begin web site rewrite in markdown
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Christopher Mosher
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theme: jekyll-theme-slate
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# Configuration
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The Epple \]\[ Emulator is most useful when properly configured.
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After downloading and installing the Epple \]\[ Program, some System ROM (demo or real), and
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optionally the peripheral card ROMs you want to use, you will need to configure the program.
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Configuring is concerned primarily with telling the program what peripheral cards to use,
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and where the ROM files are located (and what memory addresses to load them at).
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## epple2.conf
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The default configuration file for
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the Epple \]\[ emulator is:
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/etc/epple2/epple2.conf
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For Windows, the file will be:
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C:\Program Files\Epple2\etc\epple2\epple2.conf
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The configuration file could be in a different location depending upon how
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the distribution package is built.
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You can specify a different configuration file for the emulator to use by
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specifying its name as the argument when running the epple2 program.
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The format of the configuration file is just lines of [commands](commands,.md).
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Comments begin with a hash `#` character, and continue to the end of the line.
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## Firmware
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Firmware, commonly called ROM images or ROMs, will need to be loaded
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into the emulated ROM areas of the emulated Apple
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in order for it to be able to boot the emulated Apple machine.
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The firmware available is described in this documentation.
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Once the firmware image files are installed on your computer, you can use the `import`
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command in the configuration file to load the image files into the emulator.
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## Peripheral Cards
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Another primary concern for configuring the Epple \]\[ is the insertion of
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peripheral cards into the Apple's slots. The most useful card is probably the
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Disk \]\[ Controller card; you will need to insert one of these cards if you want
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to be able to load floppy disk images into the emulated Apple. The various
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types of cards available are described in the cards section.
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You can use the `slot` command in the configuration file to insert
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them into the Apple's slots.
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## Sample Configuration Files
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There are a number of configuration files provided with the distribution for
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your convenience. They provide various common configurations of machines.
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You can use one of these files directly, by specifying its path as the argument
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to the program, or as a starting point for you own configuration file. These sample
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files are in the same location as the default +epple2.conf+ file.
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The Epple \]\[ Emulator can actually be run without a configuration file at all.
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In this case, you will be able to power on the Apple and see the low-resolution
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graphics display showing random RAM data. The system will not run, because
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there is no firmware loaded, but the emulator will otherwise be functional.
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# Epple \]\[
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The Emulated APPLE \]\[
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(by Chris Mosher).
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---
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[screenshots](screenshots.md)
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[configuration](configuration.md)
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---
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Epple \]\[ is an emulator of the original APPLE \]\[ and APPLE \]\[ PLUS
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computers from [Apple, Inc.](https://www.apple.com/) It
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runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux platforms.
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[](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0-standalone.html)
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Epple \]\[ is released under the
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[GPLv3](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0-standalone.html)
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license.
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It is written in C++ and is designed with cross-platform
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portability in mind. It uses the [SDL2](https://www.libsdl.org) graphics library.
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## Features
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* **Cycle-accurate** MOS 6502 CPU including *phantom reads*
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* **NTSC** video signal emulation: all video *quirks* emulated accurately
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* **Revision Zero** motherboard
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* **TV** and **monitor** emulation
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* **Floating data bus**, and video scanner
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* **Cards**: Disk \]\[, language, firmware, clock
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* **Logic State Sequencer** emulation (16 and 13 sector disks)
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* **WOZ 2** disk image format, supports all *copy-protected* disks
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* **Track arm** accurately writes *quarter-tracks*
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* **Paddles** (mouse emulates two paddles)
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* **Cassette** tape interface
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* **PR#1** writes to standard output
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* **Repeat** key
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* **POWER** light
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# Screenshots
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## DOS 3.3 System Master boot
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image::dos330boot.png[]
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Here we've configured an Apple \]\[ plus, with a disk
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controller in slot 6, and a language card in slot 0.
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We've booted the **DOS 3.3 System Master** disk. It correctly
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identifies the machine as an Apple \]\[ plus, and then
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loads Integer BASIC into the language card. You can switch
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between Applesoft and Integer BASIC by using the `FP` and
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`INT` commands.
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## DOS 3.1 System Master on Revision 0 motherboard
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image::dos310rev0.png[]
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Here we've configured an Apple \]\[ (Integer BASIC ROMs),
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with a Revision Zero motherboard, and a disk
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controller (with 13-sector ROMs) in slot 6. With a
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revision 0 motherboard, when the machine is powered-on,
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the CPU doesn't start actually running until you
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manually press the RESET button. Also, the old Monitor
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ROMs do not boot from the disk drives automatically;
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you need to type `C600G` to boot.
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We've booted the DOS 3.1 System Master disk and done a
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catalog of it. As you can see, with a revision 0 motherboard,
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the text is displayed in green and purple, which are also the
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only two Hi-Res colors. Later revisions
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of the motherboard added a *color burst killer* which is
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active during text mode, so the text would be strictly white.
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Two more Hi-Res colors, blue and orange, were also added in
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later revisions.
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## PRODOS 1.1.1 boot
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image::prodos.png[]
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Here we've configured an Apple \]\[ plus with language card
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and disk drive. We're booting a PRODOS 1.1.1 disk.
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## Bishop's Apple Split
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image::applesplit.png[]
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The October 1982 issue of [Softalk](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softalk)
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featured an article by Bob Bishop entitled
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[Have an Apple Split](http://rich12345.tripod.com/aiivideo/softalk.html), which describes
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in some detail the inner workings of the Apple \]\['s video processing. Listings 1 and 2 from that
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article show a short Applesoft program and assembly language subroutine that allow the Apple \]\[
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to have a screen split between text and graphics display. To achieve this on the EPPLE \]\[,
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copy the following text and paste it into the emulator (at the Applesoft `]` prompt). Since the
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EPPLE \]\[ accurately emulates the video scanning and timing of the original Apple \]\[s, this
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*split screen* technique works successfully.
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The rest of the behavior described in the article (the floating data bus) is also emulated
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faithfully by the EPPLE \]\[.
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``` basic
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CALL -151
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300:8D 52 C0 A9 E0 A2 04 CD 51 C0 D0 F9 CA D0 F8 A9
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310:A0 A2 04 CD 50 C0 D0 F9 CA D0 F8 8D 51 C0 60
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E000G
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100 HOME
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200 FOR K = 0 TO 39
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210 POKE 1448+K, 14*16
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220 POKE 2000+K, 10*16
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230 COLOR = K+4
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240 VLIN 24, 45 AT K
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250 NEXT K
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300 VTAB 6 : HTAB 17
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310 PRINT "APPLE II"
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400 CALL 768
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500 GOTO 400
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RUN
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```
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## Mysterious Pink Line
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image::pinkmystery.png[]
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Jim Sather's book
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[Understanding the Apple \]\[](http://www.scribd.com/doc/201423/Understanding-the-Apple-II-by-Jim-Sather-1983Quality-Software),
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which was the primary
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reference for the internal design of the EPPLE \]\[ emulator, describes the video
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generation process of the Apple \]\[, in great detail, in Chapter 8.
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On page 8-21 he shows a simple Applesoft BASIC program (shown below)
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that shows an example of one of the hi-res idiosyncrasies on the Apple \]\[.
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The program would logically draw three orange lines, but due to the
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video cutoff and extension of half-dot shifted pixels, instead the right
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line is brown, and there is a *mysterious pink line* (actually magenta)
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on the far left of the screen. The EPPLE \]\[ faithfully emulates this behavior.
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``` basic
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NEW
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10 HGR : HCOLOR = 5 : HPLOT 5,159 TO 5,0 TO 279,0 TO 279,159
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RUN
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```
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## Display Aspect Ratio
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image::aspectratio.png[]
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Jim Sather also describes the aspect ratio of the Apple \]\[ when
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displayed on a TV screen (p. 8-28). Software developers would need
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to take this into account when trying to draw accurate shapes.
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The EPPLE \]\[ emulates the correct aspect ratio.
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For example, the following Applesoft BASIC program draws a
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rectangle, and a proper square:
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``` basic
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NEW
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10 HGR
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15 REM
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16 REM RECTANGLE (VIOLET)
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20 A = 36 : B = 136
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30 HCOLOR = 2
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40 HPLOT A,A TO A,B TO B,B TO B,A TO A,A
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45 REM
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46 REM SQUARE (GREEN)
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50 A = 25 : B = 147
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60 HCOLOR = 1
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70 HPLOT A,A TO A,B TO (B*1.19+.5),B TO (B*1.19+.5),A TO A,A
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RUN
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HOME
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```
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## Split Screen HIRES/LORES colors
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image::splitcolorstv.png[]
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image::splitcolorsmon.png[]
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Jim Sather's book also shows an Applesoft BASIC
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program and assembly language subroutine on pages 3-16 and 3-17 (reproduced
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below) that produce the display shown here. The screen is split between HIRES
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and LORES graphics by a timed loop that manipulates the screen switches.
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(Press any key repeatedly to move the position of the split.)
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Notice that the Apple \]\[ can actually produce more HIRES colors than are
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documented in the standard Apple reference manuals. White, black, green,
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purple, blue, and orange are normally documented, but by careful manipulation
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of the high-bit (half-dot shift indicator) of the HIRES display byte, many
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other colors can be produced. The additional colors match some LORES colors.
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Also notice that the text at the bottom of the screen is colored green and
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purple while in mixed text/graphics mode. This is because the *color
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burst killer* circuit is not active while displaying graphics on the
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Apple \]\[ machines.
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``` basic
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CALL -151
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1F00:AC 54 C0 A0 27 20 27 1F
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1F08:AC 10 C0 AC 00 C0 30 F3
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1F10:69 01 29 01 AA BC 56 C0
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1F18:A2 08 20 31 1F A0 31 20
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1F20:27 1F 18 90 E6 D0 01 88
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1F28:88 EA D0 F9 60 48 68 EA
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1F30:EA A0 62 20 27 1F EA CA
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1F38:D0 F3 60
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E000G
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30 HGR : HOME : VTAB 21 : PRINT "1 7 D 2 8 E B 4 5 A 3 6 C 9 F 8"
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40 DIM COLR(39), X(21)
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100 FOR A = 0 TO 39 : READ COLR(A) : COLOR = COLR(A) : VLIN 0, 39 AT A : NEXT A
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200 FOR A = 0 TO 21 : READ COLR(A) : READ X(A) : HCOLOR = COLR(A)
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210 HPLOT X(A), 0 TO X(A), 159 : NEXT A
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220 FOR A = 8319 TO 16383 STEP 128 : POKE A, 64 : NEXT A
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300 CALL 7936
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400 REM LORES DATA
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410 DATA 1,0,7,7,0,13,13,0,2,2,0,8,8,0,14,14,0,11,11,0
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420 DATA 4,4,0,0,5,0,0,10,0,3,0,6,0,12,0,9,0,15,0,8
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500 REM HIRES DATA
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510 DATA 4,0,3,20,4,21,3,41,4,42,7,62,7,83,7,104,3,105,7,125,3,126,7,159,3,161
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520 DATA 7,180,3,182,3,206,7,220,3,233,7,247,3,262,3,263,7,279
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RUN
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```
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## Miscellaneous
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image::gplrom.png[]
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Example of the Demo System ROM provided with the EPPLE \]\[ emulator.
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image::static.png[]
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Random TV "static" when no video signal is present.
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image::apple2.png[]
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Apple System ROM showing the APPLE \]\[ title.
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