Added current help source files

This commit is contained in:
tomch 2006-07-08 15:41:03 +00:00
parent bc1a10e102
commit ac89d99bfd
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[OPTIONS]
Binary Index=No
Compatibility=1.1 or later
Compiled file=AppleWin.chm
Contents file=Table of Contents.hhc
Default Font=Arial,10,0
Default topic=toc.html
Display compile progress=No
Full-text search=Yes
Language=0x409 English (United States)
Title=Apple //e Emulator for Windows
[INFOTYPES]

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft&reg; HTML Help Workshop 4.1">
<!-- Sitemap 1.0 -->
</HEAD><BODY>
<OBJECT type="text/site properties">
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<UL>
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<param name="Name" value="Acknowledgements">
<param name="Local" value="Acknowledgements.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
<param name="Name" value="Quick Start">
<param name="Local" value="quickstart.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
<param name="Name" value="Historical Information">
<param name="Local" value="history.html">
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<param name="Name" value="Introduction to Disk Images">
<param name="Local" value="ddi-intro.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
<param name="Name" value="Loading Disk Images">
<param name="Local" value="ddi-load.html">
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<param name="Name" value="Creating Disk Images">
<param name="Local" value="ddi-create.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
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<param name="Local" value="ddi-harddisk.html">
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<param name="Local" value="toolbar.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
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<param name="Local" value="keyboard.html">
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<param name="Name" value="Save-state Files">
<param name="Local" value="savestate.html">
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<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
<param name="Name" value="Video and Sound">
<param name="Local" value="videosound.html">
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Acknowledgements</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Acknowledgements</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>I would like to thank the following for their contributions:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">Thomas Stahl: TV emulation mode</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">Chris Foxwell: SSI263 phoneme samples</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">Robert Hoem: Harddisk card: source module &amp; f/w</p>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Configuration Settings</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Configuration Settings</h2>
<hr size="4"><img style="width: 344px; height: 460px; float: right;" src="img/config.png" alt="Configuration settings" hspace="5" vspace="5"><strong>Computer:</strong><br>
This describes the mode of emulation. &nbsp;You have the option of
emulating the predecessor of the Apple //e, the Apple ][+.
Besides running with a different Apple system ROM, some
differences are discussed below.<br>
<ul>
<li>Apple ][+ : 64K machine, no lower-case, no 80-column, 6502
CPU</li>
<li>Apple //e : 128K machine, lower-case, 80-column, 65C02 CPU</li>
</ul>
<strong>Video:</strong><br>
AppleWin can display Apple video in a variety of modes. The
display can also be run in a standard window or full-screen.
This option describes the type of video emulation to be
used for the emulator. Some differences might be
discussed below.<br>
<ul>
<li><strong>Monochrome :</strong>&nbsp;This
mode emulates a monochrome monitor. You can choose your monochrome
color from the <em>Monochrome Color</em> button described
below.</li>
<li><strong>Color (standard) :</strong>&nbsp;This
mode emulates a standard color monitor.</li>
<li><strong>Color (text optimized) :</strong>&nbsp;This
mode does a bit of image processing to make text more readable on the
hires screen.</li>
<li><strong>Color (TV emulation) :</strong>&nbsp;This
mode emulates how colors would bleed into one another on a
TV. On the hires screen, alternating horizontal lines of color
are bled together to form new colors like grey, purple, pink, yellow
and aquamarine. This effect was used in commercial games like Karateka
and many hires adventures (eg. Mindshadow).
</li>
</ul>
<strong>Serial Port:<br>
</strong>This option will remap the emulated Apple's serial port
to your PC's serial port.<br>
<br>
<strong>Monochrome Color:</strong><br>
This is the color to use when you choose a monochrome video mode.<br>
<br>
<strong>Emulation Speed Control:</strong><br>
This option let's you control the processor speed of the emulated
system. You may choose to use an authentic speed (matching
the speed of the original processor from the system) or you can underclock
or overclock the emulated processor speed from half-speed to as fast as
your PC can emulate.<br>
<br>
<strong>Benchmark Emulator:</strong><br>
This will run a benchmark test that will show how fast your PC can
emulate an Apple //e system with this emulator. &nbsp;In order to
run the benchmark, the emulated machine must be reset and you will lose any
unsaved work. You will be prompted before you continue this
action. The results given are:<br>
<ul>
<li>Pure Video FPS</li>
<li>Pure CPU MHz</li>
<li>Expected average video game performance (in FPS)</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Disk Settings</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Disk Settings</h2>
<hr size="4"><img style="width: 344px; height: 460px; float: right;" src="img/disk.png" alt="Disk settings" hspace="5" vspace="5">
<h3>Floppy Controller Settings:</h3>
<p><strong>Disk Access Speed:</strong><br>
Here you can choose the speed at which the system can access
an emulated floppy disk drive.
By default, you would want "Enhanced Speed" so that data can
be accessed as fast as possible. However, it is also possible that
certain programs might depend on the "Authentic Speed" to function
properly. This is the speed at which the real hardware
would&nbsp;access data from your drives.</p>
<p><strong>Select Disk 1/2:</strong><br>
These buttons allow you to select floppy disk images (.dsk files) to
'insert' into the
emulated floppy drives 1 and 2. &nbsp;This can also be done during emulation by <a href="toolbar.html">using the toolbar</a> or using the F3/F4 keys. Diskettes can be swapped by pressing F5 during emulation.</p>
<h3>Harddisk Controller Settings:</h3>
<p><strong>Enable harddisk in slot 7:</strong><br>
A harddisk interface card can be plugged in to slot-7 by checking this
box. You can connect two harddisks to this card by selecting .hdv files
on your PC. Each harddisk can have a maximum capacity of 32MB.
</p>
<p>On booting, the Apple will <span style="text-decoration: underline;">always</span> attempt to autoboot from slot-7
first. If the harddisk card is unplugged (not enabled)&nbsp;the Apple will then
attempt to boot from slot-6 (this has the Disk][ floppy interface card in it). To boot a
floppy disk with the harddisk card enabled, you can issue PR#6 from an AppleSoft
prompt.</p>
<p>You can download sample .hdv images from Asimov (eg. <a href="ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/" target="_blank">ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/images/utility/misc/hardpc.zip</a>).</p>
<p><strong>Select HDD1/HDD2:</strong><br>
These buttons allow you to select harddisk images (.hdv files) to
connect to the emulated hard drive controller.</p>
<strong>Harddisk warnings:</strong>
<ul>
<li>Unchecking <em>enable
harddisk in slot 7</em> while the emulator is running would be
like physically unplugging the harddisk card on an Apple that is
powered on.
This can lead to a corrupt .hdv image if the Apple is writing to the
harddisk when it is unplugged! </li>
<li>Also, exiting AppleWin while writing to the harddisk can
have the same effect. </li>
<li>The harddisk state is currently <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> saved
in the save-state
image. </li>
<li>Copy][+ v7.1 locks up when trying to calculate how many
free blocks are available when running a catalog. This is a bug in
Copy][+ which is fixed in later versions.</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Input Settings</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Input Settings</h2>
<hr size="4"><img style="width: 344px; height: 460px; float: right;" src="img/input.png" alt="Input settings" hspace="5" vspace="5">
<strong>Joystick Control:</strong><br>
These options allow you to configure up to two joysticks attached to
the emulated Apple //e system.<br>
<ul>
<li>Joystick 1/2: Choose the emulation method for joysticks 1 and 2.</li>
<li>X/Y-trim: &nbsp;These controls&nbsp;add a trim value to the
joystick X/Y offsets when the joystick is centered. Normally central
position is X=127, Y=127 so this adds the trim value for PC joysticks
&amp; keyboard (centering). If you are using an analog PC joystick,
then you should leave these values at 0.</li>
</ul>
<strong>Paste from clipboard:</strong><br>
Pressing this button will allow you to paste text from the
Windows' clipboard into the emulated Apple //e.<br>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Save State Settings</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Save State Settings</h2>
<hr size="4"><img style="width: 344px; height: 460px; float: right;" src="img/savestate.png" alt="Save State settings" hspace="5" vspace="5">
<p><strong>Save State File Name:</strong><br>
This is the file name to use for save-state files. The default
directory is the same as where your AppleWin.exe program is stored.</p>
<p><strong>Save State on Exit:</strong><br>
Checking this box will automatically save the current state of the
emulator upon exit. &nbsp;The state will be saved to the file
specified above (SaveState.aws by default).</p>
<p><strong>Save State:</strong><br>
Press this button to save the current state of the emulator to the file
specified. &nbsp;You can also save the system state during
emulation by pressing the F11 key.</p>
<p><strong>Load State:</strong><br>
Press this button to load the specified state file into
the emulator. &nbsp;You can also load the system state during
emulation by pressing the F12 key.</p>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Sound Settings</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Sound Settings</h2>
<hr size="4"><img style="width: 344px; height: 460px; float: right;" src="img/sound.png" alt="Sound settings" hspace="5" vspace="5"><strong>Sound:</strong><br>
This option allows you to choose how sound is output for the
system.&nbsp;Your choices are:<br>
<ul>
<li>Disabled</li>
<li>PC Speaker (direct)</li>
<li>PC Speaker (translated)</li>
<li>Sound Card (recommended)</li>
</ul>
<strong>Volume Control:</strong><br>
These slider controls allow you to control the sound
levels of the built-in Apple //e speaker and/or an optional
Mockingboard
or Phasor speaker.<br>
<br>
<strong>Mockingboard/Phasor Control:</strong><br>
These options allow you to either enable a pair of Mockingboard sound
cards in slots 4 and
5, or enable a Phasor sound card in slot 4, or simply disable any
external
sound card for the emulated system.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
</span>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>AppleWin Configuration</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">AppleWin Configuration</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Select one of the following topics: </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="cfg-config.html">Configuration
Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="cfg-input.html">Input Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="cfg-sound.html">Sound Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="cfg-savestate.html">Save-State Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="cfg-disk.html">Disk/Drive Settings</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Contacting the Author</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2><font color="#008000">Contacting
the Author</font></h2>
<hr size="4"><br>
To contact the author of this program, email:<br>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="mailto:tomcharlesworth@blueyonder.co.uk">Tom
Charlesworth (tomcharlesworth@blueyonder.co.uk)</a></div>
<br>
<br>
To contact the author of this help file, email:
<br>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="mailto:brian_broker@yahoo.com">Brian Broker
(brian_broker@yahoo.com)</a></div>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Debugger Commands</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Debugger Commands</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Select a command:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50px;"><a href="dbg-commands.html#BC">BC</a></td>
<td>Breakpoint Clear </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#BD">BD</a></td>
<td>Breakpoint Disable </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#BE">BE</a></td>
<td>Breakpoint Enable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#BP">BP</a></td>
<td>Breakpoint Set </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#BW">BW</a></td>
<td>Black and White</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#COL">COL</a></td>
<td>Color</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#G">G</a></td>
<td>Go</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#I">I</a></td>
<td>Input </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#KEY">KEY</a></td>
<td>Feed Keystroke</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#MD">MD</a></td>
<td>Memory Dump</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#MDC">MDC</a></td>
<td>Code Dump</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#ME">ME</a></td>
<td>Memory Enter </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#MF">MF</a></td>
<td>Memory Fill </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#O">O</a></td>
<td>Output </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#R">R</a></td>
<td>Set Register</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#RF">Rf</a></td>
<td>Reset Flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#SF">Sf</a></td>
<td>Set Flag </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#T">T</a></td>
<td>Trace</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dbg-commands.html#ZAP">ZAP</a></td>
<td>Remove Instruction</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>The Debugger Screen</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">The
Debugger Screen</h2>
<hr size="4">
<table border="3" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img style="border: 0px solid ; width: 559px; height: 383px;" alt="The debugger screen" src="img/dbgscreen.gif"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Debugger Commands</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2><font color="#008000" face="Arial">Debugger
Commands</font></h2>
<hr size="4">
<h3><a name="BC"></a> <u>Breakpoint
Clear</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">BC <i>list</i></font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BC *</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Permanently removes one or
more breakpoints by number, or all breakpoints if the wildcard (*) is
used.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To remove breakpoints one
and two, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BC 1 2</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="BD"></a> <u>Breakpoint
Disable</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">BD <i>list</i></font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BD *</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Temporarily disables one or
more breakpoints by number, or all breakpoints if the wildcard (*) is
used.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To temporarily disable
breakpoints one and two, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BD 1 2</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="BE"></a> <u>Breakpoint
Enable</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">BE <i>list</i></font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BE *</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Enables one or more
breakpoints which had previously been disabled with the Breakpoint
Disable (BD) command.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Examples:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To enable breakpoints one
and two, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BE 1 2</font></p>
<p> To enable all breakpoints,
type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BE *</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="BP"></a> <u>Breakpoint
Set</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP</font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP <i>address</i></font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP <i>address</i>L<i>length</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Sets a breakpoint on the
given address or range of addresses. If the breakpoint is on a memory
location, it will be triggered if the instruction at that location is
about to be executed, or if the memory location is read or written to.
If the breakpoint is on an I/O port, it will be triggered if the port
is accessed.</p>
<p> After setting a breakpoint,
use the Go (G) command to start running the emulator in stepping mode.
Breakpoint functionality is available only in stepping mode, not in
normal running mode.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Examples:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To set a breakpoint at the
current execution address (the address contained in the PC register)
type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP</font></p>
<p> To set a breakpoint at
address $BF00, the ProDOS Machine Language Interface, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP BF00</font></p>
<p> To set a breakpoint on I/O
ports $C0E0-$C0EF, trapping all disk I/O on slot 6, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">BP C0E0L10</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="BW"></a> <u>Black
and White</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">BW</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Changes the debugger screen
to black and white mode.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="COL"></a> <u>Color</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">COL</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Changes the debugger screen
to color mode.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="G"></a> <u>Go</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">G</font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">G <i>address</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Starts running the emulator
in stepping mode. Stepping mode is slower than the normal running mode,
but it allows execution to be interrupted by a triggered breakpoint,
the escape key, or execution reaching the address given in the Go
command.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To continue execution until
the program counter reaches $C27D, the address of WAITKEY1,
type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">G C27D</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="I"></a> <u>Input</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">I <i>address</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Simulates reading the
specified I/O port.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To simulate a read of port
$C083, switching the banked memory at $D000 from ROM to RAM,
type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">I C083</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="KEY"></a> <u>Feed
Keystroke</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">KEY <i>value</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Simulates pressing a key.
The given value is passed to the next program that reads the keyboard
data port at $C00X.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To simulate pressing the
Return key, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">KEY 8D</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="MD"></a> <u>Memory
Dump</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">MD <i>address</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Displays the contents of
memory starting at the specified address, in hexadecimal
notation.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To display memory at $BF00,
type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">MD BF00</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="MDC"></a> <u>Code
Dump</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">MDC <i>address</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Displays disassembled code
starting at the specified address.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To display code starting at
$F832, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">MDC F832</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="ME"></a> <u>Memory
Enter</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">ME <i>address
value(s)</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Writes the given values to
memory locations starting at the specified address.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To write $A9 to memory
location $FBE4 and $0A to memory location $FBE5, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">ME FBE4 A9 0A</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="MF"></a> <u>Memory
Fill</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">MF <i>address</i>L<i>length
value</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Fills a range of memory
locations with the given value.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To fill memory locations
$FBE4 through $FBEE with the value $EA, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">MF FBE4L0B EA</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="O"></a> <u>Output</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">O <i>address
value</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Writes the specified value
to the given I/O port. If value is not specified, a value of zero is
assumed.&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To write $FF to I/O port
$C070, type:&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">O C070 FF</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="R"></a> <u>Set
Register</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">R <i>register=value</i></font></p>
<p> where <i>register</i>
is:</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50"> A</td>
<td> Accumulator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> X</td>
<td> X index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Y</td>
<td> Y index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> PC</td>
<td> Program counter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> SP</td>
<td> Stack pointer</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Sets the specified register
in the emulated CPU to the given value. The value is adjusted if
necessary to fit the valid range of values for the specified register.</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Examples:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To set the value in the
accumulator to $80, type:</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">R A=80</font></p>
<p> To set the program counter
to $FA62, type:</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">R PC=FA62</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="RF"></a> <u>Reset
Flag</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">Rf</font></p>
<p> where f is:</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50"> N</td>
<td> Sign flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> V</td>
<td> Overflow flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> R</td>
<td> Reserved flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> B</td>
<td> Break flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> D</td>
<td> Decimal flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> I</td>
<td> Interrupt flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Z</td>
<td> Zero flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> C</td>
<td> Carry flag</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Clears the specified
processor status flag.</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To clear the carry flag,
type:</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">RC</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="SF"></a> <u>Set
Flag</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">Sf</font></p>
<p> where f is:</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50"> N</td>
<td> Sign flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> V</td>
<td> Overflow flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> R</td>
<td> Reserved flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> B</td>
<td> Break flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> D</td>
<td> Decimal flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> I</td>
<td> Interrupt flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Z</td>
<td> Zero flag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> C</td>
<td> Carry flag</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Sets the specified processor
status flag.</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To set the decimal flag,
type:</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">SD</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="T"></a> <u>Trace</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">T</font></p>
<p><font face="Courier New">T <i>count</i></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Executes one or more
instructions at the current program counter (PC) location.</p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Example:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> To execute five assembly
language instructions, type:</p>
<p><font face="Courier New">T 5</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3><a name="ZAP"></a> <u>Remove
Instruction</u></h3>
<p> <b>Syntax:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier New">ZAP</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p> <b>Description:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p> Removes the current
instruction (the instruction to which PC points) by replacing it with
one or more NOP instructions.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Copy Protected Disks</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2><font color="#008000">Copy Protected Disks</font></h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>The process of transferring disk images is complicated by the fact
that much of the software published for the Apple II was copy protected.</p>
<p>Software publishers have
always looked for
ways to prevent people from making unauthorized copies of their
software. Today, when you buy a game, it might ask you for a word
from a random page of the manual, to ensure that you have
purchased the game (complete with manual) and not just copied the
disk. Back in the days of the Apple II, publishers were much more
direct: they simply tried to make it physically impossible to
copy the disk. </p>
<p>Unlike the PC, the Apple II
had to perform
much of its disk encoding in software. If programmers wanted to
get tricky, they could bypass the operating system and do their
own encoding, possibly changing the size of the sectors on the
disk or the way in which the sectors were identified or stored.
This prevented standard operating systems like DOS, along with
their standard copying utilities, from accessing the disk. </p>
<p>However, programs which were
copy protected
in this manner could still be copied with more sophisticated
"nibble copiers", which copied each track on the disk
bit for bit, rather than copying a sector at a time. Similarly,
to get a program like this to run under AppleWin, all you need to
do is make a nibble image of the disk. </p>
<p>After nibble copiers became
prevalent on
the Apple, some software publishers developed tricky new ways of
creating disks that even nibble copiers could not copy. It is
unlikely that such a disk could be successfully transferred into
a disk image. </p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Creating Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2><font color="#008000">Creating
Disk Images</font></h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>To create a new disk image,
all you have to do is tell AppleWin to use an image file which doesn't
already exist and the emulator will automatically create a new image
file.&nbsp; Specifying a new disk image is like inserting a blank,
unformatted floppy disk into a real drive.&nbsp; This means that
the image must be formatted by emulator before it can be used.
Specifically, this is what you'd do using DOS 3.3:</p>
<ol>
<li>Load a master DOS 3.3 disk
image in drive 1 and boot the emulated Apple. </li>
<li>Click on the Drive 1
toolbar button. </li>
<li>Instead of selecting a disk
image from the list, type in a name for a new disk image and press
enter. </li>
<li>Type in a program that you
want DOS to run whenever this new disk is booted. A simple but useful
program is:<br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">10
PRINT
CHR$(4);"CATALOG"</span><font face="Courier New"><br>
</font><br>
</li>
<li>Type <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">"INIT
HELLO"</span> to initialize (format) the disk image. </li>
</ol>
<p>You now have a working disk
image, which you can use to save documents or other information. If you
want to fill this image with data from a real floppy disk that you
have, then you need to "transfer" the disk's data. See the <a href="ddi-transfer.html">Transferring
Disk Images</a> topic for more information. </p>
<p>Please note that not all disk image types supported by
AppleWin can be created in this manner.&nbsp; Since there is no way
to detect the image type from the image itself, it is determined by the
given file extension only. Three extensions are allowed: (.DSK, .DO,
.NIB). The first two create a "DOS Order Image" and then latter creates
a "Nibble Image".&nbsp; If the extension is completely omitted,
".DSK" will be chosen by default.&nbsp; For more information, see <a href="ddi-formats.html">Disk Image Formats</a>.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Disk Image Formats</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2><font color="#008000" face="Arial">Disk
Image Formats</font></h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Disk images can be in a number
of different
formats, depending on how they were created.</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">DOS Order Images:</p>
<p>DOS order disk images contain the data from
each sector, stored in the same order that DOS 3.3 numbers
sectors. If you run a DOS program on the Apple which reads in
sectors one by one and then transfers them over a serial line to
the PC, you will get a DOS order disk image. </p>
<p>Apple floppy disks contained 35 tracks with
16 sectors per track, for a total of 560 sectors. Each of these
sectors contained 256 bytes of information, for a total of
143,360 bytes per disk. Therefore, DOS order disk images are
always at least 143,360 bytes long. Sometimes on the Internet you
will see a disk image that is 143,488 or 143,616 bytes long; this
is probably a DOS order image with extra header information
before or after the image. In most cases, AppleWin can
automatically detect this and handle it. </p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">ProDOS Order
Images: </p>
<p>ProDOS order disk images are very similar
to DOS order images, except that they contain the sectors in the
order that ProDOS numbers them. If you compress a disk with
Shrinkit on an Apple, then transfer it over a modem and
uncompress it on the PC, you will get a ProDOS order disk image. </p>
<p>Since ProDOS order disk images contain the
same information as DOS order disk images, simply in a different
order, they are also about 143,360 bytes long. When you use a
disk image of this size, AppleWin attempts to automatically
detect whether it is in DOS order or ProDOS order by examining
the contents of the disk. If the disk was formatted with a
standard operating system such as DOS or ProDOS, AppleWin will
successfully detect the format. Otherwise, it will revert to DOS
order, which is by far the most common format. To force ProDOS
order, give the file an extension of ".PO". </p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Nibble Images :</p>
<p>Nibble images contain all of the data on a
disk; not just the data in sectors but also the sector headers
and synchronization areas, all stored in the same encoded format
that would be recorded on a real disk's surface. At 232,960
bytes, nibble images are bigger than other images, but they can
be useful for making images of copy protected software. </p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Transferring Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Harddisk
Images</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Overview:</p>
<p>A harddisk interface card can
be plugged in to slot-7 via
the AppleWin Configuration tab labelled Disk. Just
check enable
harddisk in slot 7.</p>
<p>There is provision to connect
two harddisks to this card.
This is done by using .hdv files on your PC. Each harddisk can have a
maximum
capacity of 32MB.</p>
<p>On booting, the Apple will <span style="text-decoration: underline;">always</span>
attempt to
autoboot from slot-7 first. If the harddisk card is unplugged (not
enabled) then
the Apple will then attempt to boot from slot-6 (with the Disk][
interface card
in it). To boot a floppy disk with the harddisk card enabled, you can
issue PR#6
from an AppleSoft prompt.</p>
<p>You can download sample .hdv
images from Asimov (eg. <a target="_blank" href="ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/">ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/images/utility/misc/hardpc.zip</a>).</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Warnings:</p>
<ul>
<li>Unchecking <span style="font-style: italic;">enable
harddisk in slot 7</span> whilst the Apple is running will
physically unplugging the harddisk card. This can lead to a corrupt
.hdv image if the Apple is writing to the harddisk when it is unplugged!</li>
<li>Equally, exiting AppleWin
can have the same affect.</li>
<li>The harddisk state is not
currently saved in the save-state image.</li>
<li>Copy][+ v7.1 locks up when
trying to calculate how many free blocks are available when running a
catalog. This is a bug in Copy][+ which is fixed in later versions.</li>
</ul>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Introduction to Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Introduction
to Disk
Images</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Everyone who once used an
Apple II and now
uses an IBM-compatible PC has the same problem:&nbsp; How can you
make
the PC read Apple floppy disks? Unfortunately, without special
hardware, you can't. </p>
<p>Floppy disks are analog
devices, much like
cassette tapes. For a computer to store digital data on a floppy
disk, it must "encode" the data into an analog format.
The Apple II used a method of encoding called Group Code
Recording (GCR), while IBM-compatible PC's use the much more
standard Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) encoding. Since this
is all done in hardware and cannot be bypassed, it is not
possible for a PC program to "reprogram" the floppy
drive in such a way that it could read Apple-formatted floppy diskettes. </p>
<p>Therefore, instead of reading
and writing
disks directly, AppleWin uses disk images. A disk image is a
single file, which you can store on your hard drive or on a PC
floppy diskette, which contains all of the data from an entire Apple
diskette. AppleWin treats an image exactly as if it were a real
floppy disk. </p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Loading Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Loading
Disk Images</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>AppleWin registers the
following file types as "Disk
Images": *.bin, *.do, *.dsk, *.nib, and *.po.&nbsp; Double-clicking
a disk image in the Windows Explorer will automatically load and boot
the disk.
While older versions of
AppleWin started a new
instance of the emulator for every disk started in this manner, current
versions
of the emulator will simply replace the current disk if there is an
instance of
the emulator already running.</p>
<p>You may also drag and drop a
disk image from an Explorer
window to the AppleWin emulator window to load and boot the
disk.&nbsp; Dropping the image exactly on one of the drive buttons
will insert
it only into this drive
without booting.&nbsp; For
example: drop "Pascal1.dsk" to drive 1 and "Pascal2.dsk" to
drive 2, then click the the Run button to bring up UCSD Pascal.</p>
<p>AppleWin now allows you to
open a disk as read-only.&nbsp;
To do this, click the checkbox for "Open as Read Only" in the Select
Disk Image dialog.&nbsp; This works like the physical
write-protection mechanism on a real Apple //e floppy disk.</p>
<p>If a Disk Image name is to
long to read in the Toolbar,
simply pause the mouse cursor over a drive button to get a
tool-tip with the full name.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Transferring Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Transferring
Disk Images</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Serial Line
Transfers:</p>
<p>The most common method of
transferring disk
images is through a serial line. To do this, you must connect
your Apple to your PC with a serial line and null modem, then run
one program on the Apple which reads data off the disk and sends
it out over the serial line, and another program on the PC which
collects data from the serial line and saves it to a disk image
file. This system can be difficult to set up initially, but once
it is working it is very fast and convenient.</p>
<p>There are a number of files on
<a target="_blank" href="ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/">ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/</a>
which contain programs and tips to help you transfer disks in
this manner. One noteworthy program is Apple Disk Transfer
(adt120.zip), which can simplify the setup process by
automatically installing itself on your Apple through a serial
line.</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Modem Transfers:</p>
<p>If you have a modem and
terminal program on
both your Apple and PC, you can take advantage of that to
transfer disks with very little initial setup. Here's what you
do:</p>
<ol>
<li>Run ShrinkIt! on the Apple
to compress a disk image into a single archive file.</li>
<li>Transfer that file over the
modem to your PC.</li>
<li>Run Nulib on the PC to
uncompress the archive file. Nulib is available from
<a target="_blank" href="ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/">ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/</a>.</li>
</ol>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Transferring
Through 3.5"
Disks:</p>
<p>One final way to transfer disk
images is to
copy the data onto a 3.5" disk, and then use a Macintosh to
transfer the data from the 3.5" disk into a PC readable
format. The advantage of this method is that it does not require
a serial card or modem. However, it does involve a number of
steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Run dsk2file on an Apple
IIgs. This will read an entire 5 1/4" disk and save it as a single file
on a 3.5" ProDOS disk.</li>
<li>Take the 3.5" disk to a
Macintosh and copy the file using Apple File Exchange or the ProDOS
File System Extension.</li>
<li>Format a high density 3.5"
disk on a PC.</li>
<li>Take this 3.5" disk to the
Macintosh and write the image file to it using Apple File Exchange or
PC Exchange.</li>
</ol>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Using the Debugger</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Using
the Debugger</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>AppleWin includes a complete
symbolic
debugger which you can use to examine the internal workings of
Apple programs. If you're interested in writing Apple II assembly
language programs or modifying existing ones, you'll find the
debugger to be an invaluable aid.</p>
<p>For more information, select
one of the
following topics:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="db-screen.html">The
Debugger Screen</a></li>
<li><a href="db-cmds.html">Debugger
Commands</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Disks and Disk Images</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Disks
and Disk Images</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Select one of the following
topics: </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="ddi-intro.html">Introduction
to Disk Images</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-load.html">Loading
Disk Images</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-create.html">Creating
Disk Images</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-transfer.html">Transferring Disk
Images</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-copy.html">Copy
Protected Disks</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-formats.html">Disk
Image Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="ddi-harddisk.html">Harddisk images</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Internet FTP Sites</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Internet
FTP Sites</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Before transferring a program
or disk image through FTP, make sure to configure your FTP client for
binary transfer mode. With most FTP clients you can do this by simply
typing the word "binary".</p>
<p>
<a style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank" href="ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/">ftp://public.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/</a><br>
This site is the largest Apple
II emulation site, and the official release point for new
versions of AppleWin. Under the /pub/apple_II directory, you will
find disk images, utilities for making your own disk images, and
Apple emulators for other computers and operating systems.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Historical Information</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Historical
Information</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>The Apple II holds a unique
position in the
history of computing. It was the first truly general purpose
personal computer, and the first widely successful one. The Apple
II took the personal computer revolution from the garages of hard
core hobbyists and brought it into business and into millions of
homes around the country.</p>
<p>It was developed largely by
one man, Steve
Wozniak. He designed the system board, employing a number of
tricks which made it easier to build but harder to program. He
created a floppy drive interface, a hugely important feature at
that time, during a marathon two week session in December 1977.
He programmed the Apple ROM's and even wrote the first BASIC
interpreter for the Apple. </p>
<p>From the start, the Apple II
was a major
success, fueling the PC revolution and launching Apple Computer
Corporation as a major force in the computer industry. By 1980,
Apple Computer's yearly revenues already exceeded 100 million
dollars. In December of that year, the company went public,
making co-founders Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs each
multi-millionaires. </p>
<p>Although the Apple II had
originally been
designed for hobbyists and home users, about 90% of them were
being sold to small businesses. Apple therefore decided that the
successor to the Apple II, the Apple III, should be a serious
business computer. When it was released in 1980, it featured more
memory, an advanced new operating system, and support for
80-column text and lowercase characters. </p>
<blockquote style="font-style: italic;">
<p>When we came out
with the Apple III, the engineering staff canceled every Apple II
engineering program that was ongoing, in expectation of the Apple III's
success. Every single one was canceled. We really perceived that the
Apple II would not last six months.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="font-style: italic;">
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">-- Steve Wozniak
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>However, the Apple III was
late and
suffered from poor backwards compatibility and a nearly 100%
hardware failure rate. Although Apple eventually addressed these
issues, they were not able overcome the Apple III's bad
reputation. Apple III sales remained poor, while sales of the
older Apple II continued to climb. </p>
<p>In 1983, Apple finally
returned its
attention to the Apple II series, introducing the Apple IIe. The
IIe borrowed some features from the failed Apple III, including
80-column text and lowercase support. However, it was at its
heart an Apple II, and retained very strong compatibility with
the existing base of Apple II software. The Apple IIe was
extremely successful, soon selling at twice the volume of its
predecessor. </p>
<p>In 1984, Apple released their
first
portable computer, the Apple IIc. The IIc was very similar to the
IIe, but came in a compact case that included the most popular
peripherals, such as a disk drive and serial card, built in. It
also included an enhanced CPU (the 65c02) and mouse support.
However, the public did not embrace the Apple IIc, partly because
it was not expandable like the IIe and partly because people
incorrectly equated the small size with a lack of power. </p>
<p>Because the Apple IIe
continued to be
Apple's best seller, Apple returned focus to it in 1985,
releasing the Enhanced IIe. This computer featured the same
enhanced CPU as the IIc, and also included improved support for
80-column text and lowercase characters. Then, in 1987, they
spruced it up with a new keyboard and some other minor hardware
changes. This final IIe, called the Extended Keyboard IIe or the
Platinum IIe, is the computer that AppleWin emulates. </p>
<p>In 1986, Apple released one
more Apple II,
the IIgs. Although this computer maintained backwards
compatibility with most II and IIe programs, it had a radically
new architecture and feature set. It was a 16-bit computer,
unlike the previous Apple II's which were all 8-bit. It featured
new graphics modes which could display thousands of different
colors on the screen at once. And it had an advanced new sound
chip that could play fifteen different sounds at once. However,
partly because it was poorly marketed and partly because the
world had turned its attention to the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh,
the IIgs never really took off. </p>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Using the Keyboard</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Using
the Keyboard</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>The Apple //e keyboard was
very similar to
the PC keyboard, and most keys correspond directly between the
two keyboards. However, there were a few keys on the Apple //e
that are not on the PC; these are described below:</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reset</span>:<br>
On the Apple //e, you could usually press Control+Reset to
interrupt a running program. With the Apple //e Emulator, you may
emulate this key sequence with <span style="font-style: italic;">Ctrl+Break</span>.
</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Open Apple:</span><br>
The Open Apple key was first introduced in the Apple
//e, and was later renamed to the Apple key. It was similar to <span style="font-style: italic;">Ctrl</span>
and <span style="font-style: italic;">Alt</span> on
a PC, in that it was used in
conjunction with
other keys. This key is emulated with the PC's left <span style="font-style: italic;">Alt</span>
key, which is in the same position as the Open Apple key on the
original //e. </p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solid Apple:</span><br>
The Solid Apple key was introduced on the Apple //e and later
renamed to the Option key. This key is emulated with the PC's
right <span style="font-style: italic;">Alt</span>
key, which is in the same position as
the
Solid Apple key on the original //e. </p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Numeric Keypad:</span><br>
The numeric keypad, introduced on the Extended Keyboard //e, is
emulated through the PC's numeric keypad. To enable this feature,
turn on <span style="font-style: italic;">Num Lock </span>and
make sure the joystick
emulation is
configured to use something other than the keyboard. </p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pause:</span><br>
Pressing the PC's <span style="font-style: italic;">Pause</span>
key will pause
emulation.
Press <span style="font-style: italic;">Pause</span>
again to resume emulation.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Scroll Lock:</span><br>
Holding down the PC's <span style="font-style: italic;">Scroll
Lock</span> key
temporarily
sets the emulation to full speed (i.e. unthrottled).<br>
NOTE:&nbsp; The status of the PC's <span style="font-style: italic;">Scroll Lock</span>
LED is
meaningless.&nbsp; The emulator will only run full-speed while
the <span style="font-style: italic;">Scroll Lock</span>
key is pressed down.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Function Keys
F1-F8:</span><br>
These PC function keys correspond to buttons on the <a href="toolbar.html">
toolbar</a>.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Function Key F9:</span><br>
This PC function key will cycle through AppleWin's display
modes:&nbsp; monochrome, color (normal), color (text optimized) and
color (TV emulation). This shortcut allows you to switch display modes
without going through the configuration dialog.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Function Key F10 (or
Ctrl+left mouse button):</span><br>
This PC function key will stop emulating an Apple joystick
with the PC's mouse.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Function Keys
F11-F12:</span><br>
These PC function keys correspond to saving/loading a <a href="savestate.html">save-state</a> file.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Internet Newsgroups</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Internet
Newsgroups</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">comp.emulators.apple2</span><br>
This newsgroup is an excellent source of information about Apple
II emulation, and the best place to post questions, requests, and
suggestions.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">comp.emulators.announce</span><br>
If you are only interested in hearing announcements of new
emulator products and new versions of AppleWin and other
emulators, you may want to subscribe to this newsgroup instead of
comp.emulators.apple2. This newsgroup is also a good place to
look for answers to frequently asked questions.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">comp.sys.apple2</span><br>
This newsgroup is for general discussion and questions about the
Apple II series of computers.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">comp.sys.apple2.programmer</span><br>
This newsgroup is a good source of information about programming
the Apple II series of computers. </p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Quick Start</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Quick
Start</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>AppleWin runs Apple II
programs from disk
images, which are single files that contain the contents of an
entire Apple floppy disk.</p>
<p>Starting an Apple program is a simple two step process: </p>
<ol>
<li>Click the Drive 1 button on
the toolbar and select a disk image file.</li>
<li>Click the Run button on the
toolbar to boot that disk.</li>
</ol>
<p>After booting, you may use the emulated
Apple exactly as you would use a real Apple.</p>
<p>Of course, using an Apple is not much fun
unless you have a library of Apple programs to run, so you'll
probably want to get some disk images right away. The easiest way
to do that is to download images from the Internet; see the <a href="resources.html">Resources</a> section for more
information. Or, if you want
to learn more about creating your own disk images, see the <a href="diskimages.html">Disks
and Disk Images</a> section. </p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Resources</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Resources</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p>Select one of the following
categories:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="newsgroups.html">Internet
Newsgroups</a></li>
<li><a href="ftp.html">Internet
FTP Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.html">Contacting
the Author</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Save-State Files</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Save-state
Files</h2>
<hr size="4">
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Overview:
</p>
<p>The complete<sub style="font-weight: bold;">1</sub>
Apple //e state can be saved to a
PC file at any time. This can be useful for continuity across AppleWin
sessions or to help with games that don't have a save option.</p>
<p>This is controlled by the AppleWin Configuration tab
labelled <em>Save State</em>.</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Details:</p>
<p>The entire Apple //e state is saved to a file (.aws). This
includes Disk][ (even during r/w operation) and Mockingboards.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">1</span>
Currently the harddisk state is not persisted
to the .aws file.</p>
<p>Note: Only the file names of the disk images are stored in
the .aws (not the full path). This allows you to move your disk image
around or distribute them. If AppleWin can't locate the disk image(s),
then it will prompt for the new location.</p>
<p>For the file format of the
.aws file, see the source file:
AW_Structs.h</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Configuration: Save
State:</p>
<p>From the <em>Save
State</em>
page:</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Save state file
name</span><br>
This is the current save state file which is used for all save state
operations.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Save state on
exit</span><br>
Checking this means the Apple's state is automatically saved when you
quit AppleWin. Additionally the Apple's state is automatically restored
from this file when you re-start AppleWin.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Save State / F11</span><br>
Save to a save-state file.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Load State / F12</span><br>
Load from a save-state file.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Table of Contents</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<img style="width: 278px; height: 18px;" alt="AppleWin Apple //e Emulator" src="img/title.gif">
<hr size="4"><br>
Copyright &copy; 1994-1996, Michael O'Brien<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001, Oliver Schmidt<br>
Copyright &copy; 2002-2005, Tom Charlesworth
<br>
<br>
<a href="acknowledgements.html">Acknowledgements</a>
<br>
<br>
Select one of the following categories:
<ul>
<li><a href="quickstart.html">Quick Start</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">Historical Information</a></li>
<li><a href="diskimages.html">Disks and Disk Images</a></li>
<li><a href="toolbar.html">Using the Toolbar</a></li>
<li><a href="keyboard.html">Using the Keyboard</a></li>
<li><a href="debug.html">Using the Debugger</a></li>
<li><a href="resources.html">Resources</a></li>
</ul>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Using the ToolBar</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Using
the Toolbar</h2>
<hr size="4">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50"><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Help" src="img/tb-hlp.png"></td>
<td><strong>F1 --
Help:</strong><br>
Displays the help file that you are currently reading.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Run" src="img/tb-run.png"></td>
<td><strong>F2 --
Run/Reboot:</strong><br>
Starts the emulated machine if it is not currently running, or reboots
it if it is currently running.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Drive 1:" src="img/tb-drv1.png"></td>
<td><strong>F3 --
Drive 1:</strong><br>
Selects a disk image file for drive 1.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Drive 2:" src="img/tb-drv2.png"></td>
<td><strong>F4 --
Drive 2:</strong><br>
Selects a disk image file for drive 2.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Swap Disks" src="img/tb-drvswp.png"></td>
<td><strong>F5 --
Swap Disks:</strong><br>
Swap the disks in drives 1 and 2.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Toggle Window / Fullscreen" src="img/tb-fs.png"></td>
<td><strong>F6 --
Window/Full Screen:</strong><br>
Toggle between Windowed and Full Screen video mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Debug" src="img/tb-dbg.png"></td>
<td><strong>F7 --
Debug:</strong><br>
Displays the actual assembly language instructions that the emulated
machine is executing.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="width: 46px; height: 46px;" alt="Configure" src="img/tb-cfg.png"></td>
<td><strong>F8 --
Configure:</strong><br>
Allows you to customize the emulated machine, and the way the Apple's
input and output devices are mapped onto your PC's input and output
devices.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Quick Start</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana;" alink="#008000" link="#008000" vlink="#008000">
<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">Video
&amp; Sound</h2>
<hr size="4">
<h3>Video:</h3>
<p>AppleWin can display Apple
video in a variety of modes.
The display can also be run in a standard window or full-screen.</p>
<h4>Monochrome:</h4>
<p>This mode emulates a
monochrome monitor. You can choose
your monochrome color from AppleWin Configuration.</p>
<h4>Color (standard):</h4>
<p>This mode emulates a standard
color monitor.</p>
<h4>Color (text
optimized):</h4>
<p>This mode does a bit of image
processing to make text more
readable on the hires screen.</p>
<h4>Color (TV emulation):</h4>
<p>This mode emulates how colors
bleed into one another on a
TV.</p>
<p>On the hires screen,
alternating horizontal lines of color
are bled together to form new colors like grey, purple, pink, yellow
and
aquamarine. This effect was used in commercial games like Karateka and
many
hires adventures (eg. Mindshadow).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h3>Sound:</h3>
<p>AppleWin emulates both the
internal speaker (using the PC
speaker or sound card) and also the Mockingboard sound card (using a PC
sound
card).</p>
<p>Use the AppleWin Configuration
tab labelled <em>Sound</em>.</p>
<p>If you are using a sound card,
then use at least
DirectX-9.</p>
<h4>Speaker:</h4>
<p>You can select PC speaker or
sound card:</p>
<ul>
<li>PC speaker: This is not
recommended as the quality is poor. It is not usable on Windows 2000 or
XP.</li>
<li>Sound card: Recommended</li>
</ul>
<h4>Mockingboard:</h4>
<p>When the Mockingboards are
enabled, the cards are
physically plugged into slots 4 and 5 of the Apple //e.</p>
<p>Each Mockingboard is a type
'C': 2x AY8910 (3-channel
sound generator) &amp; 1x SSI263 (speech chip)<font face="Tahoma"><br>
</font>Each AY8910 is fully
emulated (tone, noise &amp;
envelope).<font face="Tahoma"><br>
</font>Each SY6522 (that controls
an AY8910) can generate
precise timer interrupts or phoneme-complete interrupts.<font face="Tahoma"><br>
</font>Emulation of the SSI263 is
basic at the moment and
only plays back phonemes at a fixed rate without any support for
inflection or
filters.</p>
<p>There are a number of games
and demos that support
Mockingboard, eg:</p>
<ul>
<li>Adventure Construction Set</li>
<li>Lady Tut (Mockingboard
version)</li>
<li>Mockingboard Software
(Sweet Micro Systems)</li>
<li>Music Construction Set</li>
<li>Night Flight</li>
<li>Popeye</li>
<li>Rescue Raiders v1.3
(Speech only)</li>
<li>Skyfox</li>
<li>Spy Strikes Back</li>
<li>Ultima III (Mockingboard
version)</li>
<li>Ultima IV</li>
<li>Ultima V</li>
<li>Willy Byte</li>
<li>Zaxxon (Mockingboard
version)</li>
</ul>
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