diff --git a/Android/jni/jnihooks.c b/Android/jni/jnihooks.c
index df4a486c..90dc08a4 100644
--- a/Android/jni/jnihooks.c
+++ b/Android/jni/jnihooks.c
@@ -130,8 +130,7 @@ void Java_org_deadc0de_apple2ix_Apple2Activity_nativeOnCreate(JNIEnv *env, jobje
 #if TESTING
     _run_tests();
 #else
-    c_initialize_firsttime();
-    pthread_create(&cpu_thread_id, NULL, (void *) &cpu_thread, (void *)NULL);
+    timing_startCPU();
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/Apple2Mac/Apple2Mac/Classes/OSX/EmulatorGLView.m b/Apple2Mac/Apple2Mac/Classes/OSX/EmulatorGLView.m
index 48ceda86..dab97019 100644
--- a/Apple2Mac/Apple2Mac/Classes/OSX/EmulatorGLView.m
+++ b/Apple2Mac/Apple2Mac/Classes/OSX/EmulatorGLView.m
@@ -186,8 +186,7 @@ static CVReturn displayLinkCallback(CVDisplayLinkRef displayLink, const CVTimeSt
     // to [self openGLContext])
     [[self openGLContext] makeCurrentContext];
     
-    c_initialize_firsttime();
-    pthread_create(&cpu_thread_id, NULL, (void *)&cpu_thread, (void *)NULL);
+    timing_startCPU();
     
     // Synchronize buffer swaps with vertical refresh rate
     GLint swapInt = 1;
diff --git a/src/display.c b/src/display.c
index 7409840b..a4589f29 100644
--- a/src/display.c
+++ b/src/display.c
@@ -1068,13 +1068,11 @@ void video_init(void) {
     memset(video__fb2,0,SCANWIDTH*SCANHEIGHT);
 
 #if !HEADLESS
-#if !defined(__APPLE__)
-#if !defined(ANDROID)
+#   if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(ANDROID)
     if (!is_headless) {
         video_backend->init((void*)0);
     }
-#endif
-#endif
+#   endif
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/src/misc.c b/src/misc.c
index 35774564..d5bd2450 100644
--- a/src/misc.c
+++ b/src/misc.c
@@ -566,43 +566,6 @@ void c_initialize_vm() {
     c_joystick_reset();                 /* reset joystick */
 }
 
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    void c_initialize_firsttime()
-   ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-void reinitialize(void) {
-#if !TESTING
-    assert(pthread_self() == cpu_thread_id);
-#endif
-
-    cycles_count_total = 0;
-
-    c_initialize_vm();
-
-    softswitches = SS_TEXT | SS_IOUDIS | SS_C3ROM | SS_LCWRT | SS_LCSEC;
-
-    video_setpage( 0 );
-
-    video_redraw();
-
-    cpu65_init();
-
-    timing_initialize();
-
-#ifdef AUDIO_ENABLED
-    MB_Reset();
-#endif 
-}
-
-void c_initialize_firsttime(void) {
-
-    video_init();
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGER
-    c_debugger_init();
-#endif
-}
-
 #if !TESTING && !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(ANDROID)
 extern void *cpu_thread(void *dummyptr);
 
@@ -652,11 +615,8 @@ int main(int _argc, char **_argv) {
 #ifdef INTERFACE_CLASSIC
     c_keys_set_key(kF8); // show credits before emulation start
 #endif
-    c_initialize_firsttime(); // one-time initializations
-
-    // spin off cpu thread
-    pthread_create(&cpu_thread_id, NULL, (void *)&cpu_thread, (void *)NULL);
 
+    timing_startCPU();
     video_main_loop();
 
     assert(emulator_shutting_down && "emulator is properly shutting down");
diff --git a/src/misc.h b/src/misc.h
index fdc70aef..b96d247b 100644
--- a/src/misc.h
+++ b/src/misc.h
@@ -100,14 +100,12 @@ extern uint32_t softswitches;
 
 extern bool emulator_shutting_down;
 
-void c_initialize_firsttime();
 void c_initialize_sound_hooks();
 void c_disable_sound_hooks();
 void c_set_primary_char();
 void c_set_altchar();
 void c_initialize_font();
 void c_initialize_vm();
-void reinitialize();
 
 /* vm hooks */
 
diff --git a/src/timing.c b/src/timing.c
index 4780bdd6..f913c3ff 100644
--- a/src/timing.c
+++ b/src/timing.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Apple // emulator for *nix 
+ * Apple // emulator for *nix
  *
  * This software package is subject to the GNU General Public License
  * version 2 or later (your choice) as published by the Free Software
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  *
  * ..{...+....[....|..................|.........]....^....|....^....^....}......
  *  ti  MBB       CHK                CHK            MBE  CHX  SPK  MBX  tj   ZZZ
- *         
+ *
  *      - ti  : timing sample begin (lock out interface thread)
  *      - tj  : timing sample end   (unlock interface thread)
  *      -  [  : cpu65_run()
@@ -160,6 +160,33 @@ static void _timing_initialize(double scale) {
 #endif
 }
 
+#if !TESTING
+static
+#endif
+void reinitialize(void) {
+#if !TESTING
+    assert(pthread_self() == cpu_thread_id);
+#endif
+
+    cycles_count_total = 0;
+
+    c_initialize_vm();
+
+    softswitches = SS_TEXT | SS_IOUDIS | SS_C3ROM | SS_LCWRT | SS_LCSEC;
+
+    video_setpage( 0 );
+
+    video_redraw();
+
+    cpu65_init();
+
+    timing_initialize();
+
+#ifdef AUDIO_ENABLED
+    MB_Reset();
+#endif
+}
+
 void timing_initialize(void) {
     assert(cpu_isPaused() || (pthread_self() == cpu_thread_id));
     _timing_initialize(alt_speed_enabled ? cpu_altscale_factor : cpu_scale_factor);
@@ -234,7 +261,7 @@ bool timing_shouldAutoAdjustSpeed(void) {
 }
 #endif
 
-void *cpu_thread(void *dummyptr) {
+static void *cpu_thread(void *dummyptr) {
 
     assert(pthread_self() == cpu_thread_id);
 
@@ -525,6 +552,11 @@ void *cpu_thread(void *dummyptr) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
+void timing_startCPU(void) {
+    video_init();
+    pthread_create(&cpu_thread_id, NULL, (void *)&cpu_thread, (void *)NULL);
+}
+
 unsigned int CpuGetCyclesThisVideoFrame(void) {
     timing_checkpoint_cycles();
     return g_dwCyclesThisFrame + cycles_checkpoint_count;
diff --git a/src/timing.h b/src/timing.h
index 0964aa48..b37a147a 100644
--- a/src/timing.h
+++ b/src/timing.h
@@ -69,6 +69,11 @@ extern READONLY pthread_t cpu_thread_id;
  */
 struct timespec timespec_diff(struct timespec start, struct timespec end, bool *negative);
 
+/*
+ * Start CPU thread
+ */
+void timing_startCPU(void);
+
 /*
  * toggles CPU speed between configured values
  */
@@ -91,11 +96,6 @@ void timing_initialize(void);
  */
 void timing_reinitializeAudio(void);
 
-/*
- * timing/CPU thread entry point
- */
-void *cpu_thread(void *ignored);
-
 /*
  * Pause timing/CPU thread.
  *