diff --git a/codeGeneration/src/prog8/compiler/target/cpu6502/codegen/AsmGen.kt b/codeGeneration/src/prog8/compiler/target/cpu6502/codegen/AsmGen.kt
index 2633e8695..289166bd8 100644
--- a/codeGeneration/src/prog8/compiler/target/cpu6502/codegen/AsmGen.kt
+++ b/codeGeneration/src/prog8/compiler/target/cpu6502/codegen/AsmGen.kt
@@ -1298,6 +1298,8 @@ $repeatLabel    lda  $counterVar
 
         val jump = stmt.truepart.statements.first() as? Jump
         if(jump!=null) {
+            if(jump.isGosub)
+                throw FatalAstException("didn't expect GoSub here")
             // branch with only a jump (goto)
             val instruction = branchInstruction(stmt.condition, false)
             out("  $instruction  ${getJumpTarget(jump)}")
@@ -1387,7 +1389,12 @@ $label              nop""")
         }
     }
 
-    private fun translate(jump: Jump) = jmp(getJumpTarget(jump))
+    private fun translate(jump: Jump) {
+        if(jump.isGosub)
+            out("  jsr  ${getJumpTarget(jump)}")
+        else
+            jmp(getJumpTarget(jump))
+    }
 
     private fun getJumpTarget(jump: Jump): String {
         val ident = jump.identifier
diff --git a/codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/StatementOptimizer.kt b/codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/StatementOptimizer.kt
index 6d3851a47..1814e387b 100644
--- a/codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/StatementOptimizer.kt
+++ b/codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/StatementOptimizer.kt
@@ -277,12 +277,13 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
     }
 
     override fun after(jump: Jump, parent: Node): Iterable<IAstModification> {
-        // if the jump is to the next statement, remove the jump
-        val scope = jump.parent as IStatementContainer
-        val label = jump.identifier?.targetStatement(program)
-        if(label!=null && scope.statements.indexOf(label) == scope.statements.indexOf(jump)+1)
-            return listOf(IAstModification.Remove(jump, scope))
-
+        if(!jump.isGosub) {
+            // if the jump is to the next statement, remove the jump
+            val scope = jump.parent as IStatementContainer
+            val label = jump.identifier?.targetStatement(program)
+            if (label != null && scope.statements.indexOf(label) == scope.statements.indexOf(jump) + 1)
+                return listOf(IAstModification.Remove(jump, scope))
+        }
         return noModifications
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/src/prog8/compiler/astprocessing/AstChecker.kt b/compiler/src/prog8/compiler/astprocessing/AstChecker.kt
index 5cc40b4fb..5d2e672df 100644
--- a/compiler/src/prog8/compiler/astprocessing/AstChecker.kt
+++ b/compiler/src/prog8/compiler/astprocessing/AstChecker.kt
@@ -169,6 +169,9 @@ internal class AstChecker(private val program: Program,
                 if(targetStatement is BuiltinFunctionStatementPlaceholder)
                     errors.err("can't jump to a builtin function", jump.position)
             }
+            if(!jump.isGosub && targetStatement is Subroutine && targetStatement.parameters.any()) {
+                errors.err("can't jump to a subroutine that takes parameters", jump.position)
+            }
         }
 
         val addr = jump.address
@@ -224,7 +227,8 @@ internal class AstChecker(private val program: Program,
                 count++
             }
             override fun visit(jump: Jump) {
-                count++
+                if(!jump.isGosub)
+                    count++
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/AstToSourceTextConverter.kt b/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/AstToSourceTextConverter.kt
index 5309db836..deb9196b5 100644
--- a/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/AstToSourceTextConverter.kt
+++ b/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/AstToSourceTextConverter.kt
@@ -219,7 +219,10 @@ class AstToSourceTextConverter(val output: (text: String) -> Unit, val program:
     }
 
     override fun visit(jump: Jump) {
-        output("goto ")
+        if(jump.isGosub)
+            output("gosub ")
+        else
+            output("goto ")
         when {
             jump.address!=null -> output(jump.address.toHex())
             jump.generatedLabel!=null -> output(jump.generatedLabel)
diff --git a/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/statements/AstStatements.kt b/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/statements/AstStatements.kt
index b7d8d730f..29bdd5494 100644
--- a/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/statements/AstStatements.kt
+++ b/compilerAst/src/prog8/ast/statements/AstStatements.kt
@@ -92,10 +92,7 @@ class Block(override val name: String,
 
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Block(name=$name, address=$address, ${statements.size} statements)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "Block(name=$name, address=$address, ${statements.size} statements)"
 
     fun options() = statements.filter { it is Directive && it.directive == "%option" }.flatMap { (it as Directive).args }.map {it.name!!}.toSet()
 }
@@ -135,10 +132,7 @@ data class Label(override val name: String, override val position: Position) : S
     override fun copy() = Label(name, position)
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Label(name=$name, pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString()= "Label(name=$name, pos=$position)"
 }
 
 open class Return(var value: Expression?, final override val position: Position) : Statement() {
@@ -158,10 +152,7 @@ open class Return(var value: Expression?, final override val position: Position)
     override fun copy() = Return(value?.copy(), position)
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Return($value, pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "Return($value, pos=$position)"
 }
 
 class Break(override val position: Position) : Statement() {
@@ -256,10 +247,8 @@ open class VarDecl(val type: VarDeclType,
 
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "VarDecl(name=$name, vartype=$type, datatype=$datatype, value=$value, pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() =
+        "VarDecl(name=$name, vartype=$type, datatype=$datatype, value=$value, pos=$position)"
 
     fun zeroElementValue(): NumericLiteralValue {
         if(allowInitializeWithZero)
@@ -303,10 +292,7 @@ class ArrayIndex(var indexExpr: Expression,
 
     fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = indexExpr.accept(visitor)
     fun accept(visitor: AstWalker)  = indexExpr.accept(visitor, this)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return("ArrayIndex($indexExpr, pos=$position)")
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "ArrayIndex($indexExpr, pos=$position)"
 
     fun constIndex() = (indexExpr as? NumericLiteralValue)?.number?.toInt()
 
@@ -335,10 +321,7 @@ open class Assignment(var target: AssignTarget, var value: Expression, final ove
     override fun copy()= Assignment(target.copy(), value.copy(), position)
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return("Assignment(target: $target, value: $value, pos=$position)")
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "Assignment(target: $target, value: $value, pos=$position)"
 
     /**
      * Is the assigment value an expression that references the assignment target itself?
@@ -514,17 +497,15 @@ class PostIncrDecr(var target: AssignTarget, val operator: String, override val
     override fun copy() = PostIncrDecr(target.copy(), operator, position)
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "PostIncrDecr(op: $operator, target: $target, pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "PostIncrDecr(op: $operator, target: $target, pos=$position)"
 }
 
-class Jump(val address: UInt?,
-           val identifier: IdentifierReference?,
-           val generatedLabel: String?,             // used in code generation scenarios
-           override val position: Position) : Statement() {
+open class Jump(val address: UInt?,
+                val identifier: IdentifierReference?,
+                val generatedLabel: String?,             // can be used in code generation scenarios
+                override val position: Position) : Statement() {
     override lateinit var parent: Node
+    open val isGosub = false
 
     override fun linkParents(parent: Node) {
         this.parent = parent
@@ -536,9 +517,18 @@ class Jump(val address: UInt?,
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
 
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Jump(addr: $address, identifier: $identifier, label: $generatedLabel;  pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() =
+        "Jump(addr: $address, identifier: $identifier, label: $generatedLabel;  pos=$position)"
+}
+
+// a GoSub is ONLY created internally for calling subroutines
+class GoSub(address: UInt?, identifier: IdentifierReference?, generatedLabel: String?, position: Position) :
+    Jump(address, identifier, generatedLabel, position) {
+
+    override val isGosub = true
+    override fun copy() = GoSub(address, identifier?.copy(), generatedLabel, position)
+    override fun toString() =
+        "GoSub(addr: $address, identifier: $identifier, label: $generatedLabel;  pos=$position)"
 }
 
 class FunctionCallStatement(override var target: IdentifierReference,
@@ -567,7 +557,6 @@ class FunctionCallStatement(override var target: IdentifierReference,
 
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
     override fun toString() = "FunctionCallStatement(target=$target, pos=$position)"
 }
 
@@ -695,10 +684,8 @@ class Subroutine(override val name: String,
 
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Subroutine(name=$name, parameters=$parameters, returntypes=$returntypes, ${statements.size} statements, address=$asmAddress)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() =
+        "Subroutine(name=$name, parameters=$parameters, returntypes=$returntypes, ${statements.size} statements, address=$asmAddress)"
 
     fun regXasResult() = asmReturnvaluesRegisters.any { it.registerOrPair in arrayOf(RegisterOrPair.X, RegisterOrPair.AX, RegisterOrPair.XY) }
     fun regXasParam() = asmParameterRegisters.any { it.registerOrPair in arrayOf(RegisterOrPair.X, RegisterOrPair.AX, RegisterOrPair.XY) }
@@ -825,10 +812,7 @@ class ForLoop(var loopVar: IdentifierReference,
 
     override fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     override fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
-
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "ForLoop(loopVar: $loopVar, iterable: $iterable, pos=$position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "ForLoop(loopVar: $loopVar, iterable: $iterable, pos=$position)"
 
     fun loopVarDt(program: Program) = loopVar.inferType(program)
 }
@@ -978,9 +962,7 @@ class WhenChoice(var values: MutableList<Expression>?,           // if null,  th
     }
 
     override fun copy() = WhenChoice(values?.map{ it.copy() }?.toMutableList(), statements.copy(), position)
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "Choice($values at $position)"
-    }
+    override fun toString() = "Choice($values at $position)"
 
     fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
@@ -1000,10 +982,7 @@ class DirectMemoryWrite(var addressExpression: Expression, override val position
         replacement.parent = this
     }
 
-    override fun toString(): String {
-        return "DirectMemoryWrite($addressExpression)"
-    }
-
+    override fun toString() = "DirectMemoryWrite($addressExpression)"
     fun accept(visitor: IAstVisitor) = visitor.visit(this)
     fun accept(visitor: AstWalker, parent: Node) = visitor.visit(this, parent)
     override fun copy() = DirectMemoryWrite(addressExpression.copy(), position)
diff --git a/examples/test.p8 b/examples/test.p8
index da2cd9604..661aca586 100644
--- a/examples/test.p8
+++ b/examples/test.p8
@@ -4,30 +4,19 @@ main {
 
     sub start() {
 
-        repeat 100 {
-            random_rgb12()
-            txt.print_ubhex(target_red,false)
-            txt.print_ubhex(target_green,false)
-            txt.print_ubhex(target_blue,false)
-            txt.nl()
-        }
+        ubyte xx = 20
+        routine(xx)
+        xx++
+        routine(xx)
+        xx++
+        routine(xx)
 
         repeat {
         }
     }
 
-        ubyte target_red
-        ubyte target_green
-        ubyte target_blue
-
-        sub random_rgb12() {
-            do {
-                uword rr = rndw()
-                target_red = msb(rr) & 15
-                target_green = lsb(rr)
-                target_blue = target_green & 15
-                target_green >>= 4
-            } until target_red+target_green+target_blue >= 12
-        }
-
+    sub routine(ubyte x) {
+        txt.print_ub(x)
+        txt.spc()
+    }
 }