fixing name lookup issue

# Conflicts:
#	compiler/src/prog8/compiler/astprocessing/AstPreprocessor.kt

.gitignore

@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@ build/
 dist/
 output/
 out/
+out-new/
+out-old/
 .*cache/
 *.directory
 *.prg
 *.bin
+*.p8ir
 *.labels.txt
 *.vm.txt
 *.vice-mon-list

.idea/libraries/KotlinJavaRuntime.xml

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 <component name="libraryTable">
   <library name="KotlinJavaRuntime" type="repository">
-    <properties maven-id="org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8:2.1.10" />
+    <properties maven-id="org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8:2.1.21" />
     <CLASSES>
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.10.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.21.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.10.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.21.jar!/" />
       <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/annotations/13.0/annotations-13.0.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.10.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.21.jar!/" />
     </CLASSES>
     <JAVADOC>
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.10-javadoc.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.21-javadoc.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.10-javadoc.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.21-javadoc.jar!/" />
       <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/annotations/13.0/annotations-13.0-javadoc.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.10-javadoc.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.21-javadoc.jar!/" />
     </JAVADOC>
     <SOURCES>
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.10-sources.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-2.1.21-sources.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.10-sources.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.21-sources.jar!/" />
       <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/annotations/13.0/annotations-13.0-sources.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.10/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.10-sources.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7/2.1.21/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-2.1.21-sources.jar!/" />
     </SOURCES>
   </library>
 </component>

.idea/libraries/eclipse_lsp4j.xml

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <component name="libraryTable">
   <library name="eclipse.lsp4j" type="repository">
-    <properties maven-id="org.eclipse.lsp4j:org.eclipse.lsp4j:0.23.1" />
+    <properties maven-id="org.eclipse.lsp4j:org.eclipse.lsp4j:0.24.0" />
     <CLASSES>
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/eclipse/lsp4j/org.eclipse.lsp4j/0.23.1/org.eclipse.lsp4j-0.23.1.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/eclipse/lsp4j/org.eclipse.lsp4j/0.24.0/org.eclipse.lsp4j-0.24.0.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/eclipse/lsp4j/org.eclipse.lsp4j.jsonrpc/0.23.1/org.eclipse.lsp4j.jsonrpc-0.23.1.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/org/eclipse/lsp4j/org.eclipse.lsp4j.jsonrpc/0.24.0/org.eclipse.lsp4j.jsonrpc-0.24.0.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.11.0/gson-2.11.0.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.12.1/gson-2.12.1.jar!/" />
-      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/com/google/errorprone/error_prone_annotations/2.27.0/error_prone_annotations-2.27.0.jar!/" />
+      <root url="jar://$MAVEN_REPOSITORY$/com/google/errorprone/error_prone_annotations/2.36.0/error_prone_annotations-2.36.0.jar!/" />
     </CLASSES>
     <JAVADOC />
     <SOURCES />

.idea/misc.xml

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
           <option name="pkg" value="" />
           <option name="language" value="Java" />
           <option name="generateListener" value="false" />
+          <option name="generateVisitor" value="true" />
         </PerGrammarGenerationSettings>
       </list>
     </option>
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@
   <component name="FrameworkDetectionExcludesConfiguration">
     <type id="Python" />
   </component>
-  <component name="ProjectRootManager" version="2" languageLevel="JDK_11" default="true" project-jdk-name="openjdk-11" project-jdk-type="JavaSDK">
+  <component name="ProjectRootManager" version="2" languageLevel="JDK_21" default="true" project-jdk-name="openjdk-21" project-jdk-type="JavaSDK">
     <output url="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/out" />
   </component>
 </project>

.idea/modules.xml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
       <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/intermediate/intermediate.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/intermediate/intermediate.iml" />
       <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/parser/parser.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/parser/parser.iml" />
       <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/modules/prog8.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/modules/prog8.iml" />
+      <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/simpleAst/simpleAst.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/simpleAst/simpleAst.iml" />
       <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/virtualmachine/virtualmachine.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/virtualmachine/virtualmachine.iml" />
     </modules>
   </component>

README.md

@@ -63,12 +63,15 @@ What does Prog8 provide?
 - various data types other than just bytes (16-bit words, floats, strings)
 - floating point math is supported on certain targets
 - access to most Kernal ROM routines as external subroutine definitions you can call normally
+- tight control over Zeropage usage
+- programs can be run multiple times without reloading because of automatic variable (re)initializations.
+- programs can be configured to execute in ROM
 - strings can contain escaped characters but also many symbols directly if they have a petscii equivalent, such as "♠♥♣♦π▚●○╳". Characters like ^, _, \, {, } and | are also accepted and converted to the closest petscii equivalents.
 - automatic static variable allocations, automatic string and array variables and string sharing
 - high-level program optimizations
-- programs can be run multiple times without reloading because of automatic variable (re)initializations.
 - conditional branches that map 1:1 to cpu status flags
 - ``when`` statement to provide a concise jump table alternative to if/elseif chains
+- ``on .. goto`` statement for fast jump tables
 - ``in`` expression for concise and efficient multi-value/containment check 
 - ``defer`` statement to help write concise and robust subroutine cleanup logic
 - several specialized built-in functions such as ``lsb``, ``msb``, ``min``, ``max``, ``rol``, ``ror``
@@ -93,8 +96,7 @@ What does Prog8 provide?
 - "c64": Commodore-64  (6502 like CPU)
 - "c128": Commodore-128  (6502 like CPU - the Z80 cpu mode is not supported)
 - "pet32": Commodore PET (limited support)
-- "atari": Atari 8 bit such as 800XL (experimental)
+- via external configurable targets: Atari 800 XL, Neo6502, NES, C64OS, ...
-- "neo": Neo6502 (experimental)
 - If you only use standard kernal and prog8 library routines, it is possible to compile the *exact same program* for different machines (just change the compiler target flag)
 
 

benchmark-program/b_circles.p8

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ circles {
 
     sub draw(bool use_kernal, uword max_time) -> uword {
         if use_kernal
-            void cx16.set_screen_mode(128)
+            cx16.set_screen_mode(128)
         else
             gfx_lores.graphics_mode()
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ circles {
         }
 
         if use_kernal
-            void cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
+            cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
         else {
             gfx_lores.text_mode()
         }

benchmark-program/b_sprites.p8

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+%import sprites
+%import coroutines
+%import math
+
+
+animsprites {
+    uword num_iterations
+    ubyte[64] sx
+    ubyte[64] sy
+    ubyte[64] sc
+    ubyte[64] dx
+    ubyte[64] dy
+    uword maximum_duration
+
+    sub benchmark(uword max_duration) -> uword {
+        maximum_duration = max_duration
+        math.rndseed(1122,9876)
+        cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
+        cx16.mouse_config2(1)
+        sprites.set_mousepointer_hand()
+        repeat 64
+            void coroutines.add(animsprite, 0)
+        cx16.mouse_config2(0)
+
+        cbm.SETTIM(0,0,0)
+        coroutines.run(supervisor)
+
+        sprites.reset(0, 64)
+        return num_iterations
+    }
+
+    sub supervisor() -> bool {
+        if cbm.RDTIM16() >= maximum_duration {
+            coroutines.killall()
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    sub animsprite() {
+        num_iterations++
+        ; set up the sprite
+        ubyte sprnum = coroutines.current()
+        cx16.r6L, cx16.r7 = sprites.get_data_ptr(0)
+        sprites.init(sprnum, cx16.r6L, cx16.r7, sprites.SIZE_16, sprites.SIZE_16, sprites.COLORS_256, 0)
+        sx[sprnum] = math.rnd()
+        sy[sprnum] = math.rnd()
+        sc[sprnum] = math.rnd()
+        dx[sprnum] = if math.rnd()&1 == 1  1 else 255
+        dy[sprnum] = if math.rnd()&1 == 1  1 else 255
+
+        ; move the sprite around
+        while sc[sprnum]!=0 {
+            animate(sprnum)
+            void coroutines.yield()
+            sprnum = coroutines.current()
+        }
+
+        sub animate(ubyte spr) {
+            defer sc[spr]--
+            sprites.pos(spr, sx[spr], sy[spr])
+            sx[spr] += dx[spr]
+            sy[spr] += dy[spr]
+        }
+
+        ; end the task but replace it with a fresh animated sprite task
+        void coroutines.add(animsprite, 0)
+    }
+}

benchmark-program/benchmark.p8

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 %import b_queens
 %import b_textelite
 %import b_maze
+%import b_sprites
 
 %zeropage basicsafe
 %option no_sysinit
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ main {
     sub start() {
         ubyte benchmark_number
 
-        void cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
+        cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
         txt.color2(1, 6)
         txt.clear_screen()
 
@@ -74,10 +75,14 @@ main {
         benchmark_score[benchmark_number]  = textelite.bench(120)
         benchmark_number++
 
+        announce_benchmark("sprites-coroutines-defer")
+        benchmark_score[benchmark_number]  = animsprites.benchmark(300)
+        benchmark_number++
+
         benchmark_names[benchmark_number] = 0
         benchmark_score[benchmark_number] = 0
 
-        void cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
+        cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
         txt.uppercase()
         txt.color2(1, 6)
         uword final_score
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ main {
 
         sub announce_benchmark(str name) {
             benchmark_names[benchmark_number] = name
-            void cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
+            cx16.set_screen_mode(3)
             txt.uppercase()
             txt.color2(1, 6)
             txt.clear_screen()

build.gradle.kts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.internal.config.LanguageFeature
 
 
 plugins {
-    kotlin("jvm") version "2.1.10"
+    kotlin("jvm") version "2.1.21"
 }
 
 allprojects {

codeCore/src/prog8/code/Globals.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package prog8.code
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.nio.file.Path
+import kotlin.io.path.absolute
+
+
+// the automatically generated module where all string literals are interned to:
+const val INTERNED_STRINGS_MODULENAME = "prog8_interned_strings"
+
+// all automatically generated labels everywhere need to have the same label name prefix:
+const val GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX = "p8_label_gen_"
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the absolute path of the given path,
+ * where links are replaced by the actual directories,
+ * and containing no redundant path elements.
+ * If the path doesn't refer to an existing directory or file on the file system,
+ * it is returned unchanged.
+ */
+fun Path.sanitize(): Path {
+    return try {
+        this.toRealPath().normalize()
+    } catch (_: java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException) {
+        this.absolute().normalize()
+        //throw NoSuchFileException(this.toFile(), null, nx.reason).also { it.initCause(nx) }
+    } catch (iox: IOException) {
+        throw FileSystemException(this.toFile()).also { it.initCause(iox) }
+    }
+}

codeCore/src/prog8/code/ast/Verify.kt

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package prog8.code.ast
-
-import prog8.code.SymbolTable
-import prog8.code.core.*
-
-fun verifyFinalAstBeforeAsmGen(program: PtProgram, options: CompilationOptions, st: SymbolTable, errors: IErrorReporter) {
-/*
-    walkAst(program) { node, _ ->
-        if(node is PtVariable) {
-            if(node.value!=null) {
-                // require(node.type in ArrayDatatypes || node.type==DataType.STR) { "final check before asmgen: only string and array variables can still have an init value ${node.name} ${node.type} ${node.position}"}
-            }
-        }
-    }
-*/
-}

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/BuiltinFunctions.kt

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ val BuiltinFunctions: Map<String, FSignature> = mapOf(
     "abs__word"     to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.UWORD, FParam("value", BaseDataType.WORD)),
     "abs__float"    to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.FLOAT, FParam("value", BaseDataType.FLOAT)),
     "len"           to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.UWORD, FParam("values", *IterableDatatypes)),
-    "sizeof"        to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.UBYTE, FParam("object", *BaseDataType.entries.toTypedArray())),
+    "sizeof"        to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.UBYTE, FParam("object", *(BaseDataType.entries - BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE).toTypedArray())),
     "sgn"           to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.BYTE, FParam("value", *NumericDatatypes)),
     "sqrt"          to FSignature(true, null, FParam("value", *NumericDatatypes)),
     "sqrt__ubyte"   to FSignature(true, BaseDataType.UBYTE, FParam("value", BaseDataType.UBYTE)),

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/CompilationOptions.kt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class CompilationOptions(val output: OutputType,
                          val zpAllowed: List<UIntRange>,
                          val floats: Boolean,
                          val noSysInit: Boolean,
+                         val romable: Boolean,
                          val compTarget: ICompilationTarget,
                          // these are set later, based on command line arguments or options in the source code:
                          var loadAddress: UInt,
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ class CompilationOptions(val output: OutputType,
                          var breakpointCpuInstruction: String? = null,
                          var ignoreFootguns: Boolean = false,
                          var outputDir: Path = Path(""),
+                         var quiet: Boolean = false,
                          var symbolDefs: Map<String, String> = emptyMap()
 ) {
     init {

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/Enumerations.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package prog8.code.core
 
-import java.util.Objects
+import java.util.*
 
 enum class BaseDataType {
     UBYTE,              // pass by value            8 bits unsigned
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ enum class BaseDataType {
     STR,                // pass by reference
     ARRAY,              // pass by reference, subtype is the element type
     ARRAY_SPLITW,       // pass by reference, split word layout, subtype is the element type (restricted to word types)
+    POINTER,            // typed pointer, subtype is whatever type is pointed to
+    STRUCT_INSTANCE,    // the actual instance of a struct (not directly supported in the language yet, but we need its type)
+    ARRAY_POINTER,      // array of pointers (uwords), subtype is whatever type each element points to
     UNDEFINED;
 
 
@@ -26,6 +29,7 @@ enum class BaseDataType {
             this.isArray && other.isArray -> false
             this.isArray -> other != FLOAT
             this == STR -> other != FLOAT
+            this.isPointer -> other.isByteOrBool
             else -> true
         }
 
@@ -34,7 +38,8 @@ enum class BaseDataType {
             this == other -> true
             this.isArray && other.isArray -> true
             this.isByteOrBool -> other.isByteOrBool
-            this.isWord -> other.isWord
+            this.isWord -> other.isWord || other.isPointer
+            this.isPointer -> other.isWord
             this == STR && other== UWORD || this== UWORD && other== STR -> true
             this == STR && other.isArray -> true
             this.isArray && other == STR -> true
@@ -50,73 +55,164 @@ val BaseDataType.isIntegerOrBool get() = this in arrayOf(BaseDataType.UBYTE, Bas
 val BaseDataType.isNumeric get() = this == BaseDataType.FLOAT || this.isInteger
 val BaseDataType.isNumericOrBool get() = this == BaseDataType.BOOL || this.isNumeric
 val BaseDataType.isSigned get() = this in arrayOf(BaseDataType.BYTE, BaseDataType.WORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
-val BaseDataType.isArray get() = this == BaseDataType.ARRAY || this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW
+val BaseDataType.isArray get() = this == BaseDataType.ARRAY || this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW || this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER
-val BaseDataType.isSplitWordArray get() = this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW
+val BaseDataType.isPointer get() = this == BaseDataType.POINTER
-val BaseDataType.isIterable get() =  this in arrayOf(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.ARRAY, BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW)
+val BaseDataType.isStructInstance get() = this == BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE
-val BaseDataType.isPassByRef get() = this.isIterable
+val BaseDataType.isPointerArray get() = this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER
-val BaseDataType.isPassByValue get() = !this.isIterable
+val BaseDataType.isSplitWordArray get() = this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW || this == BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER       // pointer arrays are also always stored as split uwords
+val BaseDataType.isIterable get() =  this in arrayOf(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.ARRAY, BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW, BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER)
+val BaseDataType.isPassByRef get() = this.isIterable && !this.isPointer
+val BaseDataType.isPassByValue get() = !this.isIterable || this.isPointer
 
 
-class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType?) {
+interface ISubType {
+    val scopedNameString: String
+    fun memsize(sizer: IMemSizer): Int
+    fun sameas(other: ISubType): Boolean
+}
+
+class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType?, var subType: ISubType?, var subTypeFromAntlr: List<String>?=null) {
 
     init {
-        if(base.isArray) {
+        when {
-            require(sub != null)
+            base.isPointerArray -> {
-            if(base.isSplitWordArray)
+                require(sub!=null || subType!=null || subTypeFromAntlr!=null)
-                require(sub == BaseDataType.UWORD || sub == BaseDataType.WORD)
+            }
+            base.isArray -> {
+                require(sub != null && subType==null && subTypeFromAntlr==null)
+                if(base.isSplitWordArray)
+                    require(sub == BaseDataType.UWORD || sub == BaseDataType.WORD)
+            }
+            base==BaseDataType.STR -> require(sub==BaseDataType.UBYTE) { "string subtype should be ubyte" }
+            base!=BaseDataType.POINTER -> require(sub == null) { "only string, array and pointer base types can have a subtype"}
+            else -> {
+                require(sub == null || (subType == null && subTypeFromAntlr == null)) {
+                    "sub and subtype can't both be set"
+                }
+            }
         }
-        else if(base==BaseDataType.STR)
-            require(sub==BaseDataType.UBYTE) { "string subtype should be ubyte" }
-        else
-            require(sub == null) { "only string and array base types can have a subtype"}
     }
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
         if (other !is DataType) return false
-        return base == other.base && sub == other.sub
+        return base == other.base && sub == other.sub && (subType==other.subType || subType!!.sameas(other.subType!!))
     }
 
-    override fun hashCode(): Int = Objects.hash(base, sub)
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = Objects.hash(base, sub, subType)
+
+    fun setActualSubType(actualSubType: ISubType) {
+        subType = actualSubType
+        subTypeFromAntlr = null
+    }
 
     companion object {
+
+        val UBYTE = DataType(BaseDataType.UBYTE, null, null)
+        val BYTE = DataType(BaseDataType.BYTE, null, null)
+        val UWORD = DataType(BaseDataType.UWORD, null, null)
+        val WORD = DataType(BaseDataType.WORD, null, null)
+        val LONG = DataType(BaseDataType.LONG, null, null)
+        val FLOAT = DataType(BaseDataType.FLOAT, null, null)
+        val BOOL = DataType(BaseDataType.BOOL, null, null)
+        val STR = DataType(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.UBYTE, null)
+        val UNDEFINED = DataType(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED, null, null)
+
         private val simpletypes = mapOf(
-            BaseDataType.UBYTE to DataType(BaseDataType.UBYTE, null),
+            BaseDataType.UBYTE to DataType(BaseDataType.UBYTE, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.BYTE to DataType(BaseDataType.BYTE, null),
+            BaseDataType.BYTE to DataType(BaseDataType.BYTE, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.UWORD to DataType(BaseDataType.UWORD, null),
+            BaseDataType.UWORD to DataType(BaseDataType.UWORD, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.WORD to DataType(BaseDataType.WORD, null),
+            BaseDataType.WORD to DataType(BaseDataType.WORD, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.LONG to DataType(BaseDataType.LONG, null),
+            BaseDataType.LONG to DataType(BaseDataType.LONG, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.FLOAT to DataType(BaseDataType.FLOAT, null),
+            BaseDataType.FLOAT to DataType(BaseDataType.FLOAT, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.BOOL to DataType(BaseDataType.BOOL, null),
+            BaseDataType.BOOL to DataType(BaseDataType.BOOL, null, null),
-            BaseDataType.STR to DataType(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.UBYTE),
+            BaseDataType.STR to DataType(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.UBYTE, null),
-            BaseDataType.UNDEFINED to DataType(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED, null)
+            BaseDataType.UNDEFINED to DataType(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED, null, null)
         )
 
-        fun forDt(dt: BaseDataType) = simpletypes.getValue(dt)
+        fun forDt(dt: BaseDataType): DataType {
+            if(dt.isStructInstance)
+                TODO("cannot use struct instance as a data type (yet) - use a pointer instead")
+            return simpletypes.getValue(dt)
+        }
 
         fun arrayFor(elementDt: BaseDataType, splitwordarray: Boolean=true): DataType {
+            require(!elementDt.isPointer) { "use other array constructor for arrays of pointers" }
             val actualElementDt = if(elementDt==BaseDataType.STR) BaseDataType.UWORD else elementDt      // array of strings is actually just an array of UWORD pointers
             return if(splitwordarray && actualElementDt.isWord)
-                DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW, actualElementDt)
+                DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW, actualElementDt, null)
             else {
                 if(actualElementDt.isNumericOrBool && actualElementDt != BaseDataType.LONG)
-                    DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY, actualElementDt)
+                    DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY, actualElementDt, null)
                 else
-                    throw NoSuchElementException("invalid element dt $elementDt")
+                    throw NoSuchElementException("invalid basic element dt $elementDt")
             }
         }
+
+        fun arrayOfPointersTo(sub: BaseDataType): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER, sub, null)
+        fun arrayOfPointersTo(structType: ISubType?): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER, null, structType)
+        fun arrayOfPointersFromAntlrTo(sub: BaseDataType?, identifier: List<String>?): DataType =
+            DataType(BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER, sub, null, identifier)
+
+        fun pointer(base: BaseDataType): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, base, null)
+        fun pointer(dt: DataType): DataType {
+            if(dt.isBasic)
+                return DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, dt.base, null)
+            else
+                return DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, null, dt.subType, dt.subTypeFromAntlr)
+        }
+        fun pointer(structType: ISubType): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, null, structType, null)
+        fun pointerFromAntlr(identifier: List<String>): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, null, null, identifier)
+        fun structInstance(type: ISubType?): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE, sub=null, type)
+        fun structInstanceFromAntlr(struct: List<String>): DataType = DataType(BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE, null, null, subTypeFromAntlr = struct)
     }
 
+
     fun elementToArray(splitwords: Boolean = true): DataType {
         return if (base == BaseDataType.UWORD || base == BaseDataType.WORD || base == BaseDataType.STR) arrayFor(base, splitwords)
         else arrayFor(base, false)
     }
 
     fun elementType(): DataType =
-        if(base.isArray || base==BaseDataType.STR)
+        when {
-            forDt(sub!!)
+            isPointerArray -> DataType(BaseDataType.POINTER, sub, subType)
-        else
+            base.isArray || base==BaseDataType.STR -> forDt(sub!!)
-            throw IllegalArgumentException("not an array")
+            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("not an array")
+        }
+
+    fun typeForAddressOf(msb: Boolean): DataType {
+        if (isUndefined)
+            return if(msb) pointer(BaseDataType.UBYTE) else UWORD
+        else {
+            if (isBasic)
+                return pointer(base)
+            if (isString)
+                return pointer(BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+            if (isPointer)
+                return UWORD
+            if (isArray) {
+                if (msb || isSplitWordArray)
+                    return pointer(BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+                val elementDt = elementType()
+                require(elementDt.isBasic)
+                return pointer(elementDt)
+            }
+            if (subType != null)
+                return pointer(this)
+            return UWORD
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun dereference(): DataType {
+        require(isPointer || isUnsignedWord)
+        return when {
+            isUnsignedWord -> forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+            sub!=null -> forDt(sub)
+            subType!=null -> DataType(BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE, null, subType)
+            subTypeFromAntlr!=null -> DataType(BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE, null, null, subTypeFromAntlr)
+            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("cannot dereference this pointer type")
+        }
+    }
 
     override fun toString(): String = when(base) {
         BaseDataType.ARRAY -> {
@@ -137,6 +233,15 @@ class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType
                 else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("invalid sub type")
             }
         }
+        BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+            if(sub!=null) "^^${sub.name.lowercase()}" else if(subType!=null) "^^${subType!!.scopedNameString}" else "^^${subTypeFromAntlr}"
+        }
+        BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER -> {
+            if(sub!=null) "^^${sub.name.lowercase()}[] (split)" else if (subType!=null) "^^${subType!!.scopedNameString}[] (split)" else "^^${subTypeFromAntlr}[] (split)"
+        }
+        BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE -> {
+            sub?.name?.lowercase() ?: if (subType!=null) subType!!.scopedNameString else "$subTypeFromAntlr"
+        }
         else -> base.name.lowercase()
     }
 
@@ -149,6 +254,30 @@ class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType
         BaseDataType.LONG -> "long"
         BaseDataType.FLOAT -> "float"
         BaseDataType.STR -> "str"
+        BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+            when {
+                sub!=null -> "^^${sub.name.lowercase()}"
+                subType!=null -> "^^${subType!!.scopedNameString}"
+                subTypeFromAntlr!=null -> "^^${subTypeFromAntlr!!.joinToString(".")}"
+                else -> "?????"
+            }
+        }
+        BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE -> {
+            when {
+                sub!=null -> sub.name.lowercase()
+                subType!=null -> subType!!.scopedNameString
+                subTypeFromAntlr!=null -> subTypeFromAntlr!!.joinToString(".")
+                else -> "?????"
+            }
+        }
+        BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER -> {
+            when {
+                sub!=null -> "^^${sub.name.lowercase()}["
+                subType!=null -> "^^${subType!!.scopedNameString}["
+                subTypeFromAntlr!=null -> "^^${subTypeFromAntlr!!.joinToString(".")}["
+                else -> "????? ["
+            }
+        }
         BaseDataType.ARRAY -> {
             when(sub) {
                 BaseDataType.UBYTE -> "ubyte["
@@ -176,18 +305,36 @@ class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType
             BaseDataType.BOOL -> targetType.base == BaseDataType.BOOL
             BaseDataType.UBYTE -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.UBYTE, BaseDataType.WORD, BaseDataType.UWORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
             BaseDataType.BYTE -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.BYTE, BaseDataType.WORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
-            BaseDataType.UWORD -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.UWORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
+            BaseDataType.UWORD -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.UWORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT, BaseDataType.POINTER, BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER)
             BaseDataType.WORD -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.WORD, BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
             BaseDataType.LONG -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.LONG, BaseDataType.FLOAT)
             BaseDataType.FLOAT -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.FLOAT)
-            BaseDataType.STR -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.UWORD)
+            BaseDataType.STR -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.STR, BaseDataType.UWORD) || (targetType.isPointer && targetType.sub==BaseDataType.UBYTE)
             BaseDataType.ARRAY, BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW -> targetType.base in arrayOf(BaseDataType.ARRAY, BaseDataType.ARRAY_SPLITW) && targetType.sub == sub
+            BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+                when {
+                    targetType.base == BaseDataType.UWORD || targetType.base == BaseDataType.LONG -> true
+                    targetType.isPointer -> this.isUnsignedWord || this == targetType
+                    else -> false
+                }
+            }
+            BaseDataType.STRUCT_INSTANCE -> false        // we cannot deal with actual struct instances yet in any shape or form (only getting fields from it)
+            BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER -> TODO("check assignability of array of pointers")
             BaseDataType.UNDEFINED -> false
         }
 
     fun largerSizeThan(other: DataType): Boolean = base.largerSizeThan(other.base)
     fun equalsSize(other: DataType): Boolean = base.equalsSize(other.base)
 
+    fun size(memsizer: IMemSizer): Int = if(sub!=null) {
+            memsizer.memorySize(sub)
+        } else if(subType!=null) {
+            subType!!.memsize(memsizer)
+        } else {
+            memsizer.memorySize(base)
+        }
+
+    val isBasic = sub==null && subType==null && subTypeFromAntlr==null
     val isUndefined = base == BaseDataType.UNDEFINED
     val isByte = base.isByte
     val isUnsignedByte = base == BaseDataType.UBYTE
@@ -203,6 +350,9 @@ class DataType private constructor(val base: BaseDataType, val sub: BaseDataType
     val isSigned = base.isSigned
     val isUnsigned = !base.isSigned
     val isArray = base.isArray
+    val isPointer = base.isPointer
+    val isStructInstance = base.isStructInstance
+    val isPointerArray = base.isPointerArray
     val isBoolArray = base.isArray && sub == BaseDataType.BOOL
     val isByteArray = base.isArray && (sub == BaseDataType.UBYTE || sub == BaseDataType.BYTE)
     val isUnsignedByteArray = base.isArray && sub == BaseDataType.UBYTE
@@ -269,7 +419,7 @@ enum class RegisterOrPair {
             BaseDataType.BYTE -> "sL"
             BaseDataType.WORD -> "s"
             BaseDataType.UWORD, null -> ""
-            else -> throw kotlin.IllegalArgumentException("invalid register param type")
+            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("invalid register param type")
         }
         return listOf("cx16", name.lowercase()+suffix)
     }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/ICompilationTarget.kt

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ interface ICompilationTarget: IStringEncoding, IMemSizer {
     val libraryPath: Path?
     val customLauncher: List<String>
     val additionalAssemblerOptions: String?
+    val defaultOutputType: OutputType
 
     fun initializeMemoryAreas(compilerOptions: CompilationOptions)
     fun getFloatAsmBytes(num: Number): String
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ interface ICompilationTarget: IStringEncoding, IMemSizer {
     fun convertFloatToBytes(num: Double): List<UByte>
     fun convertBytesToFloat(bytes: List<UByte>): Double
 
-    fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path)
+    fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean)
     fun isIOAddress(address: UInt): Boolean
 
     override fun encodeString(str: String, encoding: Encoding): List<UByte>

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/IErrorReporter.kt

@@ -13,4 +13,6 @@ interface IErrorReporter {
     }
 
     fun noErrorForLine(position: Position): Boolean
+
+    fun printSingleError(errormessage: String)
 }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/IMemSizer.kt

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ interface IMemSizer {
 
     fun memorySize(dt: BaseDataType): Int {
         if(dt.isPassByRef)
-            return memorySize(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), null)      // a pointer size
+            return memorySize(DataType.UWORD, null)      // a pointer size
         try {
             return memorySize(DataType.forDt(dt), null)
         } catch (x: NoSuchElementException) {

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/MemoryRegions.kt

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ abstract class Zeropage(options: CompilationOptions): MemoryAllocator(options) {
                     }
                     datatype.isFloat -> {
                         if (options.floats) {
-                            val memsize = options.compTarget.memorySize(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), null)
+                            val memsize = options.compTarget.memorySize(DataType.FLOAT, null)
                             if(position!=null)
                                 errors.warn("allocating a large value in zeropage; float $memsize bytes", position)
                             else
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class GoldenRam(options: CompilationOptions, val region: UIntRange): MemoryAlloc
                 datatype.isArray -> options.compTarget.memorySize(datatype, numElements!!)
                 datatype.isFloat -> {
                     if (options.floats) {
-                        options.compTarget.memorySize(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), null)
+                        options.compTarget.memorySize(DataType.FLOAT, null)
                     } else return Err(MemAllocationError("floating point option not enabled"))
                 }
                 else -> throw MemAllocationError("weird dt")

codeCore/src/prog8/code/core/Position.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package prog8.code.core
 
+import prog8.code.sanitize
 import prog8.code.source.SourceCode
 import java.nio.file.InvalidPathException
 import kotlin.io.path.Path
-import kotlin.io.path.absolute
 
 data class Position(val file: String, val line: Int, val startCol: Int, val endCol: Int) {
     override fun toString(): String = "[$file: line $line col ${startCol+1}-${endCol+1}]"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ data class Position(val file: String, val line: Int, val startCol: Int, val endC
         if(SourceCode.isLibraryResource(file))
             return "$file:$line:$startCol:"
         return try {
-            val path = Path(file).absolute().normalize().toString()
+            val path = Path(file).sanitize().toString()
             "file://$path:$line:$startCol:"
         } catch(_: InvalidPathException) {
             // this can occur on Windows when the source origin contains "invalid" characters such as ':'

codeCore/src/prog8/code/source/ImportFileSystem.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package prog8.code.source
 
 import prog8.code.core.Position
+import prog8.code.sanitize
 import java.nio.file.Path
-import java.util.TreeMap
+import java.util.*
 import kotlin.io.path.Path
-import kotlin.io.path.absolute
 
 
 // Resource caching "filesystem".
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ object ImportFileSystem {
     fun expandTilde(path: Path): Path = Path(expandTilde(path.toString()))
 
     fun getFile(path: Path, isLibrary: Boolean=false): SourceCode {
-        val normalized = path.absolute().normalize()
+        val normalized = path.sanitize()
         val cached = cache[normalized.toString()]
         if (cached != null)
             return cached
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ object ImportFileSystem {
         val cached = cache[position.file]
         if(cached != null)
             return getLine(cached, position.line)
-        val path = Path(position.file).absolute().normalize()
+        val path = Path(position.file).sanitize()
         val cached2 = cache[path.toString()]
         if(cached2 != null)
             return getLine(cached2, position.line)

codeCore/src/prog8/code/source/SourceCode.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package prog8.code.source
 
+import prog8.code.sanitize
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.nio.file.Path
 import java.text.Normalizer
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ sealed class SourceCode {
         private const val LIBRARYFILEPREFIX = "library:"
         private const val STRINGSOURCEPREFIX = "string:"
         val curdir: Path = Path(".").absolute()
-        fun relative(path: Path): Path = curdir.relativize(path.absolute())
+        fun relative(path: Path): Path = curdir.relativize(path.sanitize())
         fun isRegularFilesystemPath(pathString: String) = !isLibraryResource(pathString) && !isStringResource(pathString)
         fun isLibraryResource(path: String) = path.startsWith(LIBRARYFILEPREFIX)
         fun isStringResource(path: String) = path.startsWith(STRINGSOURCEPREFIX)

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/C128Target.kt

@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ import prog8.code.target.zp.C128Zeropage
 import java.nio.file.Path
 
 
-class C128Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+class C128Target: ICompilationTarget,
+    IStringEncoding by Encoder(true),
+    IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+
     override val name = NAME
     override val defaultEncoding = Encoding.PETSCII
     override val libraryPath = null
     override val customLauncher: List<String> = emptyList()
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions = null
+    override val defaultOutputType = OutputType.PRG
 
     companion object {
         const val NAME = "c128"
@@ -27,10 +31,10 @@ class C128Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by N
     override val PROGRAM_LOAD_ADDRESS = 0x1c01u
     override val PROGRAM_MEMTOP_ADDRESS = 0xc000u
 
-    override val BSSHIGHRAM_START = 0u    // TODO
+    override val BSSHIGHRAM_START = 0u    // TODO address?
-    override val BSSHIGHRAM_END = 0u      // TODO
+    override val BSSHIGHRAM_END = 0u      // TODO address?
-    override val BSSGOLDENRAM_START = 0u  // TODO
+    override val BSSGOLDENRAM_START = 0u  // TODO address?
-    override val BSSGOLDENRAM_END = 0u    // TODO
+    override val BSSGOLDENRAM_END = 0u    // TODO address?
 
     override lateinit var zeropage: Zeropage
     override lateinit var golden: GoldenRam
@@ -48,17 +52,21 @@ class C128Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by N
         return m5.toDouble()
     }
 
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
         if(selectedEmulator!=1) {
             System.err.println("The c128 target only supports the main emulator (Vice).")
             return
         }
 
-        println("\nStarting C-128 emulator x128...")
+        if(!quiet)
+            println("\nStarting C-128 emulator x128...")
+
         val viceMonlist = C64Target.viceMonListName(programNameWithPath.toString())
         val cmdline = listOf("x128", "-silent", "-moncommands", viceMonlist,
             "-autostartprgmode", "1", "-autostart-warp", "-autostart", "${programNameWithPath}.prg")
-        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline).inheritIO()
+        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline)
+        if(!quiet)
+            processb.inheritIO()
         val process: Process = processb.start()
         process.waitFor()
     }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/C64Target.kt

@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@ import java.io.IOException
 import java.nio.file.Path
 
 
-class C64Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+class C64Target: ICompilationTarget,
+    IStringEncoding by Encoder(true),
+    IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+
     override val name = NAME
     override val defaultEncoding = Encoding.PETSCII
     override val libraryPath = null
     override val customLauncher: List<String> = emptyList()
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions = null
+    override val defaultOutputType = OutputType.PRG
 
     companion object {
         const val NAME = "c64"
@@ -52,18 +56,22 @@ class C64Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by No
         return m5.toDouble()
     }
 
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
         if(selectedEmulator!=1) {
             System.err.println("The c64 target only supports the main emulator (Vice).")
             return
         }
 
         for(emulator in listOf("x64sc", "x64")) {
-            println("\nStarting C-64 emulator $emulator...")
+            if(!quiet)
+                println("\nStarting C-64 emulator $emulator...")
+
             val viceMonlist = viceMonListName(programNameWithPath.toString())
             val cmdline = listOf(emulator, "-silent", "-moncommands", viceMonlist,
                 "-autostartprgmode", "1", "-autostart-warp", "-autostart", "${programNameWithPath}.prg")
-            val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline).inheritIO()
+            val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline)
+            if(!quiet)
+                processb.inheritIO()
             val process: Process
             try {
                 process=processb.start()

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/ConfigFileTarget.kt

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class ConfigFileTarget(
     override val BSSHIGHRAM_END: UInt,
     override val BSSGOLDENRAM_START: UInt,
     override val BSSGOLDENRAM_END: UInt,
+    override val defaultOutputType: OutputType,
     override val libraryPath: Path,
     override val customLauncher: List<String>,
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions: String?,
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class ConfigFileTarget(
     val zpFullsafe: List<UIntRange>,
     val zpKernalsafe: List<UIntRange>,
     val zpBasicsafe: List<UIntRange>
-): ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(8) {
+): ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder(true), IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(8) {
 
     companion object {
 
@@ -108,7 +109,10 @@ class ConfigFileTarget(
                     (customLauncherStr+"\n").lines().map { it.trimEnd() }
                 else emptyList()
             val assemblerOptionsStr = props.getProperty("assembler_options", "").trim()
-            val assemblerOptions = if(assemblerOptionsStr.isBlank()) null else assemblerOptionsStr
+            val assemblerOptions = assemblerOptionsStr.ifBlank { null }
+
+            val outputTypeString = props.getProperty("output_type", "PRG")
+            val defaultOutputType = OutputType.valueOf(outputTypeString.uppercase())
 
             return ConfigFileTarget(
                 configfile.nameWithoutExtension,
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ class ConfigFileTarget(
                 props.getInteger("bss_highram_end"),
                 props.getInteger("bss_goldenram_start"),
                 props.getInteger("bss_goldenram_end"),
+                defaultOutputType,
                 libraryPath,
                 customLauncher,
                 assemblerOptions,
@@ -148,7 +153,7 @@ class ConfigFileTarget(
     override fun getFloatAsmBytes(num: Number) = TODO("floats")
     override fun convertFloatToBytes(num: Double): List<UByte> = TODO("floats")
     override fun convertBytesToFloat(bytes: List<UByte>): Double = TODO("floats")
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
         throw IllegalArgumentException("Custom compiler target cannot automatically launch an emulator. Do this manually.")
     }
 

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/Cx16Target.kt

@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ import prog8.code.target.zp.CX16Zeropage
 import java.nio.file.Path
 
 
-class Cx16Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+class Cx16Target: ICompilationTarget,
+    IStringEncoding by Encoder(true),
+    IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+
     override val name = NAME
     override val defaultEncoding = Encoding.PETSCII
     override val libraryPath = null
     override val customLauncher: List<String> = emptyList()
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions = null
+    override val defaultOutputType = OutputType.PRG
 
     companion object {
         const val NAME = "cx16"
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ class Cx16Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by N
         return m5.toDouble()
     }
 
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
         val emulator: String
         val extraArgs: List<String>
 
@@ -67,9 +71,13 @@ class Cx16Target: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by N
             }
         }
 
-        println("\nStarting Commander X16 emulator $emulator...")
+        if(!quiet)
+            println("\nStarting Commander X16 emulator $emulator...")
+
         val cmdline = listOf(emulator, "-scale", "2", "-rtc", "-run", "-prg", "${programNameWithPath}.prg") + extraArgs
-        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline).inheritIO()
+        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline)
+        if(!quiet)
+            processb.inheritIO()
         processb.environment()["PULSE_LATENCY_MSEC"] = "10"
         val process: Process = processb.start()
         process.waitFor()

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/NormalMemSizer.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ import prog8.code.core.IMemSizer
 internal class NormalMemSizer(val floatsize: Int): IMemSizer {
 
     override fun memorySize(dt: DataType, numElements: Int?): Int {
-        if(dt.isArray) {
+        if(dt.isPointerArray)
+            return 2 * numElements!!        // array of pointers is just array of uwords
+        else if(dt.isArray) {
             if(numElements==null) return 2      // treat it as a pointer size
             return when(dt.sub) {
                 BaseDataType.BOOL, BaseDataType.UBYTE, BaseDataType.BYTE -> numElements
@@ -18,14 +20,16 @@ internal class NormalMemSizer(val floatsize: Int): IMemSizer {
             }
         }
         else if (dt.isString) {
-            if(numElements!=null) return numElements        // treat it as the size of the given string with the length
+            return numElements        // treat it as the size of the given string with the length
-            else return 2    // treat it as the size to store a string pointer
+                ?: 2    // treat it as the size to store a string pointer
         }
 
         return when {
             dt.isByteOrBool -> 1 * (numElements ?: 1)
             dt.isFloat -> floatsize * (numElements ?: 1)
-            dt.isLong -> throw IllegalArgumentException("long can not yet be put into memory")
+            dt.isLong -> 4 * (numElements ?: 1)
+            dt.isPointer -> 2  // pointer is just a uword
+            dt.isStructInstance -> dt.subType!!.memsize(this)
             dt.isUndefined -> throw IllegalArgumentException("undefined has no memory size")
             else -> 2 * (numElements ?: 1)
         }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/PETTarget.kt

@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ import prog8.code.target.zp.PETZeropage
 import java.nio.file.Path
 
 
-class PETTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+class PETTarget: ICompilationTarget,
+    IStringEncoding by Encoder(true),
+    IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(Mflpt5.Companion.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+
     override val name = NAME
     override val defaultEncoding = Encoding.PETSCII
     override val libraryPath = null
     override val customLauncher: List<String> = emptyList()
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions = null
+    override val defaultOutputType = OutputType.PRG
 
     companion object {
         const val NAME = "pet32"
@@ -47,17 +51,21 @@ class PETTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by No
         return m5.toDouble()
     }
 
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
         if(selectedEmulator!=1) {
             System.err.println("The pet target only supports the main emulator (Vice).")
             return
         }
 
-        println("\nStarting PET emulator...")
+        if(!quiet)
+            println("\nStarting PET emulator...")
+
         val viceMonlist = C64Target.viceMonListName(programNameWithPath.toString())
         val cmdline = listOf("xpet", "-model", "4032", "-ramsize", "32", "-videosize", "40", "-silent", "-moncommands", viceMonlist,
             "-autostartprgmode", "1", "-autostart-warp", "-autostart", "${programNameWithPath}.prg")
-        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline).inheritIO()
+        val processb = ProcessBuilder(cmdline)
+        if(!quiet)
+            processb.inheritIO()
         val process=processb.start()
         process.waitFor()
     }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/VMTarget.kt

@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@ import kotlin.io.path.isReadable
 import kotlin.io.path.name
 import kotlin.io.path.readText
 
-class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget,
+    IStringEncoding by Encoder(false),
+    IMemSizer by NormalMemSizer(FLOAT_MEM_SIZE) {
+
     override val name = NAME
     override val defaultEncoding = Encoding.ISO
     override val libraryPath = null
     override val customLauncher: List<String> = emptyList()
     override val additionalAssemblerOptions = null
+    override val defaultOutputType = OutputType.PRG
 
     companion object {
         const val NAME = "virtual"
@@ -21,8 +25,8 @@ class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by Nor
 
     override val cpu = CpuType.VIRTUAL
 
-    override val FLOAT_MAX_POSITIVE = Double.MAX_VALUE.toDouble()
+    override val FLOAT_MAX_POSITIVE = Double.MAX_VALUE
-    override val FLOAT_MAX_NEGATIVE = -Double.MAX_VALUE.toDouble()
+    override val FLOAT_MAX_NEGATIVE = -Double.MAX_VALUE
     override val FLOAT_MEM_SIZE = VMTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE
     override val STARTUP_CODE_RESERVED_SIZE = 0u  // not actually used
     override val PROGRAM_LOAD_ADDRESS = 0u      // not actually used
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by Nor
         // little endian binary representation
         val bits = num.toDouble().toBits().toULong()
         val hexStr = bits.toString(16).padStart(16, '0')
-        val parts = hexStr.chunked(2).map { "\$" + it }
+        val parts = hexStr.chunked(2).map { "$$it" }
         return parts.joinToString(", ")
     }
 
@@ -63,19 +67,21 @@ class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by Nor
         return Double.fromBits(b0 or b1 or b2 or b3 or b4 or b5 or b6 or b7)
     }
 
-    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path) {
+    override fun launchEmulator(selectedEmulator: Int, programNameWithPath: Path, quiet: Boolean) {
-        println("\nStarting Virtual Machine...")
+        if(!quiet)
+            println("\nStarting Virtual Machine...")
+
         // to not have external module dependencies in our own module, we launch the virtual machine via reflection
         val vm = Class.forName("prog8.vm.VmRunner").getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance() as IVirtualMachineRunner
         val filename = programNameWithPath.name
         if(programNameWithPath.isReadable()) {
-            vm.runProgram(programNameWithPath.readText())
+            vm.runProgram(programNameWithPath.readText(), quiet)
         } else {
             val withExt = programNameWithPath.resolveSibling("$filename.p8ir")
             if(withExt.isReadable())
-                vm.runProgram(withExt.readText())
+                vm.runProgram(withExt.readText(), quiet)
             else
-                throw NoSuchFileException(withExt.toFile(), reason="not a .p8ir file")
+                throw java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException(withExt.name, null, "not a .p8ir file")
         }
     }
 
@@ -85,37 +91,12 @@ class VMTarget: ICompilationTarget, IStringEncoding by Encoder, IMemSizer by Nor
         zeropage = VirtualZeropage(compilerOptions)
         golden = GoldenRam(compilerOptions, UIntRange.EMPTY)
     }
-
-    override fun memorySize(dt: DataType, numElements: Int?): Int {
-        if(dt.isArray) {
-            if(numElements==null) return 2      // treat it as a pointer size
-            return when(dt.sub) {
-                BaseDataType.BOOL, BaseDataType.UBYTE, BaseDataType.BYTE -> numElements
-                BaseDataType.UWORD, BaseDataType.WORD, BaseDataType.STR -> numElements * 2
-                BaseDataType.FLOAT-> numElements * FLOAT_MEM_SIZE
-                BaseDataType.UNDEFINED -> throw IllegalArgumentException("undefined has no memory size")
-                else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("invalid sub type")
-            }
-        }
-        else if (dt.isString) {
-            if(numElements!=null) return numElements        // treat it as the size of the given string with the length
-            else return 2    // treat it as the size to store a string pointer
-        }
-
-        return when {
-            dt.isByteOrBool -> 1 * (numElements ?: 1)
-            dt.isFloat -> FLOAT_MEM_SIZE * (numElements ?: 1)
-            dt.isLong -> throw IllegalArgumentException("long can not yet be put into memory")
-            dt.isUndefined -> throw IllegalArgumentException("undefined has no memory size")
-            else -> 2 * (numElements ?: 1)
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 
 
 interface IVirtualMachineRunner {
-    fun runProgram(irSource: String)
+    fun runProgram(irSource: String, quiet: Boolean)
 }
 
 private class VirtualZeropage(options: CompilationOptions): Zeropage(options) {

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/AtasciiEncoding.kt

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ object AtasciiEncoding {
         '▖',
 
         // $10
-     	'♣',
+        '♣',
         '┌',
         '─',
         '┼',
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ object AtasciiEncoding {
         '/',
 
         // $30
-     	'0',
+        '0',
         '1',
         '2',
         '3',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ object AtasciiEncoding {
         '?',
 
         // $40
-     	'@',
+        '@',
         'A',
         'B',
         'C',
@@ -197,6 +197,7 @@ object AtasciiEncoding {
     fun encode(str: String): Result<List<UByte>, CharConversionException> {
         val mapped = str.map { chr ->
             when (chr) {
+                '\r' -> 0x9bu
                 '\u0000' -> 0u
                 in '\u8000'..'\u80ff' -> {
                     // special case: take the lower 8 bit hex value directly

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/C64osEncoding.kt

@@ -285,6 +285,7 @@ object C64osEncoding {
             val screencode = encodingC64os[chr]
             return screencode?.toUByte() ?: when (chr) {
                 '\u0000' -> 0u
+                '\n' -> 13u
                 in '\u8000'..'\u80ff' -> {
                     // special case: take the lower 8 bit hex value directly
                     (chr.code - 0x8000).toUByte()

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/Encoder.kt

@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ import prog8.code.core.Encoding
 import prog8.code.core.IStringEncoding
 import prog8.code.core.InternalCompilerException
 
-object Encoder: IStringEncoding {
+class Encoder(val newlineToCarriageReturn: Boolean): IStringEncoding {
     override val defaultEncoding: Encoding = Encoding.ISO
 
     override fun encodeString(str: String, encoding: Encoding): List<UByte> {
         val coded = when(encoding) {
             Encoding.PETSCII -> PetsciiEncoding.encodePetscii(str, true)
             Encoding.SCREENCODES -> PetsciiEncoding.encodeScreencode(str, true)
-            Encoding.ISO -> IsoEncoding.encode(str)
+            Encoding.ISO -> IsoEncoding.encode(str, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ATASCII -> AtasciiEncoding.encode(str)
+            Encoding.ISO5 -> IsoCyrillicEncoding.encode(str, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ISO5 -> IsoCyrillicEncoding.encode(str)
+            Encoding.ISO16 -> IsoEasternEncoding.encode(str, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ISO16 -> IsoEasternEncoding.encode(str)
             Encoding.CP437 -> Cp437Encoding.encode(str)
-            Encoding.KATAKANA -> KatakanaEncoding.encode(str)
+            Encoding.KATAKANA -> KatakanaEncoding.encode(str, newlineToCarriageReturn)
+            Encoding.ATASCII -> AtasciiEncoding.encode(str)
             Encoding.C64OS -> C64osEncoding.encode(str)
             else -> throw InternalCompilerException("unsupported encoding $encoding")
         }
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ object Encoder: IStringEncoding {
         val decoded = when(encoding) {
             Encoding.PETSCII -> PetsciiEncoding.decodePetscii(bytes, true)
             Encoding.SCREENCODES -> PetsciiEncoding.decodeScreencode(bytes, true)
-            Encoding.ISO -> IsoEncoding.decode(bytes)
+            Encoding.ISO -> IsoEncoding.decode(bytes, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ATASCII -> AtasciiEncoding.decode(bytes)
+            Encoding.ISO5 -> IsoCyrillicEncoding.decode(bytes, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ISO5 -> IsoCyrillicEncoding.decode(bytes)
+            Encoding.ISO16 -> IsoEasternEncoding.decode(bytes, newlineToCarriageReturn)
-            Encoding.ISO16 -> IsoEasternEncoding.decode(bytes)
             Encoding.CP437 -> Cp437Encoding.decode(bytes)
-            Encoding.KATAKANA -> KatakanaEncoding.decode(bytes)
+            Encoding.KATAKANA -> KatakanaEncoding.decode(bytes, newlineToCarriageReturn)
+            Encoding.ATASCII -> AtasciiEncoding.decode(bytes)
             Encoding.C64OS -> C64osEncoding.decode(bytes)
             else -> throw InternalCompilerException("unsupported encoding $encoding")
         }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/IsoEncoding.kt

@@ -6,14 +6,16 @@ import com.github.michaelbull.result.Result
 import java.io.CharConversionException
 import java.nio.charset.Charset
 
+
 open class IsoEncodingBase(charsetName: String) {
     val charset: Charset = Charset.forName(charsetName)
 
-    fun encode(str: String): Result<List<UByte>, CharConversionException> {
+    fun encode(str: String, newlineToCarriageReturn: Boolean): Result<List<UByte>, CharConversionException> {
         return try {
             val mapped = str.map { chr ->
                 when (chr) {
                     '\u0000' -> 0u
+                    '\n' -> if(newlineToCarriageReturn) 13u else 10u
                     in '\u8000'..'\u80ff' -> {
                         // special case: take the lower 8 bit hex value directly
                         (chr.code - 0x8000).toUByte()
@@ -27,9 +29,14 @@ open class IsoEncodingBase(charsetName: String) {
         }
     }
 
-    fun decode(bytes: Iterable<UByte>): Result<String, CharConversionException> {
+    fun decode(bytes: Iterable<UByte>, newlineToCarriageReturn: Boolean): Result<String, CharConversionException> {
         return try {
-            Ok(String(bytes.map { it.toByte() }.toByteArray(), charset))
+            Ok(String(bytes.map {
+                when(it) {
+                    13u.toUByte() -> if(newlineToCarriageReturn) 10 else 13
+                    else -> it.toByte()
+                }
+            }.toByteArray(), charset))
         } catch (ce: CharConversionException) {
             Err(ce)
         }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/KatakanaEncoding.kt

@@ -64,10 +64,11 @@ object JapaneseCharacterConverter {
 object KatakanaEncoding {
     val charset: Charset = Charset.forName("JIS_X0201")
 
-    fun encode(str: String): Result<List<UByte>, CharConversionException> {
+    fun encode(str: String, newlineToCarriageReturn: Boolean): Result<List<UByte>, CharConversionException> {
         return try {
             val mapped = str.map { chr ->
                 when (chr) {
+                    '\n' -> if(newlineToCarriageReturn) 13u else 10u
 
                     '\u0000' -> 0u
                     '\u00a0' -> 0xa0u // $a0 isn't technically a part of JIS X 0201 spec, and so we need to handle this ourselves
@@ -112,9 +113,14 @@ object KatakanaEncoding {
         }
     }
 
-    fun decode(bytes: Iterable<UByte>): Result<String, CharConversionException> {
+    fun decode(bytes: Iterable<UByte>, newlineToCarriageReturn: Boolean): Result<String, CharConversionException> {
         return try {
-            Ok(String(bytes.map { it.toByte() }.toByteArray(), charset))
+            Ok(String(bytes.map {
+                when(it) {
+                    13u.toUByte() -> if(newlineToCarriageReturn) 10 else 13
+                    else -> it.toByte()
+                }
+            }.toByteArray(), charset))
         } catch (ce: CharConversionException) {
             Err(ce)
         }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/encodings/PetsciiEncoding.kt

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ object PetsciiEncoding {
         '\ufffe',    //       0x07 -> UNDEFINED
         '\uf118',    //       0x08 -> DISABLE CHARACTER SET SWITCHING (CUS)
         '\uf119',    //       0x09 -> ENABLE CHARACTER SET SWITCHING (CUS)
-        '\ufffe',    //       0x0A -> UNDEFINED
+        '\n',        //       0x0A -> LINE FEED (RETURN)
         '\ufffe',    //       0x0B -> UNDEFINED
         '\ufffe',    //       0x0C -> UNDEFINED
         '\n'    ,    //       0x0D -> LINE FEED (RETURN)
@@ -1117,6 +1117,8 @@ object PetsciiEncoding {
             val screencode = if(lowercase) encodingScreencodeLowercase[chr] else encodingScreencodeUppercase[chr]
             return screencode?.toUByte() ?: when (chr) {
                 '\u0000' -> 0u
+                '\n' -> 141u
+                '\r' -> 141u
                 in '\u8000'..'\u80ff' -> {
                     // special case: take the lower 8 bit hex value directly
                     (chr.code - 0x8000).toUByte()

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/zp/C128Zeropage.kt

@@ -16,12 +16,6 @@ class C128Zeropage(options: CompilationOptions) : Zeropage(options) {
     override val SCRATCH_W2 = 0xfdu      // temp storage 2 for a word  $fd+$fe
 
     init {
-        if (options.floats) {
-            throw InternalCompilerException("C128 target doesn't yet support floating point routines")
-            // note: in git commit labeled 'c128: remove floats module' the floats.p8 and floats.asm files are removed,
-            //       they could be retrieved again at a later time if the compiler somehow *does* store the fp variables in bank1.
-        }
-
         if (options.floats && options.zeropage !in arrayOf(
                 ZeropageType.FLOATSAFE,
                 ZeropageType.BASICSAFE,

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/zp/C64Zeropage.kt

@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ class C64Zeropage(options: CompilationOptions) : Zeropage(options) {
         // This is important because the compiler sometimes treats ZP variables more efficiently (for example if it's a pointer)
         // The base addres is $04.  Unfortunately it cannot be the same as on the Commander X16 ($02).
         for(reg in 0..15) {
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UWORD, 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.WORD, 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UBYTE, 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation((5+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)       // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation((5+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UBYTE, 1)       // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation((4+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.BYTE, 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation((5+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)        // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation((5+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.BYTE, 1)        // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
             free.remove((4+reg*2).toUInt())
             free.remove((5+reg*2).toUInt())
         }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/zp/CX16Zeropage.kt

@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ class CX16Zeropage(options: CompilationOptions) : Zeropage(options) {
         // However, to be able for the compiler to "see" them as zeropage variables, we have to register them here as well.
         // This is important because the compiler sometimes treats ZP variables more efficiently (for example if it's a pointer)
         for(reg in 0..15) {
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UWORD, 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.WORD, 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UBYTE, 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation((3+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)       // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation((3+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.UBYTE, 1)       // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation((2+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.BYTE, 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
-            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation((3+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)        // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
+            allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation((3+reg*2).toUInt(), DataType.BYTE, 1)        // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
         }
     }
 }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/zp/ConfigurableZeropage.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package prog8.code.target.zp
 
-import prog8.code.core.*
+import prog8.code.core.CompilationOptions
+import prog8.code.core.DataType
+import prog8.code.core.Zeropage
+import prog8.code.core.ZeropageType
 
 class ConfigurableZeropage(
     override val SCRATCH_B1: UInt,      // temp storage for a single byte
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ class ConfigurableZeropage(
 
     init {
         if (options.floats) {
-            TODO("floats")
+            TODO("floats in configurable target zp")
         }
 
         if(SCRATCH_REG!=SCRATCH_B1+1u)
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ class ConfigurableZeropage(
             ZeropageType.FULL -> fullsafe.forEach { free.addAll(it) }
             ZeropageType.BASICSAFE -> basicsafe.forEach { free.addAll(it) }
             ZeropageType.KERNALSAFE -> kernalsafe.forEach { free.addAll(it) }
-            ZeropageType.FLOATSAFE -> TODO("floatsafe")
+            ZeropageType.FLOATSAFE -> TODO("floatsafe in configurable target zp")
         }
 
         val distinctFree = free.distinct()
@@ -46,12 +49,12 @@ class ConfigurableZeropage(
         for(reg in 0..15) {
             val address = virtualRegistersStart + (2*reg).toUInt()
             if(address<=0xffu) {
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation(address, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}"]   = VarAllocation(address, DataType.UWORD, 2)       // cx16.r0 .. cx16.r15
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation(address, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}s"]  = VarAllocation(address, DataType.WORD, 2)        // cx16.r0s .. cx16.r15s
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation(address, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}L"]  = VarAllocation(address, DataType.UBYTE, 1)       // cx16.r0L .. cx16.r15L
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation(address+1u, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), 1)    // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}H"]  = VarAllocation(address+1u, DataType.UBYTE, 1)    // cx16.r0H .. cx16.r15H
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation(address, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sL"] = VarAllocation(address, DataType.BYTE, 1)        // cx16.r0sL .. cx16.r15sL
-                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation(address+1u, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), 1)     // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
+                allocatedVariables["cx16.r${reg}sH"] = VarAllocation(address+1u, DataType.BYTE, 1)     // cx16.r0sH .. cx16.r15sH
             }
         }
     }

codeCore/src/prog8/code/target/zp/PETZeropage.kt

@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ class PETZeropage(options: CompilationOptions) : Zeropage(options) {
     override val SCRATCH_W2 = 0xb8u      // temp storage 2 for a word
 
     init {
-        if (options.floats) {
-            throw InternalCompilerException("PET target doesn't yet support floating point routines")
-        }
-
         if (options.floats && options.zeropage !in arrayOf(
                 ZeropageType.FLOATSAFE,
                 ZeropageType.BASICSAFE,

codeGenCpu6502/build.gradle.kts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ plugins {
 
 dependencies {
     implementation(project(":codeCore"))
+    implementation(project(":simpleAst"))
     // implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8")
     // implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect"
     implementation("com.michael-bull.kotlin-result:kotlin-result-jvm:2.0.1")

codeGenCpu6502/codeGenCpu6502.iml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="KotlinJavaRuntime" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeCore" />
+    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="simpleAst" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="michael.bull.kotlin.result.jvm" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.assertions.core.jvm" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.runner.junit5.jvm" level="project" />

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/AsmGen.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
 
 import com.github.michaelbull.result.fold
-import prog8.code.StNode
+import prog8.code.*
-import prog8.code.StNodeType
-import prog8.code.SymbolTable
-import prog8.code.SymbolTableMaker
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.code.source.ImportFileSystem
@@ -12,7 +9,6 @@ import prog8.code.source.SourceCode
 import prog8.code.target.Cx16Target
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.assignment.*
 import kotlin.io.path.Path
-import kotlin.io.path.absolute
 import kotlin.io.path.writeLines
 
 
@@ -39,9 +35,12 @@ class AsmGen6502(val prefixSymbols: Boolean, private val lastGeneratedLabelSeque
             when(node) {
                 is PtAsmSub, is PtSub -> node.name = "p8s_${node.name}"
                 is PtBlock -> node.name = "p8b_${node.name}"
-                is PtLabel -> if(!node.name.startsWith(PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX)) node.name = "p8l_${node.name}"   // don't prefix autogenerated labels
+                is PtLabel -> if(!node.name.startsWith(GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX)) node.name = "p8l_${node.name}"   // don't prefix autogenerated labels
                 is PtConstant -> node.name = "p8c_${node.name}"
-                is PtVariable, is PtMemMapped, is PtSubroutineParameter -> node.name = "p8v_${node.name}"
+                is PtVariable, is PtMemMapped, is PtSubroutineParameter -> {
+                    node.name = "p8v_${node.name}"
+                }
+                is PtStructDecl -> { /* do nothing */ }
             }
         }
 
@@ -54,10 +53,7 @@ class AsmGen6502(val prefixSymbols: Boolean, private val lastGeneratedLabelSeque
                         node.address!!.varbank = node.address!!.varbank!!.prefix(node, st)
                     }
                 }
-                is PtSub -> {
+                is PtSub -> prefixNamedNode(node)
-                    prefixNamedNode(node)
-                    node.parameters.forEach { prefixNamedNode(it) }
-                }
                 is PtFunctionCall -> {
                     val stNode = st.lookup(node.name)!!
                     if(stNode.astNode!!.definingBlock()?.options?.noSymbolPrefixing!=true) {
@@ -90,9 +86,35 @@ class AsmGen6502(val prefixSymbols: Boolean, private val lastGeneratedLabelSeque
             node.children.forEach { prefixSymbols(it) }
         }
 
+        fun maybePrefixFunctionCallsAndIdentifierReferences(node: PtNode) {
+            if(node is PtFunctionCall) {
+                // function calls to subroutines defined in a block that does NOT have NoSymbolPrefixing, still have to be prefixed at the call site
+                val stNode = st.lookup(node.name)!!
+                if(stNode.astNode!!.definingBlock()?.options?.noSymbolPrefixing!=true) {
+                    val index = node.parent.children.indexOf(node)
+                    functionCallsToPrefix += node.parent to index
+                }
+            }
+            else if (node is PtIdentifier) {
+                // identifier references to things defined in a block that does NOT have NoSymbolPrefixing, still have to be prefixed at the referencing point
+                var lookupName = node.name
+                if(node.type.isSplitWordArray && (lookupName.endsWith("_lsb") || lookupName.endsWith("_msb"))) {
+                    lookupName = lookupName.dropLast(4)
+                }
+                val stNode = st.lookup(lookupName) ?: throw AssemblyError("unknown identifier $node")
+                if(stNode.astNode!!.definingBlock()?.options?.noSymbolPrefixing!=true) {
+                    val index = node.parent.children.indexOf(node)
+                    nodesToPrefix += node.parent to index
+                }
+            }
+            node.children.forEach { maybePrefixFunctionCallsAndIdentifierReferences(it) }
+        }
+
         program.allBlocks().forEach { block ->
             if (!block.options.noSymbolPrefixing) {
                 prefixSymbols(block)
+            } else {
+                maybePrefixFunctionCallsAndIdentifierReferences(block)
             }
         }
 
@@ -109,7 +131,9 @@ class AsmGen6502(val prefixSymbols: Boolean, private val lastGeneratedLabelSeque
         functionCallsToPrefix.reversed().forEach { (parent, index) ->
             val node = parent.children[index]
             if(node is PtFunctionCall) {
-                parent.children[index] = node.prefix(parent)
+                val prefixedName = PtIdentifier(node.name, DataType.UNDEFINED, Position.DUMMY).prefix(parent, st)
+                val prefixedNode = node.withNewName(prefixedName.name)
+                parent.children[index] = prefixedNode
             } else {
                 throw AssemblyError("expected PtFunctionCall")
             }
@@ -121,14 +145,14 @@ class AsmGen6502(val prefixSymbols: Boolean, private val lastGeneratedLabelSeque
 
 private fun prefixScopedName(name: String, type: Char): String {
     if('.' !in name) {
-        if(name.startsWith(PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX))
+        if(name.startsWith(GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX))
             return name
         return "p8${type}_$name"
     }
     val parts = name.split('.')
     val firstPrefixed = "p8b_${parts[0]}"
     val lastPart = parts.last()
-    val lastPrefixed = if(lastPart.startsWith(PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX)) lastPart else  "p8${type}_$lastPart"
+    val lastPrefixed = if(lastPart.startsWith(GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX)) lastPart else  "p8${type}_$lastPart"
     // the parts in between are assumed to be subroutine scopes.
     val inbetweenPrefixed = parts.drop(1).dropLast(1).map{ "p8s_$it" }
     val prefixed = listOf(firstPrefixed) + inbetweenPrefixed + listOf(lastPrefixed)
@@ -151,10 +175,10 @@ private fun PtVariable.prefix(parent: PtNode, st: SymbolTable): PtVariable {
                     if(elt.definingBlock()?.options?.noSymbolPrefixing==true)
                         newValue.add(elt)
                     else {
-                        val newAddr = PtAddressOf(elt.position)
+                        val newAddr = PtAddressOf(elt.type, elt.position)
-                        newAddr.children.add(elt.identifier.prefix(newAddr, st))
+                        newAddr.add(elt.identifier!!.prefix(newAddr, st))
-                        if(elt.arrayIndexExpr!=null)
+                        if (elt.arrayIndexExpr != null)
-                            newAddr.children.add(elt.arrayIndexExpr!!)
+                            newAddr.add(elt.arrayIndexExpr!!)
                         newAddr.parent = arrayValue
                         newValue.add(newAddr)
                     }
@@ -162,16 +186,20 @@ private fun PtVariable.prefix(parent: PtNode, st: SymbolTable): PtVariable {
                 else -> throw AssemblyError("weird array value element $elt")
             }
         }
-        val result = PtVariable(name, type, zeropage, align, newValue, arraySize, position)
+        val result = PtVariable(name, type, zeropage, align, dirty, newValue, arraySize, position)
         result.parent = parent
         result
     }
     else this
 }
 
-private fun PtFunctionCall.prefix(parent: PtNode): PtFunctionCall {
+//private fun PtFunctionCall.prefix(targetType: Char): PtFunctionCall {
-    val newName = prefixScopedName(name, 's')
+//    val newName = prefixScopedName(name, targetType)
-    val call = PtFunctionCall(newName, void, type, position)
+//    return this.withNewName(newName)
+//}
+
+private fun PtFunctionCall.withNewName(name: String): PtFunctionCall {
+    val call = PtFunctionCall(name, void, type, position)
     call.children.addAll(children)
     call.children.forEach { it.parent = call }
     call.parent = parent
@@ -199,6 +227,7 @@ private fun PtIdentifier.prefix(parent: PtNode, st: SymbolTable): PtIdentifier {
         StNodeType.CONSTANT -> 'c'
         StNodeType.BUILTINFUNC -> 's'
         StNodeType.MEMORYSLAB -> 'v'
+        StNodeType.STRUCTINSTANCE -> 'i'
         else -> '?'
     }
     val newName = prefixScopedName(name, prefixType)
@@ -237,7 +266,9 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
         assembly.clear()
         loopEndLabels.clear()
 
-        println("Generating assembly code... ")
+        if(!options.quiet)
+            println("Generating assembly code... ")
+
         programGen.generate()
 
         if(errors.noErrors()) {
@@ -286,9 +317,9 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
         if(symbolTable.allVariables.isNotEmpty()) {
             println("Static variables (not in ZeroPage):")
             symbolTable.allVariables
-                .filterNot { allocator.isZpVar(it.scopedName) }
+                .filterNot { allocator.isZpVar(it.scopedNameString) }
-                .sortedBy { it.scopedName }.forEach {
+                .sortedBy { it.scopedNameString }.forEach {
-                    println("  ${it.dt}\t${it.scopedName}\t")
+                    println("  ${it.dt}\t${it.scopedNameString}\t")
                 }
         }
         if(allocator.globalFloatConsts.isNotEmpty()) {
@@ -300,9 +331,9 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
         if(symbolTable.allMemMappedVariables.isNotEmpty()) {
             println("Memory mapped:")
             symbolTable.allMemMappedVariables
-                .sortedWith( compareBy( {it.address}, {it.scopedName} ))
+                .sortedWith( compareBy( {it.address}, {it.scopedNameString} ))
                 .forEach { mvar ->
-                    println("  $${mvar.address.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')}\t${mvar.dt}\t${mvar.scopedName}")
+                    println("  $${mvar.address.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')}\t${mvar.dt}\t${mvar.scopedNameString}")
                 }
         }
         if(symbolTable.allMemorySlabs.isNotEmpty()) {
@@ -390,7 +421,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
     }
 
     fun asmVariableName(st: StNode, scope: IPtSubroutine?): String {
-        val name = asmVariableName(st.scopedName)
+        val name = asmVariableName(st.scopedNameString)
         if(scope==null)
             return name
         // remove the whole prefix and just make the variable name locally scoped (64tass scopes it to the proper .proc block)
@@ -402,22 +433,6 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
     }
 
 
-    internal val tempVarsCounters = mutableMapOf(
-        BaseDataType.BOOL to 0,
-        BaseDataType.BYTE to 0,
-        BaseDataType.UBYTE to 0,
-        BaseDataType.WORD to 0,
-        BaseDataType.UWORD to 0,
-        BaseDataType.FLOAT to 0
-    )
-
-    internal fun buildTempVarName(dt: BaseDataType, counter: Int): String = "prog8_tmpvar_${dt.toString().lowercase()}_$counter"
-
-    internal fun getTempVarName(dt: BaseDataType): String {
-        tempVarsCounters[dt] = tempVarsCounters.getValue(dt)+1
-        return buildTempVarName(dt, tempVarsCounters.getValue(dt))
-    }
-
     internal fun loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar: PtIdentifier): String {
         // returns the source name of the zero page pointervar if it's already in the ZP,
         // otherwise returns "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1" which is the intermediary
@@ -592,7 +607,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
             is PtJump -> {
                 val target = getJumpTarget(stmt)
                 require(!target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                jmp(target.asmLabel, target.indirect)
+                jmp(target.asmLabel, target.indirect, target.indexedX)
             }
             is PtLabel -> translate(stmt)
             is PtConditionalBranch -> translate(stmt)
@@ -607,7 +622,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
             is PtDefer -> throw AssemblyError("defer should have been transformed")
             is PtNodeGroup -> stmt.children.forEach { translate(it) }
             is PtJmpTable -> translate(stmt)
-            is PtNop -> {}
+            is PtNop, is PtStructDecl, is PtSubSignature -> {}
             else -> throw AssemblyError("missing asm translation for $stmt")
         }
     }
@@ -625,16 +640,16 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
         }
 
         if(expr.splitWords) {
-            assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.fromCpuRegister(register), false)
+            assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.fromCpuRegister(register))
             return
         }
 
         when  {
             expr.type.isByteOrBool -> {
-                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.fromCpuRegister(register), false)
+                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.fromCpuRegister(register))
             }
             expr.type.isWord -> {
-                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 out("  asl  a")
                 when (register) {
                     CpuRegister.A -> {}
@@ -643,8 +658,9 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
                 }
             }
             expr.type.isFloat -> {
-                require(options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE == 5) {"invalid float size ${expr.position}"}
+                if(options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE != 5)
-                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    TODO("support float size other than 5 ${expr.position}")
+                assignExpressionToRegister(expr.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 out("""
                     sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
                     asl  a
@@ -687,8 +703,8 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
             RegisterOrPair.Y -> assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(target, reg.asCpuRegister(), target.datatype.isSigned, true)
             RegisterOrPair.AX,
             RegisterOrPair.AY,
-            RegisterOrPair.XY,
+            RegisterOrPair.XY -> assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterpairWord(target, reg)
-            in Cx16VirtualRegisters -> assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterpairWord(target, reg)
+            in Cx16VirtualRegisters -> assignmentAsmGen.assignVirtualRegister(target, reg)
             RegisterOrPair.FAC1 -> assignmentAsmGen.assignFAC1float(target)
             RegisterOrPair.FAC2 -> assignmentAsmGen.assignFAC2float(target)
             else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid register")
@@ -719,7 +735,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
                         TargetStorageKind.REGISTER -> {
                             val zero = PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 0.0, value.position)
                             zero.parent = value
-                            assignExpressionToRegister(zero, target.register!!, false)
+                            assignExpressionToRegister(zero, target.register!!)
                             return
                         }
                         else -> { }
@@ -727,7 +743,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
                 }
 
                 assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.A)
-                assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, target)
+                assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, target.datatype.isSigned, false)
             }
             target.datatype.isWord || target.datatype.isPassByRef -> {
                 assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.AY)
@@ -823,7 +839,7 @@ class AsmGen6502Internal (
     private fun repeatWordCount(iterations: Int, stmt: PtRepeatLoop) {
         require(iterations in 257..65536) { "invalid repeat count ${stmt.position}" }
         val repeatLabel = makeLabel("repeat")
-        val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UWORD, isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02), stmt)
+        val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UWORD, true, stmt)
         val loopcount = if(iterations==65536) 0 else if(iterations and 0x00ff == 0) iterations else iterations + 0x0100   // so that the loop can simply use a double-dec
         out("""
             ldy  #>$loopcount
@@ -843,7 +859,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         // note: A/Y must have been loaded with the number of iterations!
         // the iny + double dec is microoptimization of the 16 bit loop
         val repeatLabel = makeLabel("repeat")
-        val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UWORD, false, stmt)
+        val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UWORD, true, stmt)
         out("""
             cmp  #0
             beq  +
@@ -866,13 +882,13 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         require(count in 2..256) { "invalid repeat count ${stmt.position}" }
         val repeatLabel = makeLabel("repeat")
         if(isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02)) {
-            val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, stmt)
+            val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, stmt)
             out("  lda  #${count and 255} |  sta  $counterVar")
             out(repeatLabel)
             translate(stmt.statements)
             out("  dec  $counterVar |  bne  $repeatLabel")
         } else {
-            val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
+            val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
             out("  lda  #${count and 255} |  sta  $counterVar")
             out(repeatLabel)
             translate(stmt.statements)
@@ -884,13 +900,13 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         val repeatLabel = makeLabel("repeat")
         out("  cpy  #0")
         if(isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02)) {
-            val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, stmt)
+            val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, stmt)
             out("  beq  $endLabel |  sty  $counterVar")
             out(repeatLabel)
             translate(stmt.statements)
             out("  dec  $counterVar |  bne  $repeatLabel")
         } else {
-            val counterVar = createRepeatCounterVar(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
+            val counterVar = createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
             out("  beq  $endLabel |  sty  $counterVar")
             out(repeatLabel)
             translate(stmt.statements)
@@ -899,43 +915,9 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         out(endLabel)
     }
 
-    private fun createRepeatCounterVar(dt: BaseDataType, preferZeropage: Boolean, stmt: PtRepeatLoop): String {
-        val scope = stmt.definingISub()!!
-        val asmInfo = subroutineExtra(scope)
-        var parent = stmt.parent
-        while(parent !is PtProgram) {
-            if(parent is PtRepeatLoop)
-                break
-            parent = parent.parent
-        }
-        val isNested = parent is PtRepeatLoop
-
-        if(!isNested) {
-            // we can re-use a counter var from the subroutine if it already has one for that datatype
-            val existingVar = asmInfo.extraVars.firstOrNull { it.first==dt && it.second.endsWith("counter") }
-            if(existingVar!=null) {
-                if(!preferZeropage || existingVar.third!=null)
-                    return existingVar.second
-            }
-        }
-
-        val counterVar = makeLabel("counter")
-        when(dt) {
-            BaseDataType.UBYTE, BaseDataType.UWORD -> {
-                val result = zeropage.allocate(counterVar, DataType.forDt(dt), null, stmt.position, errors)
-                result.fold(
-                    success = { (address, _, _) -> asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, address)) },
-                    failure = { asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, null)) }  // allocate normally
-                )
-                return counterVar
-            }
-            else -> throw AssemblyError("invalidt dt")
-        }
-    }
-
     private fun translate(stmt: PtWhen) {
         val endLabel = makeLabel("when_end")
-        val choiceBlocks = mutableListOf<Pair<String, PtNodeGroup>>()
+        val choiceBlocks = mutableListOf<Pair<String, PtWhenChoice>>()
         val conditionDt = stmt.value.type
         if(conditionDt.isByte)
             assignExpressionToRegister(stmt.value, RegisterOrPair.A)
@@ -946,13 +928,20 @@ $repeatLabel""")
             val choice = choiceNode as PtWhenChoice
             var choiceLabel = makeLabel("choice")
             if(choice.isElse) {
+                require(choice.parent.children.last() === choice)
                 translate(choice.statements)
+                // is always the last node so can fall through
             } else {
                 if(choice.statements.children.isEmpty()) {
                     // no statements for this choice value, jump to the end immediately
                     choiceLabel = endLabel
                 } else {
-                    choiceBlocks.add(choiceLabel to choice.statements)
+                    val onlyJumpLabel = ((choice.statements.children.singleOrNull() as? PtJump)?.target as? PtIdentifier)?.name
+                    if(onlyJumpLabel==null) {
+                        choiceBlocks.add(choiceLabel to choice)
+                    } else {
+                        choiceLabel = onlyJumpLabel
+                    }
                 }
                 for (cv in choice.values.children) {
                     val value = (cv as PtNumber).number.toInt()
@@ -969,11 +958,14 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 }
             }
         }
-        jmp(endLabel)
+
+        if(choiceBlocks.isNotEmpty())
+            jmp(endLabel)
+
         for(choiceBlock in choiceBlocks.withIndex()) {
             out(choiceBlock.value.first)
-            translate(choiceBlock.value.second)
+            translate(choiceBlock.value.second.statements)
-            if (choiceBlock.index < choiceBlocks.size - 1)
+            if (choiceBlock.index < choiceBlocks.size - 1 && !choiceBlock.value.second.isOnlyGotoOrReturn())
                 jmp(endLabel)
         }
         out(endLabel)
@@ -1002,6 +994,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
             val target = getJumpTarget(jump)
             require(!target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
             if(target.indirect) {
+                require(!target.indexedX)
                 val complementedInstruction = branchInstruction(stmt.condition, true)
                 out("""
                     $complementedInstruction +
@@ -1035,7 +1028,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         }
     }
 
-    class JumpTarget(val asmLabel: String, val indirect: Boolean, val needsExpressionEvaluation: Boolean)
+    class JumpTarget(val asmLabel: String, val indirect: Boolean, val indexedX: Boolean, val needsExpressionEvaluation: Boolean)
 
     internal fun getJumpTarget(jump: PtJump, evaluateAddressExpression: Boolean = true): JumpTarget {
         val ident = jump.target as? PtIdentifier
@@ -1043,45 +1036,78 @@ $repeatLabel""")
             // can be a label, or a pointer variable
             val symbol = symbolTable.lookup(ident.name)
             return if(symbol?.type in arrayOf(StNodeType.STATICVAR, StNodeType.MEMVAR, StNodeType.CONSTANT))
-                JumpTarget(asmSymbolName(ident), true, false)        // indirect jump if the jump symbol is a variable
+                JumpTarget(asmSymbolName(ident), true, false,false)        // indirect jump if the jump symbol is a variable
             else
-                JumpTarget(asmSymbolName(ident), false, false)
+                JumpTarget(asmSymbolName(ident), false, false,false)
         }
         val addr = jump.target.asConstInteger()
         if(addr!=null)
-            return JumpTarget(addr.toHex(), false, false)
+            return JumpTarget(addr.toHex(), false, false,false)
         else {
             if(evaluateAddressExpression) {
+                val arrayIdx = jump.target as? PtArrayIndexer
+                if (arrayIdx!=null) {
+                    val arrayVariable = arrayIdx.variable
+                    if(arrayVariable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${arrayIdx.position}")
+
+                    if (isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02)) {
+                        if (!arrayIdx.splitWords) {
+                            // if the jump target is an address in a non-split array (like a jump table of only pointers),
+                            // on the 65c02, more optimal assembly can be generated using JMP (address,X)
+                            assignExpressionToRegister(arrayIdx.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
+                            out("  asl  a |  tax")
+                            return JumpTarget(asmSymbolName(arrayVariable), true, true, false)
+                        } else {
+                            // print a message when more optimal code is possible for 65C02 cpu
+                            val variable = symbolTable.lookup(arrayVariable.name)!!
+                            if(variable is StStaticVariable && variable.length!!<=128u)
+                                errors.info("the jump address array is @split, but @nosplit would create more efficient code here", jump.position)
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // print a message when more optimal code is possible for 6502 cpu
+                        if(!arrayIdx.splitWords)
+                            errors.info("the jump address array is @nosplit, but @split would create more efficient code here", jump.position)
+                    }
+                }
                 // we can do the address evaluation right now and just use a temporary pointer variable
-                assignExpressionToVariable(jump.target, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                assignExpressionToVariable(jump.target, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.UWORD)
-                return JumpTarget("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", true, false)
+                return JumpTarget("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", true, false,false)
             } else {
-                return JumpTarget("PROG8_JUMP_TARGET_IS_UNEVALUATED_ADDRESS_EXPRESSION", true, true)
+                return JumpTarget("PROG8_JUMP_TARGET_IS_UNEVALUATED_ADDRESS_EXPRESSION", true, false,true)
             }
         }
     }
 
     private fun translate(ret: PtReturn) {
-        val returnvalue = ret.children.singleOrNull()
+        val returnvalue = ret.children.singleOrNull() as? PtExpression
+        val sub = ret.definingSub()!!
+        val returnRegs = sub.returnsWhatWhere()
+
         if(returnvalue!=null) {
-            val sub = ret.definingSub()!!
+            if (sub.signature.returns.single().isNumericOrBool) {
-            val returnReg = sub.returnsWhatWhere().single()
+                assignExpressionToRegister(returnvalue, returnRegs.single().first.registerOrPair!!)
-            if (sub.returns.single().isNumericOrBool==true) {
-                assignExpressionToRegister(returnvalue as PtExpression, returnReg.first.registerOrPair!!)
             }
             else {
                 // all else take its address and assign that also to AY register pair
-                val addrofValue = PtAddressOf(returnvalue.position)
+                val addrOfDt = returnvalue.type.typeForAddressOf(false)
+                val addrofValue = PtAddressOf(addrOfDt, returnvalue.position)
                 addrofValue.add(returnvalue as PtIdentifier)
                 addrofValue.parent = ret.parent
-                assignmentAsmGen.assignExpressionToRegister(addrofValue, returnReg.first.registerOrPair!!, false)
+                assignmentAsmGen.assignExpressionToRegister(addrofValue, returnRegs.single().first.registerOrPair!!, false)
             }
         }
         else if(ret.children.size>1) {
-            // multi-value returns are passed throug cx16.R15 down to R0 (allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
+            // note: multi-value returns are passed throug A or AY (for the first value) then cx16.R15 down to R0
-            val registersReverseOrder = Cx16VirtualRegisters.reversed()
+            // (this allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
-            ret.children.zip(registersReverseOrder).forEach { (value, register) ->
+            // to avoid register clobbering, assign the first return value last in row.
-                assignExpressionToRegister(value as PtExpression, register)
+            val assigns = ret.children.zip(returnRegs).map { it.first to it.second }
+            assigns.drop(1).forEach {
+                val tgt = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, this, it.second.second, null, it.first.position, register = it.second.first.registerOrPair!!)
+                assignExpressionTo(it.first as PtExpression, tgt)
+            }
+            assigns.first().also {
+                assignExpressionToRegister(it.first as PtExpression, it.second.first.registerOrPair!!)
             }
         }
         out("  rts")
@@ -1102,8 +1128,8 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         val sourcePath = Path(incbin.definingBlock()!!.source.origin)
         val includedPath = sourcePath.resolveSibling(incbin.file)
         val pathForAssembler = options.outputDir // #54: 64tass needs the path *relative to the .asm file*
-            .absolute()
+            .sanitize()
-            .relativize(includedPath.absolute())
+            .relativize(includedPath.sanitize())
             .normalize() // avoid assembler warnings (-Wportable; only some, not all)
             .toString().replace('\\', '/')
         out("  .binary \"$pathForAssembler\" $offset $length")
@@ -1169,10 +1195,14 @@ $repeatLabel""")
 
     internal fun isZpVar(variable: PtIdentifier): Boolean = allocator.isZpVar(variable.name)
 
-    internal fun jmp(asmLabel: String, indirect: Boolean=false) {
+    internal fun jmp(asmLabel: String, indirect: Boolean=false, indexedX: Boolean=false) {
         if(indirect) {
-            out("  jmp  ($asmLabel)")
+            if(indexedX)
+                out("  jmp  ($asmLabel,x)")
+            else
+                out("  jmp  ($asmLabel)")
         } else {
+            require(!indexedX) { "indexedX only allowed for indirect jumps" }
             if (isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02))
                 out("  bra  $asmLabel")     // note: 64tass will convert this automatically to a jmp if the relative distance is too large
             else
@@ -1229,7 +1259,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         }
 
         if(addressExpr.operator=="+") {
-            val ptrAndIndex = pointerViaIndexRegisterPossible(addressExpr, false)
+            val ptrAndIndex = pointerViaIndexRegisterPossible(addressExpr)
             if (ptrAndIndex == null) return false
 
             if(write) {
@@ -1241,8 +1271,10 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 if(addrOf!=null && constOffset!=null) {
                     if(addrOf.isFromArrayElement) {
                         TODO("address-of array element $addrOf")
+                    } else if(addrOf.dereference!=null) {
+                        throw AssemblyError("write &dereference, makes no sense at ${addrOf.position}")
                     } else {
-                        out("  sta  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier)}+${constOffset}")
+                        out("  sta  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier!!)}+${constOffset}")
                         return true
                     }
                 }
@@ -1259,13 +1291,13 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                     val saveA = evalBytevalueWillClobberA(ptrAndIndex.first) || evalBytevalueWillClobberA(ptrAndIndex.second)
                     if(saveA) out("  pha")
                     if(ptrAndIndex.second.isSimple()) {
-                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                         assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.second, RegisterOrPair.Y)
                         if(saveA) out("  pla")
                         out("  sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")
                     } else {
                         pushCpuStack(BaseDataType.UBYTE,  ptrAndIndex.second)
-                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                         restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, true)
                         if(saveA) out("  pla")
                         out("  sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")
@@ -1281,8 +1313,10 @@ $repeatLabel""")
             if(addrOf!=null && constOffset!=null) {
                 if(addrOf.isFromArrayElement) {
                     TODO("address-of array element $addrOf")
+                } else if(addrOf.dereference!=null) {
+                    TODO("read &dereference")
                 } else {
-                    out("  lda  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier)}+${constOffset}")
+                    out("  lda  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier!!)}+${constOffset}")
                     return true
                 }
             }
@@ -1302,12 +1336,12 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                     } else {
                         // copy the pointer var to zp first
                         if(ptrAndIndex.second.isSimple()) {
-                            assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                            assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                             assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.second, RegisterOrPair.Y)
                             out("  lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")
                         } else {
                             pushCpuStack(BaseDataType.UBYTE, ptrAndIndex.second)
-                            assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                            assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                             restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
                             out("  lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")
                         }
@@ -1331,8 +1365,10 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 if(addrOf!=null && constOffset!=null) {
                     if(addrOf.isFromArrayElement) {
                         TODO("address-of array element $addrOf")
+                    } else if(addrOf.dereference!=null) {
+                        throw AssemblyError("write &dereference, makes no sense at ${addrOf.position}")
                     } else {
-                        out("  sta  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier)}-${constOffset}")
+                        out("  sta  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier!!)}-${constOffset}")
                         return true
                     }
                 }
@@ -1342,13 +1378,14 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                     if(pointervar!=null && isZpVar(pointervar)) {
                         val varname = asmSymbolName(pointervar)
                         out("  ldy  #${256-constOffset}     ; negative offset $constOffset")
-                        out("  dec  $varname+1 |  sta  ($varname),y |  inc  $varname+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less
+                        out("  dec  $varname+1 |  sta  ($varname),y |  inc  $varname+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less to be able to use the negative Y offset
                         return true
                     } else {
                         // copy the pointer var to zp first
-                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                        out("  pha")
+                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                         out("  ldy  #${256-constOffset}     ; negative offset $constOffset")
-                        out("  dec  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1 |  sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y |  inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less
+                        out("  dec  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1 |  pla |  sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less to be able to use the negative Y offset
                         return true
                     }
                 }
@@ -1361,8 +1398,10 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 if(addrOf!=null && constOffset!=null) {
                     if(addrOf.isFromArrayElement) {
                         TODO("address-of array element $addrOf")
+                    } else if(addrOf.dereference!=null) {
+                        TODO("read &dereference")
                     } else {
-                        out("  lda  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier)}-${constOffset}")
+                        out("  lda  ${asmSymbolName(addrOf.identifier!!)}-${constOffset}")
                         return true
                     }
                 }
@@ -1372,13 +1411,13 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                     if(pointervar!=null && isZpVar(pointervar)) {
                         val varname = asmSymbolName(pointervar)
                         out("  ldy  #${256-constOffset}     ; negative offset $constOffset")
-                        out("  dec  $varname+1 |  lda  ($varname),y |  inc  $varname+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less
+                        out("  dec  $varname+1 |  lda  ($varname),y |  inc  $varname+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less to be able to use the negative Y offset
                         return true
                     } else {
                         // copy the pointer var to zp first
-                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                        assignExpressionToVariable(ptrAndIndex.first, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                         out("  ldy  #${256-constOffset}     ; negative offset $constOffset")
-                        out("  dec  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1 |  lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y |  inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less
+                        out("  dec  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1 |  lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2),y")        // temporarily make MSB 1 less to be able to use the negative Y offset
                         return true
                     }
                 }
@@ -1393,27 +1432,35 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         val node = stScope.astNode
         if(node is PtSubroutineParameter)
             return node
-        return node!!.definingSub()?.parameters?.singleOrNull { it.name===name }
+        val params = node!!.definingSub()?.signature?.children
+        if(params!=null) {
+            for(param in params) {
+                param as PtSubroutineParameter
+                if(param.name==name)
+                    return param
+            }
+        }
+        return null
     }
 
     internal fun assignByteOperandsToAAndVar(left: PtExpression, right: PtExpression, rightVarName: String) {
         if(left.isSimple()) {
-            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarName, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarName, DataType.UBYTE)
             assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.A)
         } else {
             pushCpuStack(BaseDataType.UBYTE, left)
-            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarName, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarName, DataType.UBYTE)
             out("  pla")
         }
     }
 
     internal fun assignWordOperandsToAYAndVar(left: PtExpression, right: PtExpression, rightVarname: String) {
         if(left.isSimple()) {
-            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarname, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarname, DataType.UWORD)
             assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.AY)
         }  else {
             pushCpuStack(BaseDataType.UWORD, left)
-            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarname, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+            assignExpressionToVariable(right, rightVarname, DataType.UWORD)
             restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
             restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, false)
         }
@@ -1422,7 +1469,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
     internal fun translateDirectMemReadExpressionToRegA(expr: PtMemoryByte) {
 
         fun assignViaExprEval() {
-            assignExpressionToVariable(expr.address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+            assignExpressionToVariable(expr.address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
             if (isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02)) {
                 out("  lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2)")
             } else {
@@ -1495,7 +1542,52 @@ $repeatLabel""")
 
     internal fun makeLabel(postfix: String): String {
         generatedLabelSequenceNumber++
-        return "${PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX}${generatedLabelSequenceNumber}_$postfix"
+        return "$GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX${generatedLabelSequenceNumber}_$postfix"
+    }
+
+    internal fun createTempVarReused(dt: BaseDataType, preferZeropage: Boolean, stmt: PtNode): String {
+        val scope = stmt.definingISub()!!
+        val asmInfo = subroutineExtra(scope)
+        var parent = stmt.parent
+        while(parent !is PtProgram) {
+            if(parent is PtRepeatLoop || parent is PtForLoop)
+                break
+            parent = parent.parent
+        }
+        val isNested = parent is PtRepeatLoop || parent is PtForLoop
+
+        if(!isNested) {
+            // we can re-use a counter var from the subroutine if it already has one for that datatype
+            val existingVar = asmInfo.extraVars.firstOrNull { it.first==dt && it.second.endsWith("tempv") }
+            if(existingVar!=null) {
+                if(!preferZeropage || existingVar.third!=null) {
+                    // println("reuse temp counter var: $dt ${existingVar.second}  @${stmt.position}")
+                    return existingVar.second
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val counterVar = makeLabel("tempv")
+        // println("new temp counter var: $dt $counterVar  @${stmt.position}")
+        when {
+            dt.isIntegerOrBool -> {
+                if(preferZeropage) {
+                    val result = zeropage.allocate(counterVar, DataType.forDt(dt), null, stmt.position, errors)
+                    result.fold(
+                        success = { (address, _, _) -> asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, address)) },
+                        failure = { asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, null)) }  // allocate normally
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, null))  // allocate normally
+                }
+                return counterVar
+            }
+            dt == BaseDataType.FLOAT -> {
+                asmInfo.extraVars.add(Triple(dt, counterVar, null)) // allocate normally, floats never on zeropage
+                return counterVar
+            }
+            else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid dt")
+        }
     }
 
     internal fun assignConstFloatToPointerAY(number: PtNumber) {
@@ -1518,7 +1610,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         val compare = if(useSbc) "sec |  sbc" else "cmp"
         fun cmpViaScratch() {
             if(assignmentAsmGen.directIntoY(value)) {
-                assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.Y, false)
+                assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.Y)
                 out("  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG")
             } else {
                 out("  pha")
@@ -1534,7 +1626,9 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 if(constIndex!=null) {
                     val offset = program.memsizer.memorySize(value.type, constIndex)
                     if(offset<256) {
-                        return out("  ldy  #$offset |  $compare  ${asmVariableName(value.variable)},y")
+                        if(value.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
+                        return out("  ldy  #$offset |  $compare  ${asmVariableName(value.variable!!)},y")
                     }
                 }
                 cmpViaScratch()
@@ -1577,7 +1671,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
     }
 
     internal fun assignConditionValueToRegisterAndTest(condition: PtExpression) {
-        assignExpressionToRegister(condition, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+        assignExpressionToRegister(condition, RegisterOrPair.A)
         when(condition) {
             is PtNumber,
             is PtBool,
@@ -1618,7 +1712,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 is PtIdentifier -> equalf(asmVariableName(left), asmVariableName(right))
                 is PtNumber -> equalf(asmVariableName(left), allocator.getFloatAsmConst(right.number))
                 else -> {
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.FLOAT)
                     equalf(asmVariableName(left), subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1)
                     subroutineExtra(left.definingISub()!!).usedFloatEvalResultVar1 = true
                 }
@@ -1628,7 +1722,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 is PtIdentifier -> equalf(left, asmVariableName(right))
                 is PtNumber -> equalf(left, allocator.getFloatAsmConst(right.number))
                 else -> {
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.FLOAT)
                     equalf(left, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1)
                     subroutineExtra(left.definingISub()!!).usedFloatEvalResultVar1 = true
                 }
@@ -1663,7 +1757,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 is PtIdentifier -> lessf(asmVariableName(left), asmVariableName(right))
                 is PtNumber -> lessf(asmVariableName(left), allocator.getFloatAsmConst(right.number))
                 else -> {
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.FLOAT)
                     lessf(asmVariableName(left), subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1)
                     subroutineExtra(left.definingISub()!!).usedFloatEvalResultVar1 = true
                 }
@@ -1673,7 +1767,7 @@ $repeatLabel""")
                 is PtIdentifier -> lessf(left, asmVariableName(right))
                 is PtNumber -> lessf(left, allocator.getFloatAsmConst(right.number))
                 else -> {
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1, DataType.FLOAT)
                     lessf(left, subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1)
                     subroutineExtra(left.definingISub()!!).usedFloatEvalResultVar1 = true
                 }
@@ -1704,6 +1798,16 @@ $repeatLabel""")
         }
         return null
     }
+
+    fun romableError(problem: String, pos: Position, assemblerShouldFail: Boolean = true) {
+        if(options.romable) {
+            // until the code generation can provide an alternative, we have to report about code generated that is incompatible with ROMable code mode...
+            errors.warn("problem for ROMable code: $problem", pos)
+            if(assemblerShouldFail) {
+                out("  .error \"ROMable code selected but incompatible code was generated: $problem  $pos\"")
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /**

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/AsmOptimizer.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
 
+import prog8.code.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX
 import prog8.code.StConstant
 import prog8.code.StMemVar
 import prog8.code.SymbolTable
-import prog8.code.ast.PtLabel
 import prog8.code.core.ICompilationTarget
 
 
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ or *_afterif labels.
 This gets generated after certain if conditions, and only the branch instruction is needed in these cases.
          */
 
-        val autoLabelPrefix = PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX
+        val autoLabelPrefix = GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX
         if(first=="beq  +" && second=="lda  #1" && third=="+") {
             if((fourth.startsWith("beq  $autoLabelPrefix") || fourth.startsWith("bne  $autoLabelPrefix")) &&
                 (fourth.endsWith("_shortcut") || fourth.endsWith("_afterif") || fourth.endsWith("_shortcut:") || fourth.endsWith("_afterif:"))) {
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ private fun optimizeStoreLoadSame(
     return mods
 }
 
-private val identifierRegex = Regex("""^([a-zA-Z_$][a-zA-Z\d_\.$]*)""")
+private val identifierRegex = Regex("""^([a-zA-Z_$][a-zA-Z\d_.$]*)""")
 
 private fun getAddressArg(line: String, symbolTable: SymbolTable): UInt? {
     // try to get the constant value address, could return null if it's a symbol instead
@@ -508,9 +508,11 @@ private fun optimizeIncDec(linesByFour: Sequence<List<IndexedValue<String>>>): L
 
 private fun optimizeJsrRtsAndOtherCombinations(linesByFour: Sequence<List<IndexedValue<String>>>): List<Modification> {
     // jsr Sub + rts -> jmp Sub
+    // jmp Sub + rts -> jmp Sub
     // rts + jmp -> remove jmp
     // rts + bxx -> remove bxx
     // lda  + cmp #0 -> remove cmp,  same for cpy and cpx.
+    // bra/jmp + bra/jmp -> remove second bra/jmp   (bra bra / jmp jmp are not removed because this is likely a jump table!)
     // and some other optimizations.
 
     val mods = mutableListOf<Modification>()
@@ -520,7 +522,10 @@ private fun optimizeJsrRtsAndOtherCombinations(linesByFour: Sequence<List<Indexe
         val third = lines[2].value
 
         if(!haslabel(second)) {
-            if ((" jsr" in first || "\tjsr" in first ) && (" rts" in second || "\trts" in second)) {
+            if ((" jmp" in first || "\tjmp" in first ) && (" rts" in second || "\trts" in second)) {
+                mods += Modification(lines[1].index, true, null)
+            }
+            else if ((" jsr" in first || "\tjsr" in first ) && (" rts" in second || "\trts" in second)) {
                 if("floats.pushFAC" !in first && "floats.popFAC" !in first) {       // these 2 routines depend on being called with JSR!!
                     mods += Modification(lines[0].index, false, lines[0].value.replace("jsr", "jmp"))
                     mods += Modification(lines[1].index, true, null)
@@ -563,6 +568,15 @@ private fun optimizeJsrRtsAndOtherCombinations(linesByFour: Sequence<List<Indexe
                     }
                 }
             }
+
+            // only remove bra followed by jmp or jmp followed by bra
+            // bra bra or jmp jmp is likely part of a jump table, which should keep all entries!
+            if((" bra" in first || "\tbra" in first) && (" jmp" in second || "\tjmp" in second)) {
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, true, null))
+            }
+            if((" jmp" in first || "\tjmp" in first) && (" bra" in second || "\tbra" in second)) {
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, true, null))
+            }
         }
 
         /*
@@ -687,18 +701,20 @@ private fun optimizeUselessPushPopStack(linesByFour: Sequence<List<IndexedValue<
         // phy + ldy + pla -> tya + ldy
         // phx + ldx + pla -> txa + ldx
         // pha + lda + pla -> nop
-        if(first=="phy" && second.startsWith("ldy ") && third=="pla") {
+        when (first) {
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
+            "phy" if second.startsWith("ldy ") && third=="pla" -> {
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, false, "  tya"))
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
-        }
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, false, "  tya"))
-        else if(first=="phx" && second.startsWith("ldx ") && third=="pla") {
+            }
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
+            "phx" if second.startsWith("ldx ") && third=="pla" -> {
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, false, "  txa"))
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
-        }
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, false, "  txa"))
-        else if(first=="pha" && second.startsWith("lda ") && third=="pla") {
+            }
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, true, null))
+            "pha" if second.startsWith("lda ") && third=="pla" -> {
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[2].index, true, null))
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[1].index, true, null))
-            mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[2].index, true, null))
+                mods.add(Modification(lines[3].index, true, null))
+            }
         }
     }
 

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/AssemblyProgram.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
 
-import prog8.code.ast.PtLabel
+import prog8.code.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX
-import prog8.code.core.*
+import prog8.code.IAssemblyProgram
+import prog8.code.core.CompilationOptions
+import prog8.code.core.ICompilationTarget
+import prog8.code.core.IErrorReporter
+import prog8.code.core.OutputType
 import prog8.code.target.C128Target
 import prog8.code.target.C64Target
 import prog8.code.target.PETTarget
@@ -45,7 +49,8 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
 
                 command.addAll(listOf("--output", prgFile.toString(), assemblyFile.toString()))
                 assemblerCommand = command
-                println("\nCreating prg for target ${compTarget.name}.")
+                if(!options.quiet)
+                    println("\nCreating prg for target ${compTarget.name}.")
             }
             OutputType.XEX -> {
                 // Atari800XL .xex generation.
@@ -66,7 +71,8 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
 
                 command.addAll(listOf("--output", xexFile.toString(), assemblyFile.toString()))
                 assemblerCommand = command
-                println("\nCreating xex for target ${compTarget.name}.")
+                if(!options.quiet)
+                    println("\nCreating xex for target ${compTarget.name}.")
             }
             OutputType.RAW -> {
                 // Neo6502/headerless raw program generation.
@@ -86,7 +92,8 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
 
                 command.addAll(listOf("--output", binFile.toString(), assemblyFile.toString()))
                 assemblerCommand = command
-                println("\nCreating raw binary for target ${compTarget.name}.")
+                if(!options.quiet)
+                    println("\nCreating raw binary for target ${compTarget.name}.")
             }
             OutputType.LIBRARY -> {
                 // CBM machines library (.bin) generation (with or without 2 byte load address header depending on the compilation target machine)
@@ -106,10 +113,12 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
                     command.add("--list=$listFile")
 
                 if(compTarget.name in listOf(C64Target.NAME, C128Target.NAME, PETTarget.NAME)) {
-                    println("\nCreating binary library file with header for target ${compTarget.name}.")
+                    if(!options.quiet)
+                        println("\nCreating binary library file with header for target ${compTarget.name}.")
                     command.add("--cbm-prg")
                 } else {
-                    println("\nCreating binary library file without header for target ${compTarget.name}.")
+                    if(!options.quiet)
+                        println("\nCreating binary library file without header for target ${compTarget.name}.")
                     command.add("--nostart")       // should be headerless bin, because basic has problems doing a normal LOAD"lib",8,1 - need to use BLOAD
                 }
 
@@ -121,8 +130,11 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
         if(options.compTarget.additionalAssemblerOptions!=null)
             assemblerCommand.add(options.compTarget.additionalAssemblerOptions!!)
 
-        val proc = ProcessBuilder(assemblerCommand).inheritIO().start()
+        val proc = ProcessBuilder(assemblerCommand)
-        val result = proc.waitFor()
+        if(!options.quiet)
+            proc.inheritIO()
+        val process = proc.start()
+        val result = process.waitFor()
         if (result == 0) {
             removeGeneratedLabelsFromMonlist()
             generateBreakpointList()
@@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
     }
 
     private fun removeGeneratedLabelsFromMonlist() {
-        val pattern = Regex("""al (\w+) \S+${PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX}.+?""")
+        val pattern = Regex("""al (\w+) \S+$GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX.+?""")
         val lines = viceMonListFile.toFile().readLines()
         viceMonListFile.toFile().outputStream().bufferedWriter().use {
             for (line in lines) {
@@ -148,7 +160,7 @@ internal class AssemblyProgram(
         for (line in viceMonListFile.toFile().readLines()) {
             val match = pattern.matchEntire(line)
             if (match != null)
-                breakpoints.add("break \$" + match.groupValues[1])
+                breakpoints.add("break $" + match.groupValues[1])
         }
         val num = breakpoints.size
         breakpoints.add(0, "; breakpoint list now follows")

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen.kt

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             "setlsb" -> funcSetLsbMsb(fcall, false)
             "setmsb" -> funcSetLsbMsb(fcall, true)
             "memory" -> funcMemory(fcall, discardResult, resultRegister)
+            "structalloc" -> funcStructAlloc(fcall, discardResult, resultRegister)
             "peekw" -> funcPeekW(fcall, resultRegister)
             "peekf" -> funcPeekF(fcall, resultRegister)
             "peek" -> throw AssemblyError("peek() should have been replaced by @()")
@@ -53,9 +54,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 val memread = PtMemoryByte(fcall.position)
                 memread.add(fcall.args[0])
                 memread.parent = fcall
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(memread, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(memread, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                val memtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.MEMORY, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingISub(), fcall.position, memory=memread)
+                val memtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.MEMORY, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingISub(), fcall.position, memory=memread)
                 asmgen.assignExpressionTo(fcall.args[1], memtarget)
                 asmgen.out("  pla")
             }
@@ -107,8 +108,8 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
         val var2name = asmgen.asmVariableName(fcall.args[2] as PtIdentifier)
         val var3name = asmgen.asmVariableName(fcall.args[3] as PtIdentifier)
-        val divisionTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[2].position, var2name)
+        val divisionTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[2].position, var2name)
-        val remainderTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[3].position, var3name)
+        val remainderTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[3].position, var3name)
         assignAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(remainderTarget, CpuRegister.A, false, false)
         assignAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(divisionTarget, CpuRegister.Y, false, false)
     }
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         //    output: P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2 in ZP: 16-bit remainder, A/Y: 16 bit division result
         asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_uw_asm")
         val var2name = asmgen.asmVariableName(fcall.args[2] as PtIdentifier)
-        val divisionTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[2].position, var2name)
+        val divisionTarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingISub(), fcall.args[2].position, var2name)
         val remainderVar = asmgen.asmVariableName(fcall.args[3] as PtIdentifier)
         assignAsmGen.assignRegisterpairWord(divisionTarget, RegisterOrPair.AY)
         asmgen.out("""
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             return
         }
 
-        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(fcall.args[0], asmgen.asmVariableName("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))     // jump address
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(fcall.args[0], asmgen.asmVariableName("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), DataType.UWORD)     // jump address
         asmgen.out("""
                 ; push a return address so the jmp becomes indirect jsr
                 lda  #>((+)-1)
@@ -227,6 +228,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 .word  ${constAddress.toHex()}
                 .byte  $constBank""")
         } else {
+            if(asmgen.options.romable)
+                TODO("no code for non-const callfar (jsrfar) yet that's usable in ROM  ${fcall.position}")
+            // self-modifying code: set jsrfar arguments
             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[0], RegisterOrPair.A)      // bank
             asmgen.out("  sta  (++)+0")
             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[1], RegisterOrPair.AY)     // jump address
@@ -283,6 +287,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 .word  ${constAddress.toHex()}
                 .byte  $constBank""")
         } else {
+            if(asmgen.options.romable)
+                TODO("no code for non-const callfar2 (jsrfar) yet that's usable in ROM  ${fcall.position}")
+            // self-modifying code: set jsrfar arguments
             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[0], RegisterOrPair.A)      // bank
             asmgen.out("  sta  (++)+0")
             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[1], RegisterOrPair.AY)     // jump address
@@ -346,7 +353,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             cmp  ${asmgen.asmVariableName(arg2)}
 +""")
                     }
-                    is PtBool -> TODO("word compare against bool")
+                    is PtBool -> TODO("word compare against bool  ${arg2.position}")
                     is PtNumber -> {
                         asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(arg1, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                         asmgen.out("""
@@ -374,16 +381,27 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             throw AssemblyError("should not discard result of memory allocation at $fcall")
         val name = (fcall.args[0] as PtString).value
         require(name.all { it.isLetterOrDigit() || it=='_' }) {"memory name should be a valid symbol name ${fcall.position}"}
-        val slabname = PtIdentifier("prog8_slabs.prog8_memoryslab_$name", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), fcall.position)
+
-        val addressOf = PtAddressOf(fcall.position)
+        val slabname = PtIdentifier("prog8_slabs.prog8_memoryslab_$name", DataType.UWORD, fcall.position)
+        val addressOf = PtAddressOf(DataType.pointer(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.position)
         addressOf.add(slabname)
         addressOf.parent = fcall
-        val src = AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION, program, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), expression = addressOf)
+        val src = AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION, program, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, expression = addressOf)
         val target = AsmAssignTarget.fromRegisters(resultRegister ?: RegisterOrPair.AY, false, fcall.position, null, asmgen)
         val assign = AsmAssignment(src, listOf(target), program.memsizer, fcall.position)
         asmgen.translateNormalAssignment(assign, fcall.definingISub())
     }
 
+    private fun funcStructAlloc(fcall: PtBuiltinFunctionCall, discardResult: Boolean, resultRegister: RegisterOrPair?) {
+        if(discardResult)
+            throw AssemblyError("should not discard result of struct allocation at $fcall")
+        if(fcall.args.isEmpty())
+            TODO("struct alloc in BSS")
+        else
+            TODO("static struct alloc with values")
+    }
+
+
     private fun funcSqrt(fcall: PtBuiltinFunctionCall, resultRegister: RegisterOrPair?, scope: IPtSubroutine?) {
         translateArguments(fcall, scope)
         when(fcall.args[0].type.base) {
@@ -409,14 +427,17 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             BaseDataType.UBYTE -> {
                 when (what) {
                     is PtArrayIndexer -> {
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
-                        asmgen.out("  lda  ${varname},x |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #\$80 |+  |  sta  ${varname},x")
+                        asmgen.out("  lda  ${varname},x |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #$80 |+  |  sta  ${varname},x")
                     }
                     is PtMemoryByte -> {
                         if (what.address is PtNumber) {
                             val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
-                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${number.toHex()} |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #\$80 |+  |  sta  ${number.toHex()}")
+                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${number.toHex()} |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #$80 |+  |  sta  ${number.toHex()}")
                         } else {
                             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(what.address, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                             asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.ror2_mem_ub")
@@ -424,7 +445,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                     }
                     is PtIdentifier -> {
                         val variable = asmgen.asmVariableName(what)
-                        asmgen.out("  lda  $variable |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #\$80 |+  |  sta  $variable")
+                        asmgen.out("  lda  $variable |  lsr  a |  bcc  + |  ora  #$80 |+  |  sta  $variable")
                     }
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("weird type")
                 }
@@ -432,16 +453,18 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             BaseDataType.UWORD -> {
                 when (what) {
                     is PtArrayIndexer -> {
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         if(what.splitWords)
-                            asmgen.out("  lsr  ${varname}_msb,x |  ror  ${varname}_lsb,x |  bcc  + |  lda  ${varname}_msb,x |  ora  #\$80 |  sta  ${varname}_msb,x |+ ")
+                            asmgen.out("  lsr  ${varname}_msb,x |  ror  ${varname}_lsb,x |  bcc  + |  lda  ${varname}_msb,x |  ora  #$80 |  sta  ${varname}_msb,x |+ ")
                         else
-                            asmgen.out("  lsr  ${varname}+1,x |  ror  ${varname},x |  bcc  +  |  lda  ${varname}+1,x  |  ora  #\$80 |  sta  ${varname}+1,x |+ ")
+                            asmgen.out("  lsr  ${varname}+1,x |  ror  ${varname},x |  bcc  +  |  lda  ${varname}+1,x  |  ora  #$80 |  sta  ${varname}+1,x |+ ")
                     }
                     is PtIdentifier -> {
                         val variable = asmgen.asmVariableName(what)
-                        asmgen.out("  lsr  $variable+1 |  ror  $variable |  bcc  + |  lda  $variable+1 |  ora  #\$80 |  sta  $variable+1 |+  ")
+                        asmgen.out("  lsr  $variable+1 |  ror  $variable |  bcc  + |  lda  $variable+1 |  ora  #$80 |  sta  $variable+1 |+  ")
                     }
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("weird type")
                 }
@@ -459,33 +482,26 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         asmgen.out("  ror  ${varname},x")
                     }
                     is PtMemoryByte -> {
-                        if (what.address is PtNumber) {
+                        when {
-                            val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
+                            what.address is PtNumber -> {
-                            asmgen.out("  ror  ${number.toHex()}")
+                                val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
-                        } else {
+                                asmgen.out("  ror  ${number.toHex()}")
-                            val ptrAndIndex = asmgen.pointerViaIndexRegisterPossible(what.address)
+                            }
-                            if(ptrAndIndex!=null) {
+                            what.address is PtIdentifier -> {
-                                asmgen.out("  php")
+                                asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.second, RegisterOrPair.A)
+                                val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(what.address as PtIdentifier)
-                                asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, true)
+                                asmgen.out("  plp |  ror  a")
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.first, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                                asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar(sourceName, false)
-                                asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                            }
-                                asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.X, false)
+                            else -> {
-                                asmgen.out("""
+                                TODO("ror ptr-expression ${what.position}")
-                                    plp
-+                                   ror  ${'$'}ffff,x           ; modified""")
-                            } else {
-                                if(!what.address.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(what.address, RegisterOrPair.AY)
-                                if(!what.address.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                                asmgen.out("""
-                                    sta  (+) + 1
-                                    sty  (+) + 2
-+                                   ror  ${'$'}ffff            ; modified""")
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -502,7 +518,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         if(what.splitWords)
                             asmgen.out("  ror  ${varname}_msb,x |  ror  ${varname}_lsb,x")
                         else
@@ -525,14 +543,16 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             BaseDataType.UBYTE -> {
                 when (what) {
                     is PtArrayIndexer -> {
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
-                        asmgen.out("  lda  ${varname},x |  cmp  #\$80 |  rol  a |  sta  ${varname},x")
+                        asmgen.out("  lda  ${varname},x |  cmp  #$80 |  rol  a |  sta  ${varname},x")
                     }
                     is PtMemoryByte -> {
                         if (what.address is PtNumber) {
                             val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
-                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${number.toHex()} |  cmp  #\$80 |  rol  a |  sta  ${number.toHex()}")
+                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${number.toHex()} |  cmp  #$80 |  rol  a |  sta  ${number.toHex()}")
                         } else {
                             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(what.address, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                             asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.rol2_mem_ub")
@@ -540,7 +560,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                     }
                     is PtIdentifier -> {
                         val variable = asmgen.asmVariableName(what)
-                        asmgen.out("  lda  $variable |  cmp  #\$80 |  rol  a |  sta  $variable")
+                        asmgen.out("  lda  $variable |  cmp  #$80 |  rol  a |  sta  $variable")
                     }
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("weird type")
                 }
@@ -549,9 +569,11 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 when (what) {
                     is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         if(what.splitWords)
-                            asmgen.out("  asl  ${varname}_lsb,x |  rol  ${varname}_msb,x |  bcc  + |  inc  ${varname}_lsb |+")
+                            asmgen.out("  asl  ${varname}_lsb,x |  rol  ${varname}_msb,x |  bcc  + |  inc  ${varname}_lsb,x |+")
                         else
                             asmgen.out("  asl  ${varname},x |  rol  ${varname}+1,x |  bcc  + |  inc  ${varname},x |+  ")
                     }
@@ -575,33 +597,25 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         asmgen.out("  rol  ${varname},x")
                     }
                     is PtMemoryByte -> {
-                        if (what.address is PtNumber) {
+                        when {
-                            val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
+                            what.address is PtNumber -> {
-                            asmgen.out("  rol  ${number.toHex()}")
+                                val number = (what.address as PtNumber).number
-                        } else {
+                                asmgen.out("  rol  ${number.toHex()}")
-                            val ptrAndIndex = asmgen.pointerViaIndexRegisterPossible(what.address)
+                            }
-                            if(ptrAndIndex!=null) {
+                            what.address is PtIdentifier -> {
-                                asmgen.out("  php")
+                                asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.second, RegisterOrPair.A)
+                                val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(what.address as PtIdentifier)
-                                asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, true)
+                                asmgen.out("  plp |  rol  a")
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(ptrAndIndex.first, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                                asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar(sourceName, false)
-                                asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                            }
-                                asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.X, false)
+                            else -> {
-                                asmgen.out("""
+                                TODO("rol ptr-expression ${what.position}")
-                                    plp
-+                                   rol  ${'$'}ffff,x           ; modified""")
-                            } else {
-                                if(!what.address.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(what.address, RegisterOrPair.AY)
-                                if(!what.address.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                                asmgen.out("""
-                                    sta  (+) + 1
-                                    sty  (+) + 2
-+                                   rol  ${'$'}ffff            ; modified""")
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -618,7 +632,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  php")   // save Carry
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(what, CpuRegister.X)
                         if(!what.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  plp")
-                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable)
+                        if(what.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${what.position}")
+                        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(what.variable!!)
                         if(what.splitWords)
                             asmgen.out("  rol  ${varname}_lsb,x |  rol  ${varname}_msb,x")
                         else
@@ -640,7 +656,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         when(fcall.args[0]) {
             is PtIdentifier -> {
                 val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(fcall.args[0] as PtIdentifier) + if(msb) "+1" else ""
-                target = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingSub(), fcall.position, variableAsmName = varname)
+                target = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingSub(), fcall.position, variableAsmName = varname)
             }
             is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                 val indexer = fcall.args[0] as PtArrayIndexer
@@ -648,6 +664,8 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 val msbAdd: Int
                 if(indexer.splitWords) {
                     val arrayVariable = indexer.variable
+                    if(arrayVariable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${indexer.position}")
                     indexer.children[0] = PtIdentifier(arrayVariable.name + if(msb) "_msb" else "_lsb", DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false), arrayVariable.position)
                     indexer.children[0].parent = indexer
                     elementSize = 1
@@ -682,7 +700,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         multipliedIndex.parent=indexer
                     }
                 }
-                target = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.ARRAY, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), fcall.definingSub(), fcall.position, array = indexer)
+                target = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.ARRAY, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, fcall.definingSub(), fcall.position, array = indexer)
             }
             else -> throw AssemblyError("setlsb/setmsb on weird target ${fcall.args[0]}")
         }
@@ -690,7 +708,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         if(fcall.args[1].asConstInteger() == 0) {
             assignAsmGen.assignConstantByte(target, 0)
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[1], RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[1], RegisterOrPair.A)
             assignAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, false, false)
         }
     }
@@ -753,8 +771,8 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 asmgen.assignConstFloatToPointerAY(number)
             }
             else -> {
-                val tempvar = asmgen.getTempVarName(BaseDataType.FLOAT)
+                val tempvar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.FLOAT, false, fcall)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(fcall.args[1], tempvar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(fcall.args[1], tempvar, DataType.FLOAT)
                 asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(fcall.args[0], RegisterOrPair.AY)
                 asmgen.out("""
                     pha
@@ -829,7 +847,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         asmgen.out("  jsr  floats.MOVFM")
         if(resultRegister!=null) {
             assignAsmGen.assignFAC1float(
-                AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), fcall.definingISub(), fcall.position, null, null, null, resultRegister, null))
+                AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.FLOAT, fcall.definingISub(), fcall.position))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1126,7 +1144,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             if(arg is PtArrayIndexer && resultRegister in arrayOf(null, RegisterOrPair.A, RegisterOrPair.Y, RegisterOrPair.X)) {
                 // just read the msb byte out of the word array
                 if(arg.splitWords) {
-                    val arrayVar = asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable)+"_msb"
+                    if(arg.variable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${arg.position}")
+                    val arrayVar = asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable!!)+"_msb"
                     when(resultRegister) {
                         null, RegisterOrPair.A -> {
                             asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(arg, CpuRegister.Y)
@@ -1143,7 +1163,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid reg")
                     }
                 } else {
-                    val arrayVar = asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable)
+                    if(arg.variable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${arg.position}")
+                    val arrayVar = asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable!!)
                     when(resultRegister) {
                         null, RegisterOrPair.A -> {
                             asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(arg, CpuRegister.Y)
@@ -1225,7 +1247,10 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         } else {
             if(arg is PtArrayIndexer && resultRegister in arrayOf(null, RegisterOrPair.A, RegisterOrPair.Y, RegisterOrPair.X)) {
                 // just read the lsb byte out of the word array
-                val arrayVar = if(arg.splitWords) asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable)+"_lsb" else asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable)
+                if(arg.variable==null)
+                    TODO("support for ptr indexing ${arg.position}")
+
+                val arrayVar = if(arg.splitWords) asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable!!)+"_lsb" else asmgen.asmVariableName(arg.variable!!)
                 when(resultRegister) {
                     null, RegisterOrPair.A -> {
                         asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(arg, CpuRegister.Y)
@@ -1290,7 +1315,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         fun getSourceForFloat(value: PtExpression): AsmAssignSource {
             return when (value) {
                 is PtIdentifier -> {
-                    val addr = PtAddressOf(value.position)
+                    val addr = PtAddressOf(DataType.pointer(BaseDataType.FLOAT), value.position)
                     addr.add(value)
                     addr.parent = call
                     AsmAssignSource.fromAstSource(addr, program, asmgen)
@@ -1303,11 +1328,11 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         throw AssemblyError("cannot use float arguments outside of a subroutine scope")
 
                     asmgen.subroutineExtra(scope).usedFloatEvalResultVar2 = true
-                    val variable = PtIdentifier(subroutineFloatEvalResultVar2, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), value.position)
+                    val variable = PtIdentifier(subroutineFloatEvalResultVar2, DataType.FLOAT, value.position)
-                    val addr = PtAddressOf(value.position)
+                    val addr = PtAddressOf(DataType.pointer(BaseDataType.FLOAT), value.position)
                     addr.add(variable)
                     addr.parent = call
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, asmgen.asmVariableName(variable), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+                    asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, asmgen.asmVariableName(variable), DataType.FLOAT)
                     AsmAssignSource.fromAstSource(addr, program, asmgen)
                 }
             }
@@ -1324,7 +1349,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         conv.dt==BaseDataType.FLOAT -> getSourceForFloat(value)
                         conv.dt.isPassByRef -> {
                             // put the address of the argument in AY
-                            val addr = PtAddressOf(value.position)
+                            val addr = PtAddressOf(DataType.forDt(conv.dt).typeForAddressOf(false), value.position)
                             addr.add(value)
                             addr.parent = call
                             AsmAssignSource.fromAstSource(addr, program, asmgen)
@@ -1342,7 +1367,7 @@ internal class BuiltinFunctionsAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         conv.dt==BaseDataType.FLOAT -> getSourceForFloat(value)
                         conv.dt.isPassByRef -> {
                             // put the address of the argument in AY
-                            val addr = PtAddressOf(value.position)
+                            val addr = PtAddressOf(DataType.forDt(conv.dt).typeForAddressOf(false),value.position)
                             addr.add(value)
                             addr.parent = call
                             AsmAssignSource.fromAstSource(addr, program, asmgen)

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/Extensions.kt

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
-
-import prog8.code.ast.IPtSubroutine
-import prog8.code.ast.PtAsmSub
-import prog8.code.ast.PtSub
-import prog8.code.core.AssemblyError
-import prog8.code.core.DataType
-import prog8.code.core.RegisterOrPair
-import prog8.code.core.RegisterOrStatusflag
-
-
-internal fun IPtSubroutine.returnsWhatWhere(): List<Pair<RegisterOrStatusflag, DataType>> {
-    when(this) {
-        is PtAsmSub -> {
-            return returns
-        }
-        is PtSub -> {
-            // for non-asm subroutines, determine the return registers based on the type of the return values
-
-            when(returns.size) {
-                0 -> return emptyList()
-                1 -> {
-                    val returntype = returns.single()
-                    val register = when {
-                        returntype.isByteOrBool -> RegisterOrStatusflag(RegisterOrPair.A, null)
-                        returntype.isWord -> RegisterOrStatusflag(RegisterOrPair.AY, null)
-                        returntype.isFloat -> RegisterOrStatusflag(RegisterOrPair.FAC1, null)
-                        else -> RegisterOrStatusflag(RegisterOrPair.AY, null)
-                    }
-                    return listOf(Pair(register, returntype))
-                }
-                else -> {
-                    // TODO for multi-value results, put the first one in register(s) and only the rest in the virtual registers?
-                    throw AssemblyError("multi-value returns from a normal subroutine are not put into registers, this routine shouldn't have been called in this scenario")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/ForLoopsAsmGen.kt

@@ -33,224 +33,351 @@ internal class ForLoopsAsmGen(
     }
 
     private fun translateForOverNonconstRange(stmt: PtForLoop, iterableDt: DataType, range: PtRange) {
-        val loopLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_loop")
+        if(range.step.asConstInteger()!! < -1) {
-        val endLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_end")
-        val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
-        val modifiedLabel2 = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modifiedb")
-        asmgen.loopEndLabels.add(endLabel)
-        val stepsize=range.step.asConstInteger()!!
-
-        if(stepsize < -1) {
             val limit = range.to.asConstInteger()
             if(limit==0)
                 throw AssemblyError("for unsigned loop variable it's not possible to count down with step != -1 from a non-const value to exactly zero due to value wrapping")
         }
 
         when {
-            iterableDt.isByteArray -> {
+            iterableDt.isByteArray -> forOverNonconstByteRange(stmt, iterableDt, range)
-                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
+            iterableDt.isWordArray && !iterableDt.isSplitWordArray -> forOverNonconstWordRange(stmt, iterableDt, range)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(range.from, varname, iterableDt.elementType())
+            else -> throw AssemblyError("range expression can only be byte or word")
-                if (stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==0) {
+        }
-                    // simple loop downto 0 step -1
+
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+        asmgen.loopEndLabels.removeLast()
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+    }
+
+    private fun forOverNonconstByteRange(stmt: PtForLoop, iterableDt: DataType, range: PtRange) {
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+        val loopLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_loop")
+        val endLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_end")
+        asmgen.loopEndLabels.add(endLabel)
+        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
+
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(range.from, varname, iterableDt.elementType())
+        when (stepsize) {
+            -1 if range.to.asConstInteger()==0 -> {
+                // simple loop downto 0 step -1
+                asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+                asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+                asmgen.out("""
+                    dec  $varname
+                    lda  $varname
+                    cmp  #255
+                    bne  $loopLabel""")
+            }
+            -1 if range.to.asConstInteger()==1 -> {
+                // simple loop downto 1 step -1
+                asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+                asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+                asmgen.out("""
+                    dec  $varname
+                    bne  $loopLabel""")
+            }
+            1, -1 -> forOverBytesRangeStepOne(range, varname, iterableDt, loopLabel, endLabel, stmt)
+            else -> forOverBytesRangeStepGreaterOne(range, varname, iterableDt, loopLabel, endLabel, stmt)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun forOverBytesRangeStepOne(range: PtRange, varname: String, iterableDt: DataType, loopLabel: String, endLabel: String, forloop: PtForLoop) {
+        // bytes range, step 1 or -1
+
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+        val incdec = if(stepsize==1) "inc" else "dec"
+
+        if(asmgen.options.romable) {
+            // cannot use self-modifying code, cannot use cpu stack (because loop can be interrupted halfway)
+            // so we need to store the loop end value in a newly allocated temporary variable
+            val toValueVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(iterableDt.elementType().base, false, range)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.A)
+            asmgen.out("  sta  $toValueVar")
+            // pre-check for end already reached
+            if(iterableDt.isSignedByteArray) {
+                if(stepsize<0) {
                     asmgen.out("""
-                        dec  $varname
+                        clc
-                        lda  $varname
+                        sbc  $varname
-                        cmp  #255
+                        bvc  +
-                        bne  $loopLabel""")
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bpl  $endLabel""")
                 }
-                else if (stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==1) {
+                else {
-                    // simple loop downto 1 step -1
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
                     asmgen.out("""
-                        dec  $varname
+                        sec
-                        bne  $loopLabel""")
+                        sbc  $varname
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bmi  $endLabel""")
                 }
-                else if (stepsize==1 || stepsize==-1) {
+            } else {
-                    // bytes array, step 1 or -1
+                if(stepsize<0) {
-
-                    val incdec = if(stepsize==1) "inc" else "dec"
-                    // loop over byte range via loopvar
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
-                    // pre-check for end already reached
-                    if(iterableDt.isSignedByteArray) {
-                        asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
-                        if(stepsize<0) {
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                clc
-                                sbc  $varname
-                                bvc  +
-                                eor  #${'$'}80
-+                               bpl  $endLabel""")
-                        }
-                        else
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                sec
-                                sbc  $varname
-                                bvc  +
-                                eor  #${'$'}80
-+                               bmi  $endLabel""")
-                    } else {
-                        if(stepsize<0) {
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                cmp  $varname
-                                beq  +
-                                bcs  $endLabel
-+""")
-                        }
-                        else
-                            asmgen.out("  cmp  $varname  |  bcc  $endLabel")
-                        asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
-                    }
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
                     asmgen.out("""
-                        lda  $varname
+                        cmp  $varname
-$modifiedLabel          cmp  #0         ; modified 
+                        beq  +
-                        beq  $endLabel
+                        bcs  $endLabel
-                        $incdec  $varname""")
-                    asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.out(endLabel)
-
-                } else {
-
-                    // bytes, step >= 2 or <= -2
-
-                    // loop over byte range via loopvar
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
-                    // pre-check for end already reached
-                    if(iterableDt.isSignedByteArray) {
-                        asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
-                        if(stepsize<0)
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                clc
-                                sbc  $varname
-                                bvc  +
-                                eor  #${'$'}80
-+                               bpl  $endLabel""")
-                        else
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                sec
-                                sbc  $varname
-                                bvc  +
-                                eor  #${'$'}80
-+                               bmi  $endLabel""")
-                    } else {
-                        if(stepsize<0)
-                            asmgen.out("""
-                                cmp  $varname
-                                beq  +
-                                bcs  $endLabel
 +""")
-                        else
+                }
-                            asmgen.out("  cmp  $varname  |  bcc  $endLabel")
+                else {
-                        asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
+                    asmgen.out("  cmp  $varname  |  bcc  $endLabel")
-                    }
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-                    if(stepsize>0) {
-                        asmgen.out("""
-                            lda  $varname
-                            clc
-                            adc  #$stepsize
-                            sta  $varname
-$modifiedLabel              cmp  #0    ; modified
-                            bmi  $loopLabel
-                            beq  $loopLabel""")
-                    } else {
-                        asmgen.out("""
-                            lda  $varname
-                            sec
-                            sbc  #${stepsize.absoluteValue}
-                            sta  $varname
-$modifiedLabel              cmp  #0     ; modified
-                            bpl  $loopLabel""")
-                    }
-                    asmgen.out(endLabel)
                 }
             }
-            iterableDt.isWordArray && !iterableDt.isSplitWordArray -> {
+            asmgen.out(loopLabel)
-                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
+            asmgen.translate(forloop.statements)
-                assignLoopvarWord(stmt, range)
+            asmgen.out("""
-                if(stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==0) {
+                lda  $varname
-                    // simple loop downto 0 step -1 (words)
+                cmp  $toValueVar
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+                beq  $endLabel
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+                $incdec  $varname""")
+            asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
+
+        } else {
+
+            // use self-modifying code to store the loop end comparison value
+            val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.A)
+            // pre-check for end already reached
+            if(iterableDt.isSignedByteArray) {
+                asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
+                if(stepsize<0) {
                     asmgen.out("""
-                        lda  $varname
+                        clc
-                        bne  ++
+                        sbc  $varname
-                        lda  $varname+1
+                        bvc  +
-                        beq  $endLabel
+                        eor  #$80
-+                       lda  $varname
++                       bpl  $endLabel""")
-                        bne  +
-                        dec  $varname+1
-+                       dec  $varname""")
-                    asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.out(endLabel)
                 }
-                else if (stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==1) {
+                else
-                    // simple loop downto 1 step -1 (words)
-                    asmgen.out(loopLabel)
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
                     asmgen.out("""
-                        lda  $varname
+                        sec
-                        cmp  #1
+                        sbc  $varname
-                        bne  +
+                        bvc  +
-                        lda  $varname+1
+                        eor  #$80
-                        beq  $endLabel
++                       bmi  $endLabel""")
-+                       lda  $varname
+            } else {
-                        bne  +
+                if(stepsize<0) {
-                        dec  $varname+1
+                    asmgen.out("""
-+                       dec  $varname""")
+                        cmp  $varname
-                    asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+                        beq  +
-                    asmgen.out(endLabel)
+                        bcs  $endLabel
++""")
                 }
-                else if (stepsize == 1 || stepsize == -1) {
+                else {
-                    // words, step 1 or -1
+                    asmgen.out("  cmp  $varname  |  bcc  $endLabel")
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                }
-                    precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+                asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
-                    asmgen.out("""
+            }
+            asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(forloop.statements)
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname
+$modifiedLabel  cmp  #0         ; modified 
+                beq  $endLabel
+                $incdec  $varname""")
+            asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun forOverBytesRangeStepGreaterOne(range: PtRange, varname: String, iterableDt: DataType, loopLabel: String, endLabel: String, forloop: PtForLoop) {
+        // bytes range, step >= 2 or <= -2
+
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+
+        val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.A)
+        // pre-check for end already reached
+        if(iterableDt.isSignedByteArray) {
+            asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
+            if(stepsize<0)
+                asmgen.out("""
+                    clc
+                    sbc  $varname
+                    bvc  +
+                    eor  #$80
++                   bpl  $endLabel""")
+            else
+                asmgen.out("""
+                    sec
+                    sbc  $varname
+                    bvc  +
+                    eor  #$80
++                   bmi  $endLabel""")
+        } else {
+            if(stepsize<0)
+                asmgen.out("""
+                    cmp  $varname
+                    beq  +
+                    bcs  $endLabel
++""")
+            else {
+                asmgen.out("  cmp  $varname  |  bcc  $endLabel")
+            }
+            asmgen.out("  sta  $modifiedLabel+1")
+        }
+        asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+        asmgen.translate(forloop.statements)
+
+        asmgen.romableError("self-modifying code (forloop over bytes range)", forloop.position)  // TODO fix romable; there is self-modifying code below
+        if(stepsize>0) {
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname
+                clc
+                adc  #$stepsize
+                sta  $varname
+$modifiedLabel  cmp  #0    ; modified
+                bmi  $loopLabel
+                beq  $loopLabel""")
+        } else {
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname
+                sec
+                sbc  #${stepsize.absoluteValue}
+                sta  $varname
+$modifiedLabel  cmp  #0     ; modified
+                bpl  $loopLabel""")
+        }
+        asmgen.out(endLabel)
+    }
+
+    private fun forOverNonconstWordRange(stmt: PtForLoop, iterableDt: DataType, range: PtRange) {
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+        val loopLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_loop")
+        val endLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_end")
+        asmgen.loopEndLabels.add(endLabel)
+        val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
+        assignLoopvarWord(stmt, range)
+        if(stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==0) {
+            // simple loop downto 0 step -1 (words)
+            asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname
+                bne  ++
+                lda  $varname+1
+                beq  $endLabel
++               lda  $varname
+                bne  +
+                dec  $varname+1
++               dec  $varname""")
+            asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
+        }
+        else if (stepsize==-1 && range.to.asConstInteger()==1) {
+            // simple loop downto 1 step -1 (words)
+            asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname
+                cmp  #1
+                bne  +
+                lda  $varname+1
+                beq  $endLabel
++               lda  $varname
+                bne  +
+                dec  $varname+1
++               dec  $varname""")
+            asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
+        }
+        else if (stepsize == 1 || stepsize == -1)
+            forOverWordsRangeStepOne(range, varname, iterableDt, loopLabel, endLabel, stmt)
+        else if (stepsize > 0)
+            forOverWordsRangeStepGreaterOne(range, varname, iterableDt, loopLabel, endLabel, stmt)
+        else
+            forOverWordsRangeStepGreaterOneDescending(range, varname, iterableDt, loopLabel, endLabel, stmt)
+    }
+
+    private fun forOverWordsRangeStepOne(range: PtRange, varname: String, iterableDt: DataType, loopLabel: String, endLabel: String, forloop: PtForLoop) {
+        // words range, step 1 or -1
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+
+        if(asmgen.options.romable) {
+            // cannot use self-modifying code, cannot use cpu stack (because loop can be interrupted halfway)
+            // so we need to store the loop end value in a newly allocated temporary variable
+            val toValueVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(iterableDt.elementType().base, false, range)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+            precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+            asmgen.out("  sta  $toValueVar")
+            asmgen.out("  sty  $toValueVar+1")
+            asmgen.out(loopLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(forloop.statements)
+            asmgen.out("""
+                lda  $varname+1
+                cmp  $toValueVar+1
+                bne  +
+                lda  $varname
+                cmp  $toValueVar
+                beq  $endLabel""")
+            if(stepsize==1) {
+                asmgen.out("""
++                   inc  $varname
+                    bne  $loopLabel
+                    inc  $varname+1""")
+                asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            } else {
+                asmgen.out("""
++                   lda  $varname
+                    bne  +
+                    dec  $varname+1
++                   dec  $varname""")
+                asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+            }
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
+
+        } else {
+
+            val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
+            val modifiedLabel2 = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modifiedb")
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+            precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+            asmgen.out("""
                 sty  $modifiedLabel+1
                 sta  $modifiedLabel2+1
 $loopLabel""")
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+            asmgen.translate(forloop.statements)
-                    asmgen.out("""
+            asmgen.out("""
                 lda  $varname+1
 $modifiedLabel  cmp  #0    ; modified 
                 bne  +
                 lda  $varname
 $modifiedLabel2 cmp  #0    ; modified 
                 beq  $endLabel""")
-                    if(stepsize==1) {
+            if(stepsize==1) {
-                        asmgen.out("""
+                asmgen.out("""
-+               inc  $varname
++                   inc  $varname
-                bne  $loopLabel
+                    bne  $loopLabel
-                inc  $varname+1""")
+                    inc  $varname+1""")
-                        asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+                asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
-                    } else {
+            } else {
-                        asmgen.out("""
+                asmgen.out("""
-+               lda  $varname
++                   lda  $varname
-                bne  +
+                    bne  +
-                dec  $varname+1
+                    dec  $varname+1
-+               dec  $varname""")
++                   dec  $varname""")
-                        asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
+                asmgen.jmp(loopLabel)
-                    }
+            }
-                    asmgen.out(endLabel)
+            asmgen.out(endLabel)
-                }
+        }
-                else if (stepsize > 0) {
+    }
-                    // (u)words, step >= 2
+
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+    private fun forOverWordsRangeStepGreaterOne(range: PtRange, varname: String, iterableDt: DataType, loopLabel: String, endLabel: String, stmt: PtForLoop) {
-                    precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+        // (u)words, step >= 2
-                    asmgen.out("""
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
+        val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
+        val modifiedLabel2 = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modifiedb")
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+        precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+        asmgen.out("""
                 sty  $modifiedLabel+1
                 sta  $modifiedLabel2+1
 $loopLabel""")
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+        asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
 
-                    if (iterableDt.isUnsignedWordArray) {
+        asmgen.romableError("self-modifying code (forloop over word range)", stmt.position)  // TODO fix romable; there is self-modifying code below
-                        asmgen.out("""
+        if (iterableDt.isUnsignedWordArray) {
+            asmgen.out("""
                 lda  $varname
                 clc
                 adc  #<$stepsize
@@ -266,8 +393,8 @@ $modifiedLabel2 lda  #0     ; modified
                 bcc  $endLabel
                 bcs  $loopLabel
 $endLabel""")
-                    } else {
+        } else {
-                        asmgen.out("""
+            asmgen.out("""
                 lda  $varname
                 clc
                 adc  #<$stepsize
@@ -283,20 +410,23 @@ $modifiedLabel  lda  #0   ; modified
                 eor  #$80
 +               bpl  $loopLabel                
 $endLabel""")
-                    }
+        }
-                }
+    }
-                else {
 
-                    // (u)words, step <= -2
+    private fun forOverWordsRangeStepGreaterOneDescending(range: PtRange, varname: String, iterableDt: DataType, loopLabel: String, endLabel: String, stmt: PtForLoop) {
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+        // (u)words, step <= -2
-                    precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+        val stepsize = range.step.asConstInteger()!!
-                    asmgen.out("""
+        val modifiedLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modified")
+        val modifiedLabel2 = asmgen.makeLabel("for_modifiedb")
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(range.to, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+        precheckFromToWord(iterableDt, stepsize, varname, endLabel)
+        asmgen.romableError("self-modifying code (forloop over words range)", stmt.position)  // TODO fix romable; there is self-modifying code below
+        asmgen.out("""
                 sty  $modifiedLabel+1
                 sta  $modifiedLabel2+1
 $loopLabel""")
-                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+        asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-
+        asmgen.out("""
-                    asmgen.out("""
                 lda  $varname
                 sec
                 sbc  #<${stepsize.absoluteValue}
@@ -313,12 +443,6 @@ $modifiedLabel  sbc  #0    ; modified
                 eor  #$80
 +               bpl  $loopLabel                
 $endLabel""")
-                }
-            }
-            else -> throw AssemblyError("range expression can only be byte or word")
-        }
-
-        asmgen.loopEndLabels.removeLast()
     }
 
     private fun precheckFromToWord(iterableDt: DataType, stepsize: Int, fromVar: String, endLabel: String) {
@@ -330,23 +454,23 @@ $endLabel""")
                     sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2        ; to
                     sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1      ; to
                     lda  $fromVar
-	                cmp  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
+                    cmp  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
                     lda  $fromVar+1
-	                sbc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1
+                    sbc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1
-	                bvc  +
+                    bvc  +
-	                eor  #${'$'}80
+                    eor  #$80
-+           		bmi  $endLabel
++                   bmi  $endLabel
                     lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
                     ldy  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1""")
             else
                 asmgen.out("""
                     sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
-	                cmp  $fromVar
+                    cmp  $fromVar
-	                tya
+                    tya
-	                sbc  $fromVar+1
+                    sbc  $fromVar+1
-	                bvc  +
+                    bvc  +
-	                eor  #${'$'}80
+                    eor  #$80
-+           		bmi  $endLabel
++                   bmi  $endLabel
                     lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG""")
         } else {
             if(stepsize<0)
@@ -362,11 +486,11 @@ $endLabel""")
 +""")
             else
                 asmgen.out("""
-                	cpy  $fromVar+1
+                    cpy  $fromVar+1
-	                bcc  $endLabel
+                    bcc  $endLabel
-	                bne  +
+                    bne  +
-	                cmp  $fromVar
+                    cmp  $fromVar
-	                bcc  $endLabel
+                    bcc  $endLabel
 +""")
         }
     }
@@ -376,38 +500,56 @@ $endLabel""")
         val endLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("for_end")
         asmgen.loopEndLabels.add(endLabel)
         val iterableName = asmgen.asmVariableName(ident)
-        val numElements = when(val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(ident.name)) {
+        val numElements: UInt = when(val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(ident.name)) {
             is StStaticVariable -> symbol.length!!
             is StMemVar -> symbol.length!!
-            else -> 0
+            else -> 0u
         }
         when {
             iterableDt.isString -> {
-                asmgen.out("""
+                if(asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    lda  #<$iterableName
+                    val indexVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
-                    ldy  #>$iterableName
+                    asmgen.out("""
-                    sta  $loopLabel+1
+                        ldy  #0
-                    sty  $loopLabel+2
+                        sty  $indexVar
-$loopLabel          lda  ${65535.toHex()}       ; modified
+$loopLabel              lda  $iterableName,y
-                    beq  $endLabel
+                        beq  $endLabel
-                    sta  ${asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)}""")
+                        sta  ${asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)}""")
-                asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-                asmgen.out("""
+                    asmgen.out("""
-                    inc  $loopLabel+1
+                        inc  $indexVar
-                    bne  $loopLabel
+                        ldy  $indexVar
-                    inc  $loopLabel+2
+                        bne  $loopLabel
-                    bne  $loopLabel
 $endLabel""")
+                } else {
+                    val indexVar = asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        ldy  #0
+                        sty  $indexVar
+$loopLabel              lda  $iterableName,y
+                        beq  $endLabel
+                        sta  ${asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)}""")
+                    asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        inc  $indexVar
+                        ldy  $indexVar
+                        bne  $loopLabel
+$indexVar   .byte  0                        
+$endLabel""")
+                }
             }
             iterableDt.isByteArray || iterableDt.isBoolArray -> {
-                val indexVar = asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
+                val indexVar = if(asmgen.options.romable)
+                    asmgen.createTempVarReused(iterableDt.elementType().base, false, stmt)
+                else
+                    asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
                 asmgen.out("""
                     ldy  #0
 $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                     lda  $iterableName,y
                     sta  ${asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)}""")
                 asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-                if(numElements<=255) {
+                if(numElements<=255u) {
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  $indexVar
                         iny
@@ -422,20 +564,25 @@ $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                         bne  $loopLabel
                         beq  $endLabel""")
                 }
-                if(numElements>=16) {
+                if(!asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    // allocate index var on ZP if possible
+                    if(numElements>=16u) {
-                    val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
+                        // allocate index var on ZP if possible, otherwise inline
-                    result.fold(
+                        val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.UBYTE, null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
-                        success = { (address, _, _)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
+                        result.fold(
-                        failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
+                            success = { (address, _, _)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
-                    )
+                            failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
-                } else {
+                        )
-                    asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    } else {
+                        asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    }
                 }
                 asmgen.out(endLabel)
             }
             iterableDt.isSplitWordArray -> {
-                val indexVar = asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
+                val indexVar = if(asmgen.options.romable)
+                    asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
+                else
+                    asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
                 val loopvarName = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
                 asmgen.out("""
                     ldy  #0
@@ -445,7 +592,7 @@ $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                     lda  ${iterableName}_msb,y
                     sta  $loopvarName+1""")
                 asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-                if(numElements<=255) {
+                if(numElements<=255u) {
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  $indexVar
                         iny
@@ -460,21 +607,25 @@ $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                         bne  $loopLabel
                         beq  $endLabel""")
                 }
-                if(numElements>=16) {
+                if(!asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    // allocate index var on ZP if possible
+                    if(numElements>=16u) {
-                    val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
+                        // allocate index var on ZP if possible, otherwise inline
-                    result.fold(
+                        val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.UBYTE, null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
-                        success = { (address,_,_)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
+                        result.fold(
-                        failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
+                            success = { (address, _, _)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
-                    )
+                            failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
-                } else {
+                        )
-                    asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    } else {
+                        asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    }
                 }
                 asmgen.out(endLabel)
             }
             iterableDt.isWordArray -> {
-                val length = numElements * 2
+                val indexVar = if(asmgen.options.romable)
-                val indexVar = asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
+                    asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, stmt)
+                else
+                    asmgen.makeLabel("for_index")
                 val loopvarName = asmgen.asmVariableName(stmt.variable)
                 asmgen.out("""
                     ldy  #0
@@ -484,16 +635,16 @@ $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                     lda  $iterableName+1,y
                     sta  $loopvarName+1""")
                 asmgen.translate(stmt.statements)
-                if(length<=127) {
+                if(numElements<=127u) {
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  $indexVar
                         iny
                         iny
-                        cpy  #$length
+                        cpy  #${numElements*2u}
                         beq  $endLabel
                         bne  $loopLabel""")
                 } else {
-                    // length is 128 words, 256 bytes
+                    // array size is 128 words, 256 bytes
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  $indexVar
                         iny
@@ -501,15 +652,17 @@ $loopLabel          sty  $indexVar
                         bne  $loopLabel
                         beq  $endLabel""")
                 }
-                if(length>=16) {
+                if(!asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    // allocate index var on ZP if possible
+                    if(numElements>=16u) {
-                    val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
+                        // allocate index var on ZP if possible, otherwise inline
-                    result.fold(
+                        val result = zeropage.allocate(indexVar, DataType.UBYTE, null, stmt.position, asmgen.errors)
-                        success = { (address,_,_)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
+                        result.fold(
-                        failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
+                            success = { (address, _, _)-> asmgen.out("""$indexVar = $address  ; auto zp UBYTE""") },
-                    )
+                            failure = { asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0") }
-                } else {
+                        )
-                    asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    } else {
+                        asmgen.out("$indexVar    .byte  0")
+                    }
                 }
                 asmgen.out(endLabel)
             }

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/FunctionCallAsmGen.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
 
+import prog8.code.StNodeType
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.assignment.AsmAssignSource
@@ -32,8 +33,14 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
         // NOTE: does NOT output code to save/restore the X register for this call! Every caller should deal with this in their own way!!
         //       (you can use subroutine.shouldSaveX() and saveX()/restoreX() routines as a help for this)
 
-        val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(call.name)
+        val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(call.name)!!
-        val sub = symbol?.astNode as IPtSubroutine
+        if(symbol.type == StNodeType.LABEL) {
+            require(call.void)
+            asmgen.out("  jsr  ${asmgen.asmSymbolName(symbol.scopedNameString)}")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val sub = symbol.astNode as IPtSubroutine
         val subAsmName = asmgen.asmSymbolName(call.name)
 
         if(sub is PtAsmSub) {
@@ -51,6 +58,10 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
                 if(bank==null) {
                     val varbank = if(sub.address?.varbank==null) null else asmgen.asmVariableName(sub.address!!.varbank!!)
                     if(varbank!=null) {
+                        if(asmgen.options.romable)
+                            TODO("no codegen yet for non-const bank in subroutine call that's usable in ROM  ${call.position}")
+
+                        // self-modifying code: set jsrfar bank argument
                         when(asmgen.options.compTarget.name) {
                             "cx16" -> {
                                 // JSRFAR can jump to a banked RAM address as well!
@@ -128,15 +139,16 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
             }
         }
         else if(sub is PtSub) {
-            if(optimizeIntArgsViaCpuRegisters(sub.parameters)) {
+            val parameters = sub.signature.children.filterIsInstance<PtSubroutineParameter>()
+            if(optimizeIntArgsViaCpuRegisters(parameters)) {
                 // Note that if the args fit into cpu registers, we don't concern ourselves here
                 // if they should be put into regular subroutine parameter variables, or the R0-R15 register variables.
                 // That is now up to the subroutine itself.
                 useCpuRegistersForArgs(call.args, sub)
             } else {
                 // arguments via variables
-                val paramValues = sub.parameters.zip(call.args)
+                val paramValues = parameters.zip(call.args)
-                val (normalParams, registerParams) = paramValues.partition { it.first.register == null }
+                val (normalParams, registerParams) = paramValues.partition { (it.first.register == null) }
                 if (normalParams.isNotEmpty()) {
                     for (p in normalParams)
                         argumentViaVariable(sub, p.first, p.second)
@@ -155,7 +167,7 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
     }
 
     private fun useCpuRegistersForArgs(args: List<PtExpression>, sub: PtSub) {
-        val params = sub.parameters
+        val params = sub.signature.children.filterIsInstance<PtSubroutineParameter>()
         when(params.size) {
             1 -> {
                 val register = if (params[0].type.isByteOrBool) RegisterOrPair.A else RegisterOrPair.AY
@@ -223,9 +235,9 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
                 val param = sub.parameters[it]
                 val arg = call.args[it]
                 registersUsed += if(usesOtherRegistersWhileEvaluating(arg)) {
-                    if(!registersUsed.any{it.statusflag!=null || it.registerOrPair in CpuRegisters})
+                    if(!registersUsed.any{r -> r.statusflag!=null || r.registerOrPair in CpuRegisters})
                         argumentViaRegister(sub, IndexedValue(it, param.second), arg)
-                    else if(registersUsed.any {it.statusflag!=null}) {
+                    else if(registersUsed.any { r-> r.statusflag!=null }) {
                         throw AssemblyError("call argument evaluation problem: can't save cpu statusregister parameter ${call.position}")
                     }
                     else {
@@ -315,7 +327,7 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
             register!!
             if(requiredDt.largerSizeThan(value.type)) {
                 // we need to sign extend the source, do this via temporary word variable
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.signExtendVariableLsb("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", value.type.base)
                 asmgen.assignVariableToRegister("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", register, null, Position.DUMMY)
             } else {
@@ -328,7 +340,7 @@ internal class FunctionCallAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram, private val as
                     }
                 val src = if(value.type.isPassByRef) {
                     if(value is PtIdentifier) {
-                        val addr = PtAddressOf(Position.DUMMY)
+                        val addr = PtAddressOf(value.type.typeForAddressOf(false),Position.DUMMY)
                         addr.add(value)
                         addr.parent = scope as PtNode
                         AsmAssignSource.fromAstSource(addr, program, asmgen).adjustSignedUnsigned(target)

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/IfElseAsmGen.kt

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 // use a BIT instruction to test for bit 7 or 6 set/clear
                 val (testBitSet, variable, bitmask) = useBIT
                 return translateIfBIT(stmt, jumpAfterIf, testBitSet, variable, bitmask)
-                return
             }
 
             val rightDt = compareCond.right.type
@@ -87,6 +86,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 if(testForBitSet) {
                     if(jumpAfterIf!=null) {
                         val target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         branch("bmi", target)
                     }
                     else
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 } else {
                     if(jumpAfterIf!=null) {
                         val target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         branch("bpl", target)
                     }
                     else
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 if(testForBitSet) {
                     if(jumpAfterIf!=null) {
                         val target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         branch("bvs", target)
                     }
                     else
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 } else {
                     if(jumpAfterIf!=null) {
                         val target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         branch("bvc", target)
                     }
                     else
@@ -146,6 +149,93 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             translateIfElseBodies("beq", ifElse)
     }
 
+    private fun translateIfElseBodiesSignedByte(elseConditional: String, value: PtExpression, stmt: PtIfElse) {
+        fun branchElse(label: String) {
+            when (elseConditional) {
+                "<" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bpl  $label""")
+                }
+                ">=" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bmi  $label""")
+                }
+                else -> throw AssemblyError("wrong conditional $elseConditional")
+            }
+        }
+        val afterIfLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("afterif")
+        asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(value, true)
+        if(stmt.hasElse()) {
+            // if and else blocks
+            val elseLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("else")
+            branchElse(elseLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
+            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
+            asmgen.out(elseLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
+        } else {
+            // no else block
+            branchElse(afterIfLabel)
+            asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
+        }
+        asmgen.out(afterIfLabel)
+    }
+
+    private fun translateJumpElseBodiesSignedByte(elseConditional: String, value: PtExpression, jump: PtJump, elseBlock: PtNodeGroup) {
+        fun branchTarget(label: String) {
+            when (elseConditional) {
+                "<" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bmi  $label""")
+                }
+                ">=" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bpl  $label""")
+                }
+                else -> throw AssemblyError("wrong conditional $elseConditional")
+            }
+        }
+        fun branchElse(label: String) {
+            when (elseConditional) {
+                "<" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bpl  $label""")
+                }
+                ">=" -> {
+                    asmgen.out("""
+                        bvc  +
+                        eor  #$80
++                       bmi  $label""")
+                }
+                else -> throw AssemblyError("wrong conditional $elseConditional")
+            }
+        }
+
+        var target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, false)
+        asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(value, true)
+        if(target.indirect) {
+            branchElse("+")
+            if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
+                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+            asmgen.jmp(target.asmLabel, target.indirect, target.indexedX)
+            asmgen.out("+")
+        } else {
+            require(!target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
+            branchTarget(target.asmLabel)
+        }
+        asmgen.translate(elseBlock)
+    }
+
     private fun translateIfElseBodies(elseBranchInstr: String, stmt: PtIfElse) {
         // comparison value is already in A
         val afterIfLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("afterif")
@@ -154,7 +244,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             val elseLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("else")
             asmgen.out("  $elseBranchInstr  $elseLabel")
             asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
             asmgen.out(elseLabel)
             asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
         } else {
@@ -171,10 +261,9 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         if(target.indirect) {
             asmgen.out("  $falseBranch  +")
             if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
-            asmgen.out("""
+            asmgen.jmp(target.asmLabel, target.indirect, target.indexedX)
-                jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
+            asmgen.out("+")
-+""")
         } else {
             require(!target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
             asmgen.out("  $branchInstr  ${target.asmLabel}")
@@ -210,40 +299,11 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                     translateIfElseBodies("beq", stmt)
             }
             "<" -> translateByteLess(stmt, signed, jumpAfterIf)
-            "<=" -> {
+            "<=" -> translateByteLessEqual(stmt, signed, jumpAfterIf)
-                // X<=Y -> Y>=X (reverse of >=)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.right, RegisterOrPair.A, signed)
-                asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.left, false)
-                return if(signed) {
-                    if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
-                        translateJumpElseBodies("bpl", "bmi", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
-                    else
-                        translateIfElseBodies("bmi", stmt)
-                } else {
-                    if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
-                        translateJumpElseBodies("bcs", "bcc", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
-                    else
-                        translateIfElseBodies("bcc", stmt)
-                }
-            }
             ">" -> translateByteGreater(stmt, signed, jumpAfterIf)
-            ">=" -> {
+            ">=" -> translateByteGreaterEqual(stmt, signed, jumpAfterIf)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.left, RegisterOrPair.A, signed)
-                asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.right, false)
-                return if(signed) {
-                    if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
-                        translateJumpElseBodies("bpl", "bmi", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
-                    else
-                        translateIfElseBodies("bmi", stmt)
-                } else {
-                    if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
-                        translateJumpElseBodies("bcs", "bcc", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
-                    else
-                        translateIfElseBodies("bcc", stmt)
-                }
-            }
             in LogicalOperators -> {
-                val regAtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), stmt.definingISub(), condition.position, register=RegisterOrPair.A)
+                val regAtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.BOOL, stmt.definingISub(), condition.position, register=RegisterOrPair.A)
                 if (assignmentAsmGen.optimizedLogicalExpr(condition, regAtarget)) {
                     if (jumpAfterIf != null)
                         translateJumpElseBodies("bne", "beq", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
@@ -286,7 +346,8 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(target.indirect) {
                             asmgen.out("  bmi  + |  beq +")
                             if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf, true)
+                                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                            require(!target.indexedX)
                             asmgen.out("""
                                 jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -306,7 +367,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             val elseLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("else")
                             asmgen.out("  bmi  $elseLabel |  beq  $elseLabel")
                             asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                             asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                             asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                         } else {
@@ -353,7 +414,8 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(target.indirect) {
                             asmgen.out("  bmi  + |  bne  ++")
                             if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf, true)
+                                target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                            require(!target.indexedX)
                             asmgen.out("""
 +                               jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -375,7 +437,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                                 bpl  $elseLabel
 +""")
                             asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                            asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                             asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                             asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                         } else {
@@ -402,13 +464,13 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
     private fun translateByteLess(stmt: PtIfElse, signed: Boolean, jumpAfterIf: PtJump?) {
         val condition = stmt.condition as PtBinaryExpression
         asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.left, RegisterOrPair.A, signed)
-        asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.right, false)
         if(signed) {
             if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
-                translateJumpElseBodies("bmi", "bpl", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+                translateJumpElseBodiesSignedByte("<", condition.right, jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
             else
-                translateIfElseBodies("bpl", stmt)
+                translateIfElseBodiesSignedByte("<", condition.right, stmt)
         } else {
+            asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.right, false)
             if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
                 translateJumpElseBodies("bcc", "bcs", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
             else
@@ -416,25 +478,43 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         }
     }
 
+    private fun translateByteLessEqual(stmt: PtIfElse, signed: Boolean, jumpAfterIf: PtJump?) {
+        // X<=Y -> Y>=X (reverse of >=)
+        val condition = stmt.condition as PtBinaryExpression
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.right, RegisterOrPair.A, signed)
+        return if(signed) {
+            if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
+                translateJumpElseBodiesSignedByte(">=", condition.left, jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+            else
+                translateIfElseBodiesSignedByte(">=", condition.left, stmt)
+        } else {
+            asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.left, false)
+            if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
+                translateJumpElseBodies("bcs", "bcc", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+            else
+                translateIfElseBodies("bcc", stmt)
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun translateByteGreater(stmt: PtIfElse, signed: Boolean, jumpAfterIf: PtJump?) {
         val condition = stmt.condition as PtBinaryExpression
         if(signed) {
             // X>Y --> Y<X
             asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.right, RegisterOrPair.A, true)
-            asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.left, true)
             if (jumpAfterIf != null)
-                translateJumpElseBodies("bmi", "bpl", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+                translateJumpElseBodiesSignedByte("<", condition.left, jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
             else
-                translateIfElseBodies("bpl", stmt)
+                translateIfElseBodiesSignedByte("<", condition.left, stmt)
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
             asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.right, false)
             if(jumpAfterIf!=null) {
                 var target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf, false)
                 if(target.indirect) {
                     asmgen.out("  bcc  + |  beq  +")
                     if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf, true)
+                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jumpAfterIf)
+                    require(!target.indexedX)
                     asmgen.out("""
                         jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -453,7 +533,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                     val elseLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("else")
                     asmgen.out("  bcc  $elseLabel |  beq  $elseLabel")
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                     asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                 } else {
@@ -466,6 +546,23 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         }
     }
 
+    private fun translateByteGreaterEqual(stmt: PtIfElse, signed: Boolean, jumpAfterIf: PtJump?) {
+        val condition = stmt.condition as PtBinaryExpression
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(condition.left, RegisterOrPair.A, signed)
+        return if(signed) {
+            if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
+                translateJumpElseBodiesSignedByte(">=", condition.right, jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+            else
+                translateIfElseBodiesSignedByte(">=", condition.right, stmt)
+        } else {
+            asmgen.cmpAwithByteValue(condition.right, false)
+            if(jumpAfterIf!=null)
+                translateJumpElseBodies("bcs", "bcc", jumpAfterIf, stmt.elseScope)
+            else
+                translateIfElseBodies("bcc", stmt)
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun translateIfWord(stmt: PtIfElse, condition: PtBinaryExpression, jumpAfterIf: PtJump?) {
         val signed = condition.left.type.isSigned
         val constValue = condition.right.asConstInteger()
@@ -535,7 +632,8 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             eor  #128
 +                           bpl  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -562,7 +660,7 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             eor  #128
 +                           bmi  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -590,7 +688,8 @@ internal class IfElseAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             cmp  $valueLsb
                             bcs  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
 _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -615,7 +714,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             sbc  $valueMsb
                             bcs  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -667,7 +766,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             eor  #128
 +                           bpl  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
                            jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -694,7 +794,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             eor  #128
 +                           bmi  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -721,7 +821,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             sbc  $valueMsb
                             bcc  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -744,7 +845,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             sbc  $valueMsb
                             bcc  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -784,7 +885,9 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
     private fun loadAndCmp0MSB(value: PtExpression) {
         when(value) {
             is PtArrayIndexer -> {
-                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                if(value.variable==null)
+                    TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
+                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable!!)
                 asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(value, CpuRegister.Y)
                 if(value.splitWords)
                     asmgen.out("  lda  ${varname}_msb,y")
@@ -800,8 +903,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                     asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.AY, true)
                     asmgen.out("  cpy  #0")
                 } else {
-                    var varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.identifier)
+                    var varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.identifier!!)
-                    if(value.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+                    if(value.identifier!!.type.isSplitWordArray) {
                         varname += if(value.isMsbForSplitArray) "_msb" else "_lsb"
                     }
                     asmgen.out("  lda  #>$varname")
@@ -829,7 +932,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             lda  $valueLsb
                             bne  ++""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
 +                           jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -857,7 +961,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             bne  $elseLabel
 +""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -878,8 +982,10 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
             if(value is PtIdentifier)
                 return compareLsbMsb(value.name, value.name+"+1")
             if(value is PtArrayIndexer) {
+                if(value.variable==null)
+                    TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
                 val constIndex = value.index.asConstInteger()
-                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable!!)
                 if(constIndex!=null) {
                     if(value.splitWords) {
                         return compareLsbMsb("${varname}_lsb+$constIndex", "${varname}_msb+$constIndex")
@@ -908,7 +1014,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         cmp  #0
                         bne  ++""")
                     if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                    require(!target.indexedX)
                     asmgen.out("""
 +                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -936,7 +1043,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             bne  $elseLabel
 +""")
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                     asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                 } else {
@@ -973,7 +1080,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             lda  $valueLsb
                             beq  ++""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
 +                           jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1001,7 +1109,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             beq  $elseLabel
 +""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -1023,8 +1131,10 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
             if(value is PtIdentifier)
                 return compareLsbMsb(value.name, value.name+"+1")
             if(value is PtArrayIndexer) {
+                if(value.variable==null)
+                    TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
                 val constIndex = value.index.asConstInteger()
-                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable!!)
                 if(constIndex!=null) {
                     if(value.splitWords) {
                         return compareLsbMsb("${varname}_lsb+$constIndex", "${varname}_msb+$constIndex")
@@ -1053,7 +1163,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         cmp  #0
                         beq  ++""")
                     if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                    require(!target.indexedX)
                     asmgen.out("""
 +                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1081,7 +1192,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             beq  $elseLabel
 +""")
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                     asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                 } else {
@@ -1136,7 +1247,9 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                 is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                     val constIndex = value.index.asConstInteger()
                     if(constIndex!=null) {
-                        val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                        if(value.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
+                        val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable!!)
                         if(value.splitWords) {
                             return translateLoadFromVarSplitw(varName, constIndex, "bne", "beq")
                         }
@@ -1157,7 +1270,9 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                 is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                     val constIndex = value.index.asConstInteger()
                     if (constIndex != null) {
-                        val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                        if(value.variable==null)
+                            TODO("support for ptr indexing ${value.position}")
+                        val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable!!)
                         if(value.splitWords) {
                             return translateLoadFromVarSplitw(varName, constIndex, "beq", "bne")
                         }
@@ -1196,7 +1311,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         cpy  $valueMsb
                         beq  ++""")
                     if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                    require(!target.indexedX)
                     asmgen.out("""
 +                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1221,7 +1337,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         beq  $elseLabel
 +""")
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                     asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                 } else {
@@ -1248,7 +1364,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         cpy  $valueMsb
                         bne  +""")
                     if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                        target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                    require(!target.indexedX)
                     asmgen.out("""
                         jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1273,7 +1390,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                         cpy  $valueMsb
                         bne  $elseLabel""")
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                    asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                     asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                     asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                 } else {
@@ -1302,7 +1419,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  ${right.name}+1
                             beq  ++""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
 +                           jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1331,7 +1449,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             beq  $elseLabel
 +""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -1361,7 +1479,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  ${right.name}+1
                             bne  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1390,7 +1509,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  ${right.name}+1
                             bne  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -1423,7 +1542,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  #>$value
                             beq  ++""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
 +                           jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1452,7 +1572,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             beq  $elseLabel
 +""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -1481,7 +1601,8 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  #>$value
                             bne  +""")
                         if(target.needsExpressionEvaluation)
-                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump, true)
+                            target = asmgen.getJumpTarget(jump)
+                        require(!target.indexedX)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
 +""")
@@ -1510,7 +1631,7 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                             cmp  #>$value
                             bne  $elseLabel""")
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.ifScope)
-                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel, false)
+                        asmgen.jmp(afterIfLabel)
                         asmgen.out(elseLabel)
                         asmgen.translate(stmt.elseScope)
                     } else {
@@ -1532,8 +1653,10 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
         fun translateEqualsArray(left: PtArrayIndexer, right: PtExpression) {
             val constIndex = left.index.asConstInteger()
             if(constIndex!=null) {
+                if(left.variable==null)
+                    TODO("support for ptr indexing ${left.position}")
                 asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.AY, signed)
-                val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(left.variable)
+                val varName = asmgen.asmVariableName(left.variable!!)
                 if(left.splitWords) {
                     return if(notEquals)
                         translateAYNotEquals("${varName}_lsb+$constIndex", "${varName}_msb+$constIndex")
@@ -1596,13 +1719,13 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                     }
                 }
                 is PtAddressOf -> {
-                    if(left.isFromArrayElement)
+                    if(left.isFromArrayElement) {
                         fallbackTranslateForSimpleCondition(stmt)
-                    else {
+                    } else {
-                        val varname = if(left.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+                        val varname = if(left.identifier!!.type.isSplitWordArray) {
-                            if(left.isMsbForSplitArray) left.identifier.name+"_msb" else left.identifier.name+"_lsb"
+                            if(left.isMsbForSplitArray) left.identifier!!.name+"_msb" else left.identifier!!.name+"_lsb"
                         } else {
-                            left.identifier.name
+                            left.identifier!!.name
                         }
                         asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.AY, signed)
                         translateAYNotEquals("#<$varname", "#>$varname")
@@ -1648,13 +1771,13 @@ _jump                       jmp  (${target.asmLabel})
                     }
                 }
                 is PtAddressOf -> {
-                    if(left.isFromArrayElement)
+                    if(left.isFromArrayElement) {
                         fallbackTranslateForSimpleCondition(stmt)
-                    else {
+                    } else {
-                        val varname = if(left.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+                        val varname = if(left.identifier!!.type.isSplitWordArray) {
-                            if(left.isMsbForSplitArray) left.identifier.name+"_msb" else left.identifier.name+"_lsb"
+                            if(left.isMsbForSplitArray) left.identifier!!.name+"_msb" else left.identifier!!.name+"_lsb"
                         } else {
-                            left.identifier.name
+                            left.identifier!!.name
                         }
                         asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.AY, signed)
                         translateAYEquals("#<$varname", "#>$varname")

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/IfExpressionAsmGen.kt

@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
         evalIfExpressionConditonAndBranchWhenFalse(expr.condition, falseLabel)
         when {
             expr.type.isByteOrBool -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.truevalue, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.truevalue, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.jmp(endLabel)
                 asmgen.out(falseLabel)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.falsevalue, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.falsevalue, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out(endLabel)
                 assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, false, false)
             }
             expr.type.isWord || expr.type.isString -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.truevalue, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.truevalue, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                 asmgen.jmp(endLabel)
                 asmgen.out(falseLabel)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.falsevalue, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.falsevalue, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                 asmgen.out(endLabel)
                 assignmentAsmGen.assignRegisterpairWord(target, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             }
@@ -43,21 +43,26 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
     }
 
     private fun evalIfExpressionConditonAndBranchWhenFalse(condition: PtExpression, falseLabel: String) {
-        if (condition is PtBinaryExpression) {
+        when (condition) {
-            val rightDt = condition.right.type
+            is PtBinaryExpression -> {
-            return when {
+                val rightDt = condition.right.type
-                rightDt.isByteOrBool -> translateIfExpressionByteConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
+                return when {
-                rightDt.isWord -> translateIfExpressionWordConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
+                    rightDt.isByteOrBool -> translateIfExpressionByteConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
-                rightDt.isFloat -> translateIfExpressionFloatConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
+                    rightDt.isWord -> translateIfExpressionWordConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
-                else -> throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
+                    rightDt.isFloat -> translateIfExpressionFloatConditionBranch(condition, falseLabel)
+                    else -> throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
+                }
+            }
+
+            is PtPrefix if condition.operator=="not" -> {
+                throw AssemblyError("not prefix in ifexpression should have been replaced by swapped values")
+            }
+
+            else -> {
+                // the condition is "simple" enough to just assign its 0/1 value to a register and branch on that
+                asmgen.assignConditionValueToRegisterAndTest(condition)
+                asmgen.out("  beq  $falseLabel")
             }
-        }
-        else if(condition is PtPrefix && condition.operator=="not") {
-            throw AssemblyError("not prefix in ifexpression should have been replaced by swapped values")
-        } else {
-            // the condition is "simple" enough to just assign its 0/1 value to a register and branch on that
-            asmgen.assignConditionValueToRegisterAndTest(condition)
-            asmgen.out("  beq  $falseLabel")
         }
     }
 
@@ -82,7 +87,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 asmgen.out("  beq  $falseLabel")
             }
             in LogicalOperators -> {
-                val regAtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), condition.definingISub(), condition.position, register=RegisterOrPair.A)
+                val regAtarget = AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.BOOL, condition.definingISub(), condition.position, register=RegisterOrPair.A)
                 if (assignmentAsmGen.optimizedLogicalExpr(condition, regAtarget)) {
                     asmgen.out("  beq  $falseLabel")
                 } else {
@@ -190,7 +195,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 beq  $falseLabel
 +""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out("""
                 cmp  $varRight
                 bne  +
@@ -214,7 +219,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 cmp  $varRight+1
                 bne  $falseLabel""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out("""
                 cmp  $varRight
                 bne  $falseLabel
@@ -237,7 +242,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 beq  $falseLabel
 +""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out("""
                 cmp  #<$number
                 bne  +
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 cmp  #>$number
                 bne  $falseLabel""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out(                """
                 cmp  #<$number
                 bne  $falseLabel
@@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 ora  $varname+1
                 beq  $falseLabel""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out("  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG |  ora  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG |  beq  $falseLabel")
         }
     }
@@ -294,7 +299,7 @@ internal class IfExpressionAsmGen(private val asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal, privat
                 ora  $varname+1
                 bne  $falseLabel""")
         } else {
-            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr, RegisterOrPair.AY)
             asmgen.out("  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG |  ora  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG |  bne  $falseLabel")
         }
     }

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/ProgramAndVarsGen.kt

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             }
 
             memorySlabs()
-            tempVars()
             footer()
         }
     }
@@ -219,27 +218,6 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         }
     }
 
-    private fun tempVars() {
-        asmgen.out("; expression temp vars\n  .section BSS")
-        for((dt, count) in asmgen.tempVarsCounters) {
-            if(count>0) {
-                for(num in 1..count) {
-                    val name = asmgen.buildTempVarName(dt, num)
-                    when (dt) {
-                        BaseDataType.BOOL  -> asmgen.out("$name    .byte  ?")
-                        BaseDataType.BYTE  -> asmgen.out("$name    .char  ?")
-                        BaseDataType.UBYTE -> asmgen.out("$name    .byte  ?")
-                        BaseDataType.WORD  -> asmgen.out("$name    .sint  ?")
-                        BaseDataType.UWORD -> asmgen.out("$name    .word  ?")
-                        BaseDataType.FLOAT -> asmgen.out("$name    .fill  ${options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE}")
-                        else -> throw AssemblyError("weird dt for extravar $dt")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        asmgen.out("  .send BSS")
-    }
-
     private fun footer() {
         var relocateBssVars = false
         var relocateBssSlabs = false
@@ -299,6 +277,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
                 asmgen.out("  .dsection slabs_BSS")
             asmgen.out("prog8_program_end\t; end of program label for progend()")
             asmgen.out("  * = ${relocatedBssStart.toHex()}")
+            asmgen.out("  .dsection BSS_NOCLEAR")
             asmgen.out("prog8_bss_section_start")
             asmgen.out("  .dsection BSS")
             if(relocateBssSlabs)
@@ -306,6 +285,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             asmgen.out("  .cerror * > ${relocatedBssEnd.toHex()}, \"too many variables/data for BSS section\"")
             asmgen.out("prog8_bss_section_size = * - prog8_bss_section_start")
         } else {
+            asmgen.out("  .dsection BSS_NOCLEAR")
             asmgen.out("prog8_bss_section_start")
             asmgen.out("  .dsection BSS")
             asmgen.out("prog8_bss_section_size = * - prog8_bss_section_start")
@@ -318,6 +298,10 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
                 asmgen.out("  .cerror * > ${relocatedBssEnd.toHex()}, \"too many data for slabs_BSS section\"")
             }
         }
+
+        if(relocatedBssEnd >= options.memtopAddress)
+            options.memtopAddress = relocatedBssEnd+1u
+
         asmgen.out("  ; memtop check")
         asmgen.out("  .cerror * >= ${options.memtopAddress.toHex()}, \"Program too long by \", * - ${(options.memtopAddress-1u).toHex()}, \" bytes, memtop=${options.memtopAddress.toHex()}\"")
     }
@@ -346,7 +330,9 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             initializers.forEach { assign ->
                 if((assign.value as? PtNumber)?.number != 0.0 || allocator.isZpVar(assign.target.identifier!!.name))
                     asmgen.translate(assign)
-                // the other variables that should be set to zero are done so as part of the BSS section.
+                else
+                    throw AssemblyError("non-zp variable should not be initialized to zero; it will be zeroed as part of BSS clear")
+                // the other variables that should be set to zero are done so as part of the BSS section clear.
             }
             asmgen.out("  rts\n  .bend")
         }
@@ -363,7 +349,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         val varsInBlock = getVars(scope)
 
         // Zeropage Variables
-        val varnames = varsInBlock.filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR }.map { it.value.scopedName }.toSet()
+        val varnames = varsInBlock.filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR }.map { it.value.scopedNameString }.toSet()
         zeropagevars2asm(varnames)
 
         // MemDefs and Consts
@@ -377,7 +363,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
 
         // normal statically allocated variables
         val variables = varsInBlock
-            .filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR && !allocator.isZpVar(it.value.scopedName) }
+            .filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR && !allocator.isZpVar(it.value.scopedNameString) }
             .map { it.value as StStaticVariable }
         nonZpVariables2asm(variables)
     }
@@ -431,7 +417,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         val varsInSubroutine = getVars(scope)
 
         // Zeropage Variables
-        val varnames = varsInSubroutine.filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR }.map { it.value.scopedName }.toSet()
+        val varnames = varsInSubroutine.filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR }.map { it.value.scopedNameString }.toSet()
         zeropagevars2asm(varnames)
 
         // MemDefs and Consts
@@ -449,7 +435,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         if((sub.name=="start" || sub.name=="p8s_start") && (sub.definingBlock()!!.name=="main" || sub.definingBlock()!!.name=="p8b_main"))
             entrypointInitialization()
 
-        val params = sub.parameters
+        val params = sub.signature.children.filterIsInstance<PtSubroutineParameter>()
         if(functioncallAsmGen.optimizeIntArgsViaCpuRegisters(params)) {
             asmgen.out("; simple int arg(s) passed via cpu register(s)")
 
@@ -485,14 +471,14 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         sub.children.forEach { asmgen.translate(it) }
 
         asmgen.out("; variables")
-        asmgen.out("    .section BSS")
+        asmgen.out("    .section BSS_NOCLEAR")      // these extra vars are initialized before use
         val asmGenInfo = asmgen.subroutineExtra(sub)
         for((dt, name, addr) in asmGenInfo.extraVars) {
             if(addr!=null)
                 asmgen.out("$name = $addr")
             else when(dt) {
-                BaseDataType.UBYTE -> asmgen.out("$name    .byte  ?")
+                BaseDataType.UBYTE, BaseDataType.BYTE, BaseDataType.BOOL -> asmgen.out("$name    .byte  ?")
-                BaseDataType.UWORD -> asmgen.out("$name    .word  ?")
+                BaseDataType.UWORD, BaseDataType.WORD -> asmgen.out("$name    .word  ?")
                 BaseDataType.FLOAT -> asmgen.out("$name    .fill  ${options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE}")
                 else -> throw AssemblyError("weird dt for extravar $dt")
             }
@@ -501,11 +487,11 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             asmgen.out("$subroutineFloatEvalResultVar1    .fill  ${options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE}")
         if(asmGenInfo.usedFloatEvalResultVar2)
             asmgen.out("$subroutineFloatEvalResultVar2    .fill  ${options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE}")
-        asmgen.out("  .send BSS")
+        asmgen.out("  .send BSS_NOCLEAR")
 
         // normal statically allocated variables
         val variables = varsInSubroutine
-            .filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR && !allocator.isZpVar(it.value.scopedName) }
+            .filter { it.value.type==StNodeType.STATICVAR && !allocator.isZpVar(it.value.scopedNameString) }
             .map { it.value as StStaticVariable }
         nonZpVariables2asm(variables)
 
@@ -560,12 +546,12 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
 
         stringVarsWithInitInZp.forEach {
             val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(it.name)+"_init_value"
-            outputStringvar(varname, 0, it.value.second, it.value.first)
+            outputStringvar(varname, 0u, it.value.second, it.value.first)
         }
 
         arrayVarsWithInitInZp.forEach {
             val varname = asmgen.asmVariableName(it.name)+"_init_value"
-            arrayVariable2asm(varname, it.alloc.dt, 0, it.value, null)
+            arrayVariable2asm(varname, it.alloc.dt, 0u, it.value, null)
         }
 
         asmgen.out("+")
@@ -629,22 +615,37 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         val (varsNoInit, varsWithInit) = variables.partition { it.uninitialized }
         if(varsNoInit.isNotEmpty()) {
             asmgen.out("; non-zeropage variables")
-            asmgen.out("  .section BSS")
+            val (dirty, clean) = varsNoInit.partition { it.dirty }
-            val (notAligned, aligned) = varsNoInit.partition { it.align==0 }
+
-            notAligned.sortedWith(compareBy<StStaticVariable> { it.name }.thenBy { it.dt.base }).forEach {
+            fun generate(section: String, variables: List<StStaticVariable>) {
-                uninitializedVariable2asm(it)
+                asmgen.out("  .section $section")
+                val (notAligned, aligned) = variables.partition { it.align == 0u }
+                notAligned.sortedWith(compareBy<StStaticVariable> { it.name }.thenBy { it.dt.base }).forEach {
+                    uninitializedVariable2asm(it)
+                }
+                aligned.sortedWith(compareBy<StStaticVariable> { it.align }.thenBy { it.name }.thenBy { it.dt.base })
+                    .forEach { uninitializedVariable2asm(it) }
+                asmgen.out("  .send $section")
             }
-            aligned.sortedWith(compareBy<StStaticVariable> { it.align }.thenBy { it.name }.thenBy { it.dt.base }).forEach {
+
-                uninitializedVariable2asm(it)
+            if(clean.isNotEmpty()) {
+                // clean vars end up in BSS so they're at least cleared to 0 at startup
+                generate("BSS", clean)
+            }
+            if(dirty.isNotEmpty()) {
+                // Dirty vars actually are ALSO are put into BSS so they're cleared to 0 at program startup,
+                // but NOT at each entry of the subroutine they're declared in.
+                // This saves the STZ's instructions in the subroutine, while still having deterministic start state.
+                // So there is no actual difference here when compared to the way non-dirty variables are allocated.
+                generate("BSS", dirty)
             }
-            asmgen.out("  .send BSS")
         }
 
         if(varsWithInit.isNotEmpty()) {
             asmgen.out("; non-zeropage variables with init value")
             val (stringvars, othervars) = varsWithInit.sortedBy { it.name }.partition { it.dt.isString }
-            val (notAlignedStrings, alignedStrings) = stringvars.partition { it.align==0 }
+            val (notAlignedStrings, alignedStrings) = stringvars.partition { it.align==0u }
-            val (notAlignedOther, alignedOther) = othervars.partition { it.align==0 }
+            val (notAlignedOther, alignedOther) = othervars.partition { it.align==0u }
             notAlignedStrings.forEach {
                 outputStringvar(
                     it.name,
@@ -652,6 +653,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
                     it.initializationStringValue!!.second,
                     it.initializationStringValue!!.first
                 )
+                asmgen.romableError("string (${it.dt} ${it.name}) can only be used as read-only in ROMable code", Position.DUMMY, false)     // TODO print warning with position of the var
             }
             alignedStrings.sortedBy { it.align }.forEach {
                 outputStringvar(
@@ -660,13 +662,22 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
                     it.initializationStringValue!!.second,
                     it.initializationStringValue!!.first
                 )
+                asmgen.romableError("string (${it.dt} ${it.name}) can only be used as read-only in ROMable code", Position.DUMMY, false)     // TODO print warning with position of the var
             }
 
             notAlignedOther.sortedBy { it.type }.forEach {
                 staticVariable2asm(it)
+                if(it.dt.isArray)
+                    asmgen.romableError("array (${it.dt} ${it.name}) can only be used as read-only in ROMable code", Position.DUMMY, false)     // TODO print warning with position of the var
+                else
+                    asmgen.romableError("inlined variable (${it.dt} ${it.name})", Position.DUMMY)       // TODO print warning with position of the var
             }
             alignedOther.sortedBy { it.align }.sortedBy { it.type }.forEach {
                 staticVariable2asm(it)
+                if(it.dt.isArray)
+                    asmgen.romableError("array (${it.dt} ${it.name}) can only be used as read-only in ROMable code", Position.DUMMY, false)     // TODO print warning with position of the var
+                else
+                    asmgen.romableError("inlined variable (${it.dt} ${it.name})", Position.DUMMY)       // TODO print warning with position of the var
             }
         }
     }
@@ -681,23 +692,27 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             dt.isFloat -> asmgen.out("${variable.name}\t.fill  ${compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE}")
             dt.isSplitWordArray -> {
                 alignVar(variable.align)
-                val numbytesPerHalf = compTarget.memorySize(variable.dt, variable.length!!) / 2
+                val numbytesPerHalf = compTarget.memorySize(variable.dt, variable.length!!.toInt()) / 2
                 asmgen.out("${variable.name}_lsb\t.fill  $numbytesPerHalf")
                 asmgen.out("${variable.name}_msb\t.fill  $numbytesPerHalf")
             }
             dt.isArray -> {
                 alignVar(variable.align)
-                val numbytes = compTarget.memorySize(variable.dt, variable.length!!)
+                val numbytes = compTarget.memorySize(variable.dt, variable.length!!.toInt())
                 asmgen.out("${variable.name}\t.fill  $numbytes")
             }
+            dt.isPointer -> asmgen.out("${variable.name}\t.word  ?")        // a pointer is just an uword address
+            dt.isPointerArray -> {
+                TODO("pointers are not supported yet")
+            }
             else -> {
                 throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
             }
         }
     }
 
-    private fun alignVar(align: Int) {
+    private fun alignVar(align: UInt) {
-        if(align > 1)
+        if(align > 1u)
             asmgen.out("  .align  ${align.toHex()}")
     }
 
@@ -734,7 +749,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
                 throw AssemblyError("all string vars should have been interned into prog")
             }
             dt.isArray -> {
-                arrayVariable2asm(variable.name, variable.dt, variable.align, variable.initializationArrayValue, variable.length)
+                arrayVariable2asm(variable.name, variable.dt, variable.align, variable.initializationArrayValue, variable.length?.toInt())
             }
             else -> {
                 throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
@@ -742,7 +757,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
         }
     }
 
-    private fun arrayVariable2asm(varname: String, dt: DataType, align: Int, value: StArray?, orNumberOfZeros: Int?) {
+    private fun arrayVariable2asm(varname: String, dt: DataType, align: UInt, value: StArray?, orNumberOfZeros: Int?) {
         alignVar(align)
         when {
             dt.isUnsignedByteArray || dt.isBoolArray -> {
@@ -844,7 +859,7 @@ internal class ProgramAndVarsGen(
             }
     }
 
-    private fun outputStringvar(varname: String, align: Int, encoding: Encoding, value: String) {
+    private fun outputStringvar(varname: String, align: UInt, encoding: Encoding, value: String) {
         alignVar(align)
         asmgen.out("$varname\t; $encoding:\"${value.escape().replace("\u0000", "<NULL>")}\"", false)
         val bytes = compTarget.encodeString(value, encoding).plus(0.toUByte())

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/VariableAllocator.kt

@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ package prog8.codegen.cpu6502
 
 import com.github.michaelbull.result.fold
 import com.github.michaelbull.result.onSuccess
-import prog8.code.StNode
+import prog8.code.*
-import prog8.code.StNodeType
-import prog8.code.StStaticVariable
-import prog8.code.SymbolTable
 import prog8.code.core.*
 
 
@@ -23,7 +20,13 @@ internal class VariableAllocator(private val symboltable: SymbolTable,
         zeropageVars = zeropage.allocatedVariables
     }
 
-    internal fun isZpVar(scopedName: String) = scopedName in zeropageVars
+    internal fun isZpVar(scopedName: String): Boolean {
+        if(scopedName in zeropageVars)
+            return true
+
+        val v = symboltable.lookup(scopedName)
+        return if(v is StMemVar) v.address <= 255u else false
+    }
 
     internal fun getFloatAsmConst(number: Double): String {
         val asmName = globalFloatConsts[number]
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ internal class VariableAllocator(private val symboltable: SymbolTable,
         val varsRequiringZp = allVariables.filter { it.zpwish == ZeropageWish.REQUIRE_ZEROPAGE }
         val varsPreferringZp = allVariables.filter { it.zpwish == ZeropageWish.PREFER_ZEROPAGE }
         val varsNotZp = allVariables.filter { it.zpwish == ZeropageWish.NOT_IN_ZEROPAGE }
-        val (varsDontCareWithoutAlignment, varsDontCareWithAlignment) = allVariables.filter { it.zpwish == ZeropageWish.DONTCARE }.partition { it.align == 0 }
+        val (varsDontCareWithoutAlignment, varsDontCareWithAlignment) = allVariables.filter { it.zpwish == ZeropageWish.DONTCARE }.partition { it.align == 0u }
         require(varsDontCareWithAlignment.size + varsDontCareWithoutAlignment.size + varsRequiringZp.size + varsPreferringZp.size + varsNotZp.size == numberOfAllocatableVariables)
 
         var numVariablesAllocatedInZP = 0
@@ -57,9 +60,9 @@ internal class VariableAllocator(private val symboltable: SymbolTable,
 
         varsRequiringZp.forEach { variable ->
             val result = zeropage.allocate(
-                variable.scopedName,
+                variable.scopedNameString,
                 variable.dt,
-                variable.length,
+                variable.length?.toInt(),
                 variable.astNode?.position ?: Position.DUMMY,
                 errors
             )
@@ -76,9 +79,9 @@ internal class VariableAllocator(private val symboltable: SymbolTable,
         if(errors.noErrors()) {
             varsPreferringZp.forEach { variable ->
                 val result = zeropage.allocate(
-                    variable.scopedName,
+                    variable.scopedNameString,
                     variable.dt,
-                    variable.length,
+                    variable.length?.toInt(),
                     variable.astNode?.position ?: Position.DUMMY,
                     errors
                 )
@@ -89,16 +92,16 @@ internal class VariableAllocator(private val symboltable: SymbolTable,
             // try to allocate the "don't care" interger variables into the zeropage until it is full.
             // TODO some form of intelligent priorization? most often used variables first? loopcounter vars first? ...?
             if(errors.noErrors()) {
-                val sortedList = varsDontCareWithoutAlignment.sortedByDescending { it.scopedName }
+                val sortedList = varsDontCareWithoutAlignment.sortedByDescending { it.scopedNameString }
                 for (variable in sortedList) {
                     if(variable.dt.isIntegerOrBool) {
                         if(zeropage.free.isEmpty()) {
                             break
                         } else {
                             val result = zeropage.allocate(
-                                variable.scopedName,
+                                variable.scopedNameString,
                                 variable.dt,
-                                variable.length,
+                                variable.length?.toInt(),
                                 variable.astNode?.position ?: Position.DUMMY,
                                 errors
                             )

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/assignment/AnyExprAsmGen.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package prog8.codegen.cpu6502.assignment
 
 import prog8.code.ast.PtBinaryExpression
 import prog8.code.ast.PtExpression
-import prog8.code.core.*
+import prog8.code.core.AssemblyError
+import prog8.code.core.ComparisonOperators
+import prog8.code.core.DataType
+import prog8.code.core.RegisterOrPair
 import prog8.code.target.C64Target
 import prog8.code.target.Cx16Target
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.AsmGen6502Internal
@@ -43,6 +46,12 @@ internal class AnyExprAsmGen(
                 }
                 return assignFloatBinExpr(expr, assign)
             }
+            expr.type.isPointer -> {
+                require((expr.left.type.isPointer || expr.left.type.isUnsignedWord) && (expr.right.type.isPointer || expr.right.type.isUnsignedWord)) {
+                    "both operands must be pointers or uwords"
+                }
+                throw AssemblyError("expression should have been handled otherwise: pointer ${expr.operator} at ${expr.position}")
+            }
             else -> throw AssemblyError("weird expression type in assignment")
         }
     }
@@ -50,17 +59,17 @@ internal class AnyExprAsmGen(
     private fun assignByteBinExpr(expr: PtBinaryExpression, assign: AsmAssignment): Boolean {
         when(expr.operator) {
             "+" -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  clc |  adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 asmgen.assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, assign.target)
                 return true
             }
             "-" -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  sec |  sbc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 asmgen.assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, assign.target)
                 return true
@@ -73,25 +82,25 @@ internal class AnyExprAsmGen(
             "and" -> TODO("logical and (with optional shortcircuit) ${expr.position}")
             "or" -> TODO("logical or (with optional shortcircuit) ${expr.position}")
             "&" -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  and  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 asmgen.assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, assign.target)
                 return true
             }
             "|" -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  ora  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 asmgen.assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, assign.target)
                 return true
             }
             "^", "xor" -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  eor  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 asmgen.assignRegister(RegisterOrPair.A, assign.target)
                 return true
@@ -190,14 +199,14 @@ internal class AnyExprAsmGen(
                 asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.FAC2, true)
                 if (!right.isSimple()) asmgen.popFAC1()
             }
-            else -> TODO("don't know how to evaluate float expression for selected compilation target")
+            else -> TODO("don't know how to evaluate float expression for selected compilation target  ${left.position}")
         }
     }
 
     private fun setupFloatComparisonFAC1vsVarAY(expr: PtBinaryExpression) {
         asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.FAC1, true)
         if(!expr.right.isSimple()) asmgen.pushFAC1()
-        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "floats.floats_temp_var", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT))
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "floats.floats_temp_var", DataType.FLOAT)
         if(!expr.right.isSimple()) asmgen.popFAC1()
         asmgen.out("  lda  #<floats.floats_temp_var |  ldy  #>floats.floats_temp_var")
     }

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/assignment/AsmAssignment.kt

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package prog8.codegen.cpu6502.assignment
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.AsmGen6502Internal
-import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.returnsWhatWhere
 
 
 internal enum class TargetStorageKind {
@@ -40,8 +39,11 @@ internal class AsmAssignTarget(val kind: TargetStorageKind,
     val asmVarname: String by lazy {
         if (array == null)
             variableAsmName!!
-        else
+        else {
-            asmgen.asmVariableName(array.variable)
+            if(array.variable==null)
+                TODO("asmVarname for array with pointer")
+            asmgen.asmVariableName(array.variable!!)
+        }
     }
 
     init {
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ internal class AsmAssignTarget(val kind: TargetStorageKind,
         fun fromAstAssignmentMulti(targets: List<PtAssignTarget>, definingSub: IPtSubroutine?, asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal): List<AsmAssignTarget> {
             return targets.map {
                 if(it.void)
-                    AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VOID, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED), null, it.position)
+                    AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VOID, asmgen, DataType.UNDEFINED, null, it.position)
                 else
                     fromAstAssignment(it, definingSub, asmgen)
             }
@@ -88,18 +90,18 @@ internal class AsmAssignTarget(val kind: TargetStorageKind,
                     RegisterOrPair.A,
                     RegisterOrPair.X,
                     RegisterOrPair.Y -> {
-                        val dt = DataType.forDt(if(signed) BaseDataType.BYTE else BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+                        val dt = if(signed) DataType.BYTE else DataType.UBYTE
                         AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, dt, scope, pos, register = registers)
                     }
                     RegisterOrPair.AX,
                     RegisterOrPair.AY,
                     RegisterOrPair.XY -> {
-                        val dt = DataType.forDt(if(signed) BaseDataType.WORD else BaseDataType.UWORD)
+                        val dt = if(signed) DataType.WORD else DataType.UWORD
                         AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, dt, scope, pos, register = registers)
                     }
                     RegisterOrPair.FAC1,
                     RegisterOrPair.FAC2 -> {
-                        AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), scope, pos, register = registers)
+                        AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.FLOAT, scope, pos, register = registers)
                     }
                     RegisterOrPair.R0,
                     RegisterOrPair.R1,
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ internal class AsmAssignTarget(val kind: TargetStorageKind,
                     RegisterOrPair.R13,
                     RegisterOrPair.R14,
                     RegisterOrPair.R15 -> {
-                        val dt = DataType.forDt(if(signed) BaseDataType.WORD else BaseDataType.UWORD)
+                        val dt = if(signed) DataType.WORD else DataType.UWORD
                         AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, dt, scope, pos, register = registers)
                     }
                 }
@@ -161,8 +163,11 @@ internal class AsmAssignSource(val kind: SourceStorageKind,
     val asmVarname: String
         get() = if(array==null)
             variableAsmName!!
-        else
+        else {
-            asmgen.asmVariableName(array.variable)
+            if(array.variable==null)
+                TODO("asmVarname for array with pointer")
+            asmgen.asmVariableName(array.variable!!)
+        }
 
     companion object {
         fun fromAstSource(value: PtExpression, program: PtProgram, asmgen: AsmGen6502Internal): AsmAssignSource {
@@ -171,7 +176,7 @@ internal class AsmAssignSource(val kind: SourceStorageKind,
                 return AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.LITERALNUMBER, program, asmgen, cv.type, number = cv)
             val bv = value as? PtBool
             if(bv!=null)
-                return AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.LITERALBOOLEAN, program, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), boolean = bv)
+                return AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.LITERALBOOLEAN, program, asmgen, DataType.BOOL, boolean = bv)
 
             return when(value) {
                 // checked above:   is PtNumber -> throw AssemblyError("should have been constant value")
@@ -192,7 +197,7 @@ internal class AsmAssignSource(val kind: SourceStorageKind,
                     }
                 }
                 is PtMemoryByte -> {
-                    AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.MEMORY, program, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), memory = value)
+                    AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.MEMORY, program, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, memory = value)
                 }
                 is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                     AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.ARRAY, program, asmgen, value.type, array = value)
@@ -204,8 +209,8 @@ internal class AsmAssignSource(val kind: SourceStorageKind,
                     val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(value.name) ?: throw AssemblyError("lookup error ${value.name}")
                     val sub = symbol.astNode as IPtSubroutine
                     val returnType =
-                        if(sub is PtSub && sub.returns.size>1)
+                        if(sub is PtSub && sub.signature.returns.size>1)
-                            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED)      // TODO list of types instead?
+                            DataType.UNDEFINED      // TODO list of types instead?
                         else
                             sub.returnsWhatWhere().firstOrNull { rr -> rr.first.registerOrPair != null || rr.first.statusflag!=null }?.second
                             ?: throw AssemblyError("can't translate zero return values in assignment")

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/assignment/AssignmentAsmGen.kt

@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
 package prog8.codegen.cpu6502.assignment
 
-import prog8.code.StMemVar
+import prog8.code.*
-import prog8.code.StExtSub
-import prog8.code.StExtSubParameter
-import prog8.code.StStaticVariable
-import prog8.code.StSub
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.AsmGen6502Internal
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.VariableAllocator
-import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.returnsWhatWhere
 
 
 internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
@@ -44,7 +39,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
         if(extsub!=null) {
             require(extsub.returns.size>=2)
             if(extsub.returns.any { it.type.isFloat })
-                TODO("deal with (multiple?) FP return registers")
+                TODO("deal with (multiple?) FP return registers  ${assignment.position}")
 
             asmgen.translate(values)
 
@@ -154,7 +149,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                         else -> throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
                     }
                 }
-                else TODO("array target for multi-value assignment")        // Not done yet due to result register clobbering complexity
+                else TODO("array target for multi-value assignment  ${target.position}")        // Not done yet due to result register clobbering complexity
             }
         }
     }
@@ -242,7 +237,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     targetDt.isSignedWord -> assignVariableWord(assign.target, variable, assign.source.datatype)
                     targetDt.isUnsignedWord -> {
                         if(assign.source.datatype.isPassByRef)
-                            assignAddressOf(assign.target, variable, false, null, null)
+                            assignAddressOf(assign.target, variable, false, assign.source.datatype, assign.source.array ?: PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 0.0, assign.position))
                         else
                             assignVariableWord(assign.target, variable, assign.source.datatype)
                     }
@@ -254,7 +249,12 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             SourceStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
                 val value = assign.source.array!!
                 val elementDt = assign.source.datatype
-                val arrayVarName = asmgen.asmVariableName(value.variable)
+                val valueVar = value.variable
+                if(valueVar==null) {
+                    TODO("translate assignmenton pointer ${value.position}")
+                    return
+                }
+                val arrayVarName = asmgen.asmVariableName(valueVar)
                 val constIndex = value.index.asConstInteger()
 
                 if(value.splitWords) {
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
         }
 
         // fallback assignmen through temporary pointer var
-        assignExpressionToVariable(address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+        assignExpressionToVariable(address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
         asmgen.loadAFromZpPointerVar("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", false)
         assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, false, true)
     }
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
 //          }
         }
         if(saveA) asmgen.out("  pha")
-        assignExpressionToVariable(address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+        assignExpressionToVariable(address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
         if(saveA) asmgen.out("  pla")
         asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", false)
     }
@@ -443,15 +443,21 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
     private fun assignExpression(assign: AsmAssignment, scope: IPtSubroutine?) {
         when(val value = assign.source.expression!!) {
             is PtAddressOf -> {
-                val arrayDt = value.identifier.type
+                val identifier = value.identifier
-                val sourceName =
+                if(identifier==null)      TODO("read &dereference")
-                    if(value.isMsbForSplitArray)
+                else {
-                        asmgen.asmSymbolName(value.identifier) + "_msb"
+                    val source = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(identifier.name)
-                    else if(arrayDt.isSplitWordArray)
+                    require(source !is StConstant) { "addressOf of a constant should have been rewritten to a simple addition expression" }
-                        asmgen.asmSymbolName(value.identifier) + "_lsb"  // the _lsb split array comes first in memory
+                    val arrayDt = identifier.type
-                    else
+                    val sourceName =
-                        asmgen.asmSymbolName(value.identifier)
+                        if (value.isMsbForSplitArray)
-                assignAddressOf(assign.target, sourceName, value.isMsbForSplitArray, arrayDt, value.arrayIndexExpr)
+                            asmgen.asmSymbolName(identifier) + "_msb"
+                        else if (arrayDt.isSplitWordArray)
+                            asmgen.asmSymbolName(identifier) + "_lsb"  // the _lsb split array comes first in memory
+                        else
+                            asmgen.asmSymbolName(identifier)
+                    assignAddressOf(assign.target, sourceName, value.isMsbForSplitArray, arrayDt, value.arrayIndexExpr)
+ }
             }
             is PtBool -> throw AssemblyError("source kind should have been literalboolean")
             is PtNumber -> throw AssemblyError("source kind should have been literalnumber")
@@ -609,12 +615,14 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
         val symbol = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(value.name)
         val sub = symbol!!.astNode as IPtSubroutine
         asmgen.translateFunctionCall(value)
-        if(sub is PtSub && sub.returns.size>1) {
+        if(sub is PtSub && sub.signature.returns.size>1) {
-            // multi-value returns are passed throug cx16.R15 down to R0 (allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
+            // note: multi-value returns are passed throug A or AY (for the first value) then cx16.R15 down to R0
-            val registersReverseOrder = Cx16VirtualRegisters.reversed()
+            // (this allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
-            assign.targets.zip(registersReverseOrder).forEach { (target, register) ->
+            val returnRegs = sub.returnsWhatWhere()
-                if(target.kind!=TargetStorageKind.VOID)
+            assign.targets.zip(returnRegs).forEach { target ->
-                    assignVirtualRegister(target, register)
+                if(target.first.kind != TargetStorageKind.VOID) {
+                    asmgen.assignRegister(target.second.first.registerOrPair!!, target.first)
+                }
             }
         } else {
             val target = assign.target
@@ -700,13 +708,16 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
         }
     }
 
-    private fun assignVirtualRegister(target: AsmAssignTarget, register: RegisterOrPair) {
+    internal fun assignVirtualRegister(target: AsmAssignTarget, register: RegisterOrPair) {
+        // Note: while the virtual register R0-R15 can hold a word value,
+        // the actual datatype that gets assigned is determined by the assignment target.
+        // This can be a single byte!
         when {
             target.datatype.isByteOrBool -> {
                 if(register in Cx16VirtualRegisters) {
                     asmgen.out("  lda  cx16.${register.toString().lowercase()}L")
                 } else {
-                    TODO("LDA byte from $register")
+                    TODO("LDA byte from $register  ${target.position}")
                 }
                 assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, false, false)
             }
@@ -850,7 +861,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 RegisterOrPair.A -> "a"
                 RegisterOrPair.X -> "x"
                 RegisterOrPair.Y -> "y"
-                else -> TODO("comparison to word register")
+                else -> TODO("comparison to word register  ${expr.position}")
             }
             val assignTrue = PtInlineAssembly("\tld${reg}  #1", false, assign.target.position)
             val assignFalse = PtInlineAssembly("\tld${reg}  #0", false, assign.target.position)
@@ -920,12 +931,18 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     val tgt = PtAssignTarget(false, assign.target.position)
                     val targetarray = assign.target.array!!
                     val array = PtArrayIndexer(assign.target.datatype, targetarray.position)
-                    array.add(targetarray.variable)
+
-                    array.add(targetarray.index)
+                    val targetArrayVar = targetarray.variable
-                    tgt.add(array)
+                    if(targetArrayVar==null) {
-                    assignTrue = PtAssignment(assign.position)
+                        TODO("optimized comparison on pointer ${targetarray.position}")
-                    assignTrue.add(tgt)
+                    } else {
-                    assignTrue.add(PtNumber.fromBoolean(true, assign.position))
+                        array.add(targetArrayVar)
+                        array.add(targetarray.index)
+                        tgt.add(array)
+                        assignTrue = PtAssignment(assign.position)
+                        assignTrue.add(tgt)
+                        assignTrue.add(PtNumber.fromBoolean(true, assign.position))
+                    }
                 }
                 TargetStorageKind.REGISTER -> { /* handled earlier */ return true }
                 TargetStorageKind.VOID -> { /* do nothing */ return true }
@@ -971,7 +988,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 if(!directIntoY(expr.right)) asmgen.out("  pha")
                 assignExpressionToRegister(expr.right, RegisterOrPair.Y, false)
                 if(!directIntoY(expr.right)) asmgen.out("  pla")
-                asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
+                asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm")
                 if(target.register==RegisterOrPair.A)
                     asmgen.out("  cmp  #0")     // fix the status register
                 else
@@ -981,7 +998,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             expr.type.isUnsignedWord -> {
                 asmgen.assignWordOperandsToAYAndVar(expr.right, expr.left, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1")
                 asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_uw_asm")
-                assignVariableWord(target, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                assignVariableWord(target, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                 return true
             }
             else -> return false
@@ -1186,19 +1203,18 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 }
             } else if(dt.isWord) {
                 if(shifts==7 && expr.operator == "<<") {
-                    // optimized shift left 7 (*128) by first swapping the lsb/msb and then doing just one final shift
+                    // optimized shift left 7 (*128) by swapping the lsb/msb and then doing just one final shift
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.AY, signed)
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ; shift left 7
-                        sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG   ; msb
+                        sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
                         lsr  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
-                        php     ; save carry
+                        ror  a
                         sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
                         lda  #0
-                        plp     ; restore carry
-                        ror  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
                         ror  a
                         ldy  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG""")
+                    assignRegisterpairWord(target, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                     return true
                 }
 
@@ -1311,25 +1327,35 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     val rightArrayIndexer = expr.right as? PtArrayIndexer
                     if(expr.operator=="+" && leftArrayIndexer!=null && leftArrayIndexer.type.isByte && right.type.isByte) {
                         // special optimization for  bytearray[y] + bytevalue :  no need to use a tempvar, just use adc array,y
-                        assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.A, right.type.isSigned)
+                        val leftArrayVar = leftArrayIndexer.variable
-                        if(!leftArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pha")
+                        if(leftArrayVar==null) {
-                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(leftArrayIndexer.index, RegisterOrPair.Y, false)
+                            TODO("optimized plusmin pointer ${leftArrayIndexer.position}")
-                        if(!leftArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pla")
+                        } else {
-                        val arrayvarname = asmgen.asmSymbolName(leftArrayIndexer.variable)
+                            assignExpressionToRegister(right, RegisterOrPair.A, right.type.isSigned)
-                        asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            if (!leftArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pha")
-                        assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, dt.isSigned, true)
+                            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(leftArrayIndexer.index, RegisterOrPair.Y)
+                            if (!leftArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pla")
+                            val arrayvarname = asmgen.asmSymbolName(leftArrayVar)
+                            asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, dt.isSigned, true)
+                        }
                     } else if(rightArrayIndexer!=null && rightArrayIndexer.type.isByte && left.type.isByte) {
                         // special optimization for  bytevalue +/- bytearray[y] :  no need to use a tempvar, just use adc array,y or sbc array,y
-                        assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.A, left.type.isSigned)
+                        val rightArrayVar = rightArrayIndexer.variable
-                        if(!rightArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pha")
+                        if(rightArrayVar==null) {
-                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(rightArrayIndexer.index, RegisterOrPair.Y, false)
+                            TODO("optimized plusmin pointer ${rightArrayIndexer.position}")
-                        if(!rightArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pla")
+                        } else {
-                        val arrayvarname = asmgen.asmSymbolName(rightArrayIndexer.variable)
+                            assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.A, left.type.isSigned)
-                        if (expr.operator == "+")
+                            if (!rightArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pha")
-                            asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(rightArrayIndexer.index, RegisterOrPair.Y)
-                        else
+                            if (!rightArrayIndexer.index.isSimple()) asmgen.out("  pla")
-                            asmgen.out("  sec |  sbc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            val arrayvarname = asmgen.asmSymbolName(rightArrayVar)
-                        assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, dt.isSigned, true)
+                            if (expr.operator == "+")
+                                asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            else
+                                asmgen.out("  sec |  sbc  $arrayvarname,y")
+                            assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, dt.isSigned, true)
+                        }
                     } else if(expr.operator=="+" && leftMemByte!=null && right.type.isByte && optimizedPointerIndexPlusMinusByteIntoA(right, "+", leftMemByte)) {
                         assignRegisterByte(target, CpuRegister.A, dt.isSigned, true)
                         return true
@@ -1355,7 +1381,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     return true
                 }
             }
-        } else if(dt.isWord) {
+        } else if(dt.isWord || dt.isPointer) {
 
             fun doAddOrSubWordExpr() {
                 asmgen.assignWordOperandsToAYAndVar(expr.left, expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1")
@@ -1382,11 +1408,13 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
 
             when (right) {
                 is PtAddressOf -> {
-                    var symbol = asmgen.asmVariableName(right.identifier)
                     if(right.isFromArrayElement) {
-                        TODO("address-of array element $symbol at ${right.position}")
+                        TODO("address-of array element at ${right.position}")
+                    } else if(right.dereference!=null) {
+                        TODO("read &dereference")
                     } else {
-                        if(right.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+                        var symbol = asmgen.asmVariableName(right.identifier!!)
+                        if(right.identifier!!.type.isSplitWordArray) {
                             symbol = if(right.isMsbForSplitArray) symbol+"_msb" else symbol+"_lsb"
                         }
                         assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.AY, dt.isSigned)
@@ -1497,7 +1525,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     if(right.type.isWord && castedValue.type.isByte && castedValue is PtIdentifier) {
                         if(right.type.isSigned) {
                             // we need to sign extend, do this via temporary word variable
-                            asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD))
+                            asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", DataType.WORD)
                             assignExpressionToRegister(left, RegisterOrPair.AY, dt.isSigned)
                             if(expr.operator=="+") {
                                 asmgen.out("""
@@ -1567,8 +1595,8 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             if(ptrVar!=null && asmgen.isZpVar(ptrVar)) {
                 assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
                 val pointername = asmgen.asmVariableName(ptrVar)
-                if (constOffset != null && constOffset < 256) {
+                if (constOffset != null) {
-                    // we have value + @(zpptr + 255), or value - @(zpptr+255)
+                    // we have value + @(zpptr + 255), or value - @(zpptr+255).   the offset is always <256.
                     asmgen.out("  ldy  #$constOffset")
                     if (operator == "+")
                         asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  ($pointername),y")
@@ -1613,10 +1641,16 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             }
             val rightArray = expr.right as? PtArrayIndexer
             if(rightArray!=null) {
+                val rightArrayVar = rightArray.variable
+                if(rightArrayVar==null) {
+                    TODO("optimized bitwise pointer ${rightArray.position}")
+                    return false
+                }
+
                 val constIndex = rightArray.index.asConstInteger()
                 if(constIndex!=null) {
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
-                    val valueVarname = "${asmgen.asmSymbolName(rightArray.variable)} + ${program.memsizer.memorySize(rightArray.type, constIndex)}"
+                    val valueVarname = "${asmgen.asmSymbolName(rightArrayVar)} + ${program.memsizer.memorySize(rightArray.type, constIndex)}"
                     when(expr.operator) {
                         "&" -> asmgen.out("  and  $valueVarname")
                         "|" -> asmgen.out("  ora  $valueVarname")
@@ -1634,7 +1668,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 asmgen.out("  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
             } else {
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
-                assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                assignExpressionToVariable(expr.right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                 asmgen.out("  pla")
             }
             when (expr.operator) {
@@ -1687,7 +1721,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                     asmgen.out("  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                 } else {
                     asmgen.out("  pha")
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                    assignExpressionToVariable(right, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
                     asmgen.out("  pla")
                 }
                 when (operator) {
@@ -1725,12 +1759,17 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 is PtArrayIndexer -> {
                     val constIndex = right.index.asConstInteger()
                     if(constIndex!=null) {
-                        val valueVarname = "${asmgen.asmSymbolName(right.variable)} + ${program.memsizer.memorySize(right.type, constIndex)}"
+                        val rightArrayVar = right.variable
-                        when(operator) {
+                        if(rightArrayVar==null) {
-                            "and" -> asmgen.out("  and  $valueVarname")
+                            TODO("assign result into A pointer ${right.position}")
-                            "or" -> asmgen.out("  ora  $valueVarname")
+                        } else {
-                            "xor" -> asmgen.out("  eor  $valueVarname")
+                            val valueVarname = "${asmgen.asmSymbolName(rightArrayVar)} + ${program.memsizer.memorySize(right.type, constIndex)}"
-                            else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid logical operator")
+                            when(operator) {
+                                "and" -> asmgen.out("  and  $valueVarname")
+                                "or" -> asmgen.out("  ora  $valueVarname")
+                                "xor" -> asmgen.out("  eor  $valueVarname")
+                                else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid logical operator")
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                     else assignViaScratch()
@@ -1739,6 +1778,17 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             }
         }
 
+        fun requiresCmp(expr: PtExpression) =
+            when (expr) {
+                is PtFunctionCall -> {
+                    val function = asmgen.symbolTable.lookup(expr.name)
+                    function is StExtSub        // don't assume the extsub/asmsub has set the cpu flags correctly on exit, add an explicit cmp
+                }
+                is PtBuiltinFunctionCall -> true
+                is PtIfExpression -> true
+                else -> false
+            }
+
         if(!expr.right.isSimple() && expr.operator!="xor") {
             // shortcircuit evaluation into A
             val shortcutLabel = asmgen.makeLabel("shortcut")
@@ -1746,15 +1796,23 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
                 "and" -> {
                     // short-circuit  LEFT and RIGHT  -->  if LEFT then RIGHT else LEFT   (== if !LEFT then LEFT else RIGHT)
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    if(requiresCmp(expr.left))
+                        asmgen.out("  cmp  #0")
                     asmgen.out("  beq  $shortcutLabel")
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.right, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    if(requiresCmp(expr.right))
+                        asmgen.out("  cmp  #0")
                     asmgen.out(shortcutLabel)
                 }
                 "or" -> {
                     // short-circuit  LEFT or RIGHT  -->  if LEFT then LEFT else RIGHT
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    if(requiresCmp(expr.left))
+                        asmgen.out("  cmp  #0")
                     asmgen.out("  bne  $shortcutLabel")
                     assignExpressionToRegister(expr.right, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    if(requiresCmp(expr.right))
+                        asmgen.out("  cmp  #0")
                     asmgen.out(shortcutLabel)
                 }
                 else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid logical operator")
@@ -1841,8 +1899,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             "==" -> {
                 val dt = expr.left.type
                 when {
-                    dt.isBool -> TODO("compare bool to 0")
+                    dt.isBool || dt.isByte -> {
-                    dt.isByte -> {
                         assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, dt.isSigned)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             cmp  #0
@@ -1877,8 +1934,7 @@ internal class AssignmentAsmGen(
             "!=" -> {
                 val dt = expr.left.type
                 when {
-                    dt.isBool -> TODO("compare bool to 0")
+                    dt.isBool || dt.isByte -> {
-                    dt.isByte -> {
                         assignExpressionToRegister(expr.left, RegisterOrPair.A, dt.isSigned)
                         asmgen.out("  beq  + |  lda  #1")
                         asmgen.out("+")
@@ -1962,27 +2018,27 @@ $endLabel""")
         val (dt, numElements) = when(symbol) {
             is StStaticVariable  -> symbol.dt to symbol.length!!
             is StMemVar -> symbol.dt to symbol.length!!
-            else -> DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED) to 0
+            else -> DataType.UNDEFINED to 0u
         }
         when {
             dt.isString -> {
                 assignExpressionToRegister(containment.needle, RegisterOrPair.A, elementDt.isSigned)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")     // need to keep the scratch var safe so we have to do it in this order
-                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), containment.definingISub(), containment.position,"P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
+                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, containment.definingISub(), containment.position,"P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
                 asmgen.out("  pla")
-                asmgen.out("  ldy  #${numElements-1}")
+                asmgen.out("  ldy  #${numElements-1u}")
                 asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.containment_bytearray")
             }
             dt.isFloatArray -> {
                 assignExpressionToRegister(containment.needle, RegisterOrPair.FAC1, true)
-                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
+                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
                 asmgen.out("  ldy  #$numElements")
                 asmgen.out("  jsr  floats.containment_floatarray")
             }
             dt.isByteArray -> {
                 assignExpressionToRegister(containment.needle, RegisterOrPair.A, elementDt.isSigned)
                 asmgen.out("  pha")     // need to keep the scratch var safe so we have to do it in this order
-                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
+                assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1"), symbolName, false, null, null)
                 asmgen.out("  pla")
                 asmgen.out("  ldy  #$numElements")
                 asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.containment_bytearray")
@@ -1990,11 +2046,11 @@ $endLabel""")
             dt.isWordArray -> {
                 assignExpressionToVariable(containment.needle, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1", elementDt)
                 if(dt.isSplitWordArray) {
-                    assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), symbolName+"_lsb", false, null, null)
+                    assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), symbolName+"_lsb", false, null, null)
                     asmgen.out("  ldy  #$numElements")
                     asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.containment_splitwordarray")
                 } else {
-                    assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), symbolName, false, null, null)
+                    assignAddressOf(AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.VARIABLE, asmgen, DataType.UWORD, containment.definingISub(), containment.position, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"), symbolName, false, null, null)
                     asmgen.out("  ldy  #$numElements")
                     asmgen.out("  jsr  prog8_lib.containment_linearwordarray")
                 }
@@ -2058,7 +2114,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                 if(targetDt.isWord) {
 
                     fun assignViaExprEval(addressExpression: PtExpression) {
-                        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(addressExpression, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(addressExpression, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                         asmgen.loadAFromZpPointerVar("P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", false)
                         asmgen.out("  ldy  #0")
                         assignRegisterpairWord(target, RegisterOrPair.AY)
@@ -2125,7 +2181,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                     assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.A, valueDt.isSigned)
                     assignTypeCastedRegisters(target.asmVarname, targetDt.base, RegisterOrPair.A, valueDt.base)
                 }
-                valueDt.isWord -> {
+                valueDt.isWord || valueDt.isPointer -> {
                     assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.AY, valueDt.isSigned)
                     assignTypeCastedRegisters(target.asmVarname, targetDt.base, RegisterOrPair.AY, valueDt.base)
                 }
@@ -2278,6 +2334,12 @@ $endLabel""")
             return
         }
 
+        if(targetDt.isUnsignedWord && valueDt.isPointer) {
+            assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+            assignRegisterpairWord(target, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+            return
+        }
+
         // No more special optimized cases yet. Do the rest via more complex evaluation
         // note: cannot use assignTypeCastedValue because that is ourselves :P
         // NOTE: THIS MAY TURN INTO A STACK OVERFLOW ERROR IF IT CAN'T SIMPLIFY THE TYPECAST..... :-/
@@ -2285,10 +2347,10 @@ $endLabel""")
     }
 
     private fun assignCastViaLsbFunc(value: PtExpression, target: AsmAssignTarget) {
-        val lsb = PtBuiltinFunctionCall("lsb", false, true, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), value.position)
+        val lsb = PtBuiltinFunctionCall("lsb", false, true, DataType.UBYTE, value.position)
         lsb.parent = value.parent
         lsb.add(value)
-        val src = AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION, program, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), expression = lsb)
+        val src = AsmAssignSource(SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION, program, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE, expression = lsb)
         val assign = AsmAssignment(src, listOf(target), program.memsizer, value.position)
         translateNormalAssignment(assign, value.definingISub())
     }
@@ -2603,6 +2665,18 @@ $endLabel""")
                 }
             }
             BaseDataType.STR -> throw AssemblyError("cannot typecast a string value")
+            BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+                if(targetDt.isWord || targetDt.isPointer) {
+                    when(regs) {
+                        RegisterOrPair.AX -> asmgen.out("  sta  $targetAsmVarName |  stx  $targetAsmVarName+1")
+                        RegisterOrPair.AY -> asmgen.out("  sta  $targetAsmVarName |  sty  $targetAsmVarName+1")
+                        RegisterOrPair.XY -> asmgen.out("  stx  $targetAsmVarName |  sty  $targetAsmVarName+1")
+                        else -> throw AssemblyError("non-word regs")
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    throw AssemblyError("cannot assign pointer to $targetDt")
+                }
+            }
             else -> throw AssemblyError("weird type")
         }
     }
@@ -2611,20 +2685,31 @@ $endLabel""")
         if(arrayIndexExpr!=null) {
             val constIndex = arrayIndexExpr.asConstInteger()
             if(constIndex!=null) {
-                if (arrayDt?.isUnsignedWord==true) {
+                if (arrayDt!!.isUnsignedWord) {
+                    // using a UWORD pointer with array indexing, always bytes
                     require(!msb)
                     assignVariableToRegister(sourceName, RegisterOrPair.AY, false, arrayIndexExpr.definingISub(), arrayIndexExpr.position)
-                    if(constIndex>0)
+                    if(constIndex in 1..255)
                         asmgen.out("""
                             clc
                             adc  #$constIndex
                             bcc  +
                             iny
 +""")
+                    else if(constIndex>=256) {
+                        asmgen.out("""
+                            clc
+                            adc  #<$constIndex
+                            pha
+                            tya
+                            adc  #>$constIndex
+                            tay
+                            pla""")
+                    }
                 }
                 else {
                     if(constIndex>0) {
-                        val offset = if(arrayDt!!.isSplitWordArray) constIndex else program.memsizer.memorySize(arrayDt, constIndex)  // add arrayIndexExpr * elementsize  to the address of the array variable.
+                        val offset = if(arrayDt.isSplitWordArray) constIndex else program.memsizer.memorySize(arrayDt, constIndex)  // add arrayIndexExpr * elementsize  to the address of the array variable.
                         asmgen.out("  lda  #<($sourceName + $offset) |  ldy  #>($sourceName + $offset)")
                     } else {
                         asmgen.out("  lda  #<$sourceName |  ldy  #>$sourceName")
@@ -2633,23 +2718,61 @@ $endLabel""")
                 assignRegisterpairWord(target, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                 return
             } else {
-                if (arrayDt?.isUnsignedWord==true) {
+                if (arrayDt!!.isUnsignedWord) {
+                    // using a UWORD pointer with array indexing, always bytes
                     require(!msb)
                     assignVariableToRegister(sourceName, RegisterOrPair.AY, false, arrayIndexExpr.definingISub(), arrayIndexExpr.position)
                     asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, false)
                     asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
-                    assignExpressionToVariable(arrayIndexExpr, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                    if(arrayIndexExpr.type.isWord) {
-                    asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
+                        assignExpressionToRegister(arrayIndexExpr, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
-                    asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, false)
+                        asmgen.out("""
-                    asmgen.out("""
+                            sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-                        clc
+                            sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
-                        adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
+                            pla
-                        bcc  +
+                            tay
-                        iny                            
+                            pla
+                            clc
+                            adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
+                            pha
+                            tya
+                            adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
+                            tay
+                            pla""")
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assignExpressionToVariable(arrayIndexExpr, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG", DataType.UBYTE)
+                        asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
+                        asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, false)
+                        asmgen.out("""
+                            clc
+                            adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
+                            bcc  +
+                            iny                            
 +""")
+                    }
                 }
                 else {
                     assignExpressionToRegister(arrayIndexExpr, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    val subtype = arrayDt.sub!!
+                    if(subtype.isByteOrBool) {
+                        // elt size 1, we're good
+                    } else if(subtype.isWord)  {
+                        if(!arrayDt.isSplitWordArray) {
+                            // elt size 2
+                            asmgen.out("  asl  a")
+                        }
+                    } else if(subtype==BaseDataType.FLOAT) {
+                        if(asmgen.options.compTarget.FLOAT_MEM_SIZE != 5)
+                            TODO("support float size other than 5 ${arrayIndexExpr.position}")
+                        asmgen.out("""
+                            sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG
+                            asl  a
+                            asl  a
+                            clc
+                            adc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_REG"""
+                        )
+                    } else throw AssemblyError("weird type $subtype")
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  #>$sourceName
                         clc
@@ -2856,7 +2979,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                     jsr  floats.MOVMF""")
             }
             TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("""
                     ldy  #<${target.asmVarname} 
                     sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
@@ -2888,7 +3011,7 @@ $endLabel""")
             TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
                 asmgen.out("  pha")
                 asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
                 asmgen.out("  pla")
                 asmgen.out("""
@@ -2925,7 +3048,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                     jsr  floats.copy_float""")
             }
             TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                 asmgen.out("""
                     ldy  #<$sourceName
                     sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
@@ -3222,7 +3345,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                             if(signed)
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 ldy  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3234,7 +3357,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                             if(signed)
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 ldx  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dex
 +""")
@@ -3247,7 +3370,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 tax
                 ldy  #0
-                cpx  #${'$'}80
+                cpx  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3273,7 +3396,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 txa
                 ldy  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3286,7 +3409,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 txa
                 ldx  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dex
 +""")
@@ -3298,7 +3421,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                             if(signed)
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 ldy  #0
-                cpx  #${'$'}80
+                cpx  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3324,7 +3447,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 tya
                 ldy  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3337,7 +3460,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.out("""
                 tya
                 ldx  #0
-                cmp  #${'$'}80
+                cmp  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dex
 +""")
@@ -3351,7 +3474,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                 tya
                 tax
                 ldy  #0
-                cpx  #${'$'}80
+                cpx  #$80
                 bcc  +
                 dey
 +""")
@@ -3398,7 +3521,7 @@ $endLabel""")
             } else {
                 require(target.array.index.type.isByteOrBool)
                 asmgen.saveRegisterStack(register, false)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array.index, RegisterOrPair.Y, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array.index, RegisterOrPair.Y)
                 asmgen.out("  pla |  sta  ${target.asmVarname},y")
             }
         }
@@ -3713,7 +3836,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                         asmgen.out("  stz  ${target.asmVarname}+$indexValue")
                     }
                     else {
-                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array.index, RegisterOrPair.X, false)
+                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array.index, RegisterOrPair.X)
                         asmgen.out("  stz  ${target.asmVarname},x")
                     }
                 }
@@ -3803,7 +3926,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                             sta  ${target.asmVarname}+4""")
                 }
                 TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  #<${target.asmVarname}
                         sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
@@ -3837,7 +3960,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                         jsr  floats.copy_float""")
                 }
                 TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(target.array!!.index, RegisterOrPair.A)
                     asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  #<${constFloat}
                         sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
@@ -4020,8 +4143,10 @@ $endLabel""")
             addressOf != null -> {
                 if(addressOf.isFromArrayElement) {
                     TODO("address-of array element $addressOf")
+                } else if(addressOf.dereference!=null) {
+                    throw AssemblyError("write &dereference, makes no sense at ${addressOf.position}")
                 } else {
-                    asmgen.out("  sta  ${asmgen.asmSymbolName(addressOf.identifier)}")
+                    asmgen.out("  sta  ${asmgen.asmSymbolName(addressOf.identifier!!)}")
                 }
             }
             addressExpr is PtIdentifier -> {
@@ -4089,7 +4214,7 @@ $endLabel""")
                                 asmgen.storeAIntoPointerVar(memory.address as PtIdentifier)
                             }
                             else -> {
-                                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(memory.address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD))
+                                asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(memory.address, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2", DataType.UWORD)
                                 if(asmgen.isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02)) {
                                     asmgen.out("""
                                         lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2)
@@ -4151,8 +4276,8 @@ $endLabel""")
         val target = assign.target
         val datatype = if(ignoreDatatype) {
             when {
-                target.datatype.isByte -> DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE)
+                target.datatype.isByte -> DataType.BYTE
-                target.datatype.isWord -> DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD)
+                target.datatype.isWord -> DataType.WORD
                 else -> target.datatype
             }
         } else target.datatype

codeGenCpu6502/src/prog8/codegen/cpu6502/assignment/AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen.kt

@@ -131,18 +131,18 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                     is PtNumber -> {
                         val addr = (memory.address as PtNumber).number.toInt()
                         when(value.kind) {
-                            SourceStorageKind.LITERALBOOLEAN -> inplacemodificationByteWithLiteralval(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.boolean!!.asInt())
+                            SourceStorageKind.LITERALBOOLEAN -> inplacemodificationByteWithLiteralval(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.boolean!!.asInt())
-                            SourceStorageKind.LITERALNUMBER -> inplacemodificationByteWithLiteralval(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.number!!.number.toInt())
+                            SourceStorageKind.LITERALNUMBER -> inplacemodificationByteWithLiteralval(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.number!!.number.toInt())
                             SourceStorageKind.VARIABLE -> inplacemodificationByteWithVariable(addr.toHex(), false, operator, value.asmVarname)
                             SourceStorageKind.REGISTER -> inplacemodificationByteWithVariable(addr.toHex(), false, operator, regName(value))
-                            SourceStorageKind.MEMORY -> inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.memory!!)
+                            SourceStorageKind.MEMORY -> inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.memory!!)
-                            SourceStorageKind.ARRAY -> inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.array!!)
+                            SourceStorageKind.ARRAY -> inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.array!!)
                             SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION -> {
                                 if(value.expression is PtTypeCast) {
                                     if (tryInplaceModifyWithRemovedRedundantCast(value.expression, target, operator)) return
-                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.expression)
+                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.expression)
                                 } else {
-                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.expression!!)
+                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(addr.toHex(), DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.expression!!)
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                         if(memory.address is PtBinaryExpression && tryOptimizedMemoryInplace(memory.address as PtBinaryExpression, operator, value))
                             return
                         // slower method to calculate and use the pointer to access the memory with:
-                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(memory.address, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(memory.address, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                         asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.A, true)
                         asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, true)
                         if(asmgen.isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02))
@@ -196,21 +196,21 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             }
                             SourceStorageKind.MEMORY -> {
                                 asmgen.out("  sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
-                                inplacemodificationByteWithValue("P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.memory!!)
+                                inplacemodificationByteWithValue("P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.memory!!)
                                 asmgen.out("  ldx  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                             }
                             SourceStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
                                 asmgen.out("  sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
-                                inplacemodificationByteWithValue("P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.array!!)
+                                inplacemodificationByteWithValue("P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.array!!)
                                 asmgen.out("  ldx  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
                             }
                             SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION -> {
-                                val tempVar = asmgen.getTempVarName(BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+                                val tempVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, memory)
                                 asmgen.out("  sta  $tempVar")
                                 if(value.expression is PtTypeCast)
-                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(tempVar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.expression)
+                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(tempVar, DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.expression)
                                 else
-                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(tempVar, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), operator, value.expression!!)
+                                    inplacemodificationByteWithValue(tempVar, DataType.UBYTE, operator, value.expression!!)
                                 asmgen.out("  ldx  $tempVar")
                             }
                         }
@@ -224,7 +224,12 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 }
             }
             TargetStorageKind.ARRAY -> {
-                val indexNum = target.array!!.index as? PtNumber
+                val targetArrayVar = target.array!!.variable
+                if(targetArrayVar==null) {
+                    TODO("array indexing on pointer ${target.position}")
+                    return
+                }
+                val indexNum = target.array.index as? PtNumber
                 if (indexNum!=null) {
                     val index = indexNum.number.toInt()
                     if(target.array.splitWords) {
@@ -320,7 +325,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                                 return
                             asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(target.array, CpuRegister.Y)
                             asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
-                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${target.array.variable.name},y")
+                            asmgen.out("  lda  ${targetArrayVar.name},y")
                             when(value.kind) {
                                 SourceStorageKind.LITERALBOOLEAN -> {
                                     inplacemodificationRegisterAwithVariable(operator, "#${value.boolean!!.asInt()}", target.datatype.isSigned)
@@ -356,7 +361,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                                 }
 
                                 SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION -> {
-                                    val tempVar = asmgen.getTempVarName(BaseDataType.UBYTE)
+                                    val tempVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UBYTE, false, target.array)
                                     asmgen.out("  sta  $tempVar")
                                     if(value.expression is PtTypeCast)
                                         inplacemodificationByteWithValue(tempVar, target.datatype, operator, value.expression)
@@ -366,7 +371,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                                     asmgen.out("  lda  $tempVar")
                                 }
                             }
-                            asmgen.out("  sta  ${target.array.variable.name},y")
+                            asmgen.out("  sta  ${targetArrayVar.name},y")
                         }
 
                         target.datatype.isWord -> {
@@ -377,11 +382,11 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(target.array, CpuRegister.Y)
                             asmgen.saveRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, false)
                             if(target.array.splitWords) {
-                                asmgen.out("  lda  ${target.array.variable.name}_lsb,y")
+                                asmgen.out("  lda  ${targetArrayVar.name}_lsb,y")
-                                asmgen.out("  ldx  ${target.array.variable.name}_msb,y")
+                                asmgen.out("  ldx  ${targetArrayVar.name}_msb,y")
                             } else {
-                                asmgen.out("  lda  ${target.array.variable.name},y")
+                                asmgen.out("  lda  ${targetArrayVar.name},y")
-                                asmgen.out("  ldx  ${target.array.variable.name}+1,y")
+                                asmgen.out("  ldx  ${targetArrayVar.name}+1,y")
                             }
                             val block = target.origAstTarget?.definingBlock()
                             when(value.kind) {
@@ -439,7 +444,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                                 }
 
                                 SourceStorageKind.EXPRESSION -> {
-                                    val tempVar = asmgen.getTempVarName(BaseDataType.UWORD)
+                                    val tempVar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.UWORD, false, target.array)
                                     asmgen.out("  sta  $tempVar |  stx  $tempVar+1")
                                     if(value.expression is PtTypeCast)
                                         inplacemodificationWordWithValue(tempVar, target.datatype, operator, value.expression, block)
@@ -450,14 +455,14 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                             }
                             asmgen.restoreRegisterStack(CpuRegister.Y, true)
                             if(target.array.splitWords)
-                                asmgen.out("  sta  ${target.array.variable.name}_lsb,y |  txa |  sta  ${target.array.variable.name}_msb,y")
+                                asmgen.out("  sta  ${targetArrayVar.name}_lsb,y |  txa |  sta  ${targetArrayVar.name}_msb,y")
                             else
-                                asmgen.out("  sta  ${target.array.variable.name},y |  txa |  sta  ${target.array.variable.name}+1,y")
+                                asmgen.out("  sta  ${targetArrayVar.name},y |  txa |  sta  ${targetArrayVar.name}+1,y")
                         }
 
                         target.datatype.isFloat -> {
                             // copy array value into tempvar
-                            val tempvar = asmgen.getTempVarName(BaseDataType.FLOAT)
+                            val tempvar = asmgen.createTempVarReused(BaseDataType.FLOAT, false, target.array)
                             asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(target.array, CpuRegister.A)
                             asmgen.out("""
                                                 ldy  #>${target.asmVarname}
@@ -515,7 +520,12 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
     }
 
     private fun tryIndexedIncDec(array: PtArrayIndexer, operator: String): Boolean {
-        val arrayvar = asmgen.asmVariableName(array.variable)
+        val arrayVar = array.variable
+        if(arrayVar==null) {
+            TODO("indexed inc/dec on pointer ${array.position}")
+            return false
+        }
+        val arrayvar = asmgen.asmVariableName(arrayVar)
         when {
             array.type.isByte -> {
                 asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(array, CpuRegister.X)
@@ -583,7 +593,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             if(address.left is PtIdentifier && asmgen.isZpVar(address.left as PtIdentifier)) {
                 return (address.left as PtIdentifier).name
             } else {
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(address.left, RegisterOrPair.AY, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(address.left, RegisterOrPair.AY)
                 asmgen.out("  sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2 |  sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1")
                 return "P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2"
             }
@@ -592,7 +602,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         fun assignValueToA() {
             val assignValue = AsmAssignment(value,
                 listOf(
-                    AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
+                    AsmAssignTarget(TargetStorageKind.REGISTER, asmgen, DataType.UBYTE,
                     address.definingISub(), Position.DUMMY, register = RegisterOrPair.A)
                 ),
                 program.memsizer, Position.DUMMY)
@@ -635,9 +645,9 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 return true
             }
             if(rightTc!=null)
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(rightTc.value, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(rightTc.value, RegisterOrPair.A)
             else
-                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(address.right, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(address.right, RegisterOrPair.A)
             asmgen.out("  pha")     // offset on stack
             val zpPointerVarName = addrIntoZpPointer()
             assignValueToA()
@@ -898,7 +908,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
     }
 
     private fun inplacemodificationBytePointerWithValue(pointervar: PtIdentifier, operator: String, value: PtExpression) {
-        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+        asmgen.assignExpressionToVariable(value, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1", DataType.UBYTE)
         inplacemodificationBytePointerWithVariable(pointervar, operator, "P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1")
     }
 
@@ -910,7 +920,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             "-" -> asmgen.out("  sec |  sbc  $otherName")
             "*" -> asmgen.out("  ldy  $otherName |  jsr  prog8_math.multiply_bytes")
             "/" -> asmgen.out("  ldy  $otherName |  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm |  tya")
-            "%" -> asmgen.out("  ldy  $otherName |  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
+            "%" -> asmgen.out("  ldy  $otherName |  jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm")
             "<<" -> {
                 asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  $otherName
@@ -962,9 +972,18 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
         when (operator) {
             "+" -> {
                 if(value==1) {
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(pointervar, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                    if(asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                        val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar)
-                    asmgen.out("+\tinc  ${'$'}ffff\t; modified")
+                        if(asmgen.isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02))
+                            asmgen.out("  inc  a")
+                        else
+                            asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  #1")
+                        asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar(sourceName, false)
+                    } else {
+                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(pointervar, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                        asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                        asmgen.out("+\tinc  ${'$'}ffff\t; modified")
+                    }
                 } else {
                     val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar)
                     asmgen.out("  clc |  adc  #$value")
@@ -973,9 +992,18 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
             }
             "-" -> {
                 if(value==1) {
-                    asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(pointervar, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                    if(asmgen.options.romable) {
-                    asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                        val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar)
-                    asmgen.out("+\tdec  ${'$'}ffff\t; modified")
+                        if(asmgen.isTargetCpu(CpuType.CPU65C02))
+                            asmgen.out("  dec  a")
+                        else
+                            asmgen.out("  sec |  sbc  #1")
+                        asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar(sourceName, false)
+                    } else {
+                        asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(pointervar, RegisterOrPair.AY)
+                        asmgen.out("  sta  (+) + 1 |  sty  (+) + 2")
+                        asmgen.out("+\tdec  ${'$'}ffff\t; modified")
+                    }
                 } else {
                     val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar)
                     asmgen.out("  sec |  sbc  #$value")
@@ -1001,7 +1029,7 @@ internal class AugmentableAssignmentAsmGen(private val program: PtProgram,
                 val sourceName = asmgen.loadByteFromPointerIntoA(pointervar)
                 if(value==0)
                     throw AssemblyError("division by zero")
-                asmgen.out("  ldy  #$value |  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
+                asmgen.out("  ldy  #$value |  jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm")
                 asmgen.storeAIntoZpPointerVar(sourceName, false)
             }
             "<<" -> {
@@ -1107,11 +1135,18 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
         }
 
         if(value is PtArrayIndexer && value.isSimple()) {
+
+            val valueVar = value.variable
+            if(valueVar==null) {
+                TODO("inplace modification on pointer ${value.position}")
+                return
+            }
+
             // use the already existing optimized codegen for regular assignments  x += array[index]
             val binexpr = PtBinaryExpression(operator, dt, value.position)
             binexpr.add(PtIdentifier(name, dt, value.position))
             val arrayValue = PtArrayIndexer(value.type, value.position)
-            arrayValue.add(value.variable)
+            arrayValue.add(valueVar)
             arrayValue.add(value.index)
             binexpr.add(arrayValue)
             binexpr.parent = value
@@ -1172,7 +1207,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
             "%" -> {
                 if(signed)
                     throw AssemblyError("remainder of signed integers is not properly defined/implemented, use unsigned instead")
-                asmgen.out("  ldy  $variable  |  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
+                asmgen.out("  ldy  $variable  |  jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm")
             }
             "<<" -> {
                 asmgen.out("""
@@ -1345,7 +1380,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
             "%" -> {
                 if(signed)
                     throw AssemblyError("remainder of signed integers is not properly defined/implemented, use unsigned instead")
-                asmgen.out("  tay |  lda  $variable  |  jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm")
+                asmgen.out("  tay |  lda  $variable  |  jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm")
             }
             "<<" -> {
                 asmgen.out("""
@@ -1516,7 +1551,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                 asmgen.out("""
                     lda  $name
                     ldy  #$value
-                    jsr  prog8_math.divmod_ub_asm
+                    jsr  prog8_math.remainder_ub_asm
                     sta  $name""")
             }
             "<<" -> {
@@ -1903,18 +1938,16 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                             asmgen.out("  lda  #0 |  sta  $lsb")
                     }
                     value==7 -> {
-                        // optimized shift left 7 (*128) by first swapping the lsb/msb and then doing just one final shift
+                        // optimized shift left 7 (*128) by swapping the lsb/msb and then doing just one final shift
                         asmgen.out("""
                             ; shift left 7
                             lsr  $msb
-                            php     ; save carry
                             lda  $lsb
+                            ror  a
                             sta  $msb
                             lda  #0
-                            sta  $lsb
+                            ror  a
-                            plp     ; restore carry
+                            sta  $lsb""")
-                            ror  $msb
-                            ror  $lsb""")
                     }
                     value>3 -> asmgen.out("""
                         ldy  #$value
@@ -2450,7 +2483,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid operator for in-place modification $operator")
                 }
             }
-            valueDt.isWord -> {
+            valueDt.isWord || valueDt.isPointer -> {
                 // the value is a proper 16-bit word, so use both bytes of it.
                 when (operator) {
                     "+" -> asmgen.out("  lda  $name |  clc |  adc  $otherName |  sta  $name |  lda  $name+1 |  adc  $otherName+1 |  sta  $name+1")
@@ -2722,7 +2755,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                     "+" -> {
                         // name += byteexpression
                         if(valueDt.isUnsignedByte) {
-                            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.A, false)
+                            asmgen.assignExpressionToRegister(value, RegisterOrPair.A)
                             asmgen.out("""
                                 clc
                                 adc  $name
@@ -2872,7 +2905,7 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid operator for in-place modification $operator")
                 }
             }
-            valueDt.isWord -> {
+            valueDt.isWord || valueDt.isPointer -> {
                 // the value is a proper 16-bit word, so use both bytes of it.
 
                 if(value is PtArrayIndexer && value.isSimple()) {
@@ -2887,7 +2920,12 @@ $shortcutLabel:""")
                         "-" -> {
                             if(value.index.type.isByte) {
                                 // it's an array indexed by a byte so we can use sbc array,y
-                                val arrayname = value.variable.name
+                                val valueVar = value.variable
+                                if(valueVar==null) {
+                                    TODO("inplace modification on pointer ${value.position}")
+                                    return
+                                }
+                                val arrayname = valueVar.name
                                 asmgen.loadScaledArrayIndexIntoRegister(value, CpuRegister.Y)
                                 if(value.splitWords) {
                                     asmgen.out("""

codeGenCpu6502/test/Dummies.kt

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ import prog8.code.core.*
 
 internal object DummyMemsizer : IMemSizer {
     override fun memorySize(dt: DataType, numElements: Int?): Int {
-        if(dt.isArray) {
+        if(dt.isPointerArray)
+            return 2 * numElements!!
+        else if(dt.isArray) {
             require(numElements != null)
             return when(dt.sub) {
                 BaseDataType.BOOL, BaseDataType.BYTE, BaseDataType.UBYTE -> numElements
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ internal class ErrorReporterForTests(private val throwExceptionAtReportIfErrors:
 
     override fun noErrors(): Boolean  = errors.isEmpty()
     override fun noErrorForLine(position: Position) = !errors.any { ":${position.line}:" in it }
+    override fun printSingleError(errormessage: String) { /* prints nothing in tests */ }
 
     override fun report() {
         infos.forEach { println("UNITTEST COMPILATION REPORT: INFO: $it") }

codeGenCpu6502/test/TestCodegen.kt

@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@ import io.kotest.assertions.withClue
 import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
 import io.kotest.matchers.ints.shouldBeGreaterThanOrEqual
 import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import prog8.code.StMemVar
+import prog8.code.SymbolTable
 import prog8.code.SymbolTableMaker
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.code.source.SourceCode
 import prog8.code.target.C64Target
 import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.AsmGen6502
+import prog8.codegen.cpu6502.VariableAllocator
 import java.nio.file.Files
 import kotlin.io.path.Path
 
@@ -26,6 +29,7 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
             zpAllowed = CompilationOptions.AllZeropageAllowed,
             floats = true,
             noSysInit = false,
+            romable = false,
             compTarget = target,
             loadAddress = target.PROGRAM_LOAD_ADDRESS,
             memtopAddress = 0xffffu
@@ -51,9 +55,10 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "pi",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
+            DataType.UBYTE,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
             DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             3u,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -72,15 +78,17 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
             DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             3u,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "xx",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD),
+            DataType.WORD,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -88,13 +96,13 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
 
         val assign = PtAugmentedAssign("+=", Position.DUMMY)
         val target = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            val targetIdx = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY).also { idx ->
+            val targetIdx = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY).also { idx ->
                 idx.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.particleX", DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY))
                 idx.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 2.0, Position.DUMMY))
             }
             it.add(targetIdx)
         }
-        val value = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY)
+        val value = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY)
         value.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.particleDX", DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY))
         value.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 2.0, Position.DUMMY))
         assign.add(target)
@@ -103,15 +111,15 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
 
         val prefixAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("-", Position.DUMMY)
         val prefixTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         prefixAssign.add(prefixTarget)
-        prefixAssign.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+        prefixAssign.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         sub.add(prefixAssign)
 
         val numberAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("-=", Position.DUMMY)
         val numberAssignTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         numberAssign.add(numberAssignTarget)
         numberAssign.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.WORD, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
@@ -119,10 +127,10 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
 
         val cxregAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("+=", Position.DUMMY)
         val cxregAssignTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         cxregAssign.add(cxregAssignTarget)
-        cxregAssign.add(PtIdentifier("cx16.r0", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), Position.DUMMY))
+        cxregAssign.add(PtIdentifier("cx16.r0", DataType.UWORD, Position.DUMMY))
         sub.add(cxregAssign)
 
         block.add(sub)
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
 
         // define the "cx16.r0" virtual register
         val cx16block = PtBlock("cx16", false, SourceCode.Generated("test"), PtBlock.Options(), Position.DUMMY)
-        cx16block.add(PtMemMapped("r0", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), 100u, null, Position.DUMMY))
+        cx16block.add(PtMemMapped("r0", DataType.UWORD, 100u, null, Position.DUMMY))
         program.add(cx16block)
 
         val options = getTestOptions()
@@ -159,5 +167,15 @@ class TestCodegen: FunSpec({
             }
         }
     }
+
+    test("memory mapped zp var is correctly considered to be zp var") {
+        val program = PtProgram("test", DummyMemsizer, DummyStringEncoder)
+        val st = SymbolTable(program)
+        st.add(StMemVar("zpmemvar", DataType.WORD, 0x20u, null, null))
+        st.add(StMemVar("normalmemvar", DataType.WORD, 0x9000u, null, null))
+        val allocator = VariableAllocator(st, getTestOptions(), ErrorReporterForTests())
+        allocator.isZpVar("zpmemvar") shouldBe true
+        allocator.isZpVar("normalmemvar") shouldBe false
+    }
 })
 

codeGenExperimental/build.gradle.kts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ plugins {
 
 dependencies {
     implementation(project(":codeCore"))
+    implementation(project(":simpleAst"))
     implementation(project(":intermediate"))
     implementation(project(":codeGenIntermediate"))
     // implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8")

codeGenExperimental/codeGenExperimental.iml

@@ -13,5 +13,6 @@
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeGenIntermediate" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="intermediate" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeCore" />
+    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="simpleAst" />
   </component>
 </module>

codeGenExperimental/src/prog8/codegen/experimental/ExperiCodeGen.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package prog8.codegen.experimental
 
+import prog8.code.IAssemblyProgram
+import prog8.code.ICodeGeneratorBackend
 import prog8.code.SymbolTable
 import prog8.code.ast.PtProgram
 import prog8.code.core.CompilationOptions
-import prog8.code.core.IAssemblyProgram
-import prog8.code.core.ICodeGeneratorBackend
 import prog8.code.core.IErrorReporter
 import prog8.codegen.intermediate.IRCodeGen
 import prog8.intermediate.IRFileWriter
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ class ExperiCodeGen: ICodeGeneratorBackend {
         // this stub only writes the IR program to disk but doesn't generate anything else.
         IRFileWriter(irProgram, null).write()
 
-        println("** experimental codegen stub: no assembly generated **")
+        if(!options.quiet)
+            println("** experimental codegen stub: no assembly generated **")
         return EmptyProgram
     }
 }
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ class ExperiCodeGen: ICodeGeneratorBackend {
 private object EmptyProgram : IAssemblyProgram {
     override val name = "<Empty Program>"
     override fun assemble(options: CompilationOptions, errors: IErrorReporter): Boolean {
-        println("** nothing assembled **")
+        if(!options.quiet)
+            println("** nothing assembled **")
         return true
     }
 

codeGenIntermediate/build.gradle.kts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ plugins {
 
 dependencies {
     implementation(project(":codeCore"))
+    implementation(project(":simpleAst"))
     implementation(project(":intermediate"))
     // implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8")
     // implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect"

codeGenIntermediate/codeGenIntermediate.iml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="KotlinJavaRuntime" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeCore" />
+    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="simpleAst" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="intermediate" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.assertions.core.jvm" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.runner.junit5.jvm" level="project" />

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/BuiltinFuncGen.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package prog8.codegen.intermediate
 
+import prog8.code.SymbolTable
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.AssemblyError
 import prog8.code.core.BaseDataType
+import prog8.code.core.DataType
 import prog8.intermediate.*
 
 
@@ -45,6 +47,8 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
             "prog8_lib_stringcompare" -> funcStringCompare(call)
             "prog8_lib_square_byte" -> funcSquare(call, IRDataType.BYTE)
             "prog8_lib_square_word" -> funcSquare(call, IRDataType.WORD)
+            "structalloc" -> funcStructAlloc(call)
+            "sizeof" -> throw AssemblyError("sizeof must have been replaced with a constant")
             else -> throw AssemblyError("missing builtinfunc for ${call.name}")
         }
     }
@@ -78,7 +82,6 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
 
     private fun funcCallfar(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
         val bankTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[0])
         val addressTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[1])
         val argumentwordTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[2])
@@ -91,7 +94,6 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
 
     private fun funcCallfar2(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
         val bankTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[0])
         val addressTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[1])
         val argumentA = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[2])
@@ -143,7 +145,6 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
 
     private fun funcStringCompare(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 2), null)
         val left  = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[0])
         val right = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[1])
         addToResult(result, left, left.resultReg, -1)
@@ -240,11 +241,11 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
             }
             BaseDataType.UWORD -> {
                 addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
-                val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
+                val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)     // sqrt of a word still produces just a byte result
                 result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                     it += IRInstruction(Opcode.SQRT, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg, reg2=tr.resultReg)
                 }
-                return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.WORD, resultReg, -1)
+                return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultReg, -1)
             }
             BaseDataType.FLOAT -> {
                 addToResult(result, tr, -1, tr.resultFpReg)
@@ -278,7 +279,6 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
 
     private fun funcClamp(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
         val type = irType(call.type)
         val valueTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[0])
         val minimumTr = exprGen.translateExpression(call.args[1])
@@ -497,8 +497,16 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
         val name = (call.args[0] as PtString).value
         val code = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
         val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
-        code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg, labelSymbol = "prog8_slabs.prog8_memoryslab_$name")
+        code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg, labelSymbol = "$StMemorySlabPrefix.prog8_memoryslab_$name")
-        return ExpressionCodeResult(code, IRDataType.BYTE, resultReg, -1)
+        return ExpressionCodeResult(code, IRDataType.WORD, resultReg, -1)
+    }
+
+    private fun funcStructAlloc(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        val code = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
+        val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
+        val labelname = SymbolTable.labelnameForStructInstance(call)
+        code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg, labelSymbol = labelname)
+        return ExpressionCodeResult(code, IRDataType.WORD, resultReg, -1)
     }
 
     private fun funcLsb(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
@@ -548,7 +556,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
         val arr = (arg as? PtArrayIndexer)
         val index = arr?.index?.asConstInteger()
         if(arr!=null && index!=null) {
-            val variable = arr.variable.name
+            if(arr.variable==null)
+                TODO("support for ptr indexing ${arr.position}")
+            val variable = arr.variable!!.name
             if(arr.splitWords) {
                 result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                     when(opcodeMemAndReg.first) {
@@ -617,7 +627,9 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
                 if(target.splitWords) {
                     // lsb/msb in split arrays, element index 'size' is always 1
                     val constIndex = target.index.asConstInteger()
-                    val varName = target.variable.name + if(msb) "_msb" else "_lsb"
+                    if(target.variable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${target.position}")
+                    val varName = target.variable!!.name + if(msb) "_msb" else "_lsb"
                     if(isConstZeroValue) {
                         if(constIndex!=null) {
                             val offsetReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
@@ -651,6 +663,10 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
                     }
                 }
                 else {
+                    val targetVariable = target.variable
+                    if(targetVariable==null)
+                        TODO("support for ptr indexing ${target.position}")
+
                     val eltSize = codeGen.program.memsizer.memorySize(target.type, null)
                     val constIndex = target.index.asConstInteger()
                     if(isConstZeroValue) {
@@ -659,17 +675,17 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
                             val offset = eltSize*constIndex + if(msb) 1 else 0
                             result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                                 it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=offsetReg, immediate = offset)
-                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=offsetReg, labelSymbol = target.variable.name)
+                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=offsetReg, labelSymbol = targetVariable.name)
                             }
                         } else {
                             val indexTr = exprGen.translateExpression(target.index)
                             addToResult(result, indexTr, indexTr.resultReg, -1)
                             result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                                 if(eltSize>1)
-                                    it += codeGen.multiplyByConst(IRDataType.BYTE, indexTr.resultReg, eltSize)
+                                    it += codeGen.multiplyByConst(DataType.UBYTE, indexTr.resultReg, eltSize)
                                 if(msb)
                                     it += IRInstruction(Opcode.INC, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexTr.resultReg)
-                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexTr.resultReg, labelSymbol = target.variable.name)
+                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexTr.resultReg, labelSymbol = targetVariable.name)
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
@@ -680,17 +696,17 @@ internal class BuiltinFuncGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen, private val exprGe
                             val offset = eltSize*constIndex + if(msb) 1 else 0
                             result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                                 it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=offsetReg, immediate = offset)
-                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, reg2=offsetReg, labelSymbol = target.variable.name)
+                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, reg2=offsetReg, labelSymbol = targetVariable.name)
                             }
                         } else {
                             val indexTr = exprGen.translateExpression(target.index)
                             addToResult(result, indexTr, indexTr.resultReg, -1)
                             result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                                 if(eltSize>1)
-                                    it += codeGen.multiplyByConst(IRDataType.BYTE, indexTr.resultReg, eltSize)
+                                    it += codeGen.multiplyByConst(DataType.UBYTE, indexTr.resultReg, eltSize)
                                 if(msb)
                                     it += IRInstruction(Opcode.INC, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexTr.resultReg)
-                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, reg2=indexTr.resultReg, labelSymbol = target.variable.name)
+                                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, reg2=indexTr.resultReg, labelSymbol = targetVariable.name)
                             }
                         }
                     }

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/ExpressionGen.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package prog8.codegen.intermediate
 
-import prog8.code.StNode
+import prog8.code.*
-import prog8.code.StExtSub
-import prog8.code.StSub
 import prog8.code.ast.*
 import prog8.code.core.*
 import prog8.intermediate.*
@@ -29,7 +27,10 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
     fun translateExpression(expr: PtExpression): ExpressionCodeResult {
         return when (expr) {
             is PtIrRegister -> {
-                ExpressionCodeResult(emptyList(), irType(expr.type), expr.register, -1)
+                if(expr.type.isFloat)
+                    ExpressionCodeResult(emptyList(), IRDataType.FLOAT, -1, expr.register)
+                else
+                    ExpressionCodeResult(emptyList(), irType(expr.type), expr.register, -1)
             }
             is PtBool -> {
                 val code = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
@@ -85,12 +86,107 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
             is PtBuiltinFunctionCall -> codeGen.translateBuiltinFunc(expr)
             is PtFunctionCall -> translate(expr)
             is PtContainmentCheck -> translate(expr)
+            is PtPointerDeref -> translate(expr)
             is PtRange,
             is PtArray,
             is PtString -> throw AssemblyError("range/arrayliteral/string should no longer occur as expression")
         }
     }
 
+    private fun translate(deref: PtPointerDeref): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
+        var pointerReg: Int
+
+        if(deref.startpointer.type.isStructInstance) {
+            TODO("translate structinstance deref???")
+/*
+            val arrayIndexer = deref.startpointer as? PtArrayIndexer
+            if(arrayIndexer==null)
+                throw AssemblyError("when start pointer is struct instance, array indexer is expected PTR[x]")
+            // first evaluate the adress of POINTER[x].a
+            // which is: value in pointer + x*sizeof(struct) + offsetof(a)
+            // then use traverseDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress on b.c.d.field
+            val struct = deref.startpointer.type.subType as StStruct
+            val chain = ArrayDeque(deref.chain)
+            val firstField = struct.getField(chain.removeFirst(), codeGen.program.memsizer)
+            val pointerTr = translateExpression(arrayIndexer.variable)
+            result += pointerTr.chunks
+            pointerReg = pointerTr.resultReg
+            val constIndex = arrayIndexer.index.asConstInteger()
+            if(constIndex!=null) {
+                val offset = constIndex * struct.size.toInt()
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = offset), null)
+            } else {
+                val indexTr = translateExpression(arrayIndexer.index)
+                result += indexTr.chunks
+                // multiply the index by the size of the struct and add that to the pointer, then add the offset of the field,
+                // and retrieve the pointer value that is stored there, or the actual value if it's a pointer to simple type
+                result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                    val indexReg: Int
+                    if(arrayIndexer.index.type.isByte) {
+                        // extend array index to word
+                        indexReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
+                        it += IRInstruction(Opcode.EXT, IRDataType.BYTE, indexReg, indexTr.resultReg)
+                    } else {
+                        indexReg = indexTr.resultReg
+                    }
+                    it += codeGen.multiplyByConst(DataType.UWORD, indexReg, struct.size.toInt())
+                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADDR, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, reg2 = indexReg)
+                }
+            }
+
+            result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = firstField.second.toInt())
+                if (firstField.first.isPointer) {
+                    // get the address stored in the pointer and use that for the rest of the chain
+                    // LOADI has an exception to allo reg1 and reg2 to be the same, so we can avoid using extra temporary registers and LOADS
+                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, reg2 = pointerReg)
+                } else {
+                    require(chain.isEmpty())
+                    // it's a pointer to a simple value, so keep the pointer as-is
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            // now use traverseDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress on b.c.d and finally field  or on b.c.d.field if field isn't a field.
+            val derefField = if(deref.type.isPointer) null else chain.removeLastOrNull()
+            actualDeref = PtPointerDeref(deref.type, chain, derefField, deref.position)
+            actualDeref.add(arrayIndexer.variable)
+*/
+        } else {
+            val tr = translateExpression(deref.startpointer)
+            result += tr.chunks
+            pointerReg = tr.resultReg
+        }
+
+        val (instructions, offset) = traverseRestOfDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress(deref, pointerReg)
+        result += instructions
+        if(offset==0u) {
+            val irdt = irType(deref.type)
+            return if(deref.type.isFloat) {
+                val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultReg, reg1 = pointerReg), null)
+                ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.FLOAT, -1, resultReg)
+            } else {
+                val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(irdt)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, irdt, reg1 = resultReg, reg2 = pointerReg), null)
+                ExpressionCodeResult(result, irdt, resultReg, -1)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // load field with offset
+        return if(deref.type.isFloat) {
+            val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADFIELD, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultReg, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = offset.toInt()), null)
+            ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.FLOAT, -1, resultReg)
+        } else {
+            val irdt = irType(deref.type)
+            val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(irdt)
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADFIELD, irdt, reg1 = resultReg, reg2 = pointerReg, immediate = offset.toInt()), null)
+            ExpressionCodeResult(result, irdt, resultReg, -1)
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun translate(ifExpr: PtIfExpression): ExpressionCodeResult {
 
         if((ifExpr.condition as? PtPrefix)?.operator=="not")
@@ -159,46 +255,63 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
 
     private fun translate(expr: PtAddressOf): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val vmDt = irType(expr.type)
-        val symbol = expr.identifier.name
         // note: LOAD <symbol>  gets you the address of the symbol, whereas LOADM <symbol> would get you the value stored at that location
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        val resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
+        val identifier = expr.identifier
 
         fun loadAddressOfArrayLabel(reg: Int) {
             if (expr.isMsbForSplitArray) {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = symbol + "_msb"), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = identifier!!.name + "_msb"), null)
-            } else if (expr.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+            } else if (identifier!!.type.isSplitWordArray) {
                 // the _lsb split array comes first in memory
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = symbol + "_lsb"), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = identifier.name + "_lsb"), null)
             } else
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = symbol), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = reg, labelSymbol = identifier.name), null)
         }
 
         if(expr.isFromArrayElement) {
             val indexTr = translateExpression(expr.arrayIndexExpr!!)
             addToResult(result, indexTr, indexTr.resultReg, -1)
-            val indexWordReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
+            val indexWordReg = if(indexTr.dt==IRDataType.BYTE) {
-            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.EXT, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexWordReg, reg2=indexTr.resultReg), null)
+                val ixWord = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
-            if(expr.identifier.type.isUnsignedWord) {
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.EXT, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=ixWord, reg2=indexTr.resultReg), null)
+                ixWord
+            } else indexTr.resultReg
+            val resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
+            if(identifier!!.type.isUnsignedWord) {
                 require(!expr.isMsbForSplitArray)
                 result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
-                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADM, vmDt, reg1 = resultRegister, labelSymbol = symbol)
+                    val ptr = codeGen.symbolTable.lookup(identifier.name)
+                    it += if(ptr is StConstant)
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, vmDt, reg1 = resultRegister, immediate = ptr.value.toInt())
+                    else
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADM, vmDt, reg1 = resultRegister, labelSymbol = identifier.name)
                     it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADDR, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=indexWordReg)
                 }
             } else {
-                val eltSize = codeGen.program.memsizer.memorySize(expr.identifier.type, 1)
+                val eltSize = codeGen.program.memsizer.memorySize(identifier.type, 1)
                 result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
                     loadAddressOfArrayLabel(resultRegister)
-                    if(eltSize>1 && !expr.identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
+                    if (eltSize > 1 && !identifier.type.isSplitWordArray) {
-                        it += IRInstruction(Opcode.MUL, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=indexWordReg, immediate = eltSize)
+                        it += IRInstruction(Opcode.MUL, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = indexWordReg, immediate = eltSize)
                     }
-                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADDR, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=indexWordReg)
+                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADDR, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = resultRegister, reg2 = indexWordReg)
                 }
             }
-        } else {
+            return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, resultRegister, -1)
+        } else if(expr.identifier!=null ) {
+            val resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
             loadAddressOfArrayLabel(resultRegister)
+            return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, resultRegister, -1)
+        } else {
+            require(vmDt==IRDataType.WORD)
+            val pointerTr = translateExpression(expr.dereference!!.startpointer)
+            result += pointerTr.chunks
+            val (instructions, offset) = traverseRestOfDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress(expr.dereference!!, pointerTr.resultReg)
+            result += instructions
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerTr.resultReg, immediate = offset.toInt()), null)
+            return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, pointerTr.resultReg, -1)
         }
-        return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, resultRegister, -1)
     }
 
     private fun translate(mem: PtMemoryByte): ExpressionCodeResult {
@@ -212,31 +325,32 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         }
 
         val ptrWithOffset = mem.address as? PtBinaryExpression
-        if(ptrWithOffset!=null && ptrWithOffset.operator=="+" && ptrWithOffset.left is PtIdentifier) {
+        if(ptrWithOffset!=null) {
-            if((ptrWithOffset.right as? PtNumber)?.number?.toInt() in 0..255) {
+            if(ptrWithOffset.operator=="+" && ptrWithOffset.left is PtIdentifier) {
-                // LOADIX only works with byte index.
+                val constOffset = (ptrWithOffset.right as? PtNumber)?.number?.toInt()
-                val ptrName = (ptrWithOffset.left as PtIdentifier).name
+                if(constOffset in 0..255) {
-                val offsetReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
+                    val ptrName = (ptrWithOffset.left as PtIdentifier).name
-                result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                    val pointerReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
-                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=offsetReg, immediate = ptrWithOffset.right.asConstInteger())
+                    result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
-                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADIX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=offsetReg, labelSymbol = ptrName)
+                        it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADM, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, labelSymbol = ptrName)
+                        it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADFIELD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=pointerReg,  immediate = constOffset)
+                    }
+                    return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultRegister, -1)
                 }
+            }
+            val offsetTypecast = ptrWithOffset.right as? PtTypeCast
+            if(ptrWithOffset.operator=="+" && ptrWithOffset.left is PtIdentifier && (ptrWithOffset.right.type.isByte || offsetTypecast?.value?.type?.isByte==true)) {
+                // LOADIX only works with byte index.
+                val tr = if(offsetTypecast?.value?.type?.isByte==true)
+                    translateExpression(offsetTypecast.value)
+                else
+                    translateExpression(ptrWithOffset.right)
+                addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+                val ptrName = (ptrWithOffset.left as PtIdentifier).name
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADIX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = ptrName), null)
                 return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultRegister, -1)
             }
         }
-        val offsetTypecast = ptrWithOffset?.right as? PtTypeCast
-        if(ptrWithOffset!=null && ptrWithOffset.operator=="+" && ptrWithOffset.left is PtIdentifier
-            && (ptrWithOffset.right.type.isByte || offsetTypecast?.value?.type?.isByte==true)) {
-            // LOADIX only works with byte index.
-            val tr = if(offsetTypecast?.value?.type?.isByte==true)
-                translateExpression(offsetTypecast.value)
-            else
-                translateExpression(ptrWithOffset.right)
-            addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
-            val ptrName = (ptrWithOffset.left as PtIdentifier).name
-            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADIX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = ptrName), null)
-            return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultRegister, -1)
-        }
 
         val tr = translateExpression(mem.address)
         addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
@@ -282,7 +396,6 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         val haystackVar = check.haystackHeapVar!!
         when {
             haystackVar.type.isString -> {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 2), null)
                 val elementTr = translateExpression(check.needle)
                 addToResult(result, elementTr, elementTr.resultReg, -1)
                 val iterableTr = translateExpression(haystackVar)
@@ -293,7 +406,6 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultReg, -1)
             }
             haystackVar.type.isByteArray -> {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
                 val elementTr = translateExpression(check.needle)
                 addToResult(result, elementTr, elementTr.resultReg, -1)
                 val iterableTr = translateExpression(haystackVar)
@@ -307,7 +419,6 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultReg, -1)
             }
             haystackVar.type.isWordArray -> {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
                 val elementTr = translateExpression(check.needle)
                 addToResult(result, elementTr, elementTr.resultReg, -1)
                 val iterableTr = translateExpression(haystackVar)
@@ -321,7 +432,6 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, resultReg, -1)
             }
             haystackVar.type.isFloatArray -> {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = 3), null)
                 val elementTr = translateExpression(check.needle)
                 addToResult(result, elementTr, -1, elementTr.resultFpReg)
                 val iterableTr = translateExpression(haystackVar)
@@ -339,11 +449,30 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
     }
 
     private fun translate(arrayIx: PtArrayIndexer): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        if(arrayIx.type.isStructInstance)
+            throw AssemblyError("cannot translate POINTER[x] resulting in a struct instance; this is likely part of a larger expression POINTER[x].field and that has to be translated earlier as a whole")
+
         val eltSize = codeGen.program.memsizer.memorySize(arrayIx.type, null)
         val vmDt = irType(arrayIx.type)
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        val arrayVarSymbol = arrayIx.variable.name
+        val arrayVar = arrayIx.variable
+        if(arrayVar==null) {
+            val pointerTr = translateExpression(arrayIx.pointerderef!!)
+            result += pointerTr.chunks
+            val pointerReg = pointerTr.resultReg
+            return translatePointerIndexing(result, pointerReg, arrayIx.index, eltSize, vmDt)
+        }
+        if(arrayVar.type.isPointer) {
+            val pointerTr = translateExpression(arrayVar)
+            result += pointerTr.chunks
+            val pointerReg = pointerTr.resultReg
+            return translatePointerIndexing(result, pointerReg, arrayIx.index, eltSize, vmDt)
+        }
+
+        require(!arrayVar.type.isPointer) { "only regular array indexing here ${arrayIx.position}" }
         var resultRegister = -1
+        var resultFpRegister = -1
+        val arrayVarSymbol = arrayVar.name
 
         if(arrayIx.splitWords) {
             require(vmDt==IRDataType.WORD)
@@ -370,9 +499,8 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
             return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, finalResultReg, -1)
         }
 
-        var resultFpRegister = -1
+        fun indexByNumber(index: Int) {
-        if(arrayIx.index is PtNumber) {
+            val memOffset = index * eltSize
-            val memOffset = ((arrayIx.index as PtNumber).number.toInt() * eltSize)
             if(vmDt==IRDataType.FLOAT) {
                 resultFpRegister = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
                 addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADM, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1=resultFpRegister, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol, symbolOffset = memOffset), null)
@@ -381,23 +509,61 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
                 addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADM, vmDt, reg1=resultRegister, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol, symbolOffset = memOffset), null)
             }
-        } else {
+        }
-            val tr = translateExpression(arrayIx.index)
+
-            addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+        fun indexByExpression() {
-            if(eltSize>1)
+            val (code, indexByteReg) = codeGen.loadIndexReg(arrayIx.index, eltSize, false, arrayIx.splitWords)
-                result += codeGen.multiplyByConst(IRDataType.BYTE, tr.resultReg, eltSize)
+            result += code
             if(vmDt==IRDataType.FLOAT) {
                 resultFpRegister = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultFpRegister, reg1=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultFpRegister, reg1=indexByteReg, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol), null)
             }
             else {
                 resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, vmDt, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, vmDt, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=indexByteReg, labelSymbol = arrayVarSymbol), null)
             }
         }
+
+        if(arrayIx.index is PtNumber)
+            indexByNumber((arrayIx.index as PtNumber).number.toInt())
+        else
+            indexByExpression()
         return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, resultRegister, resultFpRegister)
     }
 
+    private fun translatePointerIndexing(
+        result: MutableList<IRCodeChunkBase>,
+        pointerReg: Int,
+        index: PtExpression,
+        eltSize: Int,
+        resultDt: IRDataType
+    ): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        var resultRegister = -1
+        var resultFpRegister = -1
+
+        if(index is PtNumber) {
+            val memOffset = eltSize * index.number.toInt()
+            if(memOffset>0)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=pointerReg, immediate = memOffset), null)
+        }
+        else {
+            val (code, indexWordReg) = codeGen.loadIndexReg(index, eltSize, true, false)
+            result += code
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.ADDR, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=pointerReg, reg2=indexWordReg), null)
+        }
+
+        if(resultDt==IRDataType.FLOAT) {
+            resultFpRegister = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1=resultFpRegister, reg1=pointerReg), null)
+        }
+        else {
+            resultRegister = codeGen.registers.next(resultDt)
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, resultDt, reg1=resultRegister, reg2=pointerReg), null)
+        }
+
+        return ExpressionCodeResult(result, resultDt, resultRegister, resultFpRegister)
+    }
+
     private fun translate(expr: PtPrefix): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
         val tr = translateExpression(expr.value)
@@ -438,9 +604,9 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                         addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tr.resultReg, immediate = 0), null)
                         actualResultReg2 = loadStatusAsBooleanResult(Opcode.BSTNE, result)
                     }
-                    valueDt.isWord -> {
+                    valueDt.isWord || valueDt.isPointer -> {
                         addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=tr.resultReg, immediate = 0), null)
-                        actualResultReg2 =loadStatusAsBooleanResult(Opcode.BSTNE, result)
+                        actualResultReg2 = loadStatusAsBooleanResult(Opcode.BSTNE, result)
                     }
                     valueDt.isFloat -> {
                         actualResultReg2 = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
@@ -503,6 +669,9 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                         actualResultReg2 = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
                         addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.FTOUW, IRDataType.FLOAT, reg1=actualResultReg2, fpReg1 = tr.resultFpReg), null)
                     }
+                    BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+                        actualResultReg2 = tr.resultReg
+                    }
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("weird cast value type")
                 }
             }
@@ -546,6 +715,14 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                     else -> throw AssemblyError("weird cast value type")
                 }
             }
+            BaseDataType.POINTER -> {
+                require(valueDt.isUnsignedWord || valueDt.isPointer)
+                actualResultReg2 = tr.resultReg
+                // no further conversion required, pointers are all just uwords
+            }
+            BaseDataType.ARRAY_POINTER -> {
+                TODO("typecast to array of pointers $valueDt -> ${cast.type}")
+            }
             else -> throw AssemblyError("weird cast type")
         }
 
@@ -558,8 +735,8 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         return when(binExpr.operator) {
             "+" -> operatorPlus(binExpr, vmDt)
             "-" -> operatorMinus(binExpr, vmDt)
-            "*" -> operatorMultiply(binExpr, vmDt)
+            "*" -> operatorMultiply(binExpr, binExpr.left.type)
-            "/" -> operatorDivide(binExpr, vmDt, signed)
+            "/" -> operatorDivide(binExpr, binExpr.left.type)
             "%" -> operatorModulo(binExpr, vmDt)
             "|" -> operatorOr(binExpr, vmDt, true)
             "&" -> operatorAnd(binExpr, vmDt, true)
@@ -574,18 +751,19 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
             ">" -> operatorGreaterThan(binExpr, vmDt, signed, false)
             "<=" -> operatorLessThan(binExpr, vmDt, signed, true)
             ">=" -> operatorGreaterThan(binExpr, vmDt, signed, true)
+            "." -> operatorDereference(binExpr, vmDt)       // eww, nasty, would rather not have any such expressions anymore
             else -> throw AssemblyError("weird operator ${binExpr.operator}")
         }
     }
 
     internal fun translate(fcall: PtFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult {
-        val callTarget = codeGen.symbolTable.flat.getValue(fcall.name)
+        val callTarget = codeGen.symbolTable.lookup(fcall.name)!!
 
-        if(callTarget.scopedName in listOf("sys.push", "sys.pushw", "sys.pop", "sys.popw", "floats.push", "floats.pop")) {
+        if(callTarget.scopedNameString in listOf("sys.push", "sys.pushw", "sys.pop", "sys.popw", "floats.push", "floats.pop")) {
             // special case, these should be inlined, or even use specialized instructions. Instead of doing a normal subroutine call.
             return translateStackFunctions(fcall, callTarget)
         }
-        when(callTarget.scopedName) {
+        when(callTarget.scopedNameString) {
             "sys.clear_carry" -> {
                 val chunk = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
                 addInstr(chunk, IRInstruction(Opcode.CLC), null)
@@ -611,7 +789,6 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         when (callTarget) {
             is StSub -> {
                 val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = callTarget.parameters.size), null)
                 // assign the arguments
                 val argRegisters = mutableListOf<FunctionCallArgs.ArgumentSpec>()
                 for ((arg, parameter) in fcall.args.zip(callTarget.parameters)) {
@@ -635,7 +812,10 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                     }
                 }
                 // return value(s)
-                val returnRegSpecs = if(fcall.void) emptyList() else {
+                // TODO: for current implementation of the call convention in case of multiple return values,
+                // a list of Ir virtual registers to hold the results is NOT correct (they're loaded into AY + R15..R0 instead!)
+                // So we use an empty list to avoid confusion here.   This may change in a future version.
+                val returnRegSpecs = if(fcall.void || callTarget.returns.size>1) emptyList() else {
                     callTarget.returns.map {
                         val returnIrType = irType(it)
                         FunctionCallArgs.RegSpec(returnIrType, codeGen.registers.next(returnIrType), null)
@@ -653,14 +833,13 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                     else
                         ExpressionCodeResult(result, returnRegSpec.dt, returnRegSpec.registerNum, -1)
                 } else {
-                    // multi-value returns are passed throug cx16.R15 down to R0 (allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
+                    // note: multi-value returns are passed throug A or AY (for the first value) then cx16.R15 down to R0
                     // so the actual result of the expression here is 'void' (doesn't use IR virtual registers at all)
                     ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, -1, -1)
                 }
             }
             is StExtSub -> {
                 val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.PREPARECALL, immediate = callTarget.parameters.size), null)
                 // assign the arguments
                 val argRegisters = mutableListOf<FunctionCallArgs.ArgumentSpec>()
                 for ((arg, parameter) in fcall.args.zip(callTarget.parameters)) {
@@ -671,25 +850,7 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                     else
                         argRegisters.add(FunctionCallArgs.ArgumentSpec("", null, FunctionCallArgs.RegSpec(paramDt, tr.resultReg, parameter.register)))
                     result += tr.chunks
-                    when(parameter.register.registerOrPair) {
+                    result += codeGen.setCpuRegister(parameter.register, paramDt, tr.resultReg, tr.resultFpReg)
-                        RegisterOrPair.A -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHA, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.X -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.Y -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHY, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.AX -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHAX, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.AY -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHAY, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.XY -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHXY, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.FAC1 -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHFACZERO, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = tr.resultFpReg), null)
-                        RegisterOrPair.FAC2 -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHFACONE, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = tr.resultFpReg), null)
-                        in Cx16VirtualRegisters -> {
-                            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, paramDt, reg1=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = "cx16.${parameter.register.registerOrPair.toString().lowercase()}"), null)
-                        }
-                        null -> when(parameter.register.statusflag) {
-                            // TODO: do the statusflag argument as last
-                            Statusflag.Pc -> addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LSR, paramDt, reg1=tr.resultReg), null)
-                            else -> throw AssemblyError("weird statusflag as param")
-                        }
-                        else -> throw AssemblyError("unsupported register arg")
-                    }
                 }
 
                 if(callTarget.returns.size>1)
@@ -717,9 +878,21 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                                 Opcode.CALL,
                                 address = address.address.toInt(),
                                 fcallArgs = FunctionCallArgs(argRegisters, returnRegs))
-                        }
+                        } else if(address.constbank!=null) {
-                        else {
+                            IRInstruction(
-                            TODO("callfar into another bank is not implemented for the selected compilation target")
+                                Opcode.CALLFAR,
+                                address = address.address.toInt(),
+                                immediate = address.constbank!!.toInt()
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            val tr = translateExpression(address.varbank!!)
+                            require(tr.dt==IRDataType.BYTE)
+                            result += tr.chunks
+                            IRInstruction(
+                                Opcode.CALLFARVB,
+                                address = address.address.toInt(),
+                                reg1 = tr.resultReg
+                            )
                         }
                     }
                 addInstr(result, call, null)
@@ -770,7 +943,21 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 else
                     ExpressionCodeResult(result, returnRegSpec!!.dt, finalReturnRegister, -1)
             }
-            else -> throw AssemblyError("invalid node type")
+            is StStruct -> {
+                throw AssemblyError("stray struct constructor should have been removed (normally it can only occur as initialization expression for a pointer variable)")
+            }
+            else -> {
+                if(callTarget.type == StNodeType.LABEL) {
+                    require(fcall.void)
+                    val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
+                    val args = FunctionCallArgs(emptyList(), emptyList())
+                    addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.CALL, labelSymbol = fcall.name, fcallArgs = args), null)
+                    return ExpressionCodeResult(result, IRDataType.BYTE, -1, -1)
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw AssemblyError("invalid node type ${callTarget.type} at ${callTarget.astNode?.position}")
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -801,7 +988,7 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
 
     private fun translateStackFunctions(fcall: PtFunctionCall, callTarget: StNode): ExpressionCodeResult {
         val chunk = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
-        when(callTarget.scopedName) {
+        when(callTarget.scopedNameString) {
             "sys.push" -> {
                 // push byte
                 val tr = translateExpression(fcall.args.single())
@@ -1036,7 +1223,7 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
     }
 
     private fun loadStatusAsBooleanResult(branchForTrue: Opcode, result: MutableList<IRCodeChunkBase>): Int {
-        // TODO this used to be a single instruction like SCC, SCS, SZ etc but those were problematic
+        // TODO this used to be a single instruction like SCC, SCS, SZ etc
         val other = codeGen.createLabelName()
         val after = codeGen.createLabelName()
         val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
@@ -1051,7 +1238,7 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
     }
 
     private fun compareRegisterAsBooleanResult(branchForTrue: Opcode, dt: IRDataType, reg1: Int, reg2: Int, result: MutableList<IRCodeChunkBase>): Int {
-        // TODO this used to be a single instruction like SCC, SCS, SZ etc but those were problematic
+        // TODO this used to be a single instruction like SCC, SCS, SZ etc
         val other = codeGen.createLabelName()
         val after = codeGen.createLabelName()
         val resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
@@ -1211,7 +1398,8 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         }
     }
 
-    private fun operatorDivide(binExpr: PtBinaryExpression, vmDt: IRDataType, signed: Boolean): ExpressionCodeResult {
+    private fun operatorDivide(binExpr: PtBinaryExpression, dt: DataType): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        val vmDt = irType(dt)
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
         val constFactorRight = binExpr.right as? PtNumber
         if(vmDt==IRDataType.FLOAT) {
@@ -1226,11 +1414,11 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 addToResult(result, leftTr, -1, leftTr.resultFpReg)
                 val rightTr = translateExpression(binExpr.right)
                 addToResult(result, rightTr, -1, rightTr.resultFpReg)
-                addInstr(result, if(signed)
+                addInstr(result, if(dt.isSigned)
-                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVSR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2=rightTr.resultFpReg)
+                    IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVSR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2=rightTr.resultFpReg)
-                    else
+                else
-                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2=rightTr.resultFpReg)
+                    IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2=rightTr.resultFpReg)
-                        , null)
+                    , null)
                 return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, -1, leftTr.resultFpReg)
             }
         } else {
@@ -1238,35 +1426,36 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 val tr = translateExpression(binExpr.left)
                 addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
                 val factor = constFactorRight.number.toInt()
-                result += codeGen.divideByConst(vmDt, tr.resultReg, factor, signed)
+                result += codeGen.divideByConst(vmDt, tr.resultReg, factor, dt.isSigned)
                 ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, tr.resultReg, -1)
             } else {
                 if(binExpr.right is PtNumber) {
                     val leftTr = translateExpression(binExpr.left)
                     addToResult(result, leftTr, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
-                    addInstr(result, if (signed)
+                    addInstr(result, if (dt.isSigned)
-                            IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVS, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, immediate = (binExpr.right as PtNumber).number.toInt())
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVS, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, immediate = (binExpr.right as PtNumber).number.toInt())
-                        else
+                    else
-                            IRInstruction(Opcode.DIV, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, immediate = (binExpr.right as PtNumber).number.toInt())
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIV, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, immediate = (binExpr.right as PtNumber).number.toInt())
-                            , null)
+                        , null)
                     ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
                 } else {
                     val leftTr = translateExpression(binExpr.left)
                     addToResult(result, leftTr, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
                     val rightTr = translateExpression(binExpr.right)
                     addToResult(result, rightTr, rightTr.resultReg, -1)
-                    addInstr(result, if (signed)
+                    addInstr(result, if (dt.isSigned)
-                            IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVSR, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg)
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVSR, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg)
-                        else
+                    else
-                            IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVR, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg)
+                        IRInstruction(Opcode.DIVR, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg)
-                            , null)
+                        , null)
                     ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
-    private fun operatorMultiply(binExpr: PtBinaryExpression, vmDt: IRDataType): ExpressionCodeResult {
+    private fun operatorMultiply(binExpr: PtBinaryExpression, dt: DataType): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        val vmDt = irType(dt)
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
         val constFactorLeft = binExpr.left as? PtNumber
         val constFactorRight = binExpr.right as? PtNumber
@@ -1288,7 +1477,7 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 addToResult(result, leftTr, -1, leftTr.resultFpReg)
                 val rightTr = translateExpression(binExpr.right)
                 addToResult(result, rightTr, -1, rightTr.resultFpReg)
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.MULR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2 = rightTr.resultFpReg), null)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.MULSR, vmDt, fpReg1 = leftTr.resultFpReg, fpReg2 = rightTr.resultFpReg), null)
                 ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, -1, leftTr.resultFpReg)
             }
         } else {
@@ -1296,20 +1485,21 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
                 val tr = translateExpression(binExpr.right)
                 addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
                 val factor = constFactorLeft.number.toInt()
-                result += codeGen.multiplyByConst(vmDt, tr.resultReg, factor)
+                result += codeGen.multiplyByConst(dt, tr.resultReg, factor)
                 ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, tr.resultReg, -1)
             } else if(constFactorRight!=null && !constFactorRight.type.isFloat) {
                 val tr = translateExpression(binExpr.left)
                 addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
                 val factor = constFactorRight.number.toInt()
-                result += codeGen.multiplyByConst(vmDt, tr.resultReg, factor)
+                result += codeGen.multiplyByConst(dt, tr.resultReg, factor)
                 ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, tr.resultReg, -1)
             } else {
                 val leftTr = translateExpression(binExpr.left)
                 addToResult(result, leftTr, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
                 val rightTr = translateExpression(binExpr.right)
                 addToResult(result, rightTr, rightTr.resultReg, -1)
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.MULR, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg), null)
+                val opcode = if(dt.isSigned) Opcode.MULSR else Opcode.MULR
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(opcode, vmDt, reg1 = leftTr.resultReg, reg2 = rightTr.resultReg), null)
                 ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, leftTr.resultReg, -1)
             }
         }
@@ -1425,6 +1615,83 @@ internal class ExpressionGen(private val codeGen: IRCodeGen) {
         }
     }
 
+    private fun operatorDereference(binExpr: PtBinaryExpression, vmDt: IRDataType): ExpressionCodeResult {
+        // the only case we support here is:   a.b.c[i] . value
+        val left = binExpr.left as? PtArrayIndexer
+        val right = binExpr.right as? PtIdentifier
+        require(binExpr.operator=="." && left!=null && right!=null) {"invalid dereference expression ${binExpr.position}"}
+        val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
+        val indexedTr = translateExpression(left)
+        result += indexedTr.chunks
+        val pointerReg = indexedTr.resultReg
+        val struct = left.type.dereference().subType as? StStruct
+        require(indexedTr.dt== IRDataType.WORD && struct!=null)
+        val field = struct.getField(right.name, this.codeGen.program.memsizer)
+
+        var resultFpReg = -1
+        var resultReg = -1
+        if(vmDt==IRDataType.FLOAT)
+            resultFpReg = codeGen.registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
+        else
+            resultReg = codeGen.registers.next(vmDt)
+
+        result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = field.second.toInt())
+            if(vmDt==IRDataType.FLOAT)
+                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultFpReg, reg1 = pointerReg)
+            else
+                it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, vmDt, reg1 = resultReg, reg2 = pointerReg)
+        }
+        return ExpressionCodeResult(result, vmDt, resultReg, resultFpReg)
+    }
+
+    internal fun traverseRestOfDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress(targetPointerDeref: PtPointerDeref, pointerReg: Int): Pair<IRCodeChunks, UInt> {
+        // returns instructions to calculate the pointer address, and the offset into the struct it points to
+        // so that LOADFIELD and STOREFIELD opcodes can be used instead of having an explicit extra ADD
+
+        val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
+
+        if(targetPointerDeref.chain.isEmpty())
+            return result to 0u   // nothing to do; there's no deref chain
+
+        var struct: StStruct? = null
+        if(targetPointerDeref.startpointer.type.subType!=null)
+            struct = targetPointerDeref.startpointer.type.subType as StStruct
+        if(targetPointerDeref.chain.isNotEmpty()) {
+            // traverse deref chain
+            for(deref in targetPointerDeref.chain.dropLast(1)) {
+                val fieldinfo = struct!!.getField(deref, codeGen.program.memsizer)
+                struct = fieldinfo.first.subType as StStruct
+                // get new pointer from field
+                result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = fieldinfo.second.toInt())
+                    // LOADI has an exception to allow reg1 and reg2 to be the same, so we can avoid using extra temporary registers and LOADS
+                    it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, reg2 = pointerReg)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val field = targetPointerDeref.chain.last()
+        val fieldinfo = struct!!.getField(field, codeGen.program.memsizer)
+        if(fieldinfo.second>0u) {
+            if(targetPointerDeref.derefLast) {
+                require(fieldinfo.first.isPointer)
+                // add the field offset
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.ADD, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, immediate = fieldinfo.second.toInt()), null)
+                // LOADI has an exception to allow reg1 and reg2 to be the same, so we can avoid using extra temporary registers and LOADS
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, reg2 = pointerReg), null)
+                return result to 0u
+            } else {
+                return result to fieldinfo.second
+            }
+        }
+        if(targetPointerDeref.derefLast) {
+            require(fieldinfo.first.isPointer)
+            // LOADI has an exception to allow reg1 and reg2 to be the same, so we can avoid using extra temporary registers and LOADS
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADI, IRDataType.WORD, reg1 = pointerReg, reg2 = pointerReg), null)
+        }
+        return result to 0u
+    }
 }
 
 

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/IRCodeGen.kt

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         verifyNameScoping(program, symbolTable)
         changeGlobalVarInits(symbolTable)
 
-        val irSymbolTable = IRSymbolTable.fromAstSymboltable(symbolTable)
+        val irSymbolTable = convertStToIRSt(symbolTable)
         val irProg = IRProgram(program.name, irSymbolTable, options, program.encoding)
 
         // collect global variables initializers
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         irProg.linkChunks()
         irProg.convertAsmChunks()
 
+        // the optimizer also does 1 essential step regardless of optimizations: joining adjacent chunks.
         val optimizer = IRPeepholeOptimizer(irProg)
         optimizer.optimize(options.optimize, errors)
         irProg.validate()
@@ -55,6 +56,8 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         return irProg
     }
 
+    fun registerTypes(): Map<Int, IRDataType> = registers.getTypes()
+
     private fun changeGlobalVarInits(symbolTable: SymbolTable) {
         // Normally, block level (global) variables that have a numeric initialization value
         // are initialized via an assignment statement.
@@ -64,15 +67,17 @@ class IRCodeGen(
             if(variable.uninitialized && variable.parent.type==StNodeType.BLOCK) {
                 val block = variable.parent.astNode as PtBlock
                 val initialization = (block.children.firstOrNull {
-                    it is PtAssignment && it.target.identifier?.name==variable.scopedName
+                    it is PtAssignment && it.isVarInitializer && it.target.identifier?.name==variable.scopedNameString
                 } as PtAssignment?)
                 val initValue = initialization?.value
                 when(initValue){
                     is PtBool -> {
+                        require(initValue.asInt()!=0) { "boolean var should not be initialized with false, it wil be set to false as part of BSS clear, initializer=$initialization" }
                         variable.setOnetimeInitNumeric(initValue.asInt().toDouble())
                         initsToRemove += block to initialization
                     }
                     is PtNumber -> {
+                        require(initValue.number!=0.0) { "variable should not be initialized with 0, it will already be zeroed as part of BSS clear, initializer=$initialization" }
                         variable.setOnetimeInitNumeric(initValue.number)
                         initsToRemove += block to initialization
                     }
@@ -101,6 +106,15 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                 is PtVariable -> require('.' in node.name) { "node $node name is not scoped: ${node.name}" }
                 is PtProgram -> require('.' !in node.name) { "program name should not be scoped: ${node.name}" }
                 is PtSubroutineParameter -> require('.' in node.name) { "node $node name is not scoped: ${node.name}" }
+                is PtPointerDeref -> require('.' in node.startpointer.name) { "node $node name is not scoped: ${node.startpointer.name}" }
+                is PtIdentifier -> {
+                    if('.' !in node.name) {
+                        // there is 1 case where the identifier is not scoped: if it's the value field name after a pointer array indexing.
+                        val expr = node.parent as? PtBinaryExpression
+                        if (expr?.operator != "." || expr.right !== node || expr.left !is PtArrayIndexer || !expr.left.type.isPointer)
+                            require('.' in node.name) { "node $node name is not scoped: ${node.name}" }
+                    }
+                }
                 else -> { /* node has no name or is ok to have no dots in the name */ }
             }
             node.children.forEach { verifyPtNode(it) }
@@ -194,10 +208,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                 old.fpReg1,
                 old.fpReg2,
                 immediate = immediateValue,
-                null,
+                address = addressValue
-                address = addressValue,
-                null,
-                null
             )
         }
     }
@@ -256,9 +267,11 @@ class IRCodeGen(
             is PtBool,
             is PtArray,
             is PtBlock,
-            is PtDefer -> throw AssemblyError("should have been transformed")
+            is PtDefer -> throw AssemblyError("defer should have been transformed")
-            is PtString -> throw AssemblyError("should not occur as separate statement node ${node.position}")
+            is PtString -> throw AssemblyError("string should not occur as separate statement node ${node.position}")
             is PtSub -> throw AssemblyError("nested subroutines should have been flattened ${node.position}")
+            is PtStructDecl -> emptyList()
+            is PtSubSignature -> emptyList()
             else -> TODO("missing codegen for $node")
         }
 
@@ -420,35 +433,44 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         whenStmt.choices.children.forEach {
             val choice = it as PtWhenChoice
             if(choice.isElse) {
+                require(choice.parent.children.last() === choice)
                 result += translateNode(choice.statements)
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMP, labelSymbol = endLabel), null)
+                // is always the last node so can fall through
             } else {
                 if(choice.statements.children.isEmpty()) {
                     // no statements for this choice value, jump to the end immediately
-                    choice.values.children.map { it as PtNumber }.sortedBy { it.number }.forEach { value ->
+                    choice.values.children.map { v -> v as PtNumber }.sortedBy { v -> v.number }.forEach { value ->
-                        result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                        result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also { chunk ->
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, valueDt, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, immediate = value.number.toInt())
+                            chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, valueDt, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, immediate = value.number.toInt())
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.BSTEQ, labelSymbol = endLabel)
+                            chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.BSTEQ, labelSymbol = endLabel)
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
                     val choiceLabel = createLabelName()
-                    choices.add(choiceLabel to choice)
+                    val onlyJumpLabel = ((choice.statements.children.singleOrNull() as? PtJump)?.target as? PtIdentifier)?.name
-                    choice.values.children.map { it as PtNumber }.sortedBy { it.number }.forEach { value ->
+                    val branchLabel: String
-                        result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
+                    if(onlyJumpLabel==null) {
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, valueDt, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, immediate = value.number.toInt())
+                        choices.add(choiceLabel to choice)
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.BSTEQ, labelSymbol = choiceLabel)
+                        branchLabel = choiceLabel
+                    } else {
+                        branchLabel = onlyJumpLabel
+                    }
+                    choice.values.children.map { v -> v as PtNumber }.sortedBy { v -> v.number }.forEach { value ->
+                        result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also { chunk ->
+                            chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.CMPI, valueDt, reg1=valueTr.resultReg, immediate = value.number.toInt())
+                            chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.BSTEQ, labelSymbol = branchLabel)
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMP, labelSymbol = endLabel), null)
+
+        if(choices.isNotEmpty())
+            addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMP, labelSymbol = endLabel), null)
 
         choices.forEach { (label, choice) ->
             result += labelFirstChunk(translateNode(choice.statements), label)
-            val lastStatement = choice.statements.children.last()
+            if(!choice.isOnlyGotoOrReturn())
-            if(lastStatement !is PtReturn && lastStatement !is PtJump)
                 addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMP, labelSymbol = endLabel), null)
         }
 
@@ -468,11 +490,12 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                     translateForInNonConstantRange(forLoop, loopvar)
             }
             is PtIdentifier -> {
-                require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedName)
+                require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedNameString)
+                val elementDt = irType(iterable.type.elementType())
                 val iterableLength = symbolTable.getLength(iterable.name)
                 val loopvarSymbol = forLoop.variable.name
                 val indexReg = registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
-                val tmpReg = registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
+                val tmpReg = registers.next(elementDt)
                 val loopLabel = createLabelName()
                 val endLabel = createLabelName()
                 when {
@@ -480,9 +503,9 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                         // iterate over a zero-terminated string
                         addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1 = indexReg, immediate = 0), null)
                         result += IRCodeChunk(loopLabel, null).also {
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1 = tmpReg, reg2 = indexReg, labelSymbol = iterable.name)
+                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, elementDt, reg1 = tmpReg, reg2 = indexReg, labelSymbol = iterable.name)
                             it += IRInstruction(Opcode.BSTEQ, labelSymbol = endLabel)
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1 = tmpReg, labelSymbol = loopvarSymbol)
+                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, elementDt, reg1 = tmpReg, labelSymbol = loopvarSymbol)
                         }
                         result += translateNode(forLoop.statements)
                         val jumpChunk = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
@@ -491,10 +514,9 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                         result += jumpChunk
                         result += IRCodeChunk(endLabel, null)
                     }
-                    iterable.type.isSplitWordArray -> {
+                    iterable.type.isSplitWordArray || iterable.type.isPointerArray -> {
                         // iterate over lsb/msb split word array
-                        val elementDt = iterable.type.elementType()
+                        if(elementDt!=IRDataType.WORD)
-                        if(!elementDt.isWord)
                             throw AssemblyError("weird dt")
                         addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexReg, immediate = 0), null)
                         result += IRCodeChunk(loopLabel, null).also {
@@ -504,7 +526,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                             it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tmpRegMsb, reg2=indexReg, labelSymbol=iterable.name+"_msb")
                             it += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOADX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=tmpRegLsb, reg2=indexReg, labelSymbol=iterable.name+"_lsb")
                             it += IRInstruction(Opcode.CONCAT, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=concatReg, reg2=tmpRegMsb, reg3=tmpRegLsb)
-                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, irType(elementDt), reg1=concatReg, labelSymbol = loopvarSymbol)
+                            it += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, elementDt, reg1=concatReg, labelSymbol = loopvarSymbol)
                         }
                         result += translateNode(forLoop.statements)
                         result += IRCodeChunk(null, null).also {
@@ -548,7 +570,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         val step = iterable.step.number.toInt()
         if (step==0)
             throw AssemblyError("step 0")
-        require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedName)
+        require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedNameString)
         val loopvarSymbol = forLoop.variable.name
         val loopvarDt = when(loopvar) {
             is StMemVar -> loopvar.dt
@@ -634,7 +656,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
 
     private fun translateForInConstantRange(forLoop: PtForLoop, loopvar: StNode): IRCodeChunks {
         val loopLabel = createLabelName()
-        require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedName)
+        require(forLoop.variable.name == loopvar.scopedNameString)
         val loopvarSymbol = forLoop.variable.name
         val loopvarDt = when(loopvar) {
             is StMemVar -> loopvar.dt
@@ -771,7 +793,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         code += if(factor==0.0) {
             IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = fpReg, immediateFp = 0.0)
         } else {
-            IRInstruction(Opcode.MUL, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = fpReg, immediateFp = factor)
+            IRInstruction(Opcode.MULS, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = fpReg, immediateFp = factor)
         }
         return code
     }
@@ -789,38 +811,40 @@ class IRCodeGen(
             val factorReg = registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
             code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1=factorReg, immediateFp = factor)
             code += if(knownAddress!=null)
-                IRInstruction(Opcode.MULM, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = factorReg, address = knownAddress)
+                IRInstruction(Opcode.MULSM, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = factorReg, address = knownAddress)
             else
-                IRInstruction(Opcode.MULM, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = factorReg, labelSymbol = symbol)
+                IRInstruction(Opcode.MULSM, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = factorReg, labelSymbol = symbol)
         }
         return code
     }
 
-    internal fun multiplyByConst(dt: IRDataType, reg: Int, factor: Int): IRCodeChunk {
+    internal fun multiplyByConst(dt: DataType, reg: Int, factor: Int): IRCodeChunk {
+        val irdt = irType(dt)
         val code = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
         if(factor==1)
             return code
         val pow2 = powersOfTwoInt.indexOf(factor)
         if(pow2==1) {
             // just shift 1 bit
-            code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LSL, dt, reg1=reg)
+            code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LSL, irdt, reg1=reg)
         }
         else if(pow2>=1) {
             // just shift multiple bits
             val pow2reg = registers.next(IRDataType.BYTE)
             code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=pow2reg, immediate = pow2)
-            code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LSLN, dt, reg1=reg, reg2=pow2reg)
+            code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LSLN, irdt, reg1=reg, reg2=pow2reg)
         } else {
             code += if (factor == 0) {
-                IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, dt, reg1=reg, immediate = 0)
+                IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, irdt, reg1=reg, immediate = 0)
             } else {
-                IRInstruction(Opcode.MUL, dt, reg1=reg, immediate = factor)
+                val opcode = if(dt.isSigned) Opcode.MULS else Opcode.MUL
+                IRInstruction(opcode, irdt, reg1=reg, immediate = factor)
             }
         }
         return code
     }
 
-    internal fun multiplyByConstInplace(dt: IRDataType, knownAddress: Int?, symbol: String?, factor: Int): IRCodeChunk {
+    internal fun multiplyByConstInplace(dt: IRDataType, signed: Boolean, knownAddress: Int?, symbol: String?, factor: Int): IRCodeChunk {
         val code = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
         if(factor==1)
             return code
@@ -850,10 +874,11 @@ class IRCodeGen(
             else {
                 val factorReg = registers.next(dt)
                 code += IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, dt, reg1=factorReg, immediate = factor)
+                val opcode = if(signed) Opcode.MULSM else Opcode.MULM
                 code += if(knownAddress!=null)
-                    IRInstruction(Opcode.MULM, dt, reg1=factorReg, address = knownAddress)
+                    IRInstruction(opcode, dt, reg1=factorReg, address = knownAddress)
                 else
-                    IRInstruction(Opcode.MULM, dt, reg1=factorReg, labelSymbol = symbol)
+                    IRInstruction(opcode, dt, reg1=factorReg, labelSymbol = symbol)
             }
         }
         return code
@@ -1070,7 +1095,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                 }
                 // evaluate jump address expression into a register and jump indirectly to it
                 val tr = expressionEval.translateExpression(goto.target)
-                for(i in tr.chunks.flatMap { it.instructions }) {
+                for(i in tr.chunks.flatMap { c -> c.instructions }) {
                     it += i
                 }
                 it += IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMPI, reg1 = tr.resultReg)
@@ -1653,7 +1678,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                 translateSimple(cond, Opcode.BSTEQ, false)
             }
             is PtTypeCast -> {
-                require(cond.type.isBool && cond.value.type.isNumeric)
+                require(cond.type.isBool && (cond.value.type.isNumeric || cond.value.type.isPointer))
                 translateSimple(cond, Opcode.BSTEQ, false)
             }
             is PtIdentifier, is PtArrayIndexer, is PtContainmentCheck -> {
@@ -1759,12 +1784,35 @@ class IRCodeGen(
     private fun translate(ret: PtReturn): IRCodeChunks {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
         if(ret.children.size>1) {
-            // multi-value returns are passed throug cx16.R15 down to R0 (allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
+            // note: multi-value returns are passed throug A or AY (for the first value) then cx16.R15 down to R0
-            val registersReverseOrder = Cx16VirtualRegisters.reversed()
+            // (this allows unencumbered use of many Rx registers if you don't return that many values)
-            for ((value, register) in ret.children.zip(registersReverseOrder)) {
+            // a floating point value is passed via FAC   (just one fp value is possible)
+
+            val returnRegs = ret.definingISub()!!.returnsWhatWhere()
+            val values = ret.children.zip(returnRegs)
+            // first all but the first return values
+            for ((value, register) in values.drop(1)) {
                 val tr = expressionEval.translateExpression(value as PtExpression)
-                addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+                if(register.second.isFloat) {
-                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, tr.dt, reg1=tr.resultReg, labelSymbol = "cx16.${register.toString().lowercase()}"), null)
+                    addToResult(result, tr, -1, tr.resultFpReg)
+                    result += setCpuRegister(register.first, IRDataType.FLOAT, -1, tr.resultFpReg)
+                }
+                else {
+                    addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+                    result += setCpuRegister(register.first, irType(register.second), tr.resultReg, -1)
+                }
+            }
+            // finally do the first of the return values (this avoids clobbering of its value in AY)
+            values.first().also { (value, register) ->
+                val tr = expressionEval.translateExpression(value as PtExpression)
+                if(register.second.isFloat) {
+                    addToResult(result, tr, -1, tr.resultFpReg)
+                    result += setCpuRegister(register.first, IRDataType.FLOAT, -1, tr.resultFpReg)
+                }
+                else {
+                    addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+                    result += setCpuRegister(register.first, irType(register.second), tr.resultReg, -1)
+                }
             }
             addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.RETURN), null)
             return result
@@ -1813,7 +1861,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                 is PtVariable, is PtConstant, is PtMemMapped -> { /* vars should be looked up via symbol table */ }
                 is PtAlign -> TODO("ir support for inline %align")
                 is PtSub -> {
-                    val sub = IRSubroutine(child.name, translate(child.parameters), child.returns, child.position)
+                    val sub = IRSubroutine(child.name, translateParameters(child.signature.children), child.signature.returns, child.position)
                     for (subchild in child.children) {
                         translateNode(subchild).forEach { sub += it }
                     }
@@ -1862,21 +1910,23 @@ class IRCodeGen(
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                is PtStructDecl -> { /* do nothing, should be found in the symbol table */ }
                 else -> TODO("weird block child node $child")
             }
         }
         return irBlock
     }
 
-    private fun translate(parameters: List<PtSubroutineParameter>): List<IRSubroutine.IRParam> {
+    private fun translateParameters(parameters: List<PtNode>): List<IRSubroutine.IRParam> {
         val result = mutableListOf<IRSubroutine.IRParam>()
         parameters.forEach {
+            it as PtSubroutineParameter
             if(it.register==null) {
-                val flattenedName = it.definingISub()!!.name + "." + it.name
+                require('.' in it.name) { "even parameter names should have been made fully scoped by now" }
-                if (symbolTable.lookup(flattenedName) == null)
+                val orig = symbolTable.lookup(it.name) as? StStaticVariable
-                    TODO("fix missing lookup for: $flattenedName   parameter")
+                if (orig == null)
-                val orig = symbolTable.lookup(flattenedName) as StStaticVariable
+                    TODO("fix missing lookup for: ${it.name}   parameter")
-                result += IRSubroutine.IRParam(flattenedName, orig.dt)
+                result += IRSubroutine.IRParam(it.name, orig.dt)
             } else {
                 val reg = it.register
                 require(reg in Cx16VirtualRegisters) { "can only use R0-R15 'registers' here" }
@@ -1891,7 +1941,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
     private var labelSequenceNumber = 0
     internal fun createLabelName(): String {
         labelSequenceNumber++
-        return "${PtLabel.GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX}$labelSequenceNumber"
+        return "${GENERATED_LABEL_PREFIX}$labelSequenceNumber"
     }
 
     internal fun translateBuiltinFunc(call: PtBuiltinFunctionCall): ExpressionCodeResult
@@ -1901,7 +1951,7 @@ class IRCodeGen(
 
     internal fun isOne(expression: PtExpression): Boolean = (expression as? PtNumber)?.number==1.0 || (expression as? PtBool)?.value==true
 
-    fun makeSyscall(syscall: IMSyscall, params: List<Pair<IRDataType, Int>>, returns: Pair<IRDataType, Int>?, label: String?=null): IRCodeChunk {
+    internal fun makeSyscall(syscall: IMSyscall, params: List<Pair<IRDataType, Int>>, returns: Pair<IRDataType, Int>?, label: String?=null): IRCodeChunk {
         return IRCodeChunk(label, null).also {
             val args = params.map { (dt, reg)->
                 FunctionCallArgs.ArgumentSpec("", null, FunctionCallArgs.RegSpec(dt, reg, null))
@@ -1912,5 +1962,100 @@ class IRCodeGen(
         }
     }
 
-    fun registerTypes(): Map<Int, IRDataType> = registers.getTypes()
+    internal fun setCpuRegister(registerOrFlag: RegisterOrStatusflag, paramDt: IRDataType, resultReg: Int, resultFpReg: Int): IRCodeChunk {
+        val chunk = IRCodeChunk(null, null)
+        when(registerOrFlag.registerOrPair) {
+            RegisterOrPair.A -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHA, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.X -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHX, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.Y -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHY, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.AX -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHAX, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.AY -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHAY, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.XY -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHXY, IRDataType.WORD, reg1=resultReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.FAC1 -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHFACZERO, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultFpReg)
+            RegisterOrPair.FAC2 -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREHFACONE, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = resultFpReg)
+            in Cx16VirtualRegisters -> {
+                chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREM, paramDt, reg1=resultReg, labelSymbol = "cx16.${registerOrFlag.registerOrPair.toString().lowercase()}")
+            }
+            null -> when(registerOrFlag.statusflag) {
+                // TODO: do the statusflag argument as last
+                Statusflag.Pc -> chunk += IRInstruction(Opcode.LSR, paramDt, reg1=resultReg)
+                else -> throw AssemblyError("unsupported statusflag as param")
+            }
+            else -> throw AssemblyError("unsupported register arg")
+        }
+        return chunk
+    }
+
+    internal fun evaluatePointerAddressIntoReg(result: MutableList<IRCodeChunkBase>, deref: PtPointerDeref): Pair<Int, UInt> {
+        // calculates the pointer address and returns the register it's in + remaining offset into the struct  (so that LOADFIELD/STOREFIELD instructions can be used)
+        val pointerTr = expressionEval.translateExpression(deref.startpointer)
+        result += pointerTr.chunks
+        val (instructions, offset) = expressionEval.traverseRestOfDerefChainToCalculateFinalAddress(deref, pointerTr.resultReg)
+        result += instructions
+        return pointerTr.resultReg to offset
+    }
+
+    internal fun storeValueAtPointersLocation(result: MutableList<IRCodeChunkBase>, addressReg: Int, offset: UInt, type: DataType, valueIsZero: Boolean, existingValueRegister: Int) {
+        if(offset==0u) {
+            val irdt = irType(type)
+            val instr = if(type.isFloat) {
+                if (valueIsZero) IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZI, IRDataType.FLOAT, reg1 = addressReg)
+                else IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREI, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = existingValueRegister, reg1 = addressReg)
+            } else {
+                if (valueIsZero) IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREZI, irdt, reg1 = addressReg)
+                else IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREI, irdt, reg1 = existingValueRegister, reg2 = addressReg)
+            }
+            addInstr(result, instr, null)
+            return
+        }
+
+        // store with field offset
+        var valueRegister = existingValueRegister
+        val irdt = irType(type)
+        if(valueIsZero && valueRegister<0) {
+            if(type.isFloat) {
+                valueRegister = registers.next(IRDataType.FLOAT)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = valueRegister, immediateFp = 0.0), null)
+            } else {
+                valueRegister = registers.next(irdt)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, irdt, reg1 = valueRegister, immediate = 0), null)
+            }
+        }
+        val instr = if (type.isFloat)
+            IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREFIELD, IRDataType.FLOAT, fpReg1 = valueRegister, reg1 = addressReg, immediate = offset.toInt())
+        else
+            IRInstruction(Opcode.STOREFIELD, irdt, reg1 = valueRegister, reg2 = addressReg, immediate = offset.toInt())
+        addInstr(result, instr, null)
+    }
+
+    internal fun loadIndexReg(index: PtExpression, itemsize: Int, wordIndex: Boolean, arrayIsSplitWords: Boolean): Pair<IRCodeChunks, Int> {
+        // returns the code to load the Index into the register, which is also returned.
+
+        require(index !is PtNumber) { "index should not be a constant number here, calling code should handle that in a more efficient way" }
+
+        val result = mutableListOf<IRCodeChunkBase>()
+
+        if(wordIndex) {
+            val tr = expressionEval.translateExpression(index)
+            addToResult(result, tr, tr.resultReg, -1)
+            var indexReg = tr.resultReg
+            if(tr.dt==IRDataType.BYTE) {
+                indexReg = registers.next(IRDataType.WORD)
+                addInstr(result, IRInstruction(Opcode.EXT, IRDataType.BYTE, reg1=indexReg, reg2=tr.resultReg), null)
+            }
+            result += multiplyByConst(DataType.UWORD, indexReg, itemsize)
+            return Pair(result, indexReg)
+        }
+
+        // regular byte size index value.
+        val byteIndexTr = expressionEval.translateExpression(index)
+        addToResult(result, byteIndexTr, byteIndexTr.resultReg, -1)
+
+        if(itemsize==1 || arrayIsSplitWords)
+            return Pair(result, byteIndexTr.resultReg)
+
+        result += multiplyByConst(DataType.UBYTE, byteIndexTr.resultReg, itemsize)
+        return Pair(result, byteIndexTr.resultReg)
+    }
+
 }

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/IRPeepholeOptimizer.kt

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ class IRPeepholeOptimizer(private val irprog: IRProgram) {
     }
 
     private fun optimizeOnlyJoinChunks() {
+        // this chunk-joining is REQUIRED (optimization or no) to end up with a structurally sound chunk list
         irprog.foreachSub { sub ->
             joinChunks(sub)
             removeEmptyChunks(sub)
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ class IRPeepholeOptimizer(private val irprog: IRProgram) {
         /*
         Empty Code chunk with label ->
             If next chunk has no label -> move label to next chunk, remove original
-            If next chunk has label -> label name should be the same, remove original, otherwise merge both labels into 1.
+            If next chunk has label -> label name should be the same, in which case remove original, otherwise leave everything untouched.
             If is last chunk -> keep chunk in place because of the label.
         Empty Code chunk without label ->
             should not have been generated! ERROR.
@@ -111,14 +112,6 @@ class IRPeepholeOptimizer(private val irprog: IRProgram) {
                             if(index>0) {
                                 if (chunk.label == nextchunk.label)
                                     removeChunks += index
-                                else {
-                                    removeChunks += index
-                                    replaceLabels[chunk.label!!] = nextchunk.label!!
-                                    replaceLabels.entries.forEach { (key, value) ->
-                                        if (value == chunk.label)
-                                            replaceLabels[key] = nextchunk.label!!
-                                    }
-                                }
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -364,7 +357,7 @@ class IRPeepholeOptimizer(private val irprog: IRProgram) {
         var changed = false
         indexedInstructions.reversed().forEach { (idx, ins) ->
             when (ins.opcode) {
-                Opcode.DIV, Opcode.DIVS, Opcode.MUL, Opcode.MOD -> {
+                Opcode.DIV, Opcode.DIVS, Opcode.MUL, Opcode.MULS, Opcode.MOD -> {
                     if (ins.immediate == 1) {
                         chunk.instructions.removeAt(idx)
                         changed = true
@@ -384,15 +377,19 @@ class IRPeepholeOptimizer(private val irprog: IRProgram) {
                     }
                 }
                 Opcode.AND -> {
-                    if (ins.immediate == 0) {
+                    when (ins.immediate) {
-                        chunk.instructions[idx] = IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, ins.type, reg1 = ins.reg1, immediate = 0)
+                        0 -> {
-                        changed = true
+                            chunk.instructions[idx] = IRInstruction(Opcode.LOAD, ins.type, reg1 = ins.reg1, immediate = 0)
-                    } else if (ins.immediate == 255 && ins.type == IRDataType.BYTE) {
+                            changed = true
-                        chunk.instructions.removeAt(idx)
+                        }
-                        changed = true
+                        255 if ins.type == IRDataType.BYTE -> {
-                    } else if (ins.immediate == 65535 && ins.type == IRDataType.WORD) {
+                            chunk.instructions.removeAt(idx)
-                        chunk.instructions.removeAt(idx)
+                            changed = true
-                        changed = true
+                        }
+                        65535 if ins.type == IRDataType.WORD -> {
+                            chunk.instructions.removeAt(idx)
+                            changed = true
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 Opcode.OR -> {

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/IRUnusedCodeRemover.kt

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ class IRUnusedCodeRemover(
         // we could clean up the SymbolTable as well, but ONLY if these symbols aren't referenced somewhere still in an instruction or variable initializer value
         val prefix = "$blockLabel."
         val blockVars = irprog.st.allVariables().filter { it.name.startsWith(prefix) }
+
+        // check if there are symbols referenced elsewhere that we should not prune (even though the rest of the block is empty)
+
         blockVars.forEach { stVar ->
             irprog.allSubs().flatMap { it.chunks }.forEach { chunk ->
                 chunk.instructions.forEach { ins ->
@@ -47,7 +50,50 @@ class IRUnusedCodeRemover(
             }
         }
 
+        val blockStructs = irprog.st.allStructDefs().filter { it.name.startsWith(prefix) }
+        blockStructs.forEach { struct ->
+            irprog.st.allStructInstances().forEach { instance ->
+                if(instance.structName == struct.name)
+                    return  // a struct instance is declared using this struct type
+            }
+            irprog.st.allVariables().forEach { variable ->
+                if(variable.dt.isPointer || variable.dt.isStructInstance)
+                    if(struct.name == variable.dt.subType!!.scopedNameString)
+                        return   // a variable exists with the struct as (pointer) type
+            }
+        }
+
         irprog.st.removeTree(blockLabel)
+        removeBlockInits(irprog, blockLabel)
+    }
+
+    private fun removeBlockInits(code: IRProgram, blockLabel: String) {
+        val instructions = code.globalInits.instructions
+        instructions.toTypedArray().forEach {ins ->
+            if(ins.labelSymbol?.startsWith(blockLabel)==true) {
+                instructions.remove(ins)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // remove stray loads
+        instructions.toTypedArray().forEach { ins ->
+            if(ins.opcode in arrayOf(Opcode.LOAD, Opcode.LOADR, Opcode.LOADM)) {
+                if(ins.reg1!=0) {
+                    if(instructions.count { it.reg1==ins.reg1 || it.reg2==ins.reg1 } <2) {
+                        if(ins.labelSymbol!=null)
+                            code.st.removeIfExists(ins.labelSymbol!!)
+                        instructions.remove(ins)
+                    }
+                }
+                else if(ins.fpReg1!=0) {
+                    if (instructions.count { it.fpReg1 == ins.fpReg1 || it.fpReg2 == ins.fpReg1 } < 2) {
+                        if(ins.labelSymbol!=null)
+                            code.st.removeIfExists(ins.labelSymbol!!)
+                        instructions.remove(ins)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private fun removeUnusedSubroutines(): Int {
@@ -173,7 +219,7 @@ class IRUnusedCodeRemover(
                             if(chunk!=null)
                                 new+=chunk
                             else
-                                allLabeledChunks[label]?.let { new += it }
+                                allLabeledChunks[label]?.let { c -> new += c }
                         }
                     else
                         new += instr.branchTarget!!
@@ -226,7 +272,7 @@ class IRUnusedCodeRemover(
             chunk.instructions.forEach {
                 if(it.labelSymbol!=null) {
                     val chunkName = it.labelSymbol!!.substringBeforeLast('.')
-                    allLabeledChunks[chunkName]?.let { linkedChunks+=it }
+                    allLabeledChunks[chunkName]?.let { c -> linkedChunks += c }
                 }
             }
         }

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/intermediate/StConvert.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+package prog8.codegen.intermediate
+
+import prog8.code.*
+import prog8.code.core.DataType
+import prog8.intermediate.*
+
+
+fun convertStToIRSt(sourceSt: SymbolTable?): IRSymbolTable {
+    val st = IRSymbolTable()
+    if (sourceSt != null) {
+        sourceSt.flat.forEach {
+            when(it.value.type) {
+                StNodeType.STATICVAR -> st.add(convert(it.value as StStaticVariable))
+                StNodeType.MEMVAR -> st.add(convert(it.value as StMemVar))
+                StNodeType.CONSTANT -> st.add(convert(it.value as StConstant))
+                StNodeType.MEMORYSLAB -> st.add(convert(it.value as StMemorySlab))
+                StNodeType.STRUCTINSTANCE -> {
+                    val instance = it.value as StStructInstance
+                    val struct = sourceSt.lookup(instance.structName) as StStruct
+                    st.add(convert(instance, struct.fields))
+                }
+                StNodeType.STRUCT -> st.add(convert(it.value as StStruct))
+                else -> { }
+            }
+        }
+
+        st.validate()
+
+        st.allVariables().forEach { variable ->
+            variable.onetimeInitializationArrayValue?.let {
+                it.forEach { arrayElt ->
+                    val addrOfSymbol = arrayElt.addressOfSymbol
+                    if (addrOfSymbol != null) {
+                        require(addrOfSymbol.contains('.')) {
+                            "pointer var in array should be properly scoped: $addrOfSymbol in ${variable.name}"
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return st
+}
+
+
+private fun convert(struct: StStruct): IRStStructDef =
+    IRStStructDef(struct.scopedNameString, struct.fields, struct.size)
+
+
+private fun convertArrayElt(elt: StArrayElement): IRStArrayElement = if(elt.boolean!=null)
+    IRStArrayElement(elt.boolean, null, elt.addressOfSymbol)
+else
+    IRStArrayElement(null, elt.number, elt.addressOfSymbol)
+
+
+private fun convert(variable: StStaticVariable): IRStStaticVariable {
+
+    if('.' in variable.name) {
+        return IRStStaticVariable(variable.name,
+            variable.dt,
+            variable.initializationNumericValue,
+            variable.initializationStringValue,
+            variable.initializationArrayValue?.map { convertArrayElt(it) },
+            variable.length,
+            variable.zpwish,
+            variable.align,
+            variable.dirty)
+    } else {
+        fun fixupAddressOfInArray(array: List<StArrayElement>?): List<IRStArrayElement>? {
+            if(array==null)
+                return null
+            val newArray = mutableListOf<IRStArrayElement>()
+            array.forEach {
+                if(it.addressOfSymbol!=null) {
+                    val target = variable.lookup(it.addressOfSymbol!!) ?: throw NoSuchElementException("can't find variable ${it.addressOfSymbol}")
+                    newArray.add(IRStArrayElement(null, null, target.scopedNameString))
+                } else {
+                    newArray.add(convertArrayElt(it))
+                }
+            }
+            return newArray
+        }
+        val scopedName = variable.scopedNameString
+        return IRStStaticVariable(scopedName,
+            variable.dt,
+            variable.initializationNumericValue,
+            variable.initializationStringValue,
+            fixupAddressOfInArray(variable.initializationArrayValue),
+            variable.length,
+            variable.zpwish,
+            variable.align,
+            variable.dirty
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+
+private fun convert(variable: StMemVar): IRStMemVar {
+    if('.' in variable.name) {
+        return IRStMemVar(
+            variable.name,
+            variable.dt,
+            variable.address,
+            variable.length
+        )
+    } else {
+        val scopedName = try {
+            variable.scopedNameString
+        } catch (_: UninitializedPropertyAccessException) {
+            variable.name
+        }
+        return IRStMemVar(scopedName, variable.dt, variable.address, variable.length)
+    }
+}
+
+
+private fun convert(constant: StConstant): IRStConstant {
+    val dt = DataType.forDt(constant.dt)
+    val scopedName = if('.' in constant.name) {
+        constant.name
+    } else {
+        try {
+            constant.scopedNameString
+        } catch (_: UninitializedPropertyAccessException) {
+            constant.name
+        }
+    }
+    return IRStConstant(scopedName, dt, constant.value)
+}
+
+
+private fun convert(variable: StMemorySlab): IRStMemorySlab {
+    return if('.' in variable.name)
+        IRStMemorySlab(variable.name, variable.size, variable.align)
+    else
+        IRStMemorySlab("$StMemorySlabPrefix.${variable.name}", variable.size, variable.align)
+}
+
+
+private fun convert(instance: StStructInstance, fields: Iterable<Pair<DataType, String>>): IRStStructInstance {
+    val values = fields.zip(instance.initialValues).map { (field, value) ->
+        val elt = convertArrayElt(value)
+        IRStructInitValue(field.first.base, elt)
+    }
+    return IRStStructInstance(instance.name, instance.structName, values, instance.size)
+}
+
+
+internal const val StMemorySlabPrefix = "prog8_slabs"       // TODO also add  ".prog8_memoryslab_"  ?

codeGenIntermediate/src/prog8/codegen/vm/VmCodeGen.kt

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package prog8.codegen.vm
 import prog8.code.SymbolTable
 import prog8.code.ast.PtProgram
 import prog8.code.core.CompilationOptions
-import prog8.code.core.IAssemblyProgram
+import prog8.code.IAssemblyProgram
-import prog8.code.core.ICodeGeneratorBackend
+import prog8.code.ICodeGeneratorBackend
 import prog8.code.core.IErrorReporter
 import prog8.codegen.intermediate.IRCodeGen
 import prog8.intermediate.IRFileWriter

codeGenIntermediate/test/Dummies.kt

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import prog8.code.core.*
 
 internal object DummyMemsizer : IMemSizer {
     override fun memorySize(dt: DataType, numElements: Int?): Int {
-        if(dt.isArray || dt.isSplitWordArray) {
+        if(dt.isPointerArray)
+            return 2 * numElements!!
+        else if(dt.isArray || dt.isSplitWordArray) {
             require(numElements!=null)
             return when(dt.sub) {
                 BaseDataType.BOOL, BaseDataType.BYTE, BaseDataType.UBYTE -> numElements
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ internal class ErrorReporterForTests(private val throwExceptionAtReportIfErrors:
 
     override fun noErrors(): Boolean  = errors.isEmpty()
     override fun noErrorForLine(position: Position) = !errors.any { ":${position.line}:" in it }
+    override fun printSingleError(errormessage: String) { /* prints nothing in tests */ }
 
     override fun report() {
         infos.forEach { println("UNITTEST COMPILATION REPORT: INFO: $it") }

codeGenIntermediate/test/TestIRPeepholeOpt.kt

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class TestIRPeepholeOpt: FunSpec({
             CompilationOptions.AllZeropageAllowed,
             floats = false,
             noSysInit = true,
+            romable = false,
             compTarget = target,
             loadAddress = target.PROGRAM_LOAD_ADDRESS,
             memtopAddress = 0xffffu
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class TestIRPeepholeOpt: FunSpec({
         irProg.chunks().single().instructions.size shouldBe 1
     }
 
-    test("remove jmp to label below") {
+    test("remove jmp to label below but keep labels") {
         val c1 = IRCodeChunk("main.start", null)
         c1 += IRInstruction(Opcode.JUMP, labelSymbol = "label")
         val c2 = IRCodeChunk("label", null)
@@ -68,13 +69,16 @@ class TestIRPeepholeOpt: FunSpec({
         irProg.chunks().flatMap { it.instructions }.size shouldBe 5
         val opt = IRPeepholeOptimizer(irProg)
         opt.optimize(true, ErrorReporterForTests())
-        irProg.chunks().size shouldBe 3
+        val chunks = irProg.chunks()
-        irProg.chunks()[0].label shouldBe "main.start"
+        chunks.size shouldBe 4
-        irProg.chunks()[1].label shouldBe "label2"
+        chunks[0].label shouldBe "main.start"
-        irProg.chunks()[2].label shouldBe "label3"
+        chunks[1].label shouldBe "label"
-        irProg.chunks()[0].isEmpty() shouldBe true
+        chunks[2].label shouldBe "label2"
-        irProg.chunks()[1].isEmpty() shouldBe false
+        chunks[3].label shouldBe "label3"
-        irProg.chunks()[2].isEmpty() shouldBe true
+        chunks[0].isEmpty() shouldBe true
+        chunks[1].isEmpty() shouldBe true
+        chunks[2].isEmpty() shouldBe false
+        chunks[3].isEmpty() shouldBe true
         val instr = irProg.chunks().flatMap { it.instructions }
         instr.size shouldBe 2
         instr[0].opcode shouldBe Opcode.JUMP

codeGenIntermediate/test/TestVmCodeGen.kt

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
             zpAllowed = CompilationOptions.AllZeropageAllowed,
             floats = true,
             noSysInit = false,
+            romable = false,
             compTarget = target,
             loadAddress = target.PROGRAM_LOAD_ADDRESS,
             memtopAddress = 0xffffu
@@ -48,9 +49,10 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "pi",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
+            DataType.UBYTE,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
             DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             3u,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -69,15 +72,17 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
             DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             3u,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "xx",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD),
+            DataType.WORD,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
 
         val assign = PtAugmentedAssign("+=", Position.DUMMY)
         val target = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            val targetIdx = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY).also { idx ->
+            val targetIdx = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY).also { idx ->
                 idx.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.particleX",
                     DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
                     Position.DUMMY))
@@ -93,7 +98,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
             }
             it.add(targetIdx)
         }
-        val value = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY)
+        val value = PtArrayIndexer(DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY)
         value.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.particleDX",
             DataType.arrayFor(BaseDataType.UBYTE),
             Position.DUMMY))
@@ -104,15 +109,15 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
 
         val prefixAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("-", Position.DUMMY)
         val prefixTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         prefixAssign.add(prefixTarget)
-        prefixAssign.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+        prefixAssign.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         sub.add(prefixAssign)
 
         val numberAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("+=", Position.DUMMY)
         val numberAssignTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         numberAssign.add(numberAssignTarget)
         numberAssign.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.WORD, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
@@ -120,10 +125,10 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
 
         val cxregAssign = PtAugmentedAssign("+=", Position.DUMMY)
         val cxregAssignTarget = PtAssignTarget(false, Position.DUMMY).also {
-            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.WORD), Position.DUMMY))
+            it.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.xx", DataType.WORD, Position.DUMMY))
         }
         cxregAssign.add(cxregAssignTarget)
-        cxregAssign.add(PtIdentifier("cx16.r0", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), Position.DUMMY))
+        cxregAssign.add(PtIdentifier("cx16.r0", DataType.UWORD, Position.DUMMY))
         sub.add(cxregAssign)
 
         block.add(sub)
@@ -131,7 +136,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
 
         // define the "cx16.r0" virtual register
         val cx16block = PtBlock("cx16", false, SourceCode.Generated("test"), PtBlock.Options(), Position.DUMMY)
-        cx16block.add(PtMemMapped("r0", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UWORD), 100u, null, Position.DUMMY))
+        cx16block.add(PtMemMapped("r0", DataType.UWORD, 100u, null, Position.DUMMY))
         program.add(cx16block)
 
         val options = getTestOptions()
@@ -163,40 +168,41 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "f1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT),
+            DataType.FLOAT,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if2)
         val if3 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp3.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if3.add(cmp3)
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if3)
         val if4 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp4.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if4.add(cmp4)
         if4.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
@@ -234,40 +240,41 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "f1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT),
+            DataType.FLOAT,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if2)
         val if3 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp3.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if3.add(cmp3)
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if3)
         val if4 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp4.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if4.add(cmp4)
         if4.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
@@ -301,24 +308,25 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "f1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT),
+            DataType.FLOAT,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtJump(Position.DUMMY).also { it.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UWORD, 0xc000.toDouble(), Position.DUMMY)) }) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup())
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.FLOAT), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.f1", DataType.FLOAT, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.FLOAT, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtJump(Position.DUMMY).also { it.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UWORD, 0xc000.toDouble(), Position.DUMMY)) }) })
@@ -356,40 +364,41 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "sb1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE),
+            DataType.BYTE,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if2)
         val if3 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp3.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if3.add(cmp3)
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if3)
         val if4 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp4.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 0.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if4.add(cmp4)
         if4.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
@@ -427,40 +436,41 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "sb1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE),
+            DataType.BYTE,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression("!=", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if2)
         val if3 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp3 = PtBinaryExpression("<", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp3.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp3.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if3.add(cmp3)
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         if3.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
         sub.add(if3)
         val if4 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp4 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp4.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.sb1", DataType.BYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp4.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.BYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if4.add(cmp4)
         if4.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtNop(Position.DUMMY)) })
@@ -494,24 +504,25 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(PtVariable(
             "ub1",
-            DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BYTE),
+            DataType.BYTE,
             ZeropageWish.DONTCARE,
             0u,
+            false,
             null,
             null,
             Position.DUMMY
         ))
         val if1 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp1 = PtBinaryExpression("==", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.ub1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp1.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.ub1", DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp1.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if1.add(cmp1)
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtJump(Position.DUMMY).also { it.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UWORD, 0xc000.toDouble(), Position.DUMMY)) }) })
         if1.add(PtNodeGroup())
         sub.add(if1)
         val if2 = PtIfElse(Position.DUMMY)
-        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.BOOL), Position.DUMMY)
+        val cmp2 = PtBinaryExpression(">", DataType.BOOL, Position.DUMMY)
-        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.ub1", DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE), Position.DUMMY))
+        cmp2.add(PtIdentifier("main.start.ub1", DataType.UBYTE, Position.DUMMY))
         cmp2.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 42.0, Position.DUMMY))
         if2.add(cmp2)
         if2.add(PtNodeGroup().also { it.add(PtJump(Position.DUMMY).also {it.add(PtNumber(BaseDataType.UWORD, 0xc000.toDouble(), Position.DUMMY)) }) })
@@ -542,7 +553,7 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val extsub = PtAsmSub("routine", PtAsmSub.Address(null, null, 0x5000u), setOf(CpuRegister.Y), emptyList(), emptyList(), false, Position.DUMMY)
         block.add(extsub)
         val sub = PtSub("start", emptyList(), emptyList(), Position.DUMMY)
-        val call = PtFunctionCall("main.routine", true, DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UNDEFINED), Position.DUMMY)
+        val call = PtFunctionCall("main.routine", true, DataType.UNDEFINED, Position.DUMMY)
         sub.add(call)
         block.add(sub)
         program.add(block)
@@ -553,11 +564,8 @@ class TestVmCodeGen: FunSpec({
         val result = codegen.generate(program, st, options, errors) as VmAssemblyProgram
         val irChunks = (result.irProgram.blocks.first().children.single() as IRSubroutine).chunks
         irChunks.size shouldBe 1
-        irChunks[0].instructions.size shouldBe 2
+        irChunks[0].instructions.size shouldBe 1
-        val preparecallInstr = irChunks[0].instructions[0]
+        val callInstr = irChunks[0].instructions[0]
-        preparecallInstr.opcode shouldBe Opcode.PREPARECALL
-        preparecallInstr.immediate shouldBe 0
-        val callInstr = irChunks[0].instructions[1]
         callInstr.opcode shouldBe Opcode.CALL
         callInstr.address shouldBe 0x5000
     }

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/ConstExprEvaluator.kt

@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ import prog8.ast.FatalAstException
 import prog8.ast.Program
 import prog8.ast.expressions.FunctionCallExpression
 import prog8.ast.expressions.NumericLiteral
-import prog8.code.core.BaseDataType
+import prog8.code.core.*
-import prog8.code.core.Position
-import prog8.code.core.isInteger
-import prog8.code.core.isIntegerOrBool
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 
@@ -70,52 +67,45 @@ class ConstExprEvaluator {
     }
 
     private fun bitwiseXor(left: NumericLiteral, right: NumericLiteral): NumericLiteral {
-        if(left.type==BaseDataType.UBYTE || left.type==BaseDataType.BOOL) {
+        if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
-            if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
+            val leftDt = left.type
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, (left.number.toInt() xor (right.number.toInt() and 255)).toDouble(), left.position)
+            if(leftDt.isByteOrBool)
-            }
+                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, ((left.number.toInt() xor right.number.toInt()) and 255).toDouble(), left.position)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.UWORD) {
+            else if(leftDt.isInteger) {
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
+                if (leftDt == BaseDataType.UWORD || leftDt == BaseDataType.WORD)
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, (left.number.toInt() xor right.number.toInt() and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
+                    return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, ((left.number.toInt() xor right.number.toInt()) and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
-            }
+                else if (leftDt == BaseDataType.LONG)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.LONG) {
+                    return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() xor right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
-                return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() xor right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
             }
         }
-
         throw ExpressionError("cannot calculate $left ^ $right", left.position)
     }
 
     private fun bitwiseOr(left: NumericLiteral, right: NumericLiteral): NumericLiteral {
-        if(left.type==BaseDataType.UBYTE || left.type==BaseDataType.BOOL) {
+        if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
-            if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
+            val leftDt = left.type
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, (left.number.toInt() or (right.number.toInt() and 255)).toDouble(), left.position)
+            if(leftDt.isByteOrBool)
-            }
+                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, ((left.number.toInt() or right.number.toInt()) and 255).toDouble(), left.position)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.UWORD) {
+            else if(leftDt.isInteger) {
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
+                if (leftDt == BaseDataType.UWORD || leftDt == BaseDataType.WORD)
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, (left.number.toInt() or right.number.toInt() and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
+                    return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, ((left.number.toInt() or right.number.toInt()) and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
-            }
+                else if (leftDt == BaseDataType.LONG)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.LONG) {
+                    return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() or right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
-                return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() or right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
             }
         }
         throw ExpressionError("cannot calculate $left | $right", left.position)
     }
 
     private fun bitwiseAnd(left: NumericLiteral, right: NumericLiteral): NumericLiteral {
-        if(left.type==BaseDataType.UBYTE || left.type==BaseDataType.BOOL) {
+        if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
-            if(right.type.isIntegerOrBool) {
+            val leftDt = left.type
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, (left.number.toInt() and (right.number.toInt() and 255)).toDouble(), left.position)
+            if(leftDt.isByteOrBool)
-            }
+                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, ((left.number.toInt() and right.number.toInt()) and 255).toDouble(), left.position)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.UWORD) {
+            else if(leftDt.isInteger) {
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
+                if (leftDt == BaseDataType.UWORD || leftDt == BaseDataType.WORD)
-                return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, (left.number.toInt() and right.number.toInt() and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
+                    return NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UWORD, ((left.number.toInt() and right.number.toInt()) and 65535).toDouble(), left.position)
-            }
+                else if (leftDt == BaseDataType.LONG)
-        } else if(left.type==BaseDataType.LONG) {
+                    return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() and right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
-            if(right.type.isInteger) {
-                return NumericLiteral.optimalNumeric((left.number.toInt() and right.number.toInt()).toDouble(), left.position)
             }
         }
         throw ExpressionError("cannot calculate $left & $right", left.position)

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/ConstantFoldingOptimizer.kt

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ class ConstantFoldingOptimizer(private val program: Program, private val errors:
         // @( &thing )  -->  thing  (but only if thing is a byte type!)
         val addrOf = memread.addressExpression as? AddressOf
         if(addrOf!=null) {
-            if(addrOf.identifier.inferType(program).isBytes)
+            if(addrOf.identifier?.inferType(program)?.isBytes==true)
-                return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(memread, addrOf.identifier, parent))
+                return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(memread, addrOf.identifier!!, parent))
         }
         return noModifications
     }
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class ConstantFoldingOptimizer(private val program: Program, private val errors:
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(expr, newArray, parent))
                 }
                 else {
-                    val leftTarget = (expr.left as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl(program)
+                    val leftTarget = (expr.left as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl()
                     if(leftTarget!=null && leftTarget.origin==VarDeclOrigin.ARRAYLITERAL)
                         throw FatalAstException("shouldn't see an array literal converted to an autovar here")
                 }
@@ -332,15 +332,19 @@ class ConstantFoldingOptimizer(private val program: Program, private val errors:
 
             val constIndex = arrayIndexedExpression.indexer.constIndex()
             if (constIndex != null) {
-                val arrayVar = arrayIndexedExpression.arrayvar.targetVarDecl(program)
+                if(arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!=null) {
-                if(arrayVar!=null) {
+                    val arrayVar = arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!!.targetVarDecl()
-                    val array =arrayVar.value as? ArrayLiteral
+                    if(arrayVar!=null) {
-                    if(array!=null) {
+                        val array =arrayVar.value as? ArrayLiteral
-                        val value = array.value[constIndex].constValue(program)
+                        if(array!=null) {
-                        if(value!=null) {
+                            val value = array.value[constIndex].constValue(program)
-                            return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(arrayIndexedExpression, value, parent))
+                            if(value!=null) {
+                                return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(arrayIndexedExpression, value, parent))
+                            }
                         }
                     }
+                } else if(arrayIndexedExpression.pointerderef!=null) {
+                    TODO("constant fold pointer[i]")
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -387,10 +391,10 @@ class ConstantFoldingOptimizer(private val program: Program, private val errors:
         val rangeTo = iterableRange.to as? NumericLiteral
         if(rangeFrom==null || rangeTo==null) return noModifications
 
-        val loopvar = forLoop.loopVar.targetVarDecl(program) ?: return noModifications
+        val loopvar = forLoop.loopVar.targetVarDecl() ?: return noModifications
 
         val stepLiteral = iterableRange.step as? NumericLiteral
-        require(loopvar.datatype.sub == null)
+        require(loopvar.datatype.isBasic)
         val loopvarSimpleDt = loopvar.datatype.base
         when(loopvarSimpleDt) {
             BaseDataType.UBYTE -> {

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/ConstantIdentifierReplacer.kt

@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 package prog8.optimizer
 
-import prog8.ast.FatalAstException
+import prog8.ast.*
-import prog8.ast.IFunctionCall
-import prog8.ast.IStatementContainer
-import prog8.ast.Node
-import prog8.ast.Program
-import prog8.ast.UndefinedSymbolError
 import prog8.ast.expressions.*
 import prog8.ast.statements.*
 import prog8.ast.walk.AstWalker
@@ -328,7 +323,7 @@ internal class ConstantIdentifierReplacer(
                 val add = BinaryExpression(NumericLiteral(cval.type, cval.number, identifier.position), "+", arrayIdx.indexer.indexExpr, identifier.position)
                 return if(arrayIdx.parent is AssignTarget) {
                     val memwrite = DirectMemoryWrite(add, identifier.position)
-                    val assignTarget = AssignTarget(null, null, memwrite, null, false, identifier.position)
+                    val assignTarget = AssignTarget(null, null, memwrite, null, false, position = identifier.position)
                     listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(arrayIdx.parent, assignTarget, arrayIdx.parent.parent))
                 } else {
                     val memread = DirectMemoryRead(add, identifier.position)
@@ -457,7 +452,7 @@ internal class ConstantIdentifierReplacer(
                 if(declArraySize!=null && declArraySize!=rangeExpr.size())
                     errors.err("range expression size (${rangeExpr.size()}) doesn't match declared array size ($declArraySize)", decl.value?.position!!)
                 if(constRange!=null) {
-                    val rangeType = rangeExpr.inferType(program).getOr(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE))
+                    val rangeType = rangeExpr.inferType(program).getOr(DataType.UBYTE)
                     return if(rangeType.isByte) {
                         ArrayLiteral(InferredTypes.InferredType.known(decl.datatype),
                             constRange.map { NumericLiteral(rangeType.base, it.toDouble(), decl.value!!.position) }.toTypedArray(),

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/ExpressionSimplifier.kt

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
 
         // try to statically convert a literal value into one of the desired type
         val literal = typecast.expression as? NumericLiteral
-        if (literal != null) {
+        if (literal != null && typecast.type.isBasic) {
-            val newLiteral = literal.cast(typecast.type, typecast.implicit)
+            val newLiteral = literal.cast(typecast.type.base, typecast.implicit)
             if (newLiteral.isValid && newLiteral.valueOrZero() !== literal) {
                 mods += IAstModification.ReplaceNode(typecast, newLiteral.valueOrZero(), parent)
             }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 mods += IAstModification.ReplaceNode(typecast.expression, subTypecast.expression, typecast)
             }
         } else {
-            if (typecast.expression.inferType(program) issimpletype typecast.type) {
+            if (typecast.expression.inferType(program) istype typecast.type) {
                 // remove duplicate cast
                 mods += IAstModification.ReplaceNode(typecast, typecast.expression, parent)
             }
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
             if(truepart.statements.singleOrNull() is Jump) {
                 return listOf(
                     IAstModification.InsertAfter(ifElse, elsepart, parent as IStatementContainer),
-                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(elsepart, AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), elsepart.position), ifElse)
+                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(elsepart, AnonymousScope.empty(), ifElse)
                 )
             }
             if(elsepart.statements.singleOrNull() is Jump) {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 return listOf(
                     IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.condition, invertedCondition, ifElse),
                     IAstModification.InsertAfter(ifElse, truepart, parent as IStatementContainer),
-                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(elsepart, AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), elsepart.position), ifElse),
+                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(elsepart, AnonymousScope.empty(), ifElse),
                     IAstModification.ReplaceNode(truepart, elsepart, ifElse)
                 )
             }
@@ -423,6 +423,29 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
         return noModifications
     }
 
+    override fun after(arrayIndexedExpression: ArrayIndexedExpression, parent: Node): Iterable<IAstModification> {
+        if(arrayIndexedExpression.indexer.constIndex()==0) {
+            if(arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!=null) {
+                val dt = arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!!.inferType(program).getOrUndef()
+                if(dt.isPointer) {
+                    // pointer[0]  -->   pointer^^
+                    val deref = PtrDereference(arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!!.nameInSource, true, arrayIndexedExpression.plainarrayvar!!.position)
+                    return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(arrayIndexedExpression,deref, parent))
+                }
+            }
+            val ptrDeref = arrayIndexedExpression.pointerderef
+            if(ptrDeref!=null) {
+                val dt = ptrDeref.inferType(program).getOrUndef()
+                if(dt.isPointer) {
+                    // ptr1.ptr2[0] --> ptr1.ptr2^^
+                    val deref = PtrDereference(ptrDeref.chain, true, ptrDeref.position)
+                    return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(arrayIndexedExpression, deref, parent))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return noModifications
+    }
+
     private fun applyAbsorptionLaws(expr: BinaryExpression): Expression? {
         // NOTE: only when the terms are not function calls!!!
         if(expr.left is IFunctionCall || expr.right is IFunctionCall)
@@ -499,7 +522,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 }
                 else if (valueDt issimpletype BaseDataType.BYTE) {
                     // useless lsb() of byte value, but as lsb() returns unsigned, we have to cast now.
-                    val cast = TypecastExpression(arg.expression, BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, arg.position)
+                    val cast = TypecastExpression(arg.expression, DataType.UBYTE, true, arg.position)
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(functionCallExpr, cast, parent))
                 }
             } else {
@@ -516,7 +539,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 }
                 else if (argDt issimpletype BaseDataType.BYTE) {
                     // useless lsb() of byte value, but as lsb() returns unsigned, we have to cast now.
-                    val cast = TypecastExpression(arg, BaseDataType.UBYTE, true, arg.position)
+                    val cast = TypecastExpression(arg, DataType.UBYTE, true, arg.position)
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(functionCallExpr, cast, parent))
                 }
             }
@@ -531,7 +554,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                     // useless msb() of byte value that was typecasted to word, replace with 0
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(
                             functionCallExpr,
-                            NumericLiteral(valueDt.getOr(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE)).base, 0.0, arg.expression.position),
+                            NumericLiteral(valueDt.getOr(DataType.UBYTE).base, 0.0, arg.expression.position),
                             parent))
                 }
             } else {
@@ -546,7 +569,7 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                     // useless msb() of byte value, replace with 0
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(
                             functionCallExpr,
-                            NumericLiteral(argDt.getOr(DataType.forDt(BaseDataType.UBYTE)).base, 0.0, arg.position),
+                            NumericLiteral(argDt.getOr(DataType.UBYTE).base, 0.0, arg.position),
                             parent))
                 }
             }
@@ -555,12 +578,12 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
         if(functionCallExpr.target.nameInSource == listOf("mkword")) {
             if(functionCallExpr.args[0].constValue(program)?.number==0.0) {
                 // just cast the lsb to uword
-                val cast = TypecastExpression(functionCallExpr.args[1], BaseDataType.UWORD, true, functionCallExpr.position)
+                val cast = TypecastExpression(functionCallExpr.args[1], DataType.UWORD, true, functionCallExpr.position)
                 return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(functionCallExpr, cast, parent))
             }
         }
         else if(functionCallExpr.target.nameInSource == listOf("strings", "contains")) {
-            val target = (functionCallExpr.args[0] as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl(program)
+            val target = (functionCallExpr.args[0] as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl()
             if(target?.value is StringLiteral) {
                 errors.info("for actual strings, use a regular containment check instead: 'char in string'", functionCallExpr.position)
                 val contains = ContainmentCheck(functionCallExpr.args[1], functionCallExpr.args[0], functionCallExpr.position)
@@ -711,9 +734,9 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                             // just use:  msb(value) as type
                             val msb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("msb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
                             return if(leftDt.isSignedWord)
-                                TypecastExpression(msb, BaseDataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
+                                TypecastExpression(msb, DataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
                             else
-                                TypecastExpression(msb, BaseDataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
+                                TypecastExpression(msb, DataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
                         }
                         else -> return null
                     }
@@ -839,14 +862,14 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                     // shift left by 8 bits is just a byte operation: mkword(lsb(X), 0)
                     val lsb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("lsb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
                     val mkword =  FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("mkword"), expr.position), mutableListOf(lsb, NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, 0.0, expr.position)), expr.position)
-                    return TypecastExpression(mkword, BaseDataType.WORD, true, expr.position)
+                    return TypecastExpression(mkword, DataType.WORD, true, expr.position)
                 }
                 else if (amount > 8) {
                     // same as above but with residual shifts.
                     val lsb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("lsb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
                     val shifted = BinaryExpression(lsb, "<<", NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(amount - 8, expr.position), expr.position)
                     val mkword = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("mkword"), expr.position), mutableListOf(shifted, NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(0, expr.position)), expr.position)
-                    return TypecastExpression(mkword, BaseDataType.WORD, true, expr.position)
+                    return TypecastExpression(mkword, DataType.WORD, true, expr.position)
                 }
             }
             else -> {
@@ -887,12 +910,12 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 else if(amount==8) {
                     // shift right by 8 bits is just a byte operation: msb(X) as uword
                     val msb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("msb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
-                    return TypecastExpression(msb, BaseDataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
+                    return TypecastExpression(msb, DataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
                 }
                 else if (amount > 8) {
                     // same as above but with residual shifts.
                     val msb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("msb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
-                    return TypecastExpression(BinaryExpression(msb, ">>", NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(amount - 8, expr.position), expr.position), BaseDataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
+                    return TypecastExpression(BinaryExpression(msb, ">>", NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(amount - 8, expr.position), expr.position), DataType.UWORD, true, expr.position)
                 }
             }
             BaseDataType.WORD -> {
@@ -903,12 +926,12 @@ class ExpressionSimplifier(private val program: Program, private val errors: IEr
                 else if(amount == 8) {
                     // shift right by 8 bits is just a byte operation: msb(X) as byte  (will get converted to word later)
                     val msb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("msb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
-                    return TypecastExpression(msb, BaseDataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
+                    return TypecastExpression(msb, DataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
                 }
                 else if(amount > 8) {
                     // same as above but with residual shifts. Take care to do signed shift.
                     val msb = FunctionCallExpression(IdentifierReference(listOf("msb"), expr.position), mutableListOf(expr.left), expr.position)
-                    val signed = TypecastExpression(msb, BaseDataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
+                    val signed = TypecastExpression(msb, DataType.BYTE, true, expr.position)
                     return BinaryExpression(signed, ">>", NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(amount - 8, expr.position), expr.position)
                 }
             }

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/Extensions.kt

@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ fun Program.constantFold(errors: IErrorReporter, options: CompilationOptions) {
 
                 val optimizer = ConstantFoldingOptimizer(this, errors)
                 optimizer.visit(this)
-                while (errors.noErrors() && optimizer.applyModifications() > 0) {
+                var tries=0
+                while (errors.noErrors() && optimizer.applyModifications() > 0 && tries++ < 100000) {
                     optimizer.visit(this)
                 }
+                require(tries<100000) { "endless loop in constantfold" }
 
                 if (errors.noErrors()) {
                     replacer.visit(this)

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/Inliner.kt

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ import prog8.code.core.InternalCompilerException
 import prog8.code.target.VMTarget
 
 
-private  fun isEmptyReturn(stmt: Statement): Boolean = stmt is Return && stmt.values.size==0
+private  fun isEmptyReturn(stmt: Statement): Boolean = stmt is Return && stmt.values.isEmpty()
 
 
-// inliner potentially enables *ONE LINED* subroutines, wihtout to be inlined.
+// inliner potentially enables *ONE LINED* subroutines, without to be inlined.
 
 class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOptions): AstWalker() {
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
                                         else if (stmt.values[0] is IdentifierReference) {
                                             makeFullyScoped(stmt.values[0] as IdentifierReference)
                                             true
-                                        } else if (stmt.values[0]!! is IFunctionCall && (stmt.values[0] as IFunctionCall).args.size <= 1 && (stmt.values[0] as IFunctionCall).args.all { it is NumericLiteral || it is IdentifierReference }) {
+                                        } else if (stmt.values[0] is IFunctionCall && (stmt.values[0] as IFunctionCall).args.size <= 1 && (stmt.values[0] as IFunctionCall).args.all { it is NumericLiteral || it is IdentifierReference }) {
                                             if (stmt.values[0] is FunctionCallExpression) {
                                                 makeFullyScoped(stmt.values[0] as FunctionCallExpression)
                                                 true
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
 
                     if (subroutine.inline && subroutine.statements.size > 1) {
                         require(subroutine.statements.size == 2 && isEmptyReturn(subroutine.statements[1]))
-                        subroutine.statements.removeLast()      // get rid of the Return, to be able to inline the (single) statement preceding it.
+                        subroutine.statements.removeLastOrNull()      // get rid of the Return, to be able to inline the (single) statement preceding it.
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
         }
 
         private fun makeFullyScoped(identifier: IdentifierReference) {
-            identifier.targetStatement(program)?.let { target ->
+            identifier.targetStatement()?.let { target ->
                 val scoped = (target as INamedStatement).scopedName
                 val scopedIdent = IdentifierReference(scoped, identifier.position)
                 modifications += IAstModification.ReplaceNode(identifier, scopedIdent, identifier.parent)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
 
         private fun makeFullyScoped(call: FunctionCallStatement) {
             makeFullyScoped(call.target)
-            call.target.targetSubroutine(program)?.let { sub ->
+            call.target.targetSubroutine()?.let { sub ->
                 val scopedName = IdentifierReference(sub.scopedName, call.target.position)
                 val scopedArgs = makeScopedArgs(call.args)
                 if(scopedArgs.any()) {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
 
         private fun makeFullyScoped(call: FunctionCallExpression) {
             makeFullyScoped(call.target)
-            call.target.targetSubroutine(program)?.let { sub ->
+            call.target.targetSubroutine()?.let { sub ->
                 val scopedName = IdentifierReference(sub.scopedName, call.target.position)
                 val scopedArgs = makeScopedArgs(call.args)
                 if(scopedArgs.any()) {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
                 when (it) {
                     is NumericLiteral -> it.copy()
                     is IdentifierReference -> {
-                        val target = it.targetStatement(program) ?: return emptyList()
+                        val target = it.targetStatement() ?: return emptyList()
                         val scoped = (target as INamedStatement).scopedName
                         IdentifierReference(scoped, it.position)
                     }
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
     }
 
     override fun after(functionCallStatement: FunctionCallStatement, parent: Node): Iterable<IAstModification>  {
-        val sub = functionCallStatement.target.targetStatement(program) as? Subroutine
+        val sub = functionCallStatement.target.targetStatement(program.builtinFunctions) as? Subroutine
         return if(sub==null || !canInline(sub, functionCallStatement))
             noModifications
         else
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
     }
 
     override fun before(functionCallExpr: FunctionCallExpression, parent: Node): Iterable<IAstModification> {
-        val sub = functionCallExpr.target.targetStatement(program) as? Subroutine
+        val sub = functionCallExpr.target.targetStatement(program.builtinFunctions) as? Subroutine
         if(sub!=null && sub.inline && sub.parameters.isEmpty() && canInline(sub, functionCallExpr)) {
             require(sub.statements.size == 1 || (sub.statements.size == 2 && isEmptyReturn(sub.statements[1]))) {
                 "invalid inline sub at ${sub.position}"
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class Inliner(private val program: Program, private val options: CompilationOpti
             val stmt = sub.statements.single()
             if (stmt is IFunctionCall) {
                 val existing = (fcall as Node).definingScope.lookup(stmt.target.nameInSource.take(1))
-                return existing !is VarDecl
+                return existing !is VarDecl && existing !is StructFieldRef
             }
         }
         return true

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/StatementOptimizer.kt

@@ -5,11 +5,7 @@ import prog8.ast.expressions.*
 import prog8.ast.statements.*
 import prog8.ast.walk.AstWalker
 import prog8.ast.walk.IAstModification
-import prog8.code.core.AssociativeOperators
+import prog8.code.core.*
-import prog8.code.core.BaseDataType
-import prog8.code.core.CompilationOptions
-import prog8.code.core.IErrorReporter
-import prog8.code.core.Position
 
 
 class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
@@ -33,12 +29,19 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
         if(functionCallStatement.target.nameInSource==listOf("txt", "print")) {
             val arg = functionCallStatement.args.single()
             val stringVar: IdentifierReference? = if(arg is AddressOf) {
-                if(arg.arrayIndex==null) arg.identifier else null
+                if(arg.arrayIndex==null) {
+                    if(arg.identifier!=null)
+                        arg.identifier
+                    else
+                        null // struct can't have string fields so nothing to look at here
+                } else {
+                    null
+                }
             } else {
                 arg as? IdentifierReference
             }
-            if(stringVar!=null && stringVar.wasStringLiteral(program)) {
+            if(stringVar!=null && stringVar.wasStringLiteral()) {
-                val string = stringVar.targetVarDecl(program)?.value as? StringLiteral
+                val string = stringVar.targetVarDecl()?.value as? StringLiteral
                 if(string!=null) {
                     val pos = functionCallStatement.position
                     if (string.value.length == 1) {
@@ -86,12 +89,11 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
         // empty true part? switch with the else part
         if(ifElse.truepart.isEmpty() && ifElse.elsepart.isNotEmpty()) {
             val invertedCondition = invertCondition(ifElse.condition, program)
-            val emptyscope = AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), ifElse.elsepart.position)
             val truepart = AnonymousScope(ifElse.elsepart.statements, ifElse.truepart.position)
             return listOf(
                     IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.condition, invertedCondition, ifElse),
                     IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.truepart, truepart, ifElse),
-                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.elsepart, emptyscope, ifElse)
+                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.elsepart, AnonymousScope.empty(), ifElse)
             )
         }
 
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
             if(ifElse.truepart.statements.singleOrNull() is Return) {
                 val elsePart = AnonymousScope(ifElse.elsepart.statements, ifElse.elsepart.position)
                 return listOf(
-                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.elsepart, AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), ifElse.elsepart.position), ifElse),
+                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(ifElse.elsepart, AnonymousScope.empty(), ifElse),
                     IAstModification.InsertAfter(ifElse, elsePart, parent as IStatementContainer)
                 )
             }
@@ -150,13 +152,13 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
             if (range.size() == 1) {
                 // for loop over a (constant) range of just a single value-- optimize the loop away
                 // loopvar/reg = range value , follow by block
-                val scope = AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), forLoop.position)
+                val scope = AnonymousScope.empty(forLoop.position)
-                scope.statements.add(Assignment(AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, forLoop.position), range.from, AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, forLoop.position))
+                scope.statements.add(Assignment(AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, position=forLoop.position), range.from, AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, forLoop.position))
                 scope.statements.addAll(forLoop.body.statements)
                 return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(forLoop, scope, parent))
             }
         }
-        val iterable = (forLoop.iterable as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl(program)
+        val iterable = (forLoop.iterable as? IdentifierReference)?.targetVarDecl()
         if(iterable!=null) {
             if(iterable.datatype.isString) {
                 val sv = iterable.value as StringLiteral
@@ -165,8 +167,8 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
                     // loop over string of length 1 -> just assign the single character
                     val character = options.compTarget.encodeString(sv.value, sv.encoding)[0]
                     val byte = NumericLiteral(BaseDataType.UBYTE, character.toDouble(), iterable.position)
-                    val scope = AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), forLoop.position)
+                    val scope = AnonymousScope.empty(forLoop.position)
-                    scope.statements.add(Assignment(AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, forLoop.position), byte, AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, forLoop.position))
+                    scope.statements.add(Assignment(AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, position=forLoop.position), byte, AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, forLoop.position))
                     scope.statements.addAll(forLoop.body.statements)
                     return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(forLoop, scope, parent))
                 }
@@ -177,9 +179,9 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
                     // loop over array of length 1 -> just assign the single value
                     val av = (iterable.value as ArrayLiteral).value[0].constValue(program)?.number
                     if(av!=null) {
-                        val scope = AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), forLoop.position)
+                        val scope = AnonymousScope.empty(forLoop.position)
                         scope.statements.add(Assignment(
-                                AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, forLoop.position), NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(av.toInt(), iterable.position),
+                                AssignTarget(forLoop.loopVar, null, null, null, false, position = forLoop.position), NumericLiteral.optimalInteger(av.toInt(), iterable.position),
                                 AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, forLoop.position))
                         scope.statements.addAll(forLoop.body.statements)
                         return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(forLoop, scope, parent))
@@ -315,17 +317,6 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
         val bexpr=assignment.value as? BinaryExpression
         if(bexpr!=null) {
             val rightCv = bexpr.right.constValue(program)?.number
-            if(bexpr.operator=="-" && rightCv==null && targetIDt.isInteger) {
-                if(bexpr.right.isSimple && bexpr.right isSameAs assignment.target) {
-                    // X = value - X  -->  X = -X ; X += value  (to avoid need of stack-evaluation, for integers)
-                    val negation = PrefixExpression("-", bexpr.right.copy(), bexpr.position)
-                    val addValue = Assignment(assignment.target.copy(), BinaryExpression(bexpr.right, "+", bexpr.left, bexpr.position), AssignmentOrigin.OPTIMIZER, assignment.position)
-                    return listOf(
-                        IAstModification.ReplaceNode(bexpr, negation, assignment),
-                        IAstModification.InsertAfter(assignment, addValue, parent as IStatementContainer)
-                    )
-                }
-            }
 
             if (rightCv != null && assignment.target isSameAs bexpr.left) {
                 // assignments of the form:  X = X <operator> <expr>
@@ -481,7 +472,7 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
         return IfElse(
             compare,
             AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(assign), position),
-            AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(), position),
+            AnonymousScope.empty(),
             position
         )
     }
@@ -516,6 +507,27 @@ class StatementOptimizer(private val program: Program,
             }
         }
 
+        if(whenStmt.betterAsOnGoto(program, options)) {
+            // rewrite when into a on..goto , which is faster and also smaller for ~5+ cases
+            var elseJump: Jump? = null
+            val jumps = mutableListOf<Pair<Int, Jump>>()
+            whenStmt.choices.forEach { choice ->
+                if(choice.values==null) {
+                    elseJump = choice.statements.statements.single() as Jump
+                } else {
+                    choice.values!!.forEach { value ->
+                        jumps.add(value.constValue(program)!!.number.toInt() to choice.statements.statements.single() as Jump)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            val jumpLabels = jumps.sortedBy { it.first }.map { it.second.target as IdentifierReference }
+
+            val elsePart = if(elseJump==null) null else AnonymousScope(mutableListOf(elseJump), elseJump.position)
+            val onGoto = OnGoto(false, whenStmt.condition, jumpLabels, elsePart, whenStmt.position)
+            return listOf(IAstModification.ReplaceNode(whenStmt, onGoto, parent))
+        }
+
         return noModifications
     }
 

codeOptimizers/src/prog8/optimizer/UnusedCodeRemover.kt

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import prog8.ast.expressions.TypecastExpression
 import prog8.ast.statements.*
 import prog8.ast.walk.AstWalker
 import prog8.ast.walk.IAstModification
+import prog8.code.INTERNED_STRINGS_MODULENAME
 import prog8.code.core.ICompilationTarget
 import prog8.code.core.IErrorReporter
-import prog8.code.internedStringsModuleName
 import prog8.compiler.CallGraph
 
 
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ class UnusedCodeRemover(private val program: Program,
 
         program.allBlocks.singleOrNull { it.name=="sys" } ?.let {
             val subroutines = it.statements.filterIsInstance<Subroutine>()
-            val push = subroutines.single { it.name == "push" }
+            val push = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "push" }
-            val pushw = subroutines.single { it.name == "pushw" }
+            val pushw = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "pushw" }
-            val pop = subroutines.single { it.name == "pop" }
+            val pop = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "pop" }
-            val popw = subroutines.single { it.name == "popw" }
+            val popw = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "popw" }
             neverRemoveSubroutines.add(push)
             neverRemoveSubroutines.add(pushw)
             neverRemoveSubroutines.add(pop)
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class UnusedCodeRemover(private val program: Program,
 
         program.allBlocks.singleOrNull { it.name=="floats" } ?.let {
             val subroutines = it.statements.filterIsInstance<Subroutine>()
-            val push = subroutines.single { it.name == "push" }
+            val push = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "push" }
-            val pop = subroutines.single { it.name == "pop" }
+            val pop = subroutines.single { s -> s.name == "pop" }
             neverRemoveSubroutines.add(push)
             neverRemoveSubroutines.add(pop)
         }
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class UnusedCodeRemover(private val program: Program,
     override fun after(block: Block, parent: Node): Iterable<IAstModification> {
         if("force_output" !in block.options()) {
             if (block.containsNoCodeNorVars) {
-                if (block.name != internedStringsModuleName && "ignore_unused" !in block.options()) {
+                if (block.name != INTERNED_STRINGS_MODULENAME && "ignore_unused" !in block.options()) {
                     if (!block.statements.any { it is Subroutine && it.hasBeenInlined })
                         errors.info("removing unused block '${block.name}'", block.position)
                 }
@@ -181,14 +181,20 @@ class UnusedCodeRemover(private val program: Program,
                                         val declIndex = (parent as IStatementContainer).statements.indexOf(decl)
                                         val singleUseIndex = (parent as IStatementContainer).statements.indexOf(singleUse.parent)
                                         if(declIndex==singleUseIndex-1) {
-                                            if("ignore_unused" !in decl.definingBlock.options())
+                                            val callStruct = (assignment.value as IFunctionCall).target.targetStructDecl()
-                                                errors.info("replaced unused variable '${decl.name}' with void call, maybe this can be removed altogether", decl.position)
+                                            if(callStruct!=null) {
-                                            val fcall = assignment.value as IFunctionCall
+                                                // don't turn a struct instance allocation call to a void call, instead, remove everything
-                                            val voidCall = FunctionCallStatement(fcall.target, fcall.args, true, fcall.position)
+                                                return listOf(IAstModification.Remove(assignment, assignment.parent as IStatementContainer))
-                                            return listOf(
+                                            } else {
-                                                IAstModification.ReplaceNode(decl, voidCall, parent),
+                                                if("ignore_unused" !in decl.definingBlock.options())
-                                                IAstModification.Remove(assignment, assignment.parent as IStatementContainer)
+                                                    errors.info("replaced unused variable '${decl.name}' with void call, maybe this can be removed altogether", decl.position)
-                                            )
+                                                val fcall = assignment.value as IFunctionCall
+                                                val voidCall = FunctionCallStatement(fcall.target, fcall.args, true, fcall.position)
+                                                return listOf(
+                                                    IAstModification.ReplaceNode(decl, voidCall, parent),
+                                                    IAstModification.Remove(assignment, assignment.parent as IStatementContainer)
+                                                )
+                                            }
                                         }
                                     }
                                 } else {

compiler/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
-
 plugins {
     id("application")
     kotlin("jvm")
@@ -10,6 +8,7 @@ plugins {
 
 dependencies {
     implementation(project(":codeCore"))
+    implementation(project(":simpleAst"))
     implementation(project(":codeOptimizers"))
     implementation(project(":compilerAst"))
     implementation(project(":codeGenCpu6502"))
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(project(":codeGenExperimental"))
     implementation(project(":virtualmachine"))
     // implementation(project(":beanshell"))
-    implementation("org.antlr:antlr4-runtime:4.13.2")
     // implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8")
     // implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect")
     implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-cli:0.3.6")

compiler/compiler.iml

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.runner.junit5.jvm" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="io.kotest.framework.datatest" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeCore" />
+    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="simpleAst" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="compilerAst" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeOptimizers" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeGenCpu6502" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeGenExperimental" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="codeGenIntermediate" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="virtualmachine" />
-    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="intermediate" scope="TEST" />
+    <orderEntry type="module" module-name="intermediate" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="antlr.antlr4" level="project" />
   </component>
 </module>

compiler/res/prog8lib/c128/diskio.p8

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 %import shared_cbm_diskio
 
-; No alterations here; everything is taken from the shared module.
+diskio {
+    %option no_symbol_prefixing, ignore_unused
 
+    ; No alterations here; everything is taken from the shared module.
+}

compiler/res/prog8lib/c128/syslib.p8

@@ -419,12 +419,14 @@ sys {
 
     const ubyte target = 128         ;  compilation target specifier.  255=virtual, 128=C128, 64=C64, 32=PET, 16=CommanderX16, 8=atari800XL, 7=Neo6502
 
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_BOOL  = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_BOOL  = sizeof(bool)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_BYTE  = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_BYTE  = sizeof(byte)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_UBYTE = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_UBYTE = sizeof(ubyte)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_WORD  = 2
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_WORD  = sizeof(word)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_UWORD = 2
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_UWORD = sizeof(uword)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_FLOAT = 5
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_LONG  = sizeof(long)
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_POINTER = sizeof(&sys.wait)
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_FLOAT = sizeof(float)
     const byte  MIN_BYTE     = -128
     const byte  MAX_BYTE     = 127
     const ubyte MIN_UBYTE    = 0
@@ -459,10 +461,12 @@ sys {
             lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1
             sta  save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2+1
             rts
-save_SCRATCH_ZPB1	.byte  0
+            .section BSS
-save_SCRATCH_ZPREG	.byte  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPB1	.byte  ?
-save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD1	.word  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPREG	.byte  ?
-save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD1	.word  ?
+save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  ?
+            .send BSS
             ; !notreached!
         }}
     }
@@ -488,8 +492,8 @@ save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  0
 asmsub  set_irq(uword handler @AY) clobbers(A)  {
 	%asm {{
 		sei
-        sta  _modified+1
+        sta  _vector
-        sty  _modified+2
+        sty  _vector+1
 		lda  #<_irq_handler
 		sta  cbm.CINV
 		lda  #>_irq_handler
@@ -499,8 +503,8 @@ asmsub  set_irq(uword handler @AY) clobbers(A)  {
 _irq_handler
         jsr  sys.save_prog8_internals
         cld
-_modified
+
-        jsr  $ffff                      ; modified
+        jsr  _run_custom
         pha
         jsr  sys.restore_prog8_internals
         pla
@@ -515,6 +519,12 @@ _modified
 		tax
 		pla
 		rti
+_run_custom
+		jmp  (_vector)
+		.section BSS
+_vector	.word ?
+		.send BSS
+        ; !notreached!
 		}}
 }
 
@@ -525,8 +535,8 @@ asmsub  restore_irq() clobbers(A) {
 		sta  cbm.CINV
 		lda  #>cbm.IRQDFRT
 		sta  cbm.CINV+1
-		lda  #0
+		lda  #1
-		sta  c64.IREQMASK	; disable raster irq
+		sta  c64.IREQMASK	; enable raster irq
 		lda  #%10000001
 		sta  c64.CIA1ICR	; restore CIA1 irq
 		cli
@@ -537,8 +547,8 @@ asmsub  restore_irq() clobbers(A) {
 asmsub  set_rasterirq(uword handler @AY, uword rasterpos @R0) clobbers(A) {
 	%asm {{
         sei
-        sta  _modified+1
+        sta  _vector
-        sty  _modified+2
+        sty  _vector+1
         lda  cx16.r0
         ldy  cx16.r0+1
         jsr  _setup_raster_irq
@@ -552,8 +562,8 @@ asmsub  set_rasterirq(uword handler @AY, uword rasterpos @R0) clobbers(A) {
 _raster_irq_handler
 		jsr  sys.save_prog8_internals
 		cld
-_modified
+
-        jsr  $ffff              ; modified
+        jsr  _run_custom
         pha
 		jsr  sys.restore_prog8_internals
         lda  #$ff
@@ -567,6 +577,12 @@ _modified
 		tax
 		pla
 		rti
+_run_custom
+		jmp  (_vector)
+		.section BSS
+_vector	.word ?
+		.send BSS
+
 
 _setup_raster_irq
 		pha
@@ -881,7 +897,7 @@ _no_msb_size
             sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcode
             lda  #0
             rol  a
-            sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeCarry
+            sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcarry
             stx  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeX
             sty  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeY
             ldx  prog8_lib.orig_stackpointer
@@ -932,6 +948,18 @@ _no_msb_size
         }}
     }
 
+    asmsub get_as_returnaddress(uword address @XY) -> uword @AX {
+        %asm {{
+            ; return the address like JSR would push onto the stack:  address-1,  MSB first then LSB
+            cpx  #0
+            bne  +
+            dey
++           dex
+            tya
+            rts
+        }}
+    }
+
     inline asmsub pop() -> ubyte @A {
         %asm {{
             pla
@@ -1064,9 +1092,11 @@ cx16 {
             bpl  -
             rts
 
+            .section BSS
     _cx16_vreg_storage
-            .word 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+            .word ?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?
-            .word 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+            .word ?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?
+            .send BSS
             ; !notreached!
         }}
     }
@@ -1136,16 +1166,21 @@ asmsub  cleanup_at_exit() {
         sta  $ff00          ; default bank 15
         jsr  cbm.CLRCHN		; reset i/o channels
         jsr  enable_runstop_and_charsetswitch
-_exitcodeCarry = *+1
+        lda  _exitcarry
-        lda  #0
         lsr  a
-_exitcode = *+1
+        lda  _exitcode
-        lda  #0        ; exit code possibly modified in exit()
+        ldx  _exitcodeX
-_exitcodeX = *+1
+        ldy  _exitcodeY
-        ldx  #0
-_exitcodeY = *+1
-        ldy  #0
         rts
+
+        .section BSS
+_exitcarry  .byte ?
+_exitcode   .byte ?
+_exitcodeX  .byte ?
+_exitcodeY  .byte ?
+        .send BSS
+
+        ; !notreached!
     }}
 }
 

compiler/res/prog8lib/c128/textio.p8

@@ -302,15 +302,16 @@ asmsub  setchr  (ubyte col @X, ubyte row @Y, ubyte character @A) clobbers(A, Y)
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  _screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		txa
 		clc
 		adc  _screenrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 +		pla
-_mod		sta  $ffff		; modified
+        ldy  #0
+		sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 
 _screenrows	.word  cbm.Screen + range(0, 1000, 40)
@@ -326,14 +327,15 @@ asmsub  getchr  (ubyte col @A, ubyte row @Y) clobbers(Y) -> ubyte @ A {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setchr._screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		pla
 		clc
 		adc  setchr._screenrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-		bcc  _mod
+		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
-_mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
++		ldy  #0
+		lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }
@@ -346,15 +348,16 @@ asmsub  setclr  (ubyte col @X, ubyte row @Y, ubyte color @A) clobbers(A, Y)  {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  _colorrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		txa
 		clc
 		adc  _colorrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 +		pla
-_mod		sta  $ffff		; modified
+		ldy  #0
+		sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 
 _colorrows	.word  $d800 + range(0, 1000, 40)
@@ -370,14 +373,15 @@ asmsub  getclr  (ubyte col @A, ubyte row @Y) clobbers(Y) -> ubyte @ A {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setclr._colorrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		pla
 		clc
 		adc  setclr._colorrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-		bcc  _mod
+		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
-_mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
++		ldy  #0
+        lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }
@@ -385,25 +389,28 @@ _mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
 sub  setcc  (ubyte col, ubyte row, ubyte character, ubyte charcolor)  {
 	; ---- set char+color at the given position on the screen
 	%asm {{
+_charptr = P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
+_colorptr = P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
 		lda  row
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setchr._screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _charmod+2
+		sta  _charptr+1
 		adc  #$d4
-		sta  _colormod+2
+		sta  _colorptr+1
 		lda  setchr._screenrows,y
 		clc
 		adc  col
-		sta  _charmod+1
+		sta  _charptr
-		sta  _colormod+1
+		sta  _colorptr
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _charmod+2
+		inc  _charptr+1
-		inc  _colormod+2
+		inc  _colorptr+1
 +		lda  character
-_charmod	sta  $ffff		; modified
+		ldy  #0
+		sta  (_charptr),y
 		lda  charcolor
-_colormod	sta  $ffff		; modified
+		sta  (_colorptr),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }

compiler/res/prog8lib/c64/diskio.p8

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 %import shared_cbm_diskio
 
-; No alterations here; everything is taken from the shared module.
+diskio {
+    %option no_symbol_prefixing, ignore_unused
 
+    ; No alterations here; everything is taken from the shared module.
+}

compiler/res/prog8lib/c64/floats.asm

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ FL_ONE_const	.byte  129     			; 1.0
 FL_ZERO_const	.byte  0,0,0,0,0		; 0.0
 FL_LOG2_const	.byte  $80, $31, $72, $17, $f8	; log(2)
 
-
+		.section BSS
-floats_temp_var         .byte  0,0,0,0,0        ; temporary storage for a float
+floats_temp_var         .byte  ?,?,?,?,?        ; temporary storage for a float
+		.send BSS
 
 ub2float	.proc
 		; -- convert ubyte in SCRATCH_ZPB1 to float at address A/Y
@@ -178,10 +179,10 @@ dec_var_f	.proc
 		jmp  MOVMF
 		.pend
 
-
+		.section BSS
-fmath_float1	.byte 0,0,0,0,0	; storage for a mflpt5 value
+fmath_float1	.byte ?,?,?,?,?	; storage for a mflpt5 value
-fmath_float2	.byte 0,0,0,0,0	; storage for a mflpt5 value
+fmath_float2	.byte ?,?,?,?,?	; storage for a mflpt5 value
-
+		.send BSS
 
 var_fac1_less_f	.proc
 		; -- is the float in FAC1 < the variable AY? Result in A. Clobbers X.

compiler/res/prog8lib/c64/graphics.p8

@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ graphics {
 
         if length!=0 {
             %asm {{
+_pixeladdr = P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
                 lda  p8v_length
                 and  #7
                 sta  p8v_separate_pixels
@@ -203,37 +204,35 @@ graphics {
                 lsr  p8v_length+1
                 ror  p8v_length
                 lda  p8v_pixaddr
-                sta  _modified+1
+                sta  _pixeladdr
                 lda  p8v_pixaddr+1
-                sta  _modified+2
+                sta  _pixeladdr+1
                 lda  p8v_length
                 ora  p8v_length+1
                 beq  _zero
                 ldy  p8v_length
+                sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1        ; length
                 ldx  #$ff
-_modified       stx  $ffff      ; modified
+_more           txa
-                lda  _modified+1
+                ldy  #0
+                sta  (_pixeladdr),y
+                lda  _pixeladdr
                 clc
                 adc  #8
-                sta  _modified+1
+                sta  _pixeladdr
                 bcc  +
-                inc  _modified+2
+                inc  _pixeladdr+1
-+               dey
++               dec  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1        ; length
-                bne  _modified
+                bne  _more
 _zero
                 ldy  p8v_separate_pixels
-                beq  hline_zero2
+                beq  _end
-                lda  _modified+1
-                sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-                lda  _modified+2
-                sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
                 lda  hline_filled_right,y
                 ldy  #0
-                ora  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
+                ora  (_pixeladdr),y
-                sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
+                sta  (_pixeladdr),y
-                jmp  hline_zero2
+_end            rts
 hline_filled_right   .byte  0, %10000000, %11000000, %11100000, %11110000, %11111000, %11111100, %11111110
-hline_zero2
             }}
         }
     }
@@ -334,10 +333,10 @@ hline_zero2
 ;        @(pixaddr) |= ormask[lsb(px) & 7]
 ;    }
 
-    inline asmsub  plot(uword plotx @XY, ubyte ploty @A) clobbers (A, X, Y) {
+    inline asmsub  plot(uword plotx @AX, ubyte ploty @Y) clobbers (A, X, Y) {
         %asm {{
-            stx  p8b_graphics.p8v_internal_plotx
+            sta  p8b_graphics.p8v_internal_plotx
-            sty  p8b_graphics.p8v_internal_plotx+1
+            stx  p8b_graphics.p8v_internal_plotx+1
             jsr  p8b_graphics.p8s_internal_plot
         }}
     }

compiler/res/prog8lib/c64/syslib.p8

@@ -349,10 +349,10 @@ inline asmsub getbanks() -> ubyte @A {
             ; retrieve arguments
             ldy  #$01
             lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y            ; grab low byte of target address
-            sta  _jmpfar+1
+            sta  _jmpfar_vec
             iny
             lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y            ; now the high byte
-            sta  _jmpfar+2
+            sta  _jmpfar_vec+1
             iny
             lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y            ; then the target bank
             sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ inline asmsub getbanks() -> ubyte @A {
             lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
             ldy  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1
             plp
-            jsr  _jmpfar        ; do the actual call
+            jsr  _jsrfar        ; do the actual call
             ; restore bank without clobbering status flags and A register
             sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
             php
@@ -390,8 +390,13 @@ inline asmsub getbanks() -> ubyte @A {
             lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
             plp
             rts
+_jsrfar     jmp  (_jmpfar_vec)
 
-_jmpfar     jmp  $0000          ; modified
+            .section BSS
+_jmpfar_vec .word ?
+            .send BSS
+
+            ; !notreached!
         }}
     }
 
@@ -434,12 +439,14 @@ sys {
 
     const ubyte target = 64         ;  compilation target specifier.  255=virtual, 128=C128, 64=C64, 32=PET, 16=CommanderX16, 8=atari800XL, 7=Neo6502
 
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_BOOL  = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_BOOL  = sizeof(bool)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_BYTE  = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_BYTE  = sizeof(byte)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_UBYTE = 1
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_UBYTE = sizeof(ubyte)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_WORD  = 2
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_WORD  = sizeof(word)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_UWORD = 2
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_UWORD = sizeof(uword)
-    const ubyte SIZEOF_FLOAT = 5
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_LONG  = sizeof(long)
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_POINTER = sizeof(&sys.wait)
+    const ubyte SIZEOF_FLOAT = sizeof(float)
     const byte  MIN_BYTE     = -128
     const byte  MAX_BYTE     = 127
     const ubyte MIN_UBYTE    = 0
@@ -474,10 +481,12 @@ sys {
             lda  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2+1
             sta  save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2+1
             rts
-save_SCRATCH_ZPB1	.byte  0
+            .section BSS
-save_SCRATCH_ZPREG	.byte  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPB1	.byte  ?
-save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD1	.word  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPREG	.byte  ?
-save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  0
+save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD1	.word  ?
+save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  ?
+            .send BSS
             ; !notreached!
         }}
     }
@@ -503,8 +512,8 @@ save_SCRATCH_ZPWORD2	.word  0
 asmsub  set_irq(uword handler @AY) clobbers(A)  {
 	%asm {{
 	    sei
-        sta  _modified+1
+        sta  _vector
-        sty  _modified+2
+        sty  _vector+1
 		lda  #<_irq_handler
 		sta  cbm.CINV
 		lda  #>_irq_handler
@@ -514,8 +523,8 @@ asmsub  set_irq(uword handler @AY) clobbers(A)  {
 _irq_handler
         jsr  sys.save_prog8_internals
         cld
-_modified
+
-        jsr  $ffff                      ; modified
+        jsr  _run_custom
         pha
 		jsr  sys.restore_prog8_internals
 		pla
@@ -530,6 +539,13 @@ _modified
 		tax
 		pla
 		rti
+
+_run_custom
+		jmp  (_vector)
+		.section BSS
+_vector	.word ?
+		.send BSS
+        ; !notreached!
     }}
 }
 
@@ -552,8 +568,8 @@ asmsub  restore_irq() clobbers(A) {
 asmsub  set_rasterirq(uword handler @AY, uword rasterpos @R0) clobbers(A) {
 	%asm {{
 	    sei
-        sta  _modified+1
+        sta  _vector
-        sty  _modified+2
+        sty  _vector+1
         lda  cx16.r0
         ldy  cx16.r0+1
         jsr  _setup_raster_irq
@@ -567,8 +583,8 @@ asmsub  set_rasterirq(uword handler @AY, uword rasterpos @R0) clobbers(A) {
 _raster_irq_handler
 		jsr  sys.save_prog8_internals
 		cld
-_modified
+
-        jsr  $ffff              ; modified
+        jsr  _run_custom
         pha
         jsr  sys.restore_prog8_internals
         lda  #$ff
@@ -583,6 +599,12 @@ _modified
 		pla
 		rti
 
+_run_custom
+		jmp  (_vector)
+		.section BSS
+_vector	.word ?
+		.send BSS
+
 _setup_raster_irq
 		pha
 		lda  #%01111111
@@ -897,7 +919,7 @@ _no_msb_size
             sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcode
             lda  #0
             rol  a
-            sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeCarry
+            sta  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcarry
             stx  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeX
             sty  p8_sys_startup.cleanup_at_exit._exitcodeY
             ldx  prog8_lib.orig_stackpointer
@@ -948,6 +970,18 @@ _no_msb_size
         }}
     }
 
+    asmsub get_as_returnaddress(uword address @XY) -> uword @AX {
+        %asm {{
+            ; return the address like JSR would push onto the stack:  address-1,  MSB first then LSB
+            cpx  #0
+            bne  +
+            dey
++           dex
+            tya
+            rts
+        }}
+    }
+
     inline asmsub pop() -> ubyte @A {
         %asm {{
             pla
@@ -1080,9 +1114,11 @@ cx16 {
             bpl  -
             rts
 
+            .section BSS
     _cx16_vreg_storage
-            .word 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+            .word ?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?
-            .word 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+            .word ?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?
+            .send BSS
             ; !notreached!
         }}
     }
@@ -1168,16 +1204,21 @@ asmsub  cleanup_at_exit() {
         jsr  cbm.MEMTOP     ; adjust MEMTOP down again
         jsr  cbm.CLRCHN		; reset i/o channels
         jsr  enable_runstop_and_charsetswitch
-_exitcodeCarry = *+1
+        lda  _exitcarry
-        lda  #0
         lsr  a
-_exitcode = *+1
+        lda  _exitcode
-        lda  #0        ; exit code possibly modified in exit()
+        ldx  _exitcodeX
-_exitcodeX = *+1
+        ldy  _exitcodeY
-        ldx  #0
-_exitcodeY = *+1
-        ldy  #0
         rts
+
+        .section BSS
+_exitcarry  .byte ?
+_exitcode   .byte ?
+_exitcodeX  .byte ?
+_exitcodeY  .byte ?
+        .send BSS
+
+        ; !notreached!
     }}
 }
 

compiler/res/prog8lib/c64/textio.p8

@@ -305,15 +305,16 @@ asmsub  setchr  (ubyte col @X, ubyte row @Y, ubyte character @A) clobbers(A, Y)
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  _screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		txa
 		clc
 		adc  _screenrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 +		pla
-_mod		sta  $ffff		; modified
+        ldy  #0
+		sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 
 _screenrows	.word  cbm.Screen + range(0, 1000, 40)
@@ -329,14 +330,15 @@ asmsub  getchr  (ubyte col @A, ubyte row @Y) clobbers(Y) -> ubyte @ A {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setchr._screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		pla
 		clc
 		adc  setchr._screenrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-		bcc  _mod
+		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
-_mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
++		ldy  #0
+		lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }
@@ -349,15 +351,16 @@ asmsub  setclr  (ubyte col @X, ubyte row @Y, ubyte color @A) clobbers(A, Y)  {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  _colorrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		txa
 		clc
 		adc  _colorrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 +		pla
-_mod		sta  $ffff		; modified
+		ldy  #0
+		sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 
 _colorrows	.word  $d800 + range(0, 1000, 40)
@@ -373,14 +376,15 @@ asmsub  getclr  (ubyte col @A, ubyte row @Y) clobbers(Y) -> ubyte @ A {
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setclr._colorrows+1,y
-		sta  _mod+2
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 		pla
 		clc
 		adc  setclr._colorrows,y
-		sta  _mod+1
+		sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
-		bcc  _mod
+		bcc  +
-		inc  _mod+2
+		inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
-_mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
++		ldy  #0
+        lda  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }
@@ -388,25 +392,28 @@ _mod		lda  $ffff		; modified
 sub  setcc  (ubyte col, ubyte row, ubyte character, ubyte charcolor)  {
 	; ---- set char+color at the given position on the screen
 	%asm {{
+_charptr = P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
+_colorptr = P8ZP_SCRATCH_W2
 		lda  row
 		asl  a
 		tay
 		lda  setchr._screenrows+1,y
-		sta  _charmod+2
+		sta  _charptr+1
 		adc  #$d4
-		sta  _colormod+2
+		sta  _colorptr+1
 		lda  setchr._screenrows,y
 		clc
 		adc  col
-		sta  _charmod+1
+		sta  _charptr
-		sta  _colormod+1
+		sta  _colorptr
 		bcc  +
-		inc  _charmod+2
+		inc  _charptr+1
-		inc  _colormod+2
+		inc  _colorptr+1
 +		lda  character
-_charmod	sta  $ffff		; modified
+		ldy  #0
+		sta  (_charptr),y
 		lda  charcolor
-_colormod	sta  $ffff		; modified
+		sta  (_colorptr),y
 		rts
 	}}
 }

compiler/res/prog8lib/conv.p8

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ conv {
 
 ; ----- number conversions to decimal strings ----
 
-    str  @shared string_out = "????????????????"       ; result buffer for the string conversion routines
+    ubyte[16]  @shared string_out       ; result buffer for the string conversion routines (note: uses uninitialized ARRAY instead of STR, to force it to be allocated in BSS area so it's ROM-compatible)
 
     asmsub str_ub0(ubyte value @A) clobbers(X) -> str @AY {
         ; ---- convert the ubyte in A in decimal string form, with left padding 0s (3 positions total)
@@ -402,7 +402,9 @@ _digit
 +		iny
 		bne  _parse
 		; never reached
-_negative	.byte  0
+		.section BSS
+_negative	.byte  ?
+		.send BSS
         ; !notreached!
 	}}
 }
@@ -699,12 +701,14 @@ ShiftedBcdTab
     .byte $30,$31,$32,$33,$34,$38,$39,$3A,$3B,$3C
     .byte $40,$41,$42,$43,$44,$48,$49,$4A,$4B,$4C
 
-decTenThousands   	.byte  0
+    .section BSS
-decThousands    	.byte  0
+decTenThousands   	.byte  ?
-decHundreds		.byte  0
+decThousands    	.byte  ?
-decTens			.byte  0
+decHundreds		.byte  ?
-decOnes   		.byte  0
+decTens			.byte  ?
-			.byte  0		; zero-terminate the decimal output string
+decOnes   		.byte  ?
+			.byte  ?		; zero-terminate the decimal output string, set to 0 by bss init mechanisms
+    .send BSS
 		; !notreached!
     }}
 }
@@ -756,7 +760,9 @@ asmsub  internal_uword2hex  (uword value @AY) clobbers(A,Y)  {
 		sta  output+2
 		sty  output+3
 		rts
-output		.text  "0000", $00      ; 0-terminated output buffer (to make printing easier)
+		.section BSS
+output		.fill 5      ; 0-terminated output buffer (to make printing easier)
+		.send BSS
 		; !notreached!
 	}}
 }

compiler/res/prog8lib/coroutines.p8

@@ -28,11 +28,20 @@
 ;   that routine can for instance call current() (or just look at the active_task variable) to get the id of the next task to execute.
 ;   It has then to return a boolean: true=next task is to be executed, false=skip the task this time.
 ; - in tasks: call yield() to pass control to the next task. Use the returned userdata value to do different things.
+;   For now, you MUST call yield() only from the actual subroutine that has been registered as a task!
+;   (this is because otherwise the cpu call stack gets messed up and an RTS in task1 could suddenly pop a return address belonging to another tasks' call frame)
 ; - call current() to get the current task id.
 ; - call kill(taskid) to kill a task by id.
 ; - call killall() to kill all tasks.
 ; - IMPORTANT:  if you add the same subroutine multiple times, IT CANNOT DEPEND ON ANY LOCAL VARIABLES OR R0-R15 TO KEEP STATE. NOT EVEN REPEAT LOOP COUNTERS.
 ;   Those are all shared in the different tasks! You HAVE to use a mechanism around the userdata value (pointer?) to keep separate state elsewhere!
+; - IMPORTANT:  ``defer`` cannot be used inside a coroutine that is reused for multiple tasks!!!
+;
+; TIP: HOW TO WAIT without BLOCKING other coroutines?
+; Make sure you call yield() in the waiting loop, for example:
+;            uword timer = cbm.RDTIM16() + 60
+;            while cbm.RDTIM16() != timer
+;                void coroutines.yield()
 
 coroutines {
     %option ignore_unused
@@ -40,19 +49,17 @@ coroutines {
     const ubyte MAX_TASKS = 64
     uword[MAX_TASKS] tasklist
     uword[MAX_TASKS] userdatas
-    uword[MAX_TASKS] returnaddresses
     ubyte active_task
     uword supervisor
 
-    sub add(uword taskaddress, uword userdata) -> ubyte {
+    sub add(uword @nozp taskaddress, uword @nozp userdata) -> ubyte {
         ; find the next empty slot in the tasklist and stick it there
         ; returns the task id of the new task, or 255 if there was no space for more tasks. 0 is a valid task id!
         ; also returns the success in the Carry flag (carry set=success, carry clear = task was not added)
         for cx16.r0L in 0 to len(tasklist)-1 {
             if tasklist[cx16.r0L] == 0 {
-                tasklist[cx16.r0L] = taskaddress
+                tasklist[cx16.r0L] = sys.get_as_returnaddress(taskaddress)
                 userdatas[cx16.r0L] = userdata
-                returnaddresses[cx16.r0L] = 0
                 sys.set_carry()
                 return cx16.r0L
             }
@@ -69,57 +76,48 @@ coroutines {
         }
     }
 
-    sub run(uword supervisor_routine) {
+    sub run(uword @nozp supervisor_routine) {
         supervisor = supervisor_routine
         for active_task in 0 to len(tasklist)-1 {
             if tasklist[active_task]!=0 {
                 ; activate the termination handler and start the first task
                 ; note: cannot use pushw() because JSR doesn't push the return address in the same way
                 sys.push_returnaddress(&termination)
-                goto tasklist[active_task]
+                sys.pushw(tasklist[active_task])
+                return
             }
         }
     }
 
     sub yield() -> uword {
-        ; Store the return address of the yielding task,
+        ; Store the return address of the yielding task, and continue with the next one instead (round-robin)
-        ; and continue with the next one instead (round-robin)
+        ; Returns the associated userdata value.
-        ; Returns the associated userdata value
+        ; NOTE: CAN ONLY BE CALLED FROM THE SCOPE OF THE SUBROUTINE THAT HAS BEEN REGISTERED AS THE TASK!
-        uword task_start, task_continue
+        uword task_return_address
-        returnaddresses[active_task] = sys.popw()
+        tasklist[active_task] = sys.popw()
 
-resume_with_next_task:
+skip_task:
         if not next_task() {
             void sys.popw()     ; remove return to the termination handler
-            return 0   ; exiting here will now actually return from the start() call back to the calling program :)
+            return 0   ; exiting here will now actually return back to the calling program that called run()
         }
 
-        if supervisor!=0 {
+        if supervisor!=0
             if lsb(call(supervisor))==0
-                goto resume_with_next_task
+                goto skip_task
-        }
 
-        if task_continue==0 {
+        ; returning from yield then continues with the next coroutine:
-            ; fetch start address of next task.
+        sys.pushw(task_return_address)
-            ; address on the stack must be pushed in reverse byte order
-            ; also, subtract 1 from the start address because JSR pushes returnaddress minus 1
-            ; note: cannot use pushw() because JSR doesn't push the return address in the same way
-            sys.push_returnaddress(task_start)
-        } else
-            sys.pushw(task_continue)
-
-        ; returning from yield then continues with the next coroutine
         return userdatas[active_task]
 
         sub next_task() -> bool {
             ; search through the task list for the next active task
             repeat len(tasklist) {
                 active_task++
-                if active_task==len(returnaddresses)
+                if active_task==len(tasklist)
                     active_task=0
-                task_start = tasklist[active_task]
+                task_return_address = tasklist[active_task]
-                if task_start!=0 {
+                if task_return_address!=0 {
-                    task_continue = returnaddresses[active_task]
                     return true
                 }
             }
@@ -127,9 +125,8 @@ resume_with_next_task:
         }
     }
 
-    sub kill(ubyte taskid) {
+    sub kill(ubyte @nozp taskid) {
         tasklist[taskid] = 0
-        returnaddresses[taskid] = 0
     }
 
     sub current() -> ubyte {
@@ -137,12 +134,10 @@ resume_with_next_task:
     }
 
     sub termination() {
-        ; a task has terminated. wipe it from the list.
+        ; internal routine: a task has terminated. wipe it from the list.
-        ; this is an internal routine
         kill(active_task)
-        ; reactivate this termination handler
+        ; reactivate this termination handler and go to the next task
-        ; note: cannot use pushw() because JSR doesn't push the return address in the same way
         sys.push_returnaddress(&termination)
-        goto coroutines.yield.resume_with_next_task
+        goto coroutines.yield.skip_task
     }
 }

compiler/res/prog8lib/cx16/diskio.p8

@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@
 ; NOTE: If you experience weird behavior with these routines and you are using them
 ;       in the X16 emulator using HostFs, please try again with an SD-card image instead first.
 ;       It is possible that there are still small differences between HostFS and actual CBM DOS in the emulator.
-;
+
 ; About the secondary addresses:
 ; for writes (new files or overwrites), you can use 1 (without the mode string) or 2-14 (with the mode string)
 ; for reads (existing files) you can use 0 or 2-14 (mode string is optional)
 ; for modify mode (new files* or existing files), you must use 2-14, and the mode string ,s,m is required
 
+; About the Dos/Drive error status message:
+; The routines don't usually read/clear the dos/drive error status and message. ("blinking red led")
+; In case of an error, you usually have to read/clear that yourself (with status() for example).
+
 
 %import textio
 %import conv
@@ -21,6 +25,7 @@ diskio {
 
     const ubyte READ_IO_CHANNEL=12
     const ubyte WRITE_IO_CHANNEL=13
+    const ubyte STATUS_EOF=$40
 
     ubyte @shared drivenumber = 8           ; user programs can set this to the drive number they want to load/save to!
 
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ io_error:
         cbm.CLRCHN()        ; restore default i/o devices
         cbm.CLOSE(READ_IO_CHANNEL)
 
-        if status!=0 and status & $40 == 0 {            ; bit 6=end of file
+        if status!=0 and status & STATUS_EOF == 0 {            ; bit 6=end of file
             txt.print("\ni/o error, status: ")
             txt.print_ub(status)
             txt.nl()
@@ -346,7 +351,7 @@ close_end:
             if cbm.READST()==0 {
                 iteration_in_progress = true
                 void cbm.CHRIN()        ; read first byte to test for file not found
-                if cbm.READST()==0 {
+                if cbm.READST() & ~STATUS_EOF == 0 {
                     cbm.CLOSE(READ_IO_CHANNEL)    ; close file because we already consumed first byte
                     void cbm.OPEN()         ; re-open the file
                     cbm.CLRCHN()            ; reset default i/o channels
@@ -375,7 +380,7 @@ close_end:
             cbm.CLRCHN()            ; reset default i/o channels
             if cx16.r0L!=0 {
                 f_close()
-                if cx16.r0L & $40 == 0
+                if cx16.r0L & STATUS_EOF == 0
                     return 0
             }
             return 1
@@ -395,7 +400,7 @@ close_end:
             if msb(bufferpointer) == $c0
                 bufferpointer = mkword($a0, lsb(bufferpointer))  ; wrap over bank boundary
             num_bytes -= readsize
-            if cbm.READST() & $40 !=0 {
+            if cbm.READST() & STATUS_EOF !=0 {
                 f_close()       ; end of file, close it
                 break
             }
@@ -406,39 +411,39 @@ close_end:
 byte_read_loop:         ; fallback if MACPTR isn't supported on the device
         %asm {{
             lda  bufferpointer
-            sta  m_in_buffer+1
+            sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
             lda  bufferpointer+1
-            sta  m_in_buffer+2
+            sta  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
         }}
         while num_bytes!=0 {
             %asm {{
                 jsr  cbm.CHRIN
-m_in_buffer     sta  $ffff
+                sta  (P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1)
-                inc  m_in_buffer+1
+                inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1
                 bne  +
-                inc  m_in_buffer+2
+                inc  P8ZP_SCRATCH_W1+1
 +
             }}
+            list_blocks++
             cx16.r0L = cbm.READST()
             if_nz {
                 f_close()
                 cbm.CLRCHN()            ; reset default i/o channels
-                if cx16.r0L & $40 !=0    ; eof?
+                if cx16.r0L & STATUS_EOF !=0    ; eof?
                     return list_blocks   ; number of bytes read
                 return 0  ; error.
             }
-            list_blocks++
             num_bytes--
         }
         cbm.CLRCHN()            ; reset default i/o channels
         return list_blocks  ; number of bytes read
     }
 
-    ; optimized for Commander X16 to use MACPTR block read kernal call
     sub f_read_all(uword bufferpointer) -> uword {
-        ; -- read the full contents of the file, returns number of bytes read.
+        ; -- read the full rest of the file, returns number of bytes read.
         ;    It is assumed the file size is less than 64 K.
         ;    NOTE: cannot be used to load into VRAM.  Use vload() or call cx16.MACPTR() yourself with the vera data register as address.
+        ;    Usually you will just be using load() / load_raw() or vload() / vload_raw() to read entire files!
         if not iteration_in_progress
             return 0
 
@@ -446,6 +451,8 @@ m_in_buffer     sta  $ffff
         uword total_read = 0
         while cbm.READST()==0 {
             cx16.r0 = f_read(bufferpointer, 256)
+            if cx16.r0==0
+                break
             total_read += cx16.r0
             bufferpointer += cx16.r0
         }
@@ -724,6 +731,12 @@ io_error:
     }
 
 
+    ; Load a prog8 compiled library binary blob at the given location into memory.
+    sub loadlib(uword libnameptr, uword libaddress) -> uword {
+        return internal_load_routine(libnameptr, libaddress, true)
+    }
+
+
     sub internal_load_routine(uword filenameptr, uword address_override, bool headerless) -> uword {
         cbm.SETNAM(strings.length(filenameptr), filenameptr)
         ubyte secondary = 1
@@ -941,7 +954,7 @@ internal_vload:
 io_error:
         cbm.CLRCHN()
         cbm.CLOSE(READ_IO_CHANNEL)
-        if status!=0 and status & $40 == 0
+        if status!=0 and status & STATUS_EOF == 0
             return 0
         if @(cx16.r12)==0 {
             cx16.r12--
@@ -973,6 +986,7 @@ io_error:
     sub exists(str filename) -> bool {
         ; -- returns true if the given file exists on the disk, otherwise false
         ;    DON'T use this if you already have a file open with f_open!
+        ;    NOTE: doesn't clear the dos error status and message, you'll have to read/clear that yourself (with status() for example)
         if f_open(filename) {
             f_close()
             return true

compiler/res/prog8lib/cx16/gfx_hires.p8

@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ gfx_hires {
                 inc  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
                 bne  ++
                 inc  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
-+                       bne  +
++               bne  +
                 inc  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
-+                       inx                     ; next pixel
++               inx                     ; next pixel
             }}
         }
     }

compiler/res/prog8lib/cx16/monogfx.p8

@@ -22,18 +22,23 @@ monogfx {
     const ubyte MODE_STIPPLE = %00000001
     const ubyte MODE_INVERT  = %00000010
 
+    uword buffer_visible, buffer_back
+
+
     sub lores() {
         ; enable 320*240 bitmap mode
+        buffer_visible = buffer_back = $0000
         cx16.VERA_CTRL=0
         cx16.VERA_DC_VIDEO = (cx16.VERA_DC_VIDEO & %11001111) | %00100000      ; enable only layer 1
         cx16.VERA_DC_HSCALE = 64
         cx16.VERA_DC_VSCALE = 64
         cx16.VERA_L1_CONFIG = %00000100
         cx16.VERA_L1_MAPBASE = 0
-        cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE = 0
+        cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE = 0           ; lores
         width = 320
         height = 240
         lores_mode = true
+        buffer_visible = buffer_back = $0000
         mode = MODE_NORMAL
         clear_screen(false)
     }
@@ -46,14 +51,40 @@ monogfx {
         cx16.VERA_DC_VSCALE = 128
         cx16.VERA_L1_CONFIG = %00000100
         cx16.VERA_L1_MAPBASE = 0
-        cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE = %00000001
+        cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE = %00000001       ; hires
         width = 640
         height = 480
         lores_mode = false
+        buffer_visible = buffer_back = $0000
         mode = MODE_NORMAL
         clear_screen(false)
     }
 
+    sub enable_doublebuffer() {
+        ; enable double buffering mode
+        if lores_mode {
+            buffer_visible = $0000
+            buffer_back = $2800
+        } else {
+            buffer_visible = $0000
+            buffer_back = $9800
+        }
+    }
+
+    sub swap_buffers(bool wait_for_vsync) {
+        ; flip the buffers: make the back buffer visible and the other one now the backbuffer.
+        ; to avoid any screen tearing it is advised to call this during the vertical blank (pass true)
+        if wait_for_vsync
+            sys.waitvsync()
+        cx16.r0 = buffer_back
+        buffer_back = buffer_visible
+        buffer_visible = cx16.r0
+        cx16.VERA_CTRL = 0
+        cx16.r0 &= %1111110000000000
+        cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE = cx16.VERA_L1_TILEBASE & 1 | (cx16.r0H >>1 )
+    }
+
+
     sub textmode() {
         ; back to normal text mode
         cx16.r15L = cx16.VERA_DC_VIDEO & %00000111 ; retain chroma + output mode
@@ -559,6 +590,7 @@ drawmode:               ora  cx16.r15L
     sub disc(uword @zp xcenter, uword @zp ycenter, ubyte @zp radius, bool draw) {
         ; Warning: NO BOUNDS CHECKS. Make sure circle fits in the screen.
         ; Midpoint algorithm, filled
+        ; Note: has problems with INVERT draw mode because of horizontal span overdrawing. Horizontal lines may occur.
         if radius==0
             return
         ubyte @zp yy = 0
@@ -597,6 +629,7 @@ drawmode:               ora  cx16.r15L
     sub safe_disc(uword @zp xcenter, uword @zp ycenter, ubyte @zp radius, bool draw) {
         ; Does bounds checking and clipping.
         ; Midpoint algorithm, filled
+        ; Note: has problems with INVERT draw mode because of horizontal span overdrawing. Horizontal lines may occur.
         if radius==0
             return
         ubyte @zp yy = 0
@@ -672,8 +705,7 @@ nostipple:
 invert:
         prepare()
         %asm {{
-            lda  cx16.VERA_DATA0
+            eor  cx16.VERA_DATA0
-            eor  p8v_maskbits,y
             sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
         }}
         return
@@ -696,7 +728,7 @@ invert:
                     adc  p8v_times40_lsb,y
                     sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
                     lda  p8v_times40_msb,y
-                    adc  #0
+                    adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
                     sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
 
                     lda  p8v_xx
@@ -708,18 +740,29 @@ invert:
                 ; width=640 (hires)
                 %asm {{
                     stz  cx16.VERA_CTRL
-                    stz  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
                     lda  p8v_xx
                     and  #7
                     pha     ; xbits
+
+                    ; xx /= 8
+                    lsr  p8v_xx+1
+                    ror  p8v_xx
+                    lsr  p8v_xx+1
+                    ror  p8v_xx
+                    lsr  p8v_xx
                 }}
-                xx /= 8
+                ;xx /= 8
                 xx += yy*(640/8)
                 %asm {{
-                    lda  p8v_xx+1
-                    sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
                     lda  p8v_xx
                     sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
+                    lda  p8v_xx+1
+                    clc
+                    adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
+                    sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
+                    lda  #0
+                    rol  a   ; hi bit carry also needed when double-buffering
+                    sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
                     plx     ; xbits
                     lda  p8v_maskbits,x
                 }}
@@ -761,11 +804,15 @@ invert:
 
         %asm {{
             stz  cx16.VERA_CTRL
-            stz  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
-            lda  p8v_xx+1
-            sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
             lda  p8v_xx
             sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
+            lda  p8v_xx+1
+            clc
+            adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
+            sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
+            lda  #0
+            rol  a   ; hi bit carry also needed when double-buffering
+            sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
             ply         ; xbits
             lda  p8s_plot.p8v_maskbits,y
             and  cx16.VERA_DATA0
@@ -848,8 +895,8 @@ skip:
         }
 
         sub fill_scanline_right() {
-             ; TODO maybe this could use vera auto increment, but that requires some clever masking calculations
+            ; TODO maybe this could use vera auto increment, but that requires some clever masking calculations
-             cx16.r9s = xx
+            cx16.r9s = xx
             while xx <= width-1 {
                 if pgetset()
                     break
@@ -884,11 +931,15 @@ skip:
 
             %asm {{
                 stz  cx16.VERA_CTRL
-                stz  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
-                lda  p8v_xpos+1
-                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
                 lda  p8v_xpos
                 sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
+                lda  p8v_xpos+1
+                clc
+                adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
+                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
+                lda  #0
+                rol  a   ; hi bit carry also needed when double-buffering
+                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
                 ply         ; xbits
                 lda  p8s_plot.p8v_maskbits,y
                 and  cx16.VERA_DATA0
@@ -935,12 +986,12 @@ _doplot         beq  +
                 ror  a
                 lsr  a
                 lsr  a
-                clc
                 ldy  p8v_yy
+                clc
                 adc  p8v_times40_lsb,y
                 sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
                 lda  p8v_times40_msb,y
-                adc  #0
+                adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
                 sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
                 lda  #%00010000     ; autoincr
                 sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
@@ -948,7 +999,33 @@ _doplot         beq  +
         }
         else {
             cx16.r0 = yy*(640/8)
-            cx16.vaddr(0, cx16.r0+(xx/8), 0, 1)
+            ;cx16.r0 += xx/8
+            %asm {{
+            	ldy  p8v_xx+1
+                lda  p8v_xx
+                sty  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1
+                lsr  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1
+                ror  a
+                lsr  P8ZP_SCRATCH_B1
+                ror  a
+                lsr  a
+                clc
+                adc  cx16.r0
+                sta  cx16.r0
+                bcc  +
+                inc  cx16.r0+1
++
+                stz  cx16.VERA_CTRL
+                lda  cx16.r0L
+                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_L
+                lda  cx16.r0H
+                clc
+                adc  p8v_buffer_back+1
+                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_M
+                lda  #%00001000     ; autoincr (1 bit shifted)
+                rol  a              ; hi bit carry also needed when double-buffering
+                sta  cx16.VERA_ADDR_H
+            }}
         }
         return
     }
@@ -1116,15 +1193,11 @@ cdraw_mod2              ora  cx16.VERA_DATA1
             cmp  #0
             beq  +
             lda  #255
-+           ldy  #80
++           ldy  #40
--           sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
+-
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
+            .rept  16
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
-            sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
             sta  cx16.VERA_DATA0
+            .endrept
             dey
             bne  -
             rts

compiler/res/prog8lib/cx16/palette.p8

@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ palette {
 
     sub set_default16() {
         ; set first 16 colors to the defaults on the X16
+        ; (doesn't use the rom table so this works on roms older than 49 as well)
         uword[] @nosplit colors = [
             $000,   ; 0 = black
             $fff,   ; 1 = white
@@ -277,4 +278,12 @@ palette {
         ]
         set_rgb_nosplit(colors, len(colors), 0)
     }
+
+    ; set the full 256 colors in the palette back to its default values on the X16
+    ; NOTE: this routine requires rom version 49+
+    alias set_default = cx16.set_default_palette
+
+    ; get the bank and address of the word-array containing the 256 default palette colors
+    ; NOTE: this routine requires rom version 49+
+    alias get_default = cx16.get_default_palette
 }