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Fix several grammaros and a few HTML usage items.

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Reid Spencer 2006-08-14 19:19:55 +00:00
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@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>LLVM Link Time Optimization: design and implementation</title>
<title>LLVM Link Time Optimization: Design and Implementation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<div class="doc_title">
LLVM Link Time Optimization: design and implementation
LLVM Link Time Optimization: Design and Implementation
</div>
<ul>
@ -45,11 +45,10 @@
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
LLVM features powerful intermodular optimization which can be used at link time.
Link Time Optimization is another name of intermodular optimization when it
is done during link stage. This document describes the interface between LLVM
intermodular optimizer and the linker and its design.
</p>
LLVM features powerful intermodular optimizations which can be used at link
time. Link Time Optimization is another name for intermodular optimization
when performed during the link stage. This document describes the interface
and design between the LLVM intermodular optimizer and the linker.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
@ -60,16 +59,17 @@ intermodular optimizer and the linker and its design.
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
The LLVM Link Time Optimizer seeks complete transparency, while doing intermodular
optimization, in compiler tool chain. Its main goal is to let developer take
advantage of intermodular optimizer without making any significant changes to
their makefiles or build system. This is achieved through tight integration with
linker. In this model, linker treates LLVM bytecode files like native objects
file and allows mixing and matching among them. The linker uses
<a href="#lto">LLVMlto</a>, a dynamically loaded library, to handle LLVM bytecode
files. This tight integration between the linker and LLVM optimizer helps to do
optimizations that are not possible in other models. The linker input allows
optimizer to avoid relying on conservative escape analysis.
The LLVM Link Time Optimizer provides complete transparency, while doing
intermodular optimization, in the compiler tool chain. Its main goal is to let
the developer take advantage of intermodular optimizations without making any
significant changes to the developer's makefiles or build system. This is
achieved through tight integration with the linker. In this model, the linker
treates LLVM bytecode files like native object files and allows mixing and
matching among them. The linker uses <a href="#lto">LLVMlto</a>, a dynamically
loaded library, to handle LLVM bytecode files. This tight integration between
the linker and LLVM optimizer helps to do optimizations that are not possible
in other models. The linker input allows the optimizer to avoid relying on
conservative escape analysis.
</p>
</div>
@ -79,72 +79,70 @@ optimizer to avoid relying on conservative escape analysis.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Following example illustrates advantage of integrated approach that uses
clean interface.
<ul>
<li> Input source file <tt>a.c</tt> is compiled into LLVM byte code form.
<li> Input source file <tt>main.c</tt> is compiled into native object code.
</ul>
<code>
<p>The following example illustrates the advantages of LTO's integrated
approach and clean interface.</p>
<ul>
<li> Input source file <tt>a.c</tt> is compiled into LLVM byte code form.
<li> Input source file <tt>main.c</tt> is compiled into native object code.
</ul>
<pre>
--- a.h ---
<br>extern int foo1(void);
<br>extern void foo2(void);
<br>extern void foo4(void);
<br>--- a.c ---
<br>#include "a.h"
<br>
<br>static signed int i = 0;
<br>
<br>void foo2(void) {
<br> i = -1;
<br>}
<br>
<br>static int foo3() {
<br>foo4();
<br>return 10;
<br>}
<br>
<br>int foo1(void) {
<br>int data = 0;
<br>
<br>if (i < 0) { data = foo3(); }
<br>
<br>data = data + 42;
<br>return data;
<br>}
<br>
<br>--- main.c ---
<br>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
<br>#include "a.h"
<br>
<br>void foo4(void) {
<br> printf ("Hi\n");
<br>}
<br>
<br>int main() {
<br> return foo1();
<br>}
<br>
<br>--- command lines ---
<br> $ llvm-gcc4 --emit-llvm -c a.c -o a.o # <-- a.o is LLVM bytecode file
<br> $ llvm-gcc4 -c main.c -o main.o # <-- main.o is native object file
<br> $ llvm-gcc4 a.o main.o -o main # <-- standard link command without any modifications
<br>
</code>
<p>
In this example, the linker recognizes that <tt>foo2()</tt> is a externally visible
symbol defined in LLVM byte code file. This information is collected using
<a href="#readllvmobjectfile"> readLLVMObjectFile() </a>. Based on this
information, linker completes its usual symbol resolution pass and finds that
<tt>foo2()</tt> is not used anywhere. This information is used by LLVM optimizer
and it removes <tt>foo2()</tt>. As soon as <tt>foo2()</tt> is removed, optimizer
recognizes that condition <tt> i < 0 </tt> is always false, which means
<tt>foo3()</tt> is never used. Hence, optimizer removes <tt>foo3()</tt> also.
And this in turn, enables linker to remove <tt>foo4()</tt>.
This example illustrates advantage of tight integration with linker. Here,
optimizer can not remove <tt>foo3()</tt> without the linker's input.
</p>
extern int foo1(void);
extern void foo2(void);
extern void foo4(void);
--- a.c ---
#include "a.h"
static signed int i = 0;
void foo2(void) {
i = -1;
}
static int foo3() {
foo4();
return 10;
}
int foo1(void) {
int data = 0;
if (i &lt; 0) { data = foo3(); }
data = data + 42;
return data;
}
--- main.c ---
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include "a.h"
void foo4(void) {
printf ("Hi\n");
}
int main() {
return foo1();
}
--- command lines ---
$ llvm-gcc4 --emit-llvm -c a.c -o a.o # &lt;-- a.o is LLVM bytecode file
$ llvm-gcc4 -c main.c -o main.o # &lt;-- main.o is native object file
$ llvm-gcc4 a.o main.o -o main # &lt;-- standard link command without any modifications
</pre>
<p>In this example, the linker recognizes that <tt>foo2()</tt> is an
externally visible symbol defined in LLVM byte code file. This information
is collected using <a href="#readllvmobjectfile"> readLLVMObjectFile()</a>.
Based on this information, the linker completes its usual symbol resolution
pass and finds that <tt>foo2()</tt> is not used anywhere. This information
is used by the LLVM optimizer and it removes <tt>foo2()</tt>. As soon as
<tt>foo2()</tt> is removed, the optimizer recognizes that condition
<tt>i &lt; 0</tt> is always false, which means <tt>foo3()</tt> is never
used. Hence, the optimizer removes <tt>foo3()</tt>, also. And this in turn,
enables linker to remove <tt>foo4()</tt>. This example illustrates the
advantage of tight integration with the linker. Here, the optimizer can not
remove <tt>foo3()</tt> without the linker's input.
</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
@ -153,27 +151,29 @@ optimizer can not remove <tt>foo3()</tt> without the linker's input.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
<ul>
<li> Compiler driver invokes link time optimizer separately.
<br><br>In this model link time optimizer is not able to take advantage of information
collected during normal linker's symbol resolution phase. In above example,
optimizer can not remove <tt>foo2()</tt> without linker's input because it is
externally visible. And this in turn prohibits optimizer from removing <tt>foo3()</tt>.
<br><br>
<li> Use separate tool to collect symbol information from all object file.
<br><br>In this model, this new separate tool or library replicates linker's
capabilities to collect information for link time optimizer. Not only such code
duplication is difficult to justify but it also has several other disadvantages.
For example, the linking semantics and the features provided by linker on
various platform are not unique. This means, this new tool needs to support all
such features and platforms in one super tool or one new separate tool per
platform is required. This increases maintance cost for link time optimizer
significantly, which is not necessary. Plus, this approach requires staying
synchronized with linker developements on various platforms, which is not the
main focus of link time optimizer. Finally, this approach increases end user's build
time due to duplicate work done by this separate tool and linker itself.
</ul>
<dl>
<dt><b>Compiler driver invokes link time optimizer separately.</b></dt>
<dd>In this model the link time optimizer is not able to take advantage of
information collected during the linker's normal symbol resolution phase.
In the above example, the optimizer can not remove <tt>foo2()</tt> without
the linker's input because it is externally visible. This in turn prohibits
the optimizer from removing <tt>foo3()</tt>.</dd>
<dt><b>Use separate tool to collect symbol information from all object
files.</b></dt>
<dd>In this model, a new, separate, tool or library replicates the linker's
capability to collect information for link time optimization. Not only is
this code duplication difficult to justify, but it also has several other
disadvantages. For example, the linking semantics and the features
provided by the linker on various platform are not unique. This means,
this new tool needs to support all such features and platforms in one
super tool or a separate tool per platform is required. This increases
maintance cost for link time optimizer significantly, which is not
necessary. This approach also requires staying synchronized with linker
developements on various platforms, which is not the main focus of the link
time optimizer. Finally, this approach increases end user's build time due
to the duplication of work done by this separate tool and the linker itself.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
@ -182,17 +182,16 @@ time due to duplicate work done by this separate tool and linker itself.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
The linker collects information about symbol defininitions and uses in various
link objects which is more accurate than any information collected by other tools
during typical build cycle.
The linker collects this information by looking at definitions and uses of
symbols in native .o files and using symbol visibility information. The linker
also uses user supplied information, such as list of exported symbol.
LLVM optimizer collects control flow information, data flow information and
knows much more about program structure from optimizer's point of view. Our
goal is to take advantage of tight intergration between the linker and
optimizer by sharing this information during various linking phases.
<p>The linker collects information about symbol defininitions and uses in
various link objects which is more accurate than any information collected
by other tools during typical build cycles. The linker collects this
information by looking at the definitions and uses of symbols in native .o
files and using symbol visibility information. The linker also uses
user-supplied information, such as a list of exported symbols. LLVM
optimizer collects control flow information, data flow information and knows
much more about program structure from the optimizer's point of view.
Our goal is to take advantage of tight intergration between the linker and
the optimizer by sharing this information during various linking phases.
</p>
</div>
@ -202,16 +201,16 @@ optimizer by sharing this information during various linking phases.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
The linker first reads all object files in natural order and collects symbol
information. This includes native object files as well as LLVM byte code files.
In this phase, the linker uses <a href="#readllvmobjectfile"> readLLVMObjectFile() </a>
to collect symbol information from each LLVM bytecode files and updates its
internal global symbol table accordingly. The intent of this interface is to
avoid overhead in the non LLVM case, where all input object files are native
object files, by putting this code in the error path of the linker. When the
linker sees the first llvm .o file, it dlopen()s the dynamic library. This is
to allow changes to LLVM part without relinking the linker.
<p>The linker first reads all object files in natural order and collects
symbol information. This includes native object files as well as LLVM byte
code files. In this phase, the linker uses
<a href="#readllvmobjectfile"> readLLVMObjectFile() </a> to collect symbol
information from each LLVM bytecode files and updates its internal global
symbol table accordingly. The intent of this interface is to avoid overhead
in the non LLVM case, where all input object files are native object files,
by putting this code in the error path of the linker. When the linker sees
the first llvm .o file, it <tt>dlopen()</tt>s the dynamic library. This is
to allow changes to the LLVM LTO code without relinking the linker.
</p>
</div>
@ -221,14 +220,14 @@ to allow changes to LLVM part without relinking the linker.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
In this stage, the linker resolves symbols using global symbol table information
to report undefined symbol errors, read archive members, resolve weak
symbols etc... The linker is able to do this seamlessly even though it does not
know exact content of input LLVM bytecode files because it uses symbol information
provided by <a href="#readllvmobjectfile"> readLLVMObjectFile() </a>.
If dead code stripping is enabled then linker collects list of live symbols.
</p>
<p>In this stage, the linker resolves symbols using global symbol table
information to report undefined symbol errors, read archive members, resolve
weak symbols, etc. The linker is able to do this seamlessly even though it
does not know the exact content of input LLVM bytecode files because it uses
symbol information provided by
<a href="#readllvmobjectfile">readLLVMObjectFile()</a>. If dead code
stripping is enabled then the linker collects the list of live symbols.
</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
@ -236,14 +235,14 @@ If dead code stripping is enabled then linker collects list of live symbols.
<a name="phase3">Phase 3 : Optimize Bytecode Files</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
After symbol resolution, the linker updates symbol information supplied by LLVM
bytecode files appropriately. For example, whether certain LLVM bytecode
supplied symbols are used or not. In the example above, the linker reports
that <tt>foo2()</tt> is not used anywhere in the program, including native .o
files. This information is used by LLVM interprocedural optimizer. The
linker uses <a href="#optimizemodules"> optimizeModules()</a> and requests
optimized native object file of the LLVM portion of the program.
<p>After symbol resolution, the linker updates symbol information supplied
by LLVM bytecode files appropriately. For example, whether certain LLVM
bytecode supplied symbols are used or not. In the example above, the linker
reports that <tt>foo2()</tt> is not used anywhere in the program, including
native <tt>.o</tt> files. This information is used by the LLVM interprocedural
optimizer. The linker uses <a href="#optimizemodules">optimizeModules()</a>
and requests an optimized native object file of the LLVM portion of the
program.
</p>
</div>
@ -253,17 +252,15 @@ optimized native object file of the LLVM portion of the program.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
In this phase, the linker reads optimized native object file and updates internal
global symbol table to reflect any changes. Linker also collects information
about any change in use of external symbols by LLVM bytecode files. In the examle
above, the linker notes that <tt>foo4()</tt> is not used any more. If dead code
striping is enabled then linker refreshes live symbol information appropriately
and performs dead code stripping.
<br>
After this phase, the linker continues linking as if it never saw LLVM bytecode
files.
</p>
<p>In this phase, the linker reads optimized a native object file and
updates the internal global symbol table to reflect any changes. The linker
also collects information about any changes in use of external symbols by
LLVM bytecode files. In the examle above, the linker notes that
<tt>foo4()</tt> is not used any more. If dead code stripping is enabled then
the linker refreshes the live symbol information appropriately and performs
dead code stripping.</p>
<p>After this phase, the linker continues linking as if it never saw LLVM
bytecode files.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
@ -272,13 +269,11 @@ files.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
<tt>LLVMlto</tt> is a dynamic library that is part of the LLVM tools, and is
intended for use by a linker. <tt>LLVMlto</tt> provides an abstract C++ interface
to use the LLVM interprocedural optimizer without exposing details of LLVM
internals. The intention is to keep the interface as stable as possible even
when the LLVM optimizer continues to evolve.
</p>
<p><tt>LLVMlto</tt> is a dynamic library that is part of the LLVM tools, and
is intended for use by a linker. <tt>LLVMlto</tt> provides an abstract C++
interface to use the LLVM interprocedural optimizer without exposing details
of LLVM's internals. The intention is to keep the interface as stable as
possible even when the LLVM optimizer continues to evolve.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
@ -287,20 +282,20 @@ when the LLVM optimizer continues to evolve.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
<tt>LLVMSymbol</tt> class is used to describe the externally visible functions
and global variables, tdefined in LLVM bytecode files, to linker.
This includes symbol visibility information. This information is used by linker
to do symbol resolution. For example : function <tt>foo2()</tt> is defined inside
a LLVM bytecode module and it is externally visible symbol.
This helps linker connect use of <tt>foo2()</tt> in native object file with
future definition of symbol <tt>foo2()</tt>. The linker will see actual definition
of <tt>foo2()</tt> when it receives optimized native object file in <a href="#phase4">
Symbol Resolution after optimization</a> phase. If the linker does not find any
use of <tt>foo2()</tt>, it updates LLVMSymbol visibility information to notify
LLVM intermodular optimizer that it is dead. The LLVM intermodular optimizer
takes advantage of such information to generate better code.
</p>
<p>The <tt>LLVMSymbol</tt> class is used to describe the externally visible
functions and global variables, defined in LLVM bytecode files, to the linker.
This includes symbol visibility information. This information is used by
the linker to do symbol resolution. For example: function <tt>foo2()</tt> is
defined inside an LLVM bytecode module and it is an externally visible symbol.
This helps the linker connect the use of <tt>foo2()</tt> in native object
files with a future definition of the symbol <tt>foo2()</tt>. The linker
will see the actual definition of <tt>foo2()</tt> when it receives the
optimized native object file in
<a href="#phase4">Symbol Resolution after optimization</a> phase. If the
linker does not find any uses of <tt>foo2()</tt>, it updates LLVMSymbol
visibility information to notify LLVM intermodular optimizer that it is dead.
The LLVM intermodular optimizer takes advantage of such information to
generate better code.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
@ -309,14 +304,13 @@ takes advantage of such information to generate better code.
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
<tt>readLLVMObjectFile()</tt> is used by the linker to read LLVM bytecode files
and collect LLVMSymbol nformation. This routine also
supplies list of externally defined symbols that are used by LLVM bytecode
files. Linker uses this symbol information to do symbol resolution. Internally,
<a href="#lto">LLVMlto</a> maintains LLVM bytecode modules in memory. This
function also provides list of external references used by bytecode file.<br>
</p>
<p>The <tt>readLLVMObjectFile()</tt> function is used by the linker to read
LLVM bytecode files and collect LLVMSymbol nformation. This routine also
supplies a list of externally defined symbols that are used by LLVM bytecode
files. The linker uses this symbol information to do symbol resolution.
Internally, <a href="#lto">LLVMlto</a> maintains LLVM bytecode modules in
memory. This function also provides a list of external references used by
bytecode files.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
@ -325,12 +319,11 @@ function also provides list of external references used by bytecode file.<br>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>
The linker invokes <tt>optimizeModules</tt> to optimize already read LLVM
bytecode files by applying LLVM intermodular optimization techniques. This
function runs LLVM intermodular optimizer and generates native object code
as .o file at name and location provided by the linker.
</p>
<p>The linker invokes <tt>optimizeModules</tt> to optimize already read
LLVM bytecode files by applying LLVM intermodular optimization techniques.
This function runs the LLVM intermodular optimizer and generates native
object code as <tt>.o</tt> files at the name and location provided by the
linker.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
@ -341,7 +334,7 @@ as .o file at name and location provided by the linker.
<div class="doc_text">
<p><tt> ... incomplete ... </tt></p>
<p><tt> ... To be completed ... </tt></p>
</div>