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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Source Level Debugging with LLVM</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="doc_title">Source Level Debugging with LLVM</div>
<table class="layout" style="width:100%">
<tr class="layout">
<td class="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#phil">Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information</a></li>
<li><a href="#consumers">Debug information consumers</a></li>
<li><a href="#debugopt">Debugging optimized code</a></li>
</ol></li>
<li><a href="#format">Debugging information format</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#debug_info_descriptors">Debug information descriptors</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#format_compile_units">Compile unit descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_files">File descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_global_variables">Global variable descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_subprograms">Subprogram descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_blocks">Block descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_basic_type">Basic type descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_derived_type">Derived type descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_composite_type">Composite type descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_subrange">Subrange descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_enumeration">Enumerator descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_variables">Local variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#format_common_intrinsics">Debugger intrinsic functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></li>
<li><a href="#format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ol></li>
<li><a href="#format_common_lifetime">Object lifetimes and scoping</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_frontend">C/C++ front-end specific debug information</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#ccxx_compile_units">C/C++ source file information</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_global_variable">C/C++ global variable information</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_subprogram">C/C++ function information</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_basic_types">C/C++ basic types</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_derived_types">C/C++ derived types</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_composite_types">C/C++ struct/union types</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccxx_enumeration_types">C/C++ enumeration types</a></li>
</ol></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td class="right">
<img src="img/venusflytrap.jpg" alt="A leafy and green bug eater" width="247"
height="369">
</td>
</tr></table>
<div class="doc_author">
<p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>
and <a href="mailto:jlaskey@mac.com">Jim Laskey</a></p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section"><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>This document is the central repository for all information pertaining to
debug information in LLVM. It describes the <a href="#format">actual format
that the LLVM debug information</a> takes, which is useful for those
interested in creating front-ends or dealing directly with the information.
Further, this document provides specific examples of what debug information
for C/C++.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="phil">Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The idea of the LLVM debugging information is to capture how the important
pieces of the source-language's Abstract Syntax Tree map onto LLVM code.
Several design aspects have shaped the solution that appears here. The
important ones are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Debugging information should have very little impact on the rest of the
compiler. No transformations, analyses, or code generators should need to
be modified because of debugging information.</li>
<li>LLVM optimizations should interact in <a href="#debugopt">well-defined and
easily described ways</a> with the debugging information.</li>
<li>Because LLVM is designed to support arbitrary programming languages,
LLVM-to-LLVM tools should not need to know anything about the semantics of
the source-level-language.</li>
<li>Source-level languages are often <b>widely</b> different from one another.
LLVM should not put any restrictions of the flavor of the source-language,
and the debugging information should work with any language.</li>
<li>With code generator support, it should be possible to use an LLVM compiler
to compile a program to native machine code and standard debugging
formats. This allows compatibility with traditional machine-code level
debuggers, like GDB or DBX.</li>
</ul>
<p>The approach used by the LLVM implementation is to use a small set
of <a href="#format_common_intrinsics">intrinsic functions</a> to define a
mapping between LLVM program objects and the source-level objects. The
description of the source-level program is maintained in LLVM metadata
in an <a href="#ccxx_frontend">implementation-defined format</a>
(the C/C++ front-end currently uses working draft 7 of
the <a href="http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf3std.htm">DWARF 3
standard</a>).</p>
<p>When a program is being debugged, a debugger interacts with the user and
turns the stored debug information into source-language specific information.
As such, a debugger must be aware of the source-language, and is thus tied to
a specific language or family of languages.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="consumers">Debug information consumers</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The role of debug information is to provide meta information normally
stripped away during the compilation process. This meta information provides
an LLVM user a relationship between generated code and the original program
source code.</p>
<p>Currently, debug information is consumed by DwarfDebug to produce dwarf
information used by the gdb debugger. Other targets could use the same
information to produce stabs or other debug forms.</p>
<p>It would also be reasonable to use debug information to feed profiling tools
for analysis of generated code, or, tools for reconstructing the original
source from generated code.</p>
<p>TODO - expound a bit more.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="debugopt">Debugging optimized code</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>An extremely high priority of LLVM debugging information is to make it
interact well with optimizations and analysis. In particular, the LLVM debug
information provides the following guarantees:</p>
<ul>
<li>LLVM debug information <b>always provides information to accurately read
the source-level state of the program</b>, regardless of which LLVM
optimizations have been run, and without any modification to the
optimizations themselves. However, some optimizations may impact the
ability to modify the current state of the program with a debugger, such
as setting program variables, or calling functions that have been
deleted.</li>
<li>LLVM optimizations gracefully interact with debugging information. If
they are not aware of debug information, they are automatically disabled
as necessary in the cases that would invalidate the debug info. This
retains the LLVM features, making it easy to write new
transformations.</li>
<li>As desired, LLVM optimizations can be upgraded to be aware of the LLVM
debugging information, allowing them to update the debugging information
as they perform aggressive optimizations. This means that, with effort,
the LLVM optimizers could optimize debug code just as well as non-debug
code.</li>
<li>LLVM debug information does not prevent many important optimizations from
happening (for example inlining, basic block reordering/merging/cleanup,
tail duplication, etc), further reducing the amount of the compiler that
eventually is "aware" of debugging information.</li>
<li>LLVM debug information is automatically optimized along with the rest of
the program, using existing facilities. For example, duplicate
information is automatically merged by the linker, and unused information
is automatically removed.</li>
</ul>
<p>Basically, the debug information allows you to compile a program with
"<tt>-O0 -g</tt>" and get full debug information, allowing you to arbitrarily
modify the program as it executes from a debugger. Compiling a program with
"<tt>-O3 -g</tt>" gives you full debug information that is always available
and accurate for reading (e.g., you get accurate stack traces despite tail
call elimination and inlining), but you might lose the ability to modify the
program and call functions where were optimized out of the program, or
inlined away completely.</p>
<p><a href="TestingGuide.html#quicktestsuite">LLVM test suite</a> provides a
framework to test optimizer's handling of debugging information. It can be
run like this:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
% cd llvm/projects/test-suite/MultiSource/Benchmarks # or some other level
% make TEST=dbgopt
</pre>
</div>
<p>This will test impact of debugging information on optimization passes. If
debugging information influences optimization passes then it will be reported
as a failure. See <a href="TestingGuide.html">TestingGuide</a> for more
information on LLVM test infrastructure and how to run various tests.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
<a name="format">Debugging information format</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>LLVM debugging information has been carefully designed to make it possible
for the optimizer to optimize the program and debugging information without
necessarily having to know anything about debugging information. In
particular, the use of metadata avoids duplicated debugging information from
the beginning, and the global dead code elimination pass automatically
deletes debugging information for a function if it decides to delete the
function. </p>
<p>To do this, most of the debugging information (descriptors for types,
variables, functions, source files, etc) is inserted by the language
front-end in the form of LLVM metadata. </p>
<p>Debug information is designed to be agnostic about the target debugger and
debugging information representation (e.g. DWARF/Stabs/etc). It uses a
generic pass to decode the information that represents variables, types,
functions, namespaces, etc: this allows for arbitrary source-language
semantics and type-systems to be used, as long as there is a module
written for the target debugger to interpret the information. </p>
<p>To provide basic functionality, the LLVM debugger does have to make some
assumptions about the source-level language being debugged, though it keeps
these to a minimum. The only common features that the LLVM debugger assumes
exist are <a href="#format_files">source files</a>,
and <a href="#format_global_variables">program objects</a>. These abstract
objects are used by a debugger to form stack traces, show information about
local variables, etc.</p>
<p>This section of the documentation first describes the representation aspects
common to any source-language. The <a href="#ccxx_frontend">next section</a>
describes the data layout conventions used by the C and C++ front-ends.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="debug_info_descriptors">Debug information descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>In consideration of the complexity and volume of debug information, LLVM
provides a specification for well formed debug descriptors. </p>
<p>Consumers of LLVM debug information expect the descriptors for program
objects to start in a canonical format, but the descriptors can include
additional information appended at the end that is source-language
specific. All LLVM debugging information is versioned, allowing backwards
compatibility in the case that the core structures need to change in some
way. Also, all debugging information objects start with a tag to indicate
what type of object it is. The source-language is allowed to define its own
objects, by using unreserved tag numbers. We recommend using with tags in
the range 0x1000 through 0x2000 (there is a defined enum DW_TAG_user_base =
0x1000.)</p>
<p>The fields of debug descriptors used internally by LLVM
are restricted to only the simple data types <tt>i32</tt>, <tt>i1</tt>,
<tt>float</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, <tt>mdstring</tt> and <tt>mdnode</tt>. </p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!1 = metadata !{
i32, ;; A tag
...
}
</pre>
</div>
<p><a name="LLVMDebugVersion">The first field of a descriptor is always an
<tt>i32</tt> containing a tag value identifying the content of the
descriptor. The remaining fields are specific to the descriptor. The values
of tags are loosely bound to the tag values of DWARF information entries.
However, that does not restrict the use of the information supplied to DWARF
targets. To facilitate versioning of debug information, the tag is augmented
with the current debug version (LLVMDebugVersion = 8 &lt;&lt; 16 or 0x80000 or
524288.)</a></p>
<p>The details of the various descriptors follow.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_compile_units">Compile unit descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!0 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 17 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
i32, ;; Unused field.
i32, ;; DWARF language identifier (ex. DW_LANG_C89)
metadata, ;; Source file name
metadata, ;; Source file directory (includes trailing slash)
metadata ;; Producer (ex. "4.0.1 LLVM (LLVM research group)")
i1, ;; True if this is a main compile unit.
i1, ;; True if this is optimized.
metadata, ;; Flags
i32 ;; Runtime version
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors contain a source language ID for the file (we use the DWARF
3.0 ID numbers, such as <tt>DW_LANG_C89</tt>, <tt>DW_LANG_C_plus_plus</tt>,
<tt>DW_LANG_Cobol74</tt>, etc), three strings describing the filename,
working directory of the compiler, and an identifier string for the compiler
that produced it.</p>
<p>Compile unit descriptors provide the root context for objects declared in a
specific compilation unit. File descriptors are defined using this context.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_files">File descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!0 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 41 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_file_type)
metadata, ;; Source file name
metadata, ;; Source file directory (includes trailing slash)
metadata ;; Reference to compile unit where defined
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors contain information for a file. Global variables and top
level functions would be defined using this context.k File descriptors also
provide context for source line correspondence. </p>
<p>Each input file is encoded as a separate file descriptor in LLVM debugging
information output. Each file descriptor would be defined using a
compile unit. </p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_global_variables">Global variable descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!1 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 52 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_variable)
i32, ;; Unused field.
metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
metadata, ;; Name
metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
i32, ;; Line number where defined
metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
i1, ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
i1, ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
{ }* ;; Reference to the global variable
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors provide debug information about globals variables. The
provide details such as name, type and where the variable is defined.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_subprograms">Subprogram descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 46 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_subprogram)
i32, ;; Unused field.
metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
metadata, ;; Name
metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
i32, ;; Line number where defined
metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
i1, ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
i1 ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors provide debug information about functions, methods and
subprograms. They provide details such as name, return types and the source
location where the subprogram is defined.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_blocks">Block descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!3 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 13 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a> (DW_TAG_lexical_block)
metadata ;; Reference to context descriptor
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors provide debug information about nested blocks within a
subprogram. The array of member descriptors is used to define local
variables and deeper nested blocks.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_basic_type">Basic type descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!4 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 36 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_base_type)
metadata, ;; Reference to context (typically a compile unit)
metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
i64, ;; Size in bits
i64, ;; Alignment in bits
i64, ;; Offset in bits
i32, ;; Flags
i32 ;; DWARF type encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors define primitive types used in the code. Example int, bool
and float. The context provides the scope of the type, which is usually the
top level. Since basic types are not usually user defined the compile unit
and line number can be left as NULL and 0. The size, alignment and offset
are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to
round the offset when embedded in a
<a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a> (example to keep float
doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is the bit offset if embedded in
a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>.</p>
<p>The type encoding provides the details of the type. The values are typically
one of the following:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DW_ATE_address = 1
DW_ATE_boolean = 2
DW_ATE_float = 4
DW_ATE_signed = 5
DW_ATE_signed_char = 6
DW_ATE_unsigned = 7
DW_ATE_unsigned_char = 8
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_derived_type">Derived type descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!5 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag (see below)
metadata, ;; Reference to context
metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
i32, ;; Size in bits
i32, ;; Alignment in bits
i32, ;; Offset in bits
metadata ;; Reference to type derived from
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors are used to define types derived from other types. The
value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following are possible
tag values:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DW_TAG_formal_parameter = 5
DW_TAG_member = 13
DW_TAG_pointer_type = 15
DW_TAG_reference_type = 16
DW_TAG_typedef = 22
DW_TAG_const_type = 38
DW_TAG_volatile_type = 53
DW_TAG_restrict_type = 55
</pre>
</div>
<p><tt>DW_TAG_member</tt> is used to define a member of
a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>
or <a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram</a>. The type of the member is
the <a href="#format_derived_type">derived
type</a>. <tt>DW_TAG_formal_parameter</tt> is used to define a member which
is a formal argument of a subprogram.</p>
<p><tt>DW_TAG_typedef</tt> is used to provide a name for the derived type.</p>
<p><tt>DW_TAG_pointer_type</tt>,<tt>DW_TAG_reference_type</tt>,
<tt>DW_TAG_const_type</tt>, <tt>DW_TAG_volatile_type</tt>
and <tt>DW_TAG_restrict_type</tt> are used to qualify
the <a href="#format_derived_type">derived type</a>. </p>
<p><a href="#format_derived_type">Derived type</a> location can be determined
from the compile unit and line number. The size, alignment and offset are
expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to round
the offset when embedded in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite
type</a> (example to keep float doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is
the bit offset if embedded in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite
type</a>.</p>
<p>Note that the <tt>void *</tt> type is expressed as a
<tt>llvm.dbg.derivedtype.type</tt> with tag of <tt>DW_TAG_pointer_type</tt>
and <tt>NULL</tt> derived type.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_composite_type">Composite type descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!6 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag (see below)
metadata, ;; Reference to context
metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined (may be NULL)
i32, ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
i64, ;; Size in bits
i64, ;; Alignment in bits
i64, ;; Offset in bits
i32, ;; Flags
metadata, ;; Reference to type derived from
metadata, ;; Reference to array of member descriptors
i32 ;; Runtime languages
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors are used to define types that are composed of 0 or more
elements. The value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following
are possible tag values:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DW_TAG_array_type = 1
DW_TAG_enumeration_type = 4
DW_TAG_structure_type = 19
DW_TAG_union_type = 23
DW_TAG_vector_type = 259
DW_TAG_subroutine_type = 21
DW_TAG_inheritance = 28
</pre>
</div>
<p>The vector flag indicates that an array type is a native packed vector.</p>
<p>The members of array types (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_array_type</tt>) or vector types
(tag = <tt>DW_TAG_vector_type</tt>) are <a href="#format_subrange">subrange
descriptors</a>, each representing the range of subscripts at that level of
indexing.</p>
<p>The members of enumeration types (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_enumeration_type</tt>) are
<a href="#format_enumeration">enumerator descriptors</a>, each representing
the definition of enumeration value for the set.</p>
<p>The members of structure (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_structure_type</tt>) or union (tag
= <tt>DW_TAG_union_type</tt>) types are any one of
the <a href="#format_basic_type">basic</a>,
<a href="#format_derived_type">derived</a>
or <a href="#format_composite_type">composite</a> type descriptors, each
representing a field member of the structure or union.</p>
<p>For C++ classes (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_structure_type</tt>), member descriptors
provide information about base classes, static members and member
functions. If a member is a <a href="#format_derived_type">derived type
descriptor</a> and has a tag of <tt>DW_TAG_inheritance</tt>, then the type
represents a base class. If the member of is
a <a href="#format_global_variables">global variable descriptor</a> then it
represents a static member. And, if the member is
a <a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram descriptor</a> then it represents
a member function. For static members and member
functions, <tt>getName()</tt> returns the members link or the C++ mangled
name. <tt>getDisplayName()</tt> the simplied version of the name.</p>
<p>The first member of subroutine (tag = <tt>DW_TAG_subroutine_type</tt>) type
elements is the return type for the subroutine. The remaining elements are
the formal arguments to the subroutine.</p>
<p><a href="#format_composite_type">Composite type</a> location can be
determined from the compile unit and line number. The size, alignment and
offset are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used
to round the offset when embedded in
a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a> (as an example, to keep
float doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is the bit offset if embedded
in a <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_subrange">Subrange descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
%<a href="#format_subrange">llvm.dbg.subrange.type</a> = type {
i32, ;; Tag = 33 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a> (DW_TAG_subrange_type)
i64, ;; Low value
i64 ;; High value
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors are used to define ranges of array subscripts for an array
<a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>. The low value defines
the lower bounds typically zero for C/C++. The high value is the upper
bounds. Values are 64 bit. High - low + 1 is the size of the array. If low
== high the array will be unbounded.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_enumeration">Enumerator descriptors</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!6 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag = 40 + <a href="#LLVMDebugVersion">LLVMDebugVersion</a>
;; (DW_TAG_enumerator)
metadata, ;; Name
i64 ;; Value
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors are used to define members of an
enumeration <a href="#format_composite_type">composite type</a>, it
associates the name to the value.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_variables">Local variables</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!7 = metadata !{
i32, ;; Tag (see below)
metadata, ;; Context
metadata, ;; Name
metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
i32, ;; Line number where defined
metadata ;; Type descriptor
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>These descriptors are used to define variables local to a sub program. The
value of the tag depends on the usage of the variable:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DW_TAG_auto_variable = 256
DW_TAG_arg_variable = 257
DW_TAG_return_variable = 258
</pre>
</div>
<p>An auto variable is any variable declared in the body of the function. An
argument variable is any variable that appears as a formal argument to the
function. A return variable is used to track the result of a function and
has no source correspondent.</p>
<p>The context is either the subprogram or block where the variable is defined.
Name the source variable name. Compile unit and line indicate where the
variable was defined. Type descriptor defines the declared type of the
variable.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="format_common_intrinsics">Debugger intrinsic functions</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>LLVM uses several intrinsic functions (name prefixed with "llvm.dbg") to
provide debug information at various points in generated code.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<pre>
void %<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a>({ }*, metadata)
</pre>
<p>This intrinsic provides information about a local element (ex. variable.) The
first argument is the alloca for the variable, cast to a <tt>{ }*</tt>. The
second argument is
the <tt>%<a href="#format_variables">llvm.dbg.variable</a></tt> containing
the description of the variable. </p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<pre>
void %<a href="#format_common_value">llvm.dbg.value</a>(metadata, i64, metadata)
</pre>
<p>This intrinsic provides information when a user source variable is set to a
new value. The first argument is the new value (wrapped as metadata). The
second argument is the offset in the user source variable where the new value
is written. The third argument is
the <tt>%<a href="#format_variables">llvm.dbg.variable</a></tt> containing
the description of the user source variable. </p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="format_common_lifetime">Object lifetimes and scoping</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>In many languages, the local variables in functions can have their lifetimes
or scopes limited to a subset of a function. In the C family of languages,
for example, variables are only live (readable and writable) within the
source block that they are defined in. In functional languages, values are
only readable after they have been defined. Though this is a very obvious
concept, it is non-trivial to model in LLVM, because it has no notion of
scoping in this sense, and does not want to be tied to a language's scoping
rules.</p>
<p>In order to handle this, the LLVM debug format uses the metadata attached to
llvm instructions to encode line number and scoping information. Consider
the following C fragment, for example:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
1. void foo() {
2. int X = 21;
3. int Y = 22;
4. {
5. int Z = 23;
6. Z = X;
7. }
8. X = Y;
9. }
</pre>
</div>
<p>Compiled to LLVM, this function would be represented like this:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
define void @foo() nounwind ssp {
entry:
%X = alloca i32, align 4 ; &lt;i32*&gt; [#uses=4]
%Y = alloca i32, align 4 ; &lt;i32*&gt; [#uses=4]
%Z = alloca i32, align 4 ; &lt;i32*&gt; [#uses=3]
%0 = bitcast i32* %X to { }* ; &lt;{ }*&gt; [#uses=1]
call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %0, metadata !0), !dbg !7
store i32 21, i32* %X, !dbg !8
%1 = bitcast i32* %Y to { }* ; &lt;{ }*&gt; [#uses=1]
call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %1, metadata !9), !dbg !10
store i32 22, i32* %Y, !dbg !11
%2 = bitcast i32* %Z to { }* ; &lt;{ }*&gt; [#uses=1]
call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %2, metadata !12), !dbg !14
store i32 23, i32* %Z, !dbg !15
%tmp = load i32* %X, !dbg !16 ; &lt;i32&gt; [#uses=1]
%tmp1 = load i32* %Y, !dbg !16 ; &lt;i32&gt; [#uses=1]
%add = add nsw i32 %tmp, %tmp1, !dbg !16 ; &lt;i32&gt; [#uses=1]
store i32 %add, i32* %Z, !dbg !16
%tmp2 = load i32* %Y, !dbg !17 ; &lt;i32&gt; [#uses=1]
store i32 %tmp2, i32* %X, !dbg !17
ret void, !dbg !18
}
declare void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }*, metadata) nounwind readnone
!0 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !1, metadata !"X",
metadata !3, i32 2, metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
!1 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !2}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
!2 = metadata !{i32 458798, i32 0, metadata !3, metadata !"foo", metadata !"foo",
metadata !"foo", metadata !3, i32 1, metadata !4,
i1 false, i1 true}; [DW_TAG_subprogram ]
!3 = metadata !{i32 458769, i32 0, i32 12, metadata !"foo.c",
metadata !"/private/tmp", metadata !"clang 1.1", i1 true,
i1 false, metadata !"", i32 0}; [DW_TAG_compile_unit ]
!4 = metadata !{i32 458773, metadata !3, metadata !"", null, i32 0, i64 0, i64 0,
i64 0, i32 0, null, metadata !5, i32 0}; [DW_TAG_subroutine_type ]
!5 = metadata !{null}
!6 = metadata !{i32 458788, metadata !3, metadata !"int", metadata !3, i32 0,
i64 32, i64 32, i64 0, i32 0, i32 5}; [DW_TAG_base_type ]
!7 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
!8 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
!9 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !1, metadata !"Y", metadata !3, i32 3,
metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
!10 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
!11 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
!12 = metadata !{i32 459008, metadata !13, metadata !"Z", metadata !3, i32 5,
metadata !6}; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ]
!13 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !1}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
!14 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !13, null}
!15 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 5, metadata !13, null}
!16 = metadata !{i32 6, i32 5, metadata !13, null}
!17 = metadata !{i32 8, i32 3, metadata !1, null}
!18 = metadata !{i32 9, i32 1, metadata !2, null}
</pre>
</div>
<p>This example illustrates a few important details about LLVM debugging
information. In particular, it shows how the <tt>llvm.dbg.declare</tt>
intrinsic and location information, which are attached to an instruction,
are applied together to allow a debugger to analyze the relationship between
statements, variable definitions, and the code used to implement the
function.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %0, metadata !0), !dbg !7
</pre>
</div>
<p>The first intrinsic
<tt>%<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></tt>
encodes debugging information for the variable <tt>X</tt>. The metadata
<tt>!dbg !7</tt> attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for the
variable <tt>X</tt>.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!7 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !1, null}
!1 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !2}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
!2 = metadata !{i32 458798, i32 0, metadata !3, metadata !"foo",
metadata !"foo", metadata !"foo", metadata !3, i32 1,
metadata !4, i1 false, i1 true}; [DW_TAG_subprogram ]
</pre>
</div>
<p>Here <tt>!7</tt> is metadata providing location information. It has four
fields: line number, column number, scope, and original scope. The original
scope represents inline location if this instruction is inlined inside a
caller, and is null otherwise. In this example, scope is encoded by
<tt>!1</tt>. <tt>!1</tt> represents a lexical block inside the scope
<tt>!2</tt>, where <tt>!2</tt> is a
<a href="#format_subprograms">subprogram descriptor</a>. This way the
location information attached to the intrinsics indicates that the
variable <tt>X</tt> is declared at line number 2 at a function level scope in
function <tt>foo</tt>.</p>
<p>Now lets take another example.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
call void @llvm.dbg.declare({ }* %2, metadata !12), !dbg !14
</pre>
</div>
<p>The second intrinsic
<tt>%<a href="#format_common_declare">llvm.dbg.declare</a></tt>
encodes debugging information for variable <tt>Z</tt>. The metadata
<tt>!dbg !14</tt> attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for
the variable <tt>Z</tt>.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!13 = metadata !{i32 458763, metadata !1}; [DW_TAG_lexical_block ]
!14 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !13, null}
</pre>
</div>
<p>Here <tt>!14</tt> indicates that <tt>Z</tt> is declared at line number 5 and
column number 9 inside of lexical scope <tt>!13</tt>. The lexical scope
itself resides inside of lexical scope <tt>!1</tt> described above.</p>
<p>The scope information attached with each instruction provides a
straightforward way to find instructions covered by a scope.</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
<a name="ccxx_frontend">C/C++ front-end specific debug information</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The C and C++ front-ends represent information about the program in a format
that is effectively identical
to <a href="http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf3std.htm">DWARF 3.0</a> in
terms of information content. This allows code generators to trivially
support native debuggers by generating standard dwarf information, and
contains enough information for non-dwarf targets to translate it as
needed.</p>
<p>This section describes the forms used to represent C and C++ programs. Other
languages could pattern themselves after this (which itself is tuned to
representing programs in the same way that DWARF 3 does), or they could
choose to provide completely different forms if they don't fit into the DWARF
model. As support for debugging information gets added to the various LLVM
source-language front-ends, the information used should be documented
here.</p>
<p>The following sections provide examples of various C/C++ constructs and the
debug information that would best describe those constructs.</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_compile_units">C/C++ source file information</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given the source files <tt>MySource.cpp</tt> and <tt>MyHeader.h</tt> located
in the directory <tt>/Users/mine/sources</tt>, the following code:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
#include "MyHeader.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
return 0;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
...
;;
;; Define the compile unit for the main source file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
;;
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524305, ;; Tag
i32 0, ;; Unused
i32 4, ;; Language Id
metadata !"MySource.cpp",
metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
metadata !"4.2.1 (Based on Apple Inc. build 5649) (LLVM build 00)",
i1 true, ;; Main Compile Unit
i1 false, ;; Optimized compile unit
metadata !"", ;; Compiler flags
i32 0} ;; Runtime version
;;
;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
;;
!1 = metadata !{
i32 524329, ;; Tag
metadata !"MySource.cpp",
metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
metadata !3 ;; Compile unit
}
;;
;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/Myheader.h"
;;
!3 = metadata !{
i32 524329, ;; Tag
metadata !"Myheader.h"
metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
metadata !3 ;; Compile unit
}
...
</pre>
</div>
<p>llvm::Instruction provides easy access to metadata attached with an
instruction. One can extract line number information encoded in LLVM IR
using <tt>Instruction::getMetadata()</tt> and
<tt>DILocation::getLineNumber()</tt>.
<pre>
if (MDNode *N = I->getMetadata("dbg")) { // Here I is an LLVM instruction
DILocation Loc(N); // DILocation is in DebugInfo.h
unsigned Line = Loc.getLineNumber();
StringRef File = Loc.getFilename();
StringRef Dir = Loc.getDirectory();
}
</pre>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_global_variable">C/C++ global variable information</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given an integer global variable declared as follows:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
int MyGlobal = 100;
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
;;
;; Define the global itself.
;;
%MyGlobal = global int 100
...
;;
;; List of debug info of globals
;;
!llvm.dbg.gv = !{!0}
;;
;; Define the global variable descriptor. Note the reference to the global
;; variable anchor and the global variable itself.
;;
!0 = metadata !{
i32 524340, ;; Tag
i32 0, ;; Unused
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Name
metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Display Name
metadata !"MyGlobal", ;; Linkage Name
metadata !3, ;; Compile Unit
i32 1, ;; Line Number
metadata !4, ;; Type
i1 false, ;; Is a local variable
i1 true, ;; Is this a definition
i32* @MyGlobal ;; The global variable
}
;;
;; Define the basic type of 32 bit signed integer. Note that since int is an
;; intrinsic type the source file is NULL and line 0.
;;
!4 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"int", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 5 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_subprogram">C/C++ function information</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given a function declared as follows:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
return 0;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
;;
;; Define the anchor for subprograms. Note that the second field of the
;; anchor is 46, which is the same as the tag for subprograms
;; (46 = DW_TAG_subprogram.)
;;
!6 = metadata !{
i32 524334, ;; Tag
i32 0, ;; Unused
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"main", ;; Name
metadata !"main", ;; Display name
metadata !"main", ;; Linkage name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 1, ;; Line number
metadata !4, ;; Type
i1 false, ;; Is local
i1 true ;; Is definition
}
;;
;; Define the subprogram itself.
;;
define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv) {
...
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_types">C/C++ basic types</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The following are the basic type descriptors for C/C++ core types:</p>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_type_bool">bool</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"bool", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 2 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_char">char</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"char", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 6 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_char">unsigned char</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"unsigned char",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 8, ;; Size in Bits
i64 8, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 8 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_short">short</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"short int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 16, ;; Size in Bits
i64 16, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 5 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_short">unsigned short</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"short unsigned int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 16, ;; Size in Bits
i64 16, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 7 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_int">int</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"int", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 5 ;; Encoding
}
</pre></div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_int">unsigned int</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"unsigned int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 7 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_long_long">long long</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"long long int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 5 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_unsigned_long_long">unsigned long long</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"long long unsigned int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 7 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_float">float</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"float",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 4 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
<a name="ccxx_basic_double">double</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"double",;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 64, ;; Size in Bits
i64 64, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 4 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_derived_types">C/C++ derived types</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ derived type:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
typedef const int *IntPtr;
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
;;
;; Define the typedef "IntPtr".
;;
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524310, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"IntPtr", ;; Name
metadata !3, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 0, ;; Size in bits
i64 0, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !4 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the pointer type.
;;
!4 = metadata !{
i32 524303, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 64, ;; Size in bits
i64 64, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the const type.
;;
!5 = metadata !{
i32 524326, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !6 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the int type.
;;
!6 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"int", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
5 ;; Encoding
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_composite_types">C/C++ struct/union types</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ struct type:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
struct Color {
unsigned Red;
unsigned Green;
unsigned Blue;
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
;;
;; Define basic type for unsigned int.
;;
!5 = metadata !{
i32 524324, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"unsigned int",
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 0, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in Bits
i64 32, ;; Align in Bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in Bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
i32 7 ;; Encoding
}
;;
;; Define composite type for struct Color.
;;
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524307, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"Color", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; Compile unit
i32 1, ;; Line number
i64 96, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
null, ;; Derived From
metadata !3, ;; Elements
i32 0 ;; Runtime Language
}
;;
;; Define the Red field.
;;
!4 = metadata !{
i32 524301, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"Red", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 2, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the Green field.
;;
!6 = metadata !{
i32 524301, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"Green", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 3, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 32, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the Blue field.
;;
!7 = metadata !{
i32 524301, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"Blue", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 4, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 64, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
metadata !5 ;; Derived From type
}
;;
;; Define the array of fields used by the composite type Color.
;;
!3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !6, metadata !7}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="ccxx_enumeration_types">C/C++ enumeration types</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Given the following as an example of C/C++ enumeration type:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
enum Trees {
Spruce = 100,
Oak = 200,
Maple = 300
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
;;
;; Define composite type for enum Trees
;;
!2 = metadata !{
i32 524292, ;; Tag
metadata !1, ;; Context
metadata !"Trees", ;; Name
metadata !1, ;; File
i32 1, ;; Line number
i64 32, ;; Size in bits
i64 32, ;; Align in bits
i64 0, ;; Offset in bits
i32 0, ;; Flags
null, ;; Derived From type
metadata !3, ;; Elements
i32 0 ;; Runtime language
}
;;
;; Define the array of enumerators used by composite type Trees.
;;
!3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !5, metadata !6}
;;
;; Define Spruce enumerator.
;;
!4 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Spruce", i64 100}
;;
;; Define Oak enumerator.
;;
!5 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Oak", i64 200}
;;
;; Define Maple enumerator.
;;
!6 = metadata !{i32 524328, metadata !"Maple", i64 300}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
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