unified_retro_keyboard/firmware/asdf/README.md

ASDF Keyboard scanning firmware

This is a key matrix scanner that can detect and debounce keypress and release events on a key matrix and either send codes or perform actions on keypress or release. Keymaps are defined per application and may, for example, generate ASCII codes, special keyscan codes, etc. The code is modular and may be integrated into a larger system easily.

By default, the code supports any number of rows by 8 columns, which will give the bestperformance on an 8-bit microcontroller. For more than 8 columns per row, the row datatype would need to be changed to uint16_t to support 16 columns, etc.

The first supported application is a parallel ASCII output keyboard. If you want serial or USB output, you can supply your own routines.

ASDF supports basic keyboard functionality and is configurable via a few boolean variables, and via the key maps. The key maps are organized in row,column format, with separate keymaps shift, capslock, and control-key modes.

Features:

• modifiers: A set of modifier keys may be specified. When only a few modifiers are used, this mechanism is a low-overhead alternative to a keymap overlay for keyboard states that only change the key codes produced by a keypress, such as SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, CONTROL, etc. The state of each modifier key is kept in a state variable. In most cases, pressing the key will set the value to a "pressed" state, and releasing will reset the value to an "unpressed" state. However some functions interact. For example, Shift Lock is sticky, so pressing Shift Lock toggles the Shift Lock state, and Releasing Shift Lock does nothing; but pressing "Shift" will reset the "Shift Lock" state.

  All modifier state variables are kept in a modifier state variable array. On a regular keypress, all of the modifier state variables are OR'ed together to produce an index into a value array for the standard key, to determine the value sent by the standard keypress.

• DIP switches: DIP switches are implemented by adding them into the key matrix, and providing activate() and deactivate() functions for the on and off positions.

• Multiple keymaps. DIP switches 0-4 select the map. The current version includes:

  • (0): ADM-style ASCII keyboard
  • (1): ADM-style ASCII keyboard (all caps)
  • (2): Apple 2 ASCII keyboard (upper/lower)
  • (3): Apple 2 ASCII keyboard (standard all caps)
  • (4): Sol-20 ASCII keyboard

• Debounce and Repeat functions: The main keyscan logic implements key debouncing. Multiple keys may be debounced simultaneously using a separate debounce counter for each key in the matrix.

• Repeat key and Autorepeat: This is provided by the repeat module. Autorepeat may be disabled or enabled either by configuration, by activate()/deactivate() functions, or other keyboard logic. Repeat and autorepeat only apply to the most recently pressed key.

• ASCII output - supported via output_value function.

• Virtual Output layer: Indicator LEDs and other direct logic-level hardware controls: supported via a virtual output layer. The keymaps (and certain functions such as shiftlock and capslock) may bind virtual outputs. The keymaps may then specify how the virtual outputs map to the available physical resources. This allows one keymap to place the capslock LED in one position, and another keymap may place the capslock LED elswhere. This simplifies support of multiple keyboards and keymaps.

Compiling and configuration

The source files are in the ./src directory. The final build files go in the ./build directory.

To build, enter the ./src directory. You should be able to build a binary and hex file suitable for programming a microcontroller by typing "Make". You may edit the Makefile to specify your target platform (default is Atmega328P ASCII controller). You may also wish to edit your preferences in "asdf_config.h" to specify repeat timings, optimize the debounce setting (if you have very bounce keys), and specify the character output buffer size (if you are implementing macros, etc.)

Porting

This firmware was written in modular, portable C99, to be compiled with GCC (avr-gcc for the Atmega). The hardware-sepecific files are in Arch/*.[ch]. To adapt the Atmega port for additional hardware, enter the ./src/Arch directory, and copy the files asdf_arch_atmega2560.c and asdf_arch_astmeg2560.h to new filenames, and edit them to suit the hardware changes.

The firmware is designed to run from ROM on a slow vintage processor, with a small RAM footprint, and is not re-entrant. It is designed to compile on small architectures, or to be hand-translated to assembly on small processors, or to an HDL for a CPLD or FPGA.

The code was written to favor readability over cleverness. While tempted to optimize bit testing via bithacks, I opted for code simplicity since the performance benefit was not there for 8-bit values.

To port to a new processor architecture, you may use the atmega2560 files as an example, and create a pair of architecture-specific .c and .h files for the new hardware, exporting the following functions:

• asdf_arch_init: initializes the CPU and hardware

• asdf_arch_read_row: given a row number, output the row to the matrix, and read all the columns on that row asdf_arch_send_code

• asdf_arch_send_code: given a key code, output the code to the computer, via serial, parallel, I2C, whatever is appropriate.

• asdf_arch_tick: true once every 1ms. This tests a flag set in an interrupt routine that is triggered every 1ms. The function return value is polled and a keyscan initiated when true. An alternative, if you have an RTOS, or even just a scheduler, would be to schedule the keyscan every 1 ms, rather than poll. In that case, this function is not needed, and the "superloop" in main.c would contain a call to the scheduler.

• asdf_arch_XXXX_set: The hardware provides a number of physical resources, such as TTL or tri-state outputs, which can be used to drive LEDs, TTL logic output lines, etc. These are driven by a virtual output layer. The virtual layer requires a function to set the state of the physical resources. One function is provided for each such resource. For example, if a TTL output is called OUT1, then the function asdf_arch_out1_set() must be defined. For now, the required devices are:

• LED1, LED2, LED3 (LED outputs)

• OUT1, OUT2, OUT3 (TTL outputs)

• OUT1_OPEN_HI, OUT2_OPEN_HI, OUT3_OPEN_HI (Open collector outputs)

• OUT1_OPEN_LO, OUT2_OPEN_LO, OUT3_OPEN_LO (Open emitter outputs)