FFFF
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.word __STARTUP_LOAD__
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.word __CODE_LOAD__ + __CODE_SIZE__ - 1
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.segment "CHKHDR"
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.word __RODATA_LOAD__
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.word __BSS_LOAD__ - 1
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</verb></tscreen>
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<p>
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Compile with
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<tscreen><verb>
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cl65 -t atari -C split.cfg -o prog.com prog.c split.s
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect2>Low data and high code example<p>
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Goal: Put RODATA and DATA into low memory and STARTUP, LOWCODE, INIT,
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CODE, BSS, ZPSAVE into high memory (split2.cfg):
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<tscreen><verb>
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SYMBOLS {
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__STACKSIZE__ = $800; # 2K stack
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__RESERVED_MEMORY__: value = $0000, weak = yes;
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}
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FEATURES {
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STARTADDRESS: default = $2E00;
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}
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MEMORY {
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ZP: start = $82, size = $7E, type = rw, define = yes;
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HEADER: start = $0000, size = $6, file = %O; # first load chunk
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RAMLO: start = %S, size = $4000 - %S, file = %O;
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BANK: start = $4000, size = $4000, file = "";
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SECHDR: start = $0000, size = $4, file = %O; # second load chunk
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RAM: start = $8000, size = $3C20, file = %O; # $3C20: matches upper bound $BC1F
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}
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SEGMENTS {
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EXEHDR: load = BANK, type = ro; # discarded old EXE header
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NEXEHDR: load = HEADER, type = ro; # first load chunk
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RODATA: load = RAMLO, type = ro, define = yes;
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DATA: load = RAMLO, type = rw, define = yes;
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CHKHDR: load = SECHDR, type = ro; # second load chunk
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STARTUP: load = RAM, type = ro, define = yes;
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INIT: load = RAM, type = ro, optional = yes;
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CODE: load = RAM, type = ro, define = yes;
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ZPSAVE: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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ZEROPAGE: load = ZP, type = zp;
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AUTOSTRT: load = RAM, type = ro; # defines program entry point
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}
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FEATURES {
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CONDES: segment = RODATA,
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type = constructor,
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label = __CONSTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
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count = __CONSTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
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CONDES: segment = RODATA,
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type = destructor,
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label = __DESTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
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count = __DESTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
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}
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</verb></tscreen>
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New contents for NEXEHDR and CHKHDR are needed (split2.s):
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<tscreen><verb>
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.import __STARTUP_LOAD__, __ZPSAVE_LOAD__, __DATA_SIZE__
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.import __DATA_LOAD__, __RODATA_LOAD__
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.segment "NEXEHDR"
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.word $FFFF
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.word __RODATA_LOAD__
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.word __DATA_LOAD__ + __DATA_SIZE__ - 1
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.segment "CHKHDR"
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.word __STARTUP_LOAD__
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.word __ZPSAVE_LOAD__ - 1
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</verb></tscreen>
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Compile with
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<tscreen><verb>
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cl65 -t atari -C split2.cfg -o prog.com prog.c split2.s
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect2>Final note<label id="memhole_final_note"><p>
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|
There are two other memory areas which don't appear directly in the
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|
linker script. They are the stack and the heap.
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|
|
|
The cc65 runtime lib places the stack location at the end of available
|
|
memory. This is dynamically set from the MEMTOP system variable at
|
|
startup. The heap is located in the area between the end of the BSS
|
|
segment and the top of the stack as defined by __STACKSIZE__.
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|
|
|
If BSS and/or the stack shouldn't stay at the end of the program,
|
|
some parts of the cc65 runtime lib need to be replaced/modified.
|
|
|
|
common/_heap.s defines the location of the heap and atari/crt0.s
|
|
defines the location of the stack by initializing sp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect>Bugs/Feedback<p>
|
|
|
|
If you have problems using the library, if you find any bugs, or if you're
|
|
doing something interesting with it, I would be glad to hear from you. Feel
|
|
free to contact me by email (<htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org"
|
|
name="uz@cc65.org"> or <htmlurl url="mailto:chris@groessler.org"
|
|
name="chris@groessler.org"> ).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect>License<p>
|
|
|
|
This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
|
|
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
|
|
arising from the use of this software.
|
|
|
|
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
|
|
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
|
|
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
|
|
|
|
<enum>
|
|
<item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
|
|
claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
|
|
in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
|
|
appreciated but is not required.
|
|
<item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
|
|
be misrepresented as being the original software.
|
|
<item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
|
|
distribution.
|
|
</enum>
|
|
|
|
</article>
|