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Christopher Mosher
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@ -12,24 +12,21 @@ optionally the peripheral card ROMs you want to use, you will need to configure
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Configuring is concerned primarily with telling the program what peripheral cards to use,
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and where the ROM files are located (and what memory addresses to load them at).
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## epple2.conf
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## `epple2.conf`
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The default configuration file for
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the Epple \]\[ emulator is:
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/etc/epple2/epple2.conf
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/usr/local/etc/epple2/epple2.conf
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For Windows, the file will be:
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C:\Program Files\Epple2\etc\epple2\epple2.conf
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The configuration file could be in a different location depending upon how
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the distribution package is built.
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C:\<Path to>\epple2\epple2.conf
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You can specify a different configuration file for the emulator to use by
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specifying its name as the argument when running the epple2 program.
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The format of the configuration file is just lines of [commands](commands,.md).
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The format of the configuration file is just lines of [commands](commands.md).
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Comments begin with a hash `#` character, and continue to the end of the line.
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## Firmware
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@ -41,6 +38,23 @@ The firmware available is described in this documentation.
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Once the firmware image files are installed on your computer, you can use the `import`
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command in the configuration file to load the image files into the emulator.
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Since the Epple \]\[ program emulates only the hardware, you will need to load some _system software_
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into in, in order for it to operate usefully.
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This software is commonly called *firmware* or *ROMs*, because it is stored in the
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read-only memory area of the emulated system. The original system software on the
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Apple \]\[ machines is copyright by Apple, and is proprietary. If you own an actual
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Apple \]\[ or Apple \]\[ plus machine, you can copy the firmware
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from it (`$D000`-`$FFFF`) (into a file on your PC) and use it. Alternatively, you can
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download the firmware images from the [Apple II Library](https://mosher.mine.nu/apple2/).
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If you do not want to download the proprietary firmware, you can still use the emulator (albeit
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in a rudimentary manner) with the free (GPLv3) _System ROM (Demo)_ package (included with EPPLE \]\[).
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The source code is also available; you can
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assemble it using the [xa Assembler](http://www.floodgap.com/retrotech/xa/).
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The Demo System ROM only provides commands to dump or set memory bytes,
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or run a program in memory. It is not compatible with any Apple software, nor can it read from disks.
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It's just a free simple demo system to make the emulator do something reasonable.
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## Peripheral Cards
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Another primary concern for configuring the Epple \]\[ is the insertion of
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@ -51,13 +65,25 @@ types of cards available are described in the cards section.
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You can use the `slot` command in the configuration file to insert
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them into the Apple's slots.
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If you are going to use the Disk \]\[ Controller peripheral card (which you almost certainly will, if
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you want to read any floppy disk images), you will need to have to original ROMs from Apple.
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No demo of the Disk ROMs are provided here; you will need to
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use the original ROMs, which can be obtained from an original machine (by copying
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it from `$C600`-`$C6FF` into a file on the PC), or by downloading it
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from the [Apple II Library](http://mosher.mine.nu/apple2/).
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(And, of course, you will need the real Apple System ROM, as noted in the previous section,
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not the Demo System ROM.)
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If you are using any of the clock, the standard output, or the
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standard input cards, you will need to load their firmware as well.
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## Sample Configuration Files
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There are a number of configuration files provided with the distribution for
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your convenience. They provide various common configurations of machines.
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You can use one of these files directly, by specifying its path as the argument
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to the program, or as a starting point for you own configuration file. These sample
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files are in the same location as the default +epple2.conf+ file.
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files are in the same location as the default `epple2.conf` file.
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The Epple \]\[ Emulator can actually be run without a configuration file at all.
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In this case, you will be able to power on the Apple and see the low-resolution
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@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ screenshots
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---
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### DOS 3.3 System Master boot
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image::dos330boot.png[]
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@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ with a Revision Zero motherboard, and a disk
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controller (with 13-sector ROMs) in slot 6. With a
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revision 0 motherboard, when the machine is powered-on,
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the CPU doesn't start actually running until you
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manually press the RESET button. Also, the old Monitor
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manually press the **RESET** `F6` button. Also, the old Monitor
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ROMs do not boot from the disk drives automatically;
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you need to type `C600G` to boot.
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We've booted the DOS 3.1 System Master disk and done a
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@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ RUN
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image::pinkmystery.png[]
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Jim Sather's book
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[*Understanding the Apple \]\[*](https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/),
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[*Understanding the Apple II*](https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/),
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which is the primary
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reference for the internal design of the EPPLE \]\[ emulator, describes the video
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generation process of the Apple \]\[, in great detail, in Chapter 8.
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@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ inserts a language card into slot zero. Use `empty` to remove a card:
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slot 0 empty
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```
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[NOTE]
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The emulated Apple should be _powered off_ before inserting or removing cards.
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Note that the emulated Apple should be *powered off* before inserting or removing cards.
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@ -76,6 +75,7 @@ Christopher Espinosa, [*Apple II Reference Manual*](https://archive.org/details/
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(Cupertino, Calif.: Apple Computer, 1978), pp. 70-72.
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In the `motherboard ram` configuration line `(other-models)` of chips are supported, and will produce different bit patterns at power-on time:
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``` conf
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MM5290
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MK4116
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@ -161,12 +161,10 @@ p. 5-26 *The 16K RAM Card*).
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The `load` command loads a [WOZ 2.0 format](https://applesaucefdc.com/woz/) floppy disk image into one of the emulated disk drives.
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``` conf
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load slot <slot> drive <drive> [ <file-path> ]
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```
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`slot` Slot number, 0 through 7, of Disk \]\[ controller card to load the disk image into.
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`drive` Drive number, 1 or 2, of the disk drive on the controller card to load the disk image into.
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@ -202,8 +200,8 @@ unload slot <slot> drive <drive>
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The `unload` command removes the disk from the specified slot and drive.
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[WARNING]
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If the disk has been modified but not saved, the modifications will be DISCARDED.
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> #### Warning
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> If the disk has been modified but not saved, the modifications will be **DISCARDED**.
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@ -261,8 +259,7 @@ The `revision` command specifies which revision of Apple \]\[ motherboard to use
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revision <rev>
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```
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`rev` Revision number of the motherboard. Currently, only two values make any difference in behavior: 0 or 1.
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`rev` Revision number of the motherboard. Currently, only two values make any difference in behavior: `0` or `1`.
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The `revision` command chooses which revision of the Apple \]\[ motherboard to
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use. The only revisions that make any difference (for now, at least) are 0 or 1. Zero
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@ -297,7 +294,7 @@ Televisions react more slowly to
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changes in the incoming video signal than monitors do, and as a result, horizontal pixels will
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merge together, forming a more uniform appearance. EPPLE \]\['s television mode emulates the
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signal decoding circuitry of a real television. This includes separating out the *chroma* portion
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of the incoming NTSC video signal using a filter algorithm, and _calculating_ the color to display.
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of the incoming NTSC video signal using a filter algorithm, and *calculating* the color to display.
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#### Scan Lines
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@ -305,7 +302,7 @@ NTSC displays (TVs or monitors) usually receive signals that are interlaced. How
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Apple \]\[ doesn't generate interlaced screens. This causes blank rows between each displayed
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row of pixels. The EPPLE \]\[ emulates this behavior, but also allows you to *fill in* these
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black rows with a copy of the row above it, for a more continuous display (vertically). Use
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the F4 key to toggle between these two modes.
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the `F4` key to toggle between these two modes.
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#### Resolution
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@ -388,7 +385,7 @@ each scan line to the following line, to fill-in the otherwise black line.
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(as if they had been typed on the keyboard).
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* `F8` Save a bitmap file of the current EPPLE \]\[ screen.
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The file will be in the default directory, named `ep2_YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.bmp`.
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* `F9` Quit the EPPLE \]\[ program, immediately!
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* `F9` Quit the EPPLE \]\[ program, *immediately*!
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* `F10` Emulates the REPT key.
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* `F11` Toggles between running the emulator at authentic speed
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(1.02 MHz CPU), or as fast as possible.
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@ -446,7 +443,7 @@ To use a language card, add this line to your epple2.conf file:
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slot 0 language
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```
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Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a language card only if it is in slot _zero_.
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Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a language card only if it is in slot *zero*.
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The language card has RAM at addresses `$E000`-`$FFFF`, as well as two banks of RAM
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at addresses `$D000`-`$DFFF`. A program switches between these RAMs and/or the
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@ -524,7 +521,7 @@ an Apple \]\[ plus), and then install a firmware card with Integer
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BASIC and the old Monitor. Booting with DOS 3.3, then, would allow
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you to type `FP` to use Applesoft BASIC, or `INT` to switch to Integer BASIC.
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Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a firmware card only if it is in slot _zero_.
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Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a firmware card only if it is in slot *zero*.
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Jim Sather, in
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[*Understanding the Apple II*](https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/page/n151),
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@ -562,7 +559,6 @@ To verify that the clock card is working correctly, you can run the following Ap
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program to retrieve the current time from the clock card and print it.
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This program assumes the card is in slot 4.
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``` visualbasic
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NEW
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@ -578,7 +574,6 @@ NEW
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RUN
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```
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The card returns data (into the `GETLN` input buffer at `$0200`) in
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the following format:
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@ -651,6 +646,7 @@ prompt, type `PR#1`. Whatever you type next will be
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echoed to standard output. Type `PR#0` to stop echoing.
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### Cassette Tape Interface
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The Apple \]\[ and Apple \]\[ plus machines have the ability to save and load binary
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@ -723,7 +719,7 @@ The file must not already exist. The file type should be `.wav` to indicate a WA
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`cassette save`
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This command saves the changed tape to the file. Note that the display will show
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an asterisk `\*` next to the file name if there are unsaved changes that need to
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an asterisk `*` next to the file name if there are unsaved changes that need to
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be saved.
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`cassette eject { in | out }`
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@ -760,7 +756,7 @@ image file.
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command: cassette blank hello.wav
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```
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This will create a new, empty tape file image named +hello.wav+
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This will create a new, empty tape file image named `hello.wav`
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in the current default directory. (We could have specified a full path
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name for the file if we wanted to place it in a different directory.)
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Notice that the emulator now displays the name of the tape image file.
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