# Applecorn Applecorn Logo Applecorn is a ProDOS application for the Apple //e Enhanced which provides an environment for Acorn BBC Microcomputer language ROMs to run. This allows BBC BASIC and other Acorn languages to run on the Apple //e and compatible systems. The language ROMs run as-is, without any modification required. ## Hardware Requirements The minimum requirement for Applecorn is an Apple II system with 128KB of memory and a 65C02 processor. This includes the following: - Apple //e Enhanced (but not the original \]\[e, which has a 6502.) - Apple //c and //c+ - Apple IIgs - You must enable the Alt Text Mode CDA! - ROM1: Only the 40 column modes `MODE 6` and `MODE 7` can be used. (This is because the ROM1 GS is unable to shadow PAGE2 80 column.) - ROM3: You may also use the 80 column `MODE 3`. (Apple fixed the PAGE2 shadowing problem in ROM3. You do still need to run the Alt text mode CDA however.) ## How to Run the Software Boot the diskette `applecorn.po` which is an 800KB bootable ProDOS diskette. I use version 2.4.2 of ProDOS for my testing, but the software should run on other versions of ProDOS. Run `BASIC.SYSTEM` and at the Applesoft BASIC prompt type: ``` BRUN APPLECORN ``` to start the software. Alternatively, you can simply select `APPLECORN` in the ProDOS 2.4.2 Bitsy Bye file browser. When first started, Applecorn will display a ROM selection menu. Choose the language ROM you wish to load by pressing the associated number key. Applecorn will then load the requested ROM file from the diskette. Each of these files is a dump of a 16KB BBC Micro language ROM. Once the ROM has loaded, it will automatically be started and you will see the prompt. For BBC BASIC, the prompt character is `>`. Most of the BBC Micro languages (including BBC BASIC) prefer upper case input. You may want to keep Caps Lock enabled most of the time! 32 Kilobytes of space is available for your programs and variables. `PAGE` is set to `&0E0`. ## 'Applecorn MOS' Features ### Compatible ROMs - In principle any Acorn language ROM should work. - Currently I have verified operation with: - BBC BASIC - Acornsoft COMAL - Acornsoft FORTH - Acornsoft Lisp - Acornsoft MicroProlog - Acornsoft BCPL - I have not yet investigated two-ROM languages such as Logo or ISO Pascal. It may be possible to support these also. Applecorn Collage ### Video Modes Two text video modes are currently supported: - 40x24 `MODE 6` and `MODE 7` (in mode 7, chars $80 to $9F are converted to spaces) - 80x24 `MODE 3` We plan to support HGR graphics eventually. _NOTE:_ You can set the startup video mode by holding down the appropriate number key while Applecorn starting (while it is loading the ROM file.) ### Escape Key The BBC Micro uses interrupts extensively and the Escape key is handled asynchronously. The language ROM code simply checks an 'escape flag' in zero page ($FF) from time to time to detect if Escape has been pressed. The Apple //e does not use interrupts in its keyboard handling and the basic machine include no sources of interrupts at all (there is no system timer.) This prevents Escape from being handled in the same manner. As a partial workaround, Applecorn checks whether the Escape key is pressed from time to time when it has control, but there are cases where a program can run forever without ever making a MOS call. In these cases the only way to interrupt the program is to press Ctrl-Reset. ### Ctrl-Reset The Ctrl-Reset key combination is the only asynchronously handled keyboard event on the Apple //e. Applecorn sets up a reset handler which will restart the ROM after Ctrl-Reset. Any user program in aux memory will be untouched. For ROMs such as BASIC or COMAL, the `OLD` command can be used to recover the program in memory. ### Special VDU Features - `Ctrl-S` will pause the screen and `Ctrl-Q` will resume scrolling. - The BBC Micro 'Copy Editor' function is supported. Use the Apple II cursor keys to move the copy cursor and the `Tab` key to copy a character from the copy cursor to the insert cursor. - BBC Micro function keys are supported. Use Open Apple with the number keys for the unshifted function keys. ### HostFS Applecorn's HostFS uses the ProDOS MLI to service all Acorn MOS filesystem calls. This means that Applecorn works directly with ProDOS volumes, such as floppy disks, mass storage devices and even network connected drives using ADT's VEDrive. #### HostFS Pathnames Pathnames used within Applecorn are regular ProDOS paths. The directory separator is forward slash `/` and every ProDOS filesystem has a volume name which is used to access the top level ('volume') directory. For example, a volume with the name 'TEST' would be mounted under ProDOS as `/TEST`. Applecorn adds a few extra features to ProDOS paths, as follows: - A notation is provided for physical drive numbers, identifed by slot (1-7) and drive (0 or 1). This is very useful when you insert a floppy disk with an unknown volume name. The syntax for physical device specifiers is a colon followed by two digits - one for the slot number and the other for the drive number. So, for example, `:61` would refer to slot 6, drive 1. Applecorn uses the ProDOS `ON_LINE` MLI call to find the volume associated with the physical device. If slot 6, drive 1, contains the volume 'FLOPPY', then a path `:S61/TESTFILE` will be converted to `/FLOPPY/TESTFILE`. - It is possible to refer to the current working directory (current prefix in ProDOS terms) using `.` (like Linux or Windows) or `@` (like BBC ADFS.) The current working directory notation is only supported at the beginning of pathnames. - Support is provided for easily accessing the parent directory. This may be denoted using `..` (like Linux or Windows) or `^` (like BBC ADFS.) The parent directory notation is only supported at the beginning of pathnames, but it may be applied multiple times to navigate further up the tree. - Some examples: - `/H1/APPLECORN` - absolute path - `APPLECORN` - relative path - `./APPLECORN` - relative path (explicit) - `^` - parent dir - `..` - parent dir (alternate form) - `^/^` - up two levels - `../..` - up two levels (alternate form) - `^/MYSTUFF` - file or directory in parent - `../MYSTUFF` - alternative way to refer to sibling directory - Since Acorn's DFS allows filenames beginning with a digit, while ProDOS requires names to begin with an alphabetic character, Applecorn prefixes any file or directory names beginning with a digit with the letter 'N'. An Applecorn path such as `/FOO/0DIR/50DIR/FILE01` would be converted to `/FOO/N0DIR/N50DIR/FILE01`, for example, in order to make it a legal ProDOS path. #### HostFS Wildcards Applecorn HostFS provides support for wildcards. The following wildcard characters are used: - `#` or `?` - matches any single character - `*` - matches zero or more characters The HostFS tries to follow the same conventions as Acorn's ADFS, which allows wildcards to be used in some cases to abbreviate long pathnames and in others to specify a list of files to operate on at once. Like ADFS, HostFS commands accept several different types of file argument. Following Acorn's convention, these may be described as follows: - `` is an 'object specification'. This is a pathname without any wildcard characters, as described in the previous section. - `<*obspec*>` is an 'wildcard object specification'. This is a pathname which may include the wildcard characters. If the wildcard characters specified result in multiple matching objects, the first one is used. - `` is an 'list specification'. This is also a pathname which may include the wildcard characters. However, if the wildcard results in multiple matches, the command will operate on all of these files. - `` is a drive number. (For example, `:61`). Wildcards are expanded wherever they appear in the path with one exception. For non-leaf nodes, the first match will be always be substituted. In the case of `<*objspec*>` the first match for the leaf node will always be used. However for `` all matches of the leaf node will be operated upon. Examples: `:71/T*DIR/TEST??.TXT`, `*A*/FILES/C*/TEST*.TXT` Wildcards may also be used for `OSFILE` and `OSFIND` system calls, so BASIC command like `LOAD""`, `CHAIN""`, `OPENIN""` and `OPENUP""` can use wildcards to specify the file to open. The attentive reader will have noticed that I mention an exception to wildcard matching. Volume directory names are not currently subject to wildcard search. Either type them in full, or use the colon notation to specify physical drive as an abbreviation. ### Star Commands `*QUIT` - Terminate Applecorn and quit to ProDOS. Because the 'BBC Micro' lives in auxiliary memory, you can usually restart Applecorn by running it again and recover your program with `OLD`. `*HELP [topic]` - Prints out information similar to the same command on the BBC micro. Specifically it lists the version of Applecorn MOS and the name of the current language ROM. - `*HELP` shows the version number and the language ROM in use. - `*HELP MOS` shows the available MOS star commands. - `*HELP HOSTFS` shows the available HostFS star commands. `*CAT [<*objspec*>]` (or `*. [*objspec*]`) - Simple listing of the files in the specified directory, or the current working directory ('current prefix') if no directory argument is given. `*EX [<*objspec*>]` - Detailed listing of files in the current directory showing the load address, length and permissions. `*EX` expects a directory as an argument, for example `*EX :71/MYDIR`. `*INFO []` - Displays the same detailed file listing as `*EX`, but accepting a ``. `*INFO` expects a list of objects as an argument, so `*INFO :71/MYDIR/*` would display the same info as the `*EX` example above. `*DIR <*objspec*>` - Allows the current directory to be changed to any ProDOS path. `*CD` and `*CHDIR` are synonyms for `*DIR`. The argument is expected to be a directory. `*LOAD <*objspec*> SSSS` - Load file `<*objspec*>` into memory at hex address `SSSS`. If the address `SSSS` is omitted then the file is loaded to the address stored in its aux filetype. `*SAVE SSSS EEEE` - Save memory from hex address `SSSS` to hex address `EEEE` into file ``. The start address `SSSS` is recorded in the aux filetype. (Note, no wildcards when saving.) `*RUN <*objspec*>` - Load file `filepath` into memory at the address stored in its aux filetype and jump to to it. This is used for loading and starting machine code programs. You can also simply do `*<*objspec*>` or `*/<*objspec*>` (the latter form is useful if the name is the same as that of a ROM routine.) `*DELETE ` - Delete file `` from disk. This command can also delete directories, provided they are empty. No wildcards are allowed. `*DESTROY ` - Deletes multiple files as specified by ``. For example, `*DESTROY PROJECT/*.ASM`. `*RENAME ` - Rename file or directory `` to ``. No wildcards are allowed. `*DRIVE ` - Switch to the specified physical drive. This is equivalent to using `*DIR` but does not allow subdirectories to be specified. The working directory will be set to the volume directory corresponding to the physical device specified. `*FREE ` - Shows blocks used and blocks free on the specified physical device. `*CDIR ` - create directory `dirname`. `*MKDIR` is a synonym. `*ACCESS attribs` - change file permisions. The string `attribs` can contain any of the following: - `R` - File is readable - `W` - File is writeable - `L` - File is locked against deletion, renaming and writing. For example: `*ACCESS *.ASM WR` `*COPY <*objspec*>` - Copy file(s). There are two forms of the `*COPY` command: - `*COPY <*objspec*>` - Copy a single file. The first argument must refer to a file and the second can be a file or a directory. If the target file exists and is writeable it will be overwritten. If a directory is specified as the destination then the file will be copied into the directory using the same filename. No wildcards are allowed in the source filename in this case. An example of this type of usage is `*COPY TEXT/ABC.TXT ../BACKUPS/ABC.BACKUP.TXT` - `*COPY <*objspec*>` - Copy multiple files. The first argument refers to a list of files, specified using wildcards. The second argument must refer to a directory. All the files included in the wildcard pattern will be copied into the destination directory. For example of copying multiple files is `*COPY :71/DOCS/*.TXT :72/TEXTDIR` - Recall that `@` or `.` may be used to specify the current working directory, while `^` or `..` may be used to specify the parent directory. `*FX a[,x,y]` - invokes `OSBYTE` MOS calls. `*OPT` - sets file system options. `*OPT 255,x` may be used to enable or disable debugging output. ## How to Build Applecorn is built natively on the Apple //e using the Merlin 16 assembler v3.53 (requires a 65816 though.) It may also be built using Merlin-32 on Windows, Linux or Mac if preferred. The code should also assemble on Merlin-8 2.58 provided some of the longer comments are trimmed (Merlin-16 allows longer lines.) In Merlin-16 (Merlin-8 in parenthesis, where different): - Press `D` for disk commands and enter the prefix of the build directory: `PFX /APPLECORN` - Press `L` to load a file and enter the filename `APPLECORN`. - Merlin will enter the editor automatically (or press `E`). Open Apple-A starts assembly. (Merlin-8: Issue the following command a the editor's `:` prompt: `asm` - Once assembly is complete, enter the command `q` to quit the editor. - Press `Q` to quit Merlin. ## Theory of Operation ### BBC Micro On the BBC Micro, language ROMs have a very clean interface to the Machine Operating System (MOS). Syscalls are used for all accesses to the hardware, rather than poking at memory mapped addresses directly, as is common in other 6502 systems. This was done partly to enable programs to run on a second processor connected to the main BBC Micro over an interprocessor interface called The Tube. On the BBC Micro, the 64K address space looks like this: ``` +----------------------+ $ffff | | | MOS ROM (16KB) | | | +----------------------+ $c000 | | | Language ROM (16KB) | | | +----------------------+ $8000 | | | User RAM (32K) | | | | | | | | | |//////////////////////| +----------------------+ $0000 ``` The hatched area at the bottom represents reserved space such as zero page, the stack and pages two through seven which are used by the language ROM for various purposes. Display memory on the BBC Micro is allocated at the top of user RAM, from $8000 down. Higher resolution modes use more memory, reducing the user RAM available for BASIC programs. The BBC Micro uses a unique paging mechanism referred to as 'Sideways ROM', which allows up to 16 language and filing system ROMs to be banked into the 16KB space from $8000 to $bfff. ### Apple //e The Apple //e, with 128KB has two 64KB banks of memory. The main memory bank is as follows: ``` +----------------------+ $ffff +----------------------+ | BASIC/Monitor ROM | | Language Card | | | | | +-4K Bank Two----+ |###I/O Space (4KB)####| +----------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------------+ $c000 | | | | | | | | | | | User RAM (48K) | | | | | | | | | |//////////////////////| +----------------------+ $0000 ``` Here there is 48KB of RAM rather than 32KB, and the total ROM is just 12KB, starting at $d000. The 4KB from $c000 to $cfff is all memory mapped I/O. An additional 16KB of memory is available, which is referred to as the Language Card (LC henceforth.) This memory can be banked into the space where the ROM usually resides from $d000 up. Note that this address space is only 12KB so the 16KB LC memory is itself banked with the bottom 4KB of LC space having two banks. When an Extended 80 Column card is installed in the aux slot of the Apple //e, an additional 64KB of RAM is added, for a total of 128KB. The entire arrangement described above is duplicated, so there is 64KB of main memory (divided between the 'lower 48K' and 16KB of LC memory) and 64KB of auxiliary memory (divided in exactly the same manner.) The Apple //e has softswitches to select whether to address the main or aux bank for the main portion of RAM (ie: the 48KB up to $bfff). Reading and writing may be switched separately so it is possible to execute code and read data from one bank while writing to the other. A separate softswitch controls whether zero page, the stack, and LC memory addresses will be passed to main or aux banks. The ProDOS operating system resides primarily in the main bank Language Card memory, so this memory is not available to Applecorn if we wish to retain the facilties provided by ProDOS. The Apple //e screen normally resides from $400 to $7ff in main memory (for 40 column mode) or at $400 to $7ff in both main and aux memory (for 80 column mode.) There is a softswitch to switch to text page two from $800 to $bff. ### Applecorn Architecture ``` MAIN BANK: +----------------------+ $ffff +----------------------+ | BASIC/Monitor ROM | | Language Card | | | | ProDOS | +-4K Bank Two----+ |###I/O Space (4KB)####| +----------------------+ +-Unused---------+ +----------------------+ $c000 | | | | | | | | | Applecorn loader & | | Applecorn code to | | interface with | | ProDOS | | | | | |//////////////////////| +----------------------+ $0000 AUX BANK: +----------------------+ $ffff | Language Card | | Applecorn MOS | +-4K Bank Two----+ |###I/O Space (4KB)####| +-Unused---------+ +----------------------+ $c000 | | | Acorn Language ROM | | | +----------------------+ | | | Acorn language | | user code/data | | space | | | | | |//////////////////////| +----------------------+ $0000 ``` - Applecorn maintains a 'BBC Micro virtual machine' in the Apple //e auxiliary memory. In particular, the 'BBC Micro' has its own zero page and stack in auxiliary memory, so there is no contention with ProDOS or with Applecorn. - Applecorn primarily uses the main memory for servicing ProDOS file system requests for the 'BBC Micro virtual machine'. - The Acorn language ROM is loaded to $8000 in aux memory. - The Language Card memory is enabled and used to store the 'Applecorn MOS' from $d000 up in aux memory. (The main bank LC memory contains ProDOS.) - Applecorn copies its own 'Applecorn MOS' code to $d000 in aux memory and relocates the MOS entry vectors to high memory. - An 80 column screen is configured using PAGE2 memory from $800 to $bff in both main and aux memory. This conveniently just fits in above page 7, which is the highest page used as Acorn language ROM workspace. - The only real difference between the Apple //e aux memory map and that of the BBC Micro is the Apple //e has a 'hole' from $c000 to $cfff where memory mapped I/O resides. Fortunately this does not really matter because the language only uses well-defined entry points to call into the MOS, so we can simply avoid this address range. - The memory map for the main and aux banks is illustrated in the diagram above. For the aux bank, the LC is always banked in since no Apple monitor or BASIC ROM routines are called, so this is omitted from the diagram. ## Limitations Applecorn currently has the following limitations: - Not all MOS calls are implemented. - There is file I/O support for file-orientated (`OSFILE`) file operations. This allows `LOAD` and `SAVE` to work in languages such as BASIC or COMAL. - There is also support for the character orientated operations (`OSFIND`, `OSBGET` `OSBPUT`) which allows all the disk file operations in the Acorn languages to work correctly. For example in BBC BASIC the following commands work: `OPENIN`, `OPENOUT`, `OPENUP`, `BGET#` `BPUT#` `PTR#=`, `EOF#`, `EXT#`. - The VDU driver is quite primitive at present. Is supports 80 column text mode (`MODE 0`) and 40 column text mode (`MODE 1`). There is currently no graphics support. - Only a limited number of `OSBYTE` and `OSWORD` calls are implemented. More will be added in due course. - Special BBC Micro functions such as sound, A/D interfaces, programmable function keys and so on are currently not supported. - The Applecorn MOS command line is currently quite limited. More commands will be added in due course.