emailler/README-emailler.md

Apple II Email Suite

The AppleII Email Suite consists of the following six ProDOS programs:

• POP65.SYSTEM is a Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) client for the Apple II with Uthernet-II card.
• EMAIL.SYSTEM is a simple user interface for reading and managing email. It works together with POP65 and SMTP65.
• EDIT.SYSTEM is a simple screen editor, integrated with EMAIL.SYSTEM.
• ATTACHER.SYSTEM is used for creating multi-part MIME messages with attached files.
• SMTP65.SYSTEM is a Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) client for the Apple II with Uthernet-II card.
• REBUILD.SYSTEM is a utility for rebuilding mailbox databases, should they become corrupted. This can also be used for bulk import of messages.

Overview

The software has been designed to be modular, which allows new protocols to be added later for handling incoming and outgoing mail. POP3 was selected as the email download/ingest protocol because it is simple and there are many available server implementations. SMTP was chosen as the outgoing protocol due to its almost universal adoption for this purpose. Once again, there are many server-side implementations to choose from. It may be possible, for example, to add an NNTP module to allow reading and posting of Usenet articles.

One problem faced by any retrocomputing project of this type is that Transport Layer Security (TLS) is endemic on today's Internet. While this is great for security, the encryption algorithms are not feasible to implement on a 6502-based system. In order to bridge the plain text world of the Apple II to today's encrypted Internet, I have set up a Raspberry Pi using several common open source packages as a gateway. The Raspberry Pi uses Fetchmail to download messages from Gmail's servers using the IMAPS protocol (with TLS) and hands them off to Postfix, which is used at the system mailer (MTA) on the Pi. I use Dovecot as a POP3 server to offer a plain text connection to the POP65.SYSTEM application on the Apple II. For outgoing messages, I configured Postfix to accept plain text SMTP connections from SMTP65.SYSTEM on the Apple II and to relay the messages to Gmail's servers using secure SMTPS. The configuration of the Raspberry Pi (which was originally set up as a gateway for SAM2 email under GSOS on the Apple IIgs) is documented here.

A few design principles that I have tried to apply:

• Simplicity This software runs on the Apple //e and currently fits within 64KB of RAM (although I may use the 64KB of aux memory for future enhancements.) It is important that it be as simple and small as possible. The code is written in C using cc65, which allows more rapid evolution when compared to writing in assembly language, at the expense of larger code which uses more memory.
• Modularity Where it makes sense to split the functionality into separate modules it makes sense to do so in order to make the best use of available memory.
• Speed The software should make the most of the limited hardware of the Apple //e in order to allow speedy browsing of emails without needing much processor or disk activity.
• Avoidance of Limits I tried to avoid the imposition of arbitrary limits to message length or the number of messages in a folder.
• Veracity The software should never modify or discard information. Incoming emails are saved to disk verbatim, including all headers. The system hides the headers when displaying the emails, but they are available for inspection or further processing. The only change that is made to incoming messages is to convert the CR+LF line endings to Apple II CR-only line endings.

POP65.SYSTEM and SMTP65.SYSTEM are based on Oliver Schmitd's excellent IP65 TCP/IP framework (in particular they follow the design of WGET65.SYSTEM.) Without IP65, this software would not have been possible.

System Setup and Configuration

Configuration File

The system configuration file is called EMAIL.CFG. It is a straightforward ProDOS text file, with one parameter per line. You may edit this file using the provided editor, EDIT.SYSTEM (or any other ProDOS text editor). When editing the file be careful not to add or delete any lines - this file has no grammar and the lines must appear in the expected order.

To edit the file using EDIT.SYSTEM:

• Run EDIT.SYSTEM using Bitsy Bye or your usual ProDOS launcher.
• Press Open Apple-O to open a file, then enter EMAIL.CFG at the prompt, followed by return.
• Editing is fairly intuitive. Use the arrow keys to move around and type to insert text. Open Apple-Delete deletes to the right.
• When you are satisfied, save the file using Open Apple-S.
• Quit the editor using Open Apple-Q.

All three of the mail programs POP65.SYSTEM, EMAIL.SYSTEM and SMTP65.SYSTEM share this configuration file.

Here is an example config file (with passwords replaced with **** for obvious reasons):

192.168.10.2:110
pi
******
NODELETE
192.168.10.2:25
apple2.local
/IP65
/H1/EMAIL
bobbi.8bit@gmail.com

The lines are as follows, in order:

1. IP address of the POP3 server for receiving new mail, optionally followed by a colon and then the TCP port number. If the colon and port number are omitted, port 110 is the default.
2. Username to use when connecting to POP3.
3. Password for POP3 connection (in plaintext).
4. If this string is exactly DELETE then messages will be deleted from the POP3 server after downloading. Otherwise they are left on the server. DELETE is the normal setting, but NODELETE (or any other nonsense value) can be helpful for debugging, allowing the same messages to be downloaded from the POP3 server again and again.
5. IP address of the SMTP server for sending outgoing mail, optionally followed by a colon and then the TCP portnumber. If the colon and port number are omitted, port 25 is the default.
6. Domain name that is passed to the SMTP server on connection. The way my SMTP server (Postfix) is configured, it doesn't seem to care about this.
7. ProDOS path of the directory where the email executables are installed.
8. ProDOS path to the root of the email folder tree. Mailboxes will be created and managed under this root path.
9. Your email address. Used as the sender's address in outgoing messages.

Creating Directories

To get started, you will need to create the following directories:

• The email root directory (/H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL in the example config)
• The SPOOL directory, used by POP65, within the email root directory. This will be /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/SPOOL for our example configuration.
• The INBOX directory, used by POP65, within the email root directory. This will be /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/INBOX for our example configuration.
• The OUTBOX directory, used by SMTP65, within the email root directory. This will be /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/OUTBOX for our example configuration.
• The ATTACHMENTS directory, used by EMAIL for storing downloaded MIME attachments, within the email root directory. This will be /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/ATTACHMENTS for our example configuration.

You can create these directories in ProDOS BASIC.SYSTEM as follows:

] CREATE /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL
] CREATE /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/SPOOL
] CREATE /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/INBOX
] CREATE /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/OUTBOX
] CREATE /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/ATTACHMENTS

You will also want to create a couple of mailboxes such as RECEIVED and SENT. If you do not create a SENT mailbox then SMTP65 will be unable to complete the sending of messages and will give an error. To create these mailboxes, run EMAIL.SYSTEM and press N for N)ew mailbox. At the prompt, enter the name of the mailbox to be created: RECEIVED, and press return. Repeat this to create the SENT mailbox.

These are the minimum mailboxes you need to get started. You may create more mailboxes to organize your mail at any time.

First Run of POP65.SYSTEM

The first time POP65.SYSTEM runs and downloads mail messages it will populate the INBOX. However the INBOX directory needs to have been created already (as described above.)

Note: If you try to run EMAIL.SYSTEM before the POP65.SYSTEM has initialized the INBOX, an error will be reported about a missing file.

Once you have correctly configured EMAIL.CFG with the correct POP3 server, username and password, start POP65.SYSTEM using Bitsy Bye or your favourite ProDOS launcher. It should connect to your POP3 server, download any messages in your email inbox and copy them to your INBOX.

Once messages have been downloaded and the INBOX initialized, you may run EMAIL.SYSTEM to browse and read the new messages.

Mailboxes

Each mailbox consists of the following:

• A directory under the email root, and within this directory
• Email messages are stored on per file, in plain Apple II text files (with CR line endings) named EMAIL.nn where nn is an integer value
• A text file called NEXT.EMAIL. This file initially contains the number 1. It is used when naming the individual EMAIL.nn files, and is incremented by one each time. If messages are added to a mailbox and nothing is ever deleted they will be sequentially numbered EMAIL.1, EMAIL.2, etc.
• A binary file called EMAIL.DB. This file contains essential information about each email message in a quickly accessed format. This allows the user interface to show the email summary without having to open and read each individual email file. This file is initially empty and a fixed size record is added for each email message.

The easiest way to create additional mailboxes is using the N)ew command in EMAIL.SYSTEM.

POP65.SYSTEM knows how to initialize INBOX but the directory must have been created first.

Note that SPOOL is not a mailbox, just a directory. OUTBOX is also not a 'proper' mailbox - it has NEXT.EMAIL but not EMAIL.DB.

If the EMAIL.DB file for a mailbox gets corrupted, it will no longer possible to browse the summary and read the messages in EMAIL.SYSTEM. The utility REBUILD.SYSTEM can be used to rebuild the EMAIL.DB and NEXT.EMAIL files for an existing mailbox (see below.)

POP65.SYSTEM

POP65 is a Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3) client for the Apple II. It requires an Uthernet-II ethernet card and will not work with other interfaces without modification, because it uses the W5100 hardware TCP/IP stack. POP65 is used to download new email messages from a POP3 email server. (I use Dovecot on the Raspberry Pi as my POP3 server, but other POP3 servers should work too.)

Before running POP65.SYSTEM for the first time, be sure you have created the email root directory and the SPOOL directory, as described above. POP3 will initialize the INBOX mailbox, creating NEXT.EMAIL and EMAIL.DB files if they do not exist.

POP65 runs without any user interaction and performs the following tasks:

• Detect Uthernet-II
• Obtain IP address using DHCP
• Connect to POP3 server using parameters from first three lines of EMAIL.CFG. (USER and PASS commands)
• Enquire how many email messages are waiting. (STAT command)
• Download each email in turn (RETR command) and store it in the SPOOL directory.
• If configured to delete messages on the POP3 server, messages are deleted after successful download (DELE command)
• Once all messages have been downloaded, disconnect from the POP3 server (QUIT command)
• Scan each downloaded message in the SPOOL directory and import the message into INBOX:
  • Read INBOX/NEXT.EMAIL to find out the next number in sequence and allocate that for the new message.
  • Copy the message from SPOOL to INBOX/EMAIL.nn (where nn is the next sequence number) while scanning it for the following information:
    • Sender (From:) header
    • Recipient (To:) header
    • Date and time (Date:) header
    • Subject (Subject:) header
    • Offset in bytes to start of message body
  • Store all of the information obtained from scanning the message in INBOX/EMAIL.DB.
  • Update INBOX/EMAIL.nn, incrementing the number by one.
  • Iterate until all messages in SPOOL are ingested into INBOX.

EMAIL.SYSTEM

EMAIL is a simple mail user agent for reading and managing email.

When the EMAIL application is started it will show the INBOX in the summary screen. This shows the following important information for each message:

• Tag - Shows T if the message is tagged.
• Read/Unread/Deleted - Shows * if the message is new (unread). Shows D if the message is marked to be deleted.
• From, Date and Subject headers

18 messages may be shown on the summary screen. If the mailbox has more than 18 messages there will be multiple screens.

Main menu commands:

• Up arrow / K - Move the selection to the previous message. If this is the first message on the summary screen but this is not the first page, then load the previous page of messages and select the last item.
• Down arrow / J - Move the selection to the next message. If this is the last message on the summary screen but there are further messages on subsequent pages, then load the next page of messages and select the first item.
• SPC / RET - View the currently selected message in the message pager.
• E)ditor - Open the currently selected message in EDIT.SYSTEM.
• S)witch mbox - Switch to viewing a different mailbox. Press S then enter the name of the mailbox to switch to at the prompt. The mailbox must already exist or an error message will be shown. You may enter . as a shortcut to switch back to INBOX.
• N)ew mbox - Create a new mailbox. Press 'N' then enter the name of the mailbox to be created. It will be created as a directory within the email root directory and NEXT.EMAIL and EMAIL.DB files will be created for the new mailbox.
• C)opy - Copy message(s) to another mailbox. If no messages are tagged (see below) then the copy operation will apply to the current message only. If messages are tagged then the copy operation will apply to the tagged messages.
• M)ove - Move message(s) to another mailbox. If no messages are tagged (see below) then the move operation will apply to the current message only. If messages are tagged then the copy operation will apply to the tagged messages. Moving a message involves two steps - first the message is copied to the destination mailbox and then it is marked as deleted in the source mailbox.
• A)rchive - This is a shortcut for moving messages to the RECEIVED mailbox.
• D)el - Mark message as deleted.
• U)ndel - Remove deleted mark from a message.
• P)urge - Purge deleted messages from the mailbox. This command iterates through all the messages marked for deletion and removes their files from the mailbox. A new EMAIL.DB is created, compacting any 'holes' where files have been deleted.
• T)ag - Toggle tag on message for collective C)opy, M)ove and A)rchive operations. Moves to the next message automatically to allow rapid tagging of messages.
• W)rite - Prepare a new blank outgoing email and place it in OUTBOX ready for editing.
• R)eply - Prepare a reply to the selected email and place it in OUTBOX ready for editing.
• F)orward - Prepare a forwarded copy of the selected email and place it in OUTBOX ready for editing.
• < - Switch the order of the email summary to show the most recently added messages first. The indicator in the status bar will change to > to indicate the order.
• > - Switch the order of the email summary to show the most recently added messages last. The indicator in the status bar will change to < to indicate the order.
• Open Apple+D - Run DATE65.SYSTEM to set the system date using NTP (if you don't have a real time clock.)
• Open Apple+E - Edit message in EDIT.SYSTEM. From EDIT.SYSTEM Open Apple-Q will return you to EMAIL.SYSTEM.
• Open Apple+R - Retreive messages from email server. This runs POP65.SYSTEM, which in turn will return you to the EMAIL.SYSTEM main menu.
• Open Apple+S - Send outbox messages to email server. This runs SMTP65.SYSTEM, which in turn will return you to the EMAIL.SYSTEM main menu.
• Q)uit - Quit from the EMAIL user interface.

By using the Open Apple+R command to retrieve messages and the Open Apple-S command to transmit messages to the server, it is possible to retreive, review, respond, compose and transmit messages all without leaving the EMAIL.SYSTEM environment.

Plain Text View T)op

Headers View H)drs

MIME View M)IME

Mail Pager

Pressing space or return will open the currently-selected message in the mail pager. The mail pager provides a comfortable interface for reading email, allowing rapid forwards and backwards paging through the email body. This is done by saving the formatted email text to a SCROLLBACK file in the email root directory.

Below the message text, a menu bar is shown with the following options:

• SPACE continue reading - Pressing space advances through the file a screen at a time. This option is not available when at the end of the file.
• B)ack - Page back one screen.
• T)op - Go back to the top of the message.
• H)drs - Show message headers.
• M)IME - Decode MIME message (see below).
• Q)uit - Return to the email summary screen.

There are three separate viewing modes:

• Plain text view (no headers) - This is the default view, and may be accessed by hitting the T)op key. It shows the raw email text, starting immediately after the headers.
• Plain text view (with headers) - This mode is accessed using the H)drs option. It shows the raw email text, starting from the very beginning. Be aware that on today's Internet, most messages have 4KB or more of headers. These are all preserved in EMAIL, but hidden from the user by default.
• MIME view - This mode is entered using the M)IME option. Many email providers encode even simple text-only messages in a MIME envelope (using Quoted-Printable encoding). Although these messages are readable in the plain text views, they are far more pleasant to read in MIME view.

Long lines are word-wrapped at 80 columns in all three views.

MIME Support

EMAIL is able to decode messages encoded with the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). This allows email bodies which are encoded as anything other than plain text email to be extracted and formatted for the screen, and also provides support for extracting and saving to disk email attachments.

EMAIL can also compose MIME messages with attached files, using ATTACHER.SYSTEM as a helper application.

Encodings

MIME allows a number of message encodings, and EMAIL supports all those that make sense (everything except 8bit and Binary).

• 7bit
• Quoted-printable
• Base64

Quoted-printable encoding is commonly used for email bodies where the majority of the characters are US ASCII, with a few UTF-8 chars here and there. Base64 is most often used for encoding binary files. However it is possible (although unusual) to encode a binary attachment in Quoted-printable or to use Base64 for encoding ASCII text. The important point is that the encoding is independent of the deposition (ie: whether the object is to be shown inline or offered as an attachment to download.

Inline Rendering

All email body text (which could be non-MIME text, or text/plain content represented in one of the encodings described above is filtered to remove non-ASCII characters and word-wrapped to fit the 80 column screen.

Unicode UTF-8 characters are not supported and will either be omitted or displayed as a couple of garbage characters. It is not feasible to (fully) support UTF-8 on an 8 bit system, unfortunately.

EMAIL will not display objects of type text/html but will instead show a placeholder, so the user is aware the HTML was omitted.

Attachments

Objects of any other type will be treated as attachments and offered for download.

Any object which has a MIME filename= field, regardless of type, will be treated as an attachment and offered for download.

When an attachment is encountered, while reading an email in M)IME mode, the following prompt will be shown:

Okay to download /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/ATTACHMENTS/filename.typ? (y/n) >

If you respond in the affirmative, the attachment will be decoded (usually from Base64) and saved to the filename indicated. If you are unable to download attachments, be sure the ATTACHMENTS directory exists and is writable.

If you enter n, the attachment will be skipped. Due to the large size of some attachments, even skipping over them may take several seconds.

A progress spinner is shown in either case.

Tagging of Messages

It is possible to manually tag or untag messages using the T)ag key in the summary screen. Collective operations such as C)opy or M)ove may then be performed on the tagged messages.

Each time the T)ag key is pressed, the current message will be tagged and the selection moved down. This allows large numbers of message to be tagged or untagged rapidly.

Deletion of Messages

Deletion of messages in EMAIL is a two step process. First a message must be marked as deleted using the D)el function. This will be shown as a D in the first column on the summary screen.

A message which is marked as deleted may be unmarked by selecting it and pressing U)ndel.

All messages with the deleted D flag may be permanently deleted from disk by using the P)urge function. Use this with care, since deleted messages may not be easily recovered.

New Message Status

When messages are first received they are marked as new, which is shown with an asterix * in the first column on the summary screen. When they are read this status will be cleared.

Persistence of Message State

The message state is persisted in the EMAIL.DB file:

• New or already read
• Deleted flag
• Tag

Sending of Messages

The EMAIL system currently includes a basic screen editor for message composition. This editor is currently under development and may be a little rough. It is also possible to use an external editor of your choice for composing emails. The advantage to this is you can choose whichever editor you prefer, provided it can handle plain Apple II text files. I find the editor which is built into the Proterm 3.1 communications program to be quite satisfactory for this purpose.

Sending of an email message is a three step process:

• Use the W)rite, R)eply or F)wd functions in EMAIL to create an email template file and store it in OUTBOX.
• The system will display the full pathname of the template file created. And prompt Open in editor - sure? (y/n)
• If you enter 'y', EMAIL.SYSTEM will load EDIT.SYSTEM, the integrated editor, passing the filename of the template file as a parameter, so the file is automatically opened for editing.
• You may edit the file in EDIT.SYSTEM using the editing keys shown below. The editor's keys are based upon Apple's Appleworks word processor, so if you are familiar with that package you should feel at home. Press Open Apple-S to save the file to disk and Open Apple-Q to return to EMAIL.SYSTEM.
• Upon exit, EDIT.SYSTEM will prompt Add attachments - Sure? (y/n). If you enter 'n' then EDIT.SYSTEM will simply reload EMAIL.SYSTEM. If you enter 'y', then EDIT.SYSTEM will instead load ATTACHER.SYSTEM, which allows you to add one or more file attachments to the email message. Once the attachments have been added, ATTACHER.SYSTEM will reload EMAIL.SYSTEM. ATTACHER.SYSTEM is discussed in more detail below.
• Once you are back in the EMAIL.SYSTEM UI, you can choose to send the messages in OUTBOX to your mail server at any time. To do this, press Open Apple-S at the EMAIL.SYSTEM main menu. This will start SMTP65.SYSTEM, which sends each message to the SMTP server and moves it to the SENT mailbox.
• If you answer n to the Open in editor - sure? (y/n) prompt:
  • The template file will simply be placed in the OUTBOX where you can use your favourite text editor to add the email body. You may also modify the To:, cc:, Subject: or Date: headers.
  • Once you are satisfied with your edits and have saved the file, run SMTP65.SYSTEM to send the file to your mail server and copy it to the SENT mailbox.

There are three ways to write an email:

• W)rite starts a blank email. You will be prompted for the recipient, cc and subject line. The date is automatically filled in. Note that you may leave the cc entry blank, if no carbon copies are to be sent.
• R)eply creates a reply to the selected email, with the email included inline. You will be prompted for the cc only (you can leave this blank).
• F)wd forwards the selected email. You will be prompted for the recipient and cc (you can leave the cc blank, if desired.)

However you create your template email, take note of the filename which is displayed in the status line. The file will be created in the OUTBOX directory (/H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/OUTBOX with our example settings.)

EDIT.SYSTEM

EDIT.SYSTEM is a simple full-screen editor. It uses Apple //e auxiliary memory to store the text buffer, allowing files up to 46KB to be edited. The command keys are similar to the popular AppleWorks word processor.

If RamWorks-style memory expansion is available, EDIT.SYSTEM can use it as additional editor buffers. For each 64KB bank of RamWorks expansion, an additional 46KB buffer will be allocated. With an 8MB RamWorks card, 128 buffers are available. EDIT.SYSTEM is able to support editing of large files (>46KB) by splitting them across more than one buffer.

ATTACHER.SYSTEM

ATTACHER.SYSTEM is used for attaching files to outgoing email messages. This program is started automatically by EDIT.SYSTEM and is not normally invoked directly.

When EDIT.SYSTEM invokes ATTACHER.SYSTEM, the following operations occur:

• The outgoing email message is loaded from OUTBOX and copied to a temporary file. While copying, additional email headers are appended to indicate that this is a MIME multi-part message.
• A plain/text MIME section header is added to the email body (which becomes the first section in the multi-part MIME document.)
• ATTACHER.SYSTEM prompts the user to enter the filename of a file to be attached. This may be an unqualified filename (which will look in the directory the emai//er software is installed in), or a fully-qualified ProDOS pathname, such as /H1/PATH/TO/MY/FILE.BIN.
• For each filename, the file is loaded from disk and encoded using Base64. A MIME section is created in the outgoing email and the Base64-encoded file data is appended.
• After all the desired files have been added, enter an empty line to finish adding files.
• ATTACHER.SYSTEM will terminate the MIME document, erase the original email file from OUTBOX and rename the temporary file to replace the original.
• ATTACHER.SYSTEM will reload EMAIL.SYSTEM once it is done.

SMTP65.SYSTEM

SMTP65 is a Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP65) client for the Apple II. It requires an Uthernet-II ethernet card and will not work with other interfaces without modification, because it uses the W5100 hardware TCP/IP stack. POP65 is used to send outgoing email messages to an SMTP email server. (I use Postfix on the Raspberry Pi as my SMTP server, but other SMTP servers should work too.)

Before running SMTP65 for the first time, be sure to have created the SENT mailbox. This must be a 'proper' mailbox, not just a directory. You may create a mailbox using the N)ew command in EMAIL.SYSTEM.

SMTP65 runs without any user interaction and performs the following tasks:

• Detect Uthernet-II
• Obtain IP address using DHCP
• Connect to SMTP server using parameters from lines 5 and 6 of EMAIL.CFG. (HELO command)
• Iterate through each message in the OUTBOX mailbox (which is /H1/DOCUMENTS/EMAIL/OUTBOX with our sample configuration)
  • Scan each message looking for the following headers:
    • To:
    • From:
    • cc:
  • Notify the SMTP server of our email address (from EMAIL.CFG). (MAIL FROM: command)
  • Notify the SMTP server of each recipient listed in To: and From: headers (RCPT TO: command)
  • Send the email body to the SMTP sender. (DATA command)
  • If the message was successfully sent, copy it to the SENT mailbox.
  • Remove the sent message from OUTBOX.
  • Iterate until all messages in OUTBOX have been sent, and copied to SENT. Rejected messages are left in OUTBOX where they may be edited and retransmitted.

REBUILD.SYSTEM

REBUILD is a utility for converting a folder of email messages (text files named EMAIL.nnn where nnn is an integer) into a mailbox. It will erase any existing EMAIL.DB and NEXT.EMAIL files, parse the message files and create new EMAIL.DB and NEXT.EMAIL files. This tool may be used for bulk import of messages or for recreating the EMAIL.DB file for a mailbox which has become corrupted.

REBUILD simply prompts for the path of the directory to process.

If you use this tool for bulk import, be sure that all the EMAIL.nnn files are in Apple II text format with carriage return line endings (not MS-DOS or UNIX style.)