mirror of https://github.com/aufflick/kegs.git
1062 lines
45 KiB
Plaintext
1062 lines
45 KiB
Plaintext
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KEGS: Kent's Emulated GS version 0.91
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http://kegs.sourceforge.net/
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What is this?
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-------------
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KEGS is an Apple IIgs emulator for Mac OS X, Linux, and Win32.
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The Apple IIgs was the most powerful computer in the Apple II line.
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It first was sold in 1986. An Apple IIgs has the capability to run almost all
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Apple II, Apple IIe, and Apple IIc programs.
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KEGS supports all Apple IIgs graphics modes (which include all Apple //e
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modes), plus plays all Apple IIgs sounds accurately. It supports
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serial port emulation through TCP/IP connections, or can use real
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serial ports on Windows and Mac OS X.
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The ROMs and GS/OS (the Apple IIgs operating system) are not included
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with KEGS since they are not freely distributable. KEGS is a little
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user-hostile now, so if something doesn't work, let me know what went
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wrong, and I'll try to help you out. See my email address at the end of
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this file.
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I'd like to thank Chea Chee Keong who created KEGS32, the first Windows
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port of KEGS. That version, which has a better Windows-interface but which
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is based on older core code, is at http://www.geocities.com/akilgard/kegs2.
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KEGS features:
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-------------
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Fast 65816 emulation:
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About 80MHz on a Pentium 4 1.7GHz or a Mac G4 1GHz.
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Emulates low-level 5.25" and 3.5" drive accesses (even nibble-copiers work!).
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Emulates classic Apple II sound and 32-voice Ensoniq sound.
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All sound is played in 16-bit stereo at 48KHz (44100 on a Mac).
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Emulates all Apple IIgs and Apple II graphics modes, including border effects.
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Can handle display changes at any time (superhires at the top, lores
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at the bottom). Always does 60 full screen video updates per second.
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Supports 3200-color pictures.
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Mouse and joystick support.
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Emulated battery RAM remembers control panel settings.
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Limited SCC (serial port) emulation to enable PR#1/2 IN#1/2 and Virtual
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Modem enables standard Apple terminal programs to telnet to any
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internet address (or receive connections from another telnet).
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KEGS by default emulates a 8MB Apple IIgs, but you can change this from
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the Configuration Panel.
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KEGS is so accurate, even the built-in ROM selftests pass (you must be in
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2.8MHz speed mode to pass the self-tests and you must set the Configuration
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Panel entry "Enable Text Page 2 shadow" to "Disabled on ROM 01" for ROM 01).
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Release info:
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------------
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Included files:
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CHANGES - Description of changes since last release
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README.kegs.txt - you're here
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README.compile.txt - Describes how to build KEGS
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README.linux.rpm.txt - Describes how to install KEGS's RPM for Linux
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README.win32.txt - Win32 special directions
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README.mac.txt - Mac OS X special directions
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README.a2.compatibility.txt - List of programs which need tweaking
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src/INTERNALS.overview - description of how KEGS code works
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src/INTERNALS.xdriver - Describes the xdriver.c routines for porting
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src/INTERNALS.iwm - Describes the internal 3.5" and 5.25" disk
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handling routines
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KEGSMAC - the Mac OS X executable
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kegswin.exe - the Windows executable
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config.kegs - disk image configuration info
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to_pro - Hard-to-use ProDOS volume creator
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partls - Lists partitions on Apple-partitioned hard
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drives or CD-ROMs
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src/ - All the source code, with a Makefile
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You need to provide:
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1) Patience.
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2) a ROM file called "ROM", "ROM.01" or "ROM.03" in the KEGS directory
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(or in your home directory). It can be either from a ROM 01
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(131072 bytes long) or from a ROM 03 machine (262144 bytes
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long.)
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3) A disk image to boot. This can be either "raw" format or 2IMG.
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See discussion below. GS/OS would be best.
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Getting ROMs
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------------
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You need a copy of the memory from fe/0000 - ff/ffff from a ROM 01 GS
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or fc/0000 - ff/ffff from a ROM 03 GS, and put that in a file called
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"ROM". I'll eventually write detailed instructions on how to do this.
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Running KEGS:
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------------
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The distribution comes with the full source code for all platforms in
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the src/ directory, the Windows executable as kegswin.exe, and the Mac OS X
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executable as KEGSMAC.
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See the README.compile.txt file for more info about compiling for Linux.
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On all platforms except the Mac, you must start KEGS from a terminal
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window. KEGS will open a new window and use the window you started it from
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as a "debug" window.
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On a MAC, you need to place the "config.kegs" file someplace where KEGS
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can find it. The simplest place is in your home directory, so copy it there
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with the Finder (or using the Terminal). You can also make the directory
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Library/KEGS from your home directory, and then place config.kegs there
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along with the ROM file. You do not need a starting config.kegs file
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on a Mac--KEGS will offer to make it for you if it cannot find one.
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Start kegs by Double-clicking the KEGSMAC icon on a MAC, or by running
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the executable (kegswin on Windows, and kegs on Linux). KEGSMAC can
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be run by the Terminal window on a Mac as well (which enables access to
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more debug information) by typing: "./KEGSMAC.app/Contents/MacOS/KEGSMAC".
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Assuming all goes well, KEGS will then boot up but probably not find any
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disk images. See below for how to tell KEGS what disk images to use.
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Tip: Hitting "F8" locks the mouse in the window (and hides the host cursor)
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until you hit "F8" again.
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Configuration Panel:
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-------------------
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You enter the Configuration panel by pressing F4 at any time. You tell
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KEGS what disk images to use through the Configuration panel. (If KEGS
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couldn't find a ROM file, you will be forced into the Configuration
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Panel mode until you select a valid ROM file).
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To select a ROM file, select "ROM File Selection" and then select your
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ROM file. If you were not forced into the panel at startup, the KEGS
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found one and you can skip this step.
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Disk Images
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-----------
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The primary use of the Configuration Panel is to select disk images. To
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change disk images being used, select "Disk Configuration". Each slot
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and drive that can be loaded with an image is listed. "s5d1" means slot
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5, drive 1. Slot 5 devices are 3.5" 800K disks, and slot 6 devices are
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5.25" 140K disks. Slot 7 devices are virtual hard drives, and can be
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any size at all (although ProDOS-formatted images should be less than
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32MB).
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Just use the arrow keys to navigate to the device entry to change, and
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then select it by pressing Return. A scrollable file selection
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interface is presented, letting you locate your image files. To quickly
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jump to a particular path, you can press Tab to toggle between entering
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a path manually, and using the file selector. Press Return on ".."
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entries to go up a directory level. When you find the image you want,
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just press Return.
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If the image has partitions that KEGS supports, another selection
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dialog will have you select which partition to mount. You will probably
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only have partitions on direct devices you mount (or on a Mac, of .dmg
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images of CDs). For instance, on a Mac, /dev/disk1 can sometimes be the
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CDROM drive.
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KEGS can handle "raw", .dsk, .po, 2IMG, 5.25" ".nib" images, most Mac
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Diskcopy images and partitioned images. The .dsk and .po formats you often
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find on the web are really "raw" formats, and so they work fine. KEGS uses
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the host file permissions to encode the read/write status of the image.
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KEGS can open any image file compressed with gzip (with the extension ".gz")
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automatically as a read-only disk image.
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An image is the representation of an Apple IIgs disk, but in a file on
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your computer. For 3.5" disks, for example, a raw image would be exactly
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800K bytes long (819200 bytes). KEGS directs the emulated GS accesses to
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the image, and does the correct reads and writes of the Unix file instead.
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To do "useful" things with KEGS, you need to get a bootable disk image.
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You can go to http://www.info.apple.com/support/oldersoftwarelist.html and
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get Apple IIgs System 6. Unfortunately, Apple now only has .sea files which
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are executable files for Macintosh only. You need a macintosh to execute
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those programs, which creates Disk Copy image files with no special extensions
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(and with spaces in the names). Once you get those files back to your
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host machine, you can use them by selecting them from the Configuration Panel.
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You can also get Apple II programs in ".dsk" format from a variety of
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sites on the internet, and these should all work on KEGS as well.
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KEGS also supports partitioned devices. For instance, if you have a CD-ROM
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on your computer, just pop an Apple II CD in, and KEGS can mount it, if
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you have a Unix-based system (Linux, any Unix, and Mac OS X).
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If you're on a Mac, be careful letting KEGS use your HFS partitions--
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GSOS has many HFS bugs when it is writing. Also avoid having KEGS access
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an image which have mounted on your Mac at the same time (always unmount
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it from your Mac before letting KEGS access it)!
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If you do not have any disk mounted in s7d1, KEGS will jump into the monitor.
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To boot slot 6 (or slot 5), use the Apple IIgs Control Panel by pressing
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Ctrl-Command-ESC.
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Support for 5.25" nibblized images is read-only for now (since the
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format is kinda simplistic, it's tricky for KEGS to write to it since KEGS
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has more information than fits in that format). Just select your image,
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like "disk.nib" in the kegs_conf file like any .dsk or .po image.
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In addition to changing disks, you can also just "eject" and image by
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moving the cursor to select that slot/drive and then press "E". The
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emulated IIgs will immediately detect changes to s5d1 and s5d2.
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Care should be taken when changing images in slot 7--KEGS does not notify
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GSOS that images have changed (or been ejected), and so it's best to make
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changes when GSOS is not running.
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Key summary:
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-----------
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F1: Alias of Command
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F2: Alias of Option
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F3: Alias of ESC for OS/2 compatibility.
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F4: Configuration Panel
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F6: Toggle through the 4 speeds: Unlimited, 1MHz, 2.8MHz, 8.0MHz
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Shift-F6: Enter KEGS debugger
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F7: Toggle fast_disk_emul on/off
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F8: Toggle pointer hiding on/off.
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F9: Invert the sense of the joystick.
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Shift-F9: Swap x and y joystick/paddle axes.
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F10: Attempt to change the a2vid_palette (only useful on 256-color displays)
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F11: Full screen mode (only on Mac OS X).
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F12: Alias of Pause/Break which is treated as Reset
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F2, Alt_R, Meta_r, Menu, Print, Mode_switch, Option: Option key
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F1, Alt_L, Meta_L, Cancel, Scroll_lock, Command: Command key
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Num_Lock: Keypad "Clear".
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F12, Pause, Break: Reset
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"Home": Alias for "=" on the keypad (since my Unix keyboard doesn't have an =).
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Using KEGS:
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----------
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The host computer mouse is the Apple IIgs mouse and joystick by default.
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By default, the host pointer is not constrained inside the window and
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remains visible. Press F8 to hide the cursor and constrain the mouse. F8
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again toggles out of constrain mode. When the GSOS desktop is running,
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KEGS hides the host cursor automatically and enables special tracking
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which forces the emulated cursor to follow the host cursor. If this doesn't
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work right under some program, just press F8 for better compatibility.
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The middle mouse button or Shift-F6 causes KEGS to stop emulation, and enter
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the debugger. You can continue with "g" then return in the debug window.
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You can also disassemble memory, etc. The section "Debugging KEGS"
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above describes the debugger interface a little more.
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KEGS has no pop-up menus or other interactive interfaces (other than
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the debug window, and the occasional error dialogs on Mac OS X). Input to
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the debug window is only acted upon when the emulation is stopped
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(Shift-F6, middle mouse button, or hitting a breakpoint).
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Quitting KEGS:
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-------------
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Just close the main KEGS window, and KEGS will exit cleanly. Or you
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can select Quit from the menu. Or enter ctrl-c in the debugger window.
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Or press the middle-mouse button in the emulation window, and then type
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"q" return in the debug window.
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Command/Option keys:
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-------------------
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If you have a keyboard with the special Windows keys, you can
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use them as the command/option keys. For those without those keys,
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there are several alternatives.
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The following keys are Option (closed-apple) (not all keyboards have all
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keys): F2, Meta_R, Alt_R, Cancel, Print_screen, Mode_switch, Option,
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or the Windows key just to the right of the spacebar. The following keys are
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Command (open-apple): F1, Meta_L, Alt_L, Menu, Scroll_lock, Command,
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the Windows key left of the spacebar, and the Windows key on the far right
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that looks like a pull-down menu. You can use F1 and F2 if you cannot make
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anything else work (especially useful if your OS is intercepting some
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Alt or Command key sequences).
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If you can't get any of these to work on your machine, let me know.
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Note that X Windows often has other things mapped to Meta- and Alt-
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key sequences, so they often don't get passed through to KEGS. So it's
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best to use another key instead of Alt or Meta.
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The joystick/paddle buttons are just the Command and Option keys.
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Reset:
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-----
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The reset key is Pause/Break or F12. You must hit it with Ctrl to get it to
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take effect (just like a real Apple IIgs). Ctrl-Command-Reset
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forces a reboot. Ctrl-Command-Option-Reset enters selftests.
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Selftests will pass if you force speed to 2.8MHz using the middle
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button or F6 (and also set Enable Text Page 2 shadow = Disabled for ROM 01).
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Watch out for ctrl-shift-Break--it will likely kill an X Windows session.
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Also note that the Unix olvwm X window manager interprets ctrl-F12 and will
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not pass it on to KEGS--you'll need to use Break for reset in that case.
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Full Screen mode (MAC OS X ONLY):
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----------------
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KEGS can run in full screen mode--which is especially useful when letting
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small kids use KEGS (but it is not really a lock, so do not let a 2 year
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old bang on the keyboard while running KEGS).
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Full Screen mode is toggled with F11 (or Ctrl-F11, since Expose on a Mac
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is intercepting F11). If KEGS stops in the debugger for any reason,
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full screen mode is toggled off automatically.
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Joystick Emulation (Mouse, Keypad, or real native joystick):
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------------------
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The default joystick is the mouse position. Upper left is 0,0. Lower right
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is 255,255. Press Shift-F9 to swap the X and Y axes. Press F9 to reverse
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the sense of both paddles (so 0 becomes 255, etc). Swapping and
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reversing are convenient with paddle-based games like "Little Brick Out"
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so that the mouse will be moving like the paddle on the screen. "Little
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Brick Out" is on the DOS 3.3 master disk. The joystick does not work
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properly if the pointer is constrained in the window.
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You can also select from a "Keypad Joystick" or a real joystick from
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the Configuration panel. Press return on the "Joystick Configuration"
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entry, and then select between Mouse Joystick, Keypad Joystick, or one
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of two native joysticks. The Keypad Joystick uses your keypad number
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keys as a joystick, where keypad 7 means move to the upper left, and
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keypad 3 means move to the lower right. Pressing multiple keys together
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averages the results, allowing finer control than just 8 directions.
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Also, joystick scaling is selectable here for games which require
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a greater range of motion to work correctly, along with trim adjustment
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which moves the centering point. Adjusting scaling usually means you
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will need to adjust the trim as well.
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The left mouse button is the mouse button for KEGS. The right mouse
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button (if you have it) or F6 toggles between four speed modes. Mode 0
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(the default) means run as fast as possible. Mode 1 means run at 1MHz.
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Mode 2 means run at 2.8MHz. Mode 3 means run at 8.0MHz (about the speed
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of a ZipGS accelerator). Most Apple //e (or earlier) games need to be
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run at 1MHz. Many Apple IIgs demos must run at 2.8MHz or they will not
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operate correctly. Try running ornery programs at 2.8MHz. 3200 pictures
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generally only display correctly at 2.8MHz or sometimes 8.0MHz.
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Debugging KEGS:
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--------------
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KEGS by default now continues emulation even when it detects buggy programs
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running. (Now I know why Appleworks GS always seemed to crash!).
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KEGS divides buggy programs into two severities: Code Yellow and Code Red.
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The status is displayed in words in the text area under the emulation window.
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If nothing's wrong, nothing is printed.
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A Yellow bug is a mild bug where an Apple IIgs program merely read an
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invalid location. Although completely harmless, it indicates the potential
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for some Apple IIgs program bug which may become more severe shortly.
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For instance, closing the "About This Apple IIgs" window in the Finder
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causes a code yellow alert, but it seems quite harmless.
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A Code Red bug is a more serious problem. The Apple IIgs program either
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tried to write non-existent memory, entered an invalid system state, or
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perhaps just tried to use an Apple IIgs feature which KEGS does not implement
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yet. Note that entering GSBUG tends to cause a Code Red alert always, so if
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you intended to enter it, you can ignore it. My recommendation is to
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save work immediately (to new files) and restart KEGS if you get into the
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Red mode.
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KEGS also supports breakpoints and watchpoints. In the debug window, you
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set a breakpoint at an address by typing the address, followed by a 'B'
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(it must be in caps). To set a breakpoint on the interrupt jump point,
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type:
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e1/0010B
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The format is "bank/address" then "B", where the B must be in caps and
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the address must use lower-case hex. For Apple IIe programs, just use a
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bank of 0.
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To list all breakpoints, just type 'B' with no number in front of it.
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To delete a breakpoint, enter its address followed by 'D', so
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e1/0010D
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deletes the above breakpoint. The addresses work like the IIgs monitor:
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once you change banks, you can use shortcut addresses:
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e1/0010B
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14B
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will add breakpoints at e1/0010 and e1/0014.
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This is a "transparent" breakpoint--memory is not changed. But any
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read or write to that address will cause KEGS to halt. So you can
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set breakpoints on I/O addresses, or ROM, or whatever. Setting a breakpoint
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slows KEGS down somewhat, but only on accesses to the 256 byte "page"
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the breakpoint is on. Breakpoints are not just instruction breakpoints,
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they also cause KEGS to halt on any data access, too (usually called
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watchpoints).
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Frederic Devernay has written a nice help screen available in the
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debugger when you type "h".
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Useful locations for setting breakpoints:
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0/3f0B - Break handler
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0/c000B - Keyboard latch, programs read keys from this address
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KEGS command-line option summary:
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--------------------------------
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There are others, but the Configuration panel provides a better way to
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set them so they are no longer listed here.
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-skip: KEGS will "skip" that many screen redraws between refreshes.
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-skip 0 will do 60 frames per second, -skip 1 will do 30 fps,
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-skip 5 will do 10 fps.
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-audio [0/1]: Forces audio [off/on]. By default, audio is on unless
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the X display is a remote machine or shared memory is off.
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This switch can override the default. -audio 0 causes KEGS to
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not fork the background audio process, but Ensoniq emulation
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is still 100% accurate, just the sound is not sent to the
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workstation speaker. Audio defaults off on Linux for now.
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-arate {num}: Forces audio sample rate to {num}. 44100 and 48000 are
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usual, you can try 22050 to reduce KEGS's overhead. On a reasonably
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fast machine (>250MHz or so), you shouldn't need to mess with this.
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-dhr140: Will use the old Double-hires color algorithm that results in
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exactly 140 colors across the screen, as opposed to the blending
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being done by default.
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X-Windows/Linux options
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-15: KEGS will only look for a 15-bit X-Window display.
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-16: KEGS will only look for a 16-bit X-Window display (not tested, probably
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will get red colors wrong).
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-24: KEGS will only look for a 24-bit X-Window display.
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-display {machine:0.0}: Same as setting the environment variable DISPLAY.
|
|
Sends X display to {machine:0.0}.
|
|
-noshm: KEGS will not try to used shared memory for the X graphics display.
|
|
This will make KEGS much slower on graphics-intensive tasks,
|
|
by as much as a factor of 10! By default, -noshm causes an
|
|
effective -skip of 3 which is 15 fps. You can override this
|
|
default by specifying a -skip explicitly.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Apple IIgs Control Panel:
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
You can get to the Apple IIgs control panel (unless some application
|
|
has locked it out) using Ctrl-Command-ESC.
|
|
|
|
|
|
How to use "to_pro":
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
This lame utility serves two purposes: It "formats" large disk images,
|
|
and lets you move files from Unix into the simulator. It does this
|
|
by taking the files you provide, and putting them onto Unix file called
|
|
"POOF1" that is an image in ProDOS format.
|
|
|
|
So, if you have a wolfdemo.bxy file from an FTP site, you can get it
|
|
into the emulator by:
|
|
|
|
to_pro -800 wolfdemo.bxy
|
|
|
|
which creates an 800K Unix file called "POOF1". POOF1 is now an
|
|
image that can be loaded into KEGS, and when you catalog it, it will
|
|
have wolfdemo.bxy on it.
|
|
|
|
To create a 4MB image:
|
|
|
|
to_pro -4096 wolfdemo.bxy
|
|
|
|
which puts wolfdemo.bxy on a much larger image.
|
|
|
|
I don't know what happens if the file, wolfdemo.bxy, is bigger than
|
|
the image...it probably crashes.
|
|
|
|
Even if you want to format a "blank" image, you have to put something in it.
|
|
Like:
|
|
|
|
echo "This is a lame utility" > foo
|
|
to_pro -16384 foo
|
|
|
|
...creates a 16MB POOF1 with the file foo on it. Just delete foo
|
|
from within KEGS.
|
|
|
|
See? I told you it was a lame utility!
|
|
|
|
to_pro can handle up to 51 files at a time--for example:
|
|
|
|
to_pro -32000 *.shk
|
|
|
|
...would put all *.shk files in the current Unix directory into a 31.25MB
|
|
image called POOF1.
|
|
|
|
To_pro tries to truncate Unix filenames to the 15 character ProDOS
|
|
limit, and converts all punctuation to dots. I've tested it enough
|
|
that it has worked for my purposes.
|
|
|
|
The algorithm to_pro uses to create a disk volume is possibly suspect.
|
|
I recommend reformatting any images again inside KEGS (using GS/OS, for
|
|
instance) just to make sure the directory structure is good. To_pro
|
|
is intended to put files into images quickly and easily, and then to
|
|
copy the files off of those images onto images formatted from within
|
|
KEGS by an Apple IIgs OS.
|
|
|
|
Since ProDOS cannot handle > 32MB images, make sure you run to_pro with
|
|
arguments under 32767. I personally haven't tried a partition bigger
|
|
than 30000K (about 2.5MB short of the maximum). Well, you can use bigger
|
|
images if you format them HFS, but I don't trust the GS/OS HFS driver.
|
|
|
|
To_pro automatically sets the ProDOS filetype of files ending in ".shk"
|
|
to $E0.
|
|
|
|
Details on config.kegs and disk images
|
|
--------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The file "config.kegs" describes the images KEGS will use. Although you
|
|
can edit the file manually, in general you can use the Configuration Panel
|
|
to make all the changes you need. This information is for reference.
|
|
|
|
KEGS by default will boot s7d1 (unless you've changed that using the
|
|
Apple IIgs control panel), so you should put an image in that slot.
|
|
|
|
KEGS, by default, runs the IWM (3.5" and 5.25" disks) emulation in an
|
|
"approximate" mode, called "fast_disk_emul". In this mode, KEGS
|
|
emulates the hardware "faster" than real, meaning the data the code
|
|
being emulated expects is made available much faster than on a real
|
|
Apple IIgs, providing a nice speed boost. For instance, the 5.25"
|
|
drives run 10x the real speed usually. Almost everything will work
|
|
except for nibble copiers, which don't like the data coming this fast.
|
|
(Meaning, unless you're using a nibble copier, you shouldn't run into an
|
|
issue. All games/demos/etc run fine in this mode). To make nibble
|
|
copiers work, Press F7.
|
|
|
|
KEGS can read in the ".nib" nibblized disk format, but as read-only mode. If
|
|
the emulated image is no longer ProDOS or DOS 3.3 standard, KEGS will
|
|
automatically treat the image as "Not-write-through-to-Image" from then
|
|
on. This mode means KEGS will continue to emulate the disk properly in
|
|
memory, but it cannot encode the changes in the standard .dsk or .nib
|
|
image format. It prints a message saying it has done so. However,
|
|
the "disk" in emulation is fully useable as long as KEGS is running. A
|
|
standard reformatting will not cause an image to flip to not-write-
|
|
through-to-Image, but running things like a "drive-speed" test will cause
|
|
further changes not to propagate to the Unix file. You will need
|
|
to "eject" the image and re-insert it before writes will take effect.
|
|
|
|
In full accuracy mode (i.e., not fast_disk_emul), 5.25" drive accesses
|
|
force KEGS to run at 1MHz, and 3.5" drive accesses force KEGS to run at
|
|
2.5MHz.
|
|
|
|
KEGS Timing:
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
KEGS supports running at four speeds: 1MHz, 2.8MHz, 8.0MHz, and Unlimited.
|
|
Pressing the middle mouse button cycles between these modes. The 1MHz
|
|
and 2.8MHz speeds force KEGS to run at exactly those speeds, providing
|
|
accurate reproduction of a real Apple IIgs.
|
|
|
|
KEGS will always run at 1MHz at least. If it is unable to keep up,
|
|
it will extend the emulated time to maintain the illusion of running
|
|
at 1MHz. That is, it may do just 40 screen refreshes per real second,
|
|
instead of the usual 60. This happens rarely.
|
|
|
|
If you force KEGS to run at 1MHz, it will strive to run at exactly
|
|
1MHz (well, really 1.024MHz). If it is running faster (almost always),
|
|
it will pause briefly several times a second to maintain the 1MHz speed. It
|
|
does this in a friendly way that makes time available to other tasks.
|
|
This makes older Apple II games very playable just like a
|
|
real Apple IIgs on slow speed. KEGS is running at exactly the same
|
|
speed as an Apple //e when in 1MHz mode. The 1MHz mode you set
|
|
through the right mouse button overrides the "fast" mode you can access
|
|
through the control panel. But, 3.5" accesses will "speed up" to 2.8MHz
|
|
to enable that code to operate correctly while the 3.5" disk is being
|
|
accessed.
|
|
|
|
If you force KEGS to run at 2.8MHz, KEGS tries to run at exactly 2.8MHz. But
|
|
like a real unaccelerated Apple IIgs, if you set the control panel to
|
|
"slow", it will really be running at 1MHz. Accesses to 5.25" disk
|
|
automatically slow down to 1MHz, when running the IWM in accurate
|
|
mode (F7). KEGS may not be able to keep up with some programs running
|
|
at 2.8MHz due to video and sound overheads on lower-end machines. If
|
|
that happens, it effectively runs slower by extending the emulated
|
|
"second", like in the 1MHz mode. You can tell this is happening
|
|
when Eff MHz in the status area falls below 2.5MHz. If KEGS is running
|
|
faster than 2.8MHz, it takes small pauses to slow down, just like in
|
|
1MHz. Many Apple IIgs demos must be run at 2.8MHz. The built-in
|
|
selftests (cmd-option-ctrl-Reset) must run at 2.8MHz. Many Apple IIgs
|
|
action games are more playable at 2.8MHz.
|
|
|
|
The 8.0MHz setting means follow the ZipGS-selected speed, but don't go
|
|
faster than 8.0MHz. If your host computer cannot keep up, then the
|
|
emulated second will be extended. You can use the ZipGS control panel,
|
|
or ZIPPY.GS on the sample disk image to set the emulated ZipGS speed to
|
|
anything from 1MHz to 8MHz in .5MHz increments.
|
|
|
|
The Unlimited setting means run as fast as possible, whatever speed that
|
|
is (but always above 1MHz). Eff MHz gives you the current Apple IIgs
|
|
equivalent speed. Many games will be unplayable at the unlimited
|
|
setting. Setting the IIgs control panel speed to "slow" will slow down
|
|
to 1MHz.
|
|
|
|
Sound output has an important relationship to KEGS timing. KEGS must
|
|
play one second of sound per second of emulated time. Normally, this
|
|
works out exactly right. But as noted above, if KEGS can't maintain the
|
|
needed speed, it extends the emulated second. If it extends the second
|
|
to 1.4 real seconds, that means KEGS only produces 1.0 second of sound
|
|
data every 1.4 seconds--the sound breaks up!
|
|
|
|
In all cases, 1MHz to KEGS is 1.024MHz. And 2.8MHz to KEGS is 2.56MHz
|
|
(trying to approximate the slowdown causes by memory refresh on a real
|
|
Apple IIgs). It's just easier to say 1MHz and 2.8MHz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
KEGS SAMPLE_DISK:
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
I'm providing a sample disk of freely available utilities/programs to
|
|
demonstrate a little of what KEGS can do. I'm also including my simple
|
|
changes to a benchmark called "SPEEDTEST" to make it run under ProDOS and
|
|
time itself automatically. The SAMPLE_DISK is not bootable since I'm
|
|
not sure if I can distribute PRODOS (the OS).
|
|
|
|
|
|
SPEEDTEST:
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
In the folder "SPEEDTEST", there are two BASIC programs. OLD.SPEEDTEST
|
|
is the old, unmodified DOS 3.3 emulator benchmark by Clayten Hamacher.
|
|
It does not run properly under ProDOS 8. My modified version is
|
|
SPEED.PRO, meaning converted to ProDOS. I made few modifications, other
|
|
than to make the benchmarks time themselves.
|
|
|
|
To run, just say "RUN SPEED.PRO". To run benchmarks, press "B". If
|
|
you say "A)ll tests", make sure you have a 5.25" disk image in s6d1!
|
|
(A blank 140K image will work fine).
|
|
|
|
This modified SPEED.PRO can run on ANY Apple IIgs emulator (or on the real
|
|
thing).
|
|
|
|
GSOS7, GSOS5, BYE.SYSTEM:
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
These are handy utilities I use on my s7d1 boot disk. Get a GS/OS 6.x
|
|
bootable disk image. (See GSOS.INFO file for how to get GS/OS).
|
|
Remove "PRODOS" from that disk's root directory, and copy GSOS7 to
|
|
the root directory. Then copy SYSTEM/P8 to PRODOS. Then move
|
|
BASIC.System into SYSTEM/. Then copy BYE.SYSTEM to the root directory,
|
|
then move BASIC.SYSTEM back to the root directory.
|
|
|
|
What all this means is that now the root directory of your system disk
|
|
is: GSOS7, (other stuff), PRODOS, BYE.SYSTEM, and BASIC.SYSTEM.
|
|
When you boot, ProDOS will boot (this is PRODOS 8) and will search
|
|
for the first *.SYSTEM file, and run it. BYE.SYSTEM just does a BYE
|
|
command, which puts you in the PRODOS 8 textual launcher.
|
|
If you now select GSOS7 (the first entry, already highlighted, just
|
|
hit return), it will boot GSOS on slot 7. (Use GSOS5 to boot slot5).
|
|
Or, just move down and select BASIC.SYSTEM to go to BASIC. A very simple
|
|
program launcher!?
|
|
|
|
Note that I didn't write GSOS5 or GSOS7--I just made a one byte hack
|
|
to the default GS/OS launcher. No real wizardry is going on here.
|
|
|
|
|
|
SHRINKIT3.4, GSHK1.1:
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
Useful for unpacking .SHK files you can download off of the net.
|
|
Always use GSHK (GS/OS version of ShrinkIt) for GS programs since
|
|
they may have resource forks. It's also faster. GSHK must be run from GS/OS.
|
|
|
|
LISTV2.0:
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
ProDOS 8 text file lister, useful for viewing text files.
|
|
|
|
Wolfenstein3D:
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Wolfenstein 3D for the Apple IIgs. No kidding! Must be run from GS/OS.
|
|
|
|
SOUND22:
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
Cool little ProDOS 8 program (SOUND.EDITOR) that plays hi-fidelity
|
|
(relatively) through the old Apple II speaker. This is included as a
|
|
demonstration of how accurate KEGS sound emulation is.
|
|
|
|
Sound.Smith.95:
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
GS/OS application that plays SoundSmith songs, which are spreadsheet music,
|
|
like MODs. I included some sample songs--FILE.11, FILE.16, FILE.17, and
|
|
SPACE.HARRIER. Enjoy!
|
|
|
|
SOLITAIRE:
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
Klondike. I like the interface on this game.
|
|
|
|
CAT.DOCTOR:
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
From Prosel8 (which is now public domain), this utility is very handy for
|
|
sorting directories (among other things). Useful for arranging GSOS7,
|
|
and BYE.SYSTEM mentioned above.
|
|
|
|
BGSOUND:
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
This CDA lets you play Soundsmith songs in the background while other
|
|
applications are running. Very handy for playing Solitaire with some music.
|
|
|
|
DOCVu.CDA:
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
This CDA shows the current DOC contents in real-time. It has neat visual
|
|
effects while playing Soundsmith songs.
|
|
|
|
Zippy.gs
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Very useful ProDOS 8 program by Andy McFadden for setting ZipGS parameters.
|
|
In KEGS, you'll want to use this to change the Zip speed to less than
|
|
100% to make the "Unlimited" speed become limited to 7.5MHz, which is
|
|
useful for some games.
|
|
|
|
|
|
KEGS: What works:
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
Basically, just about every Apple II program works. See the file
|
|
README.a2.compatibility for directions on how to make certain games/programs
|
|
work.
|
|
|
|
KEGS is EXTREMELY compatible. But, I haven't tested everything. Let
|
|
me know if you find a program which is not working correctly.
|
|
|
|
Some old Apple II 5.25" games require the old C600 ROM image, and don't work
|
|
with the default Apple IIgs ROM. This is not KEGS's fault--these games
|
|
don't run on a real Apple IIgs either. KEGS has built-in the old Apple II
|
|
Disk PROM which you can enable by using the IIgs control panel to set
|
|
Slot 6 to "Your Card". This allows many more Apple II games to run, and
|
|
is the recommended setting.
|
|
|
|
The NinjaForce Megademo mostly works, but sometimes hangs in the BBS Demo.
|
|
Just skip that demo if it happens.
|
|
|
|
The California Demo hangs at startup unless you use the IIgs control panel
|
|
to boot from slot 5, and then do a ctrl-Open_Apple-Reset to boot--doing
|
|
the above lets it work fine. This seems to be a bug in the demo.
|
|
|
|
|
|
KEGS bugs:
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
On a ROM03, KEGS makes a patch to the ROM image (inside emulation, not
|
|
to the Unix file) to fix a bug in the ROM code. Both ROM01 and ROM03
|
|
are patched to enable use of more than 8MB of memory. I then patch the ROM
|
|
self-tests to make the ROM checksum pass. But other programs, like
|
|
the Apple IIgs Diagnostic Disk, will detect a ROM checksum mismatch.
|
|
Don't worry about it.
|
|
|
|
Sound breaks up if KEGS is unable to keep up--it should only be happening
|
|
if you are trying to force KEGS to run at 2.8MHz, but cannot due to
|
|
sound and video overhead.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sound emulation:
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
KEGS supports very accurate classic Apple II sound (clicking of the
|
|
speaker using $C030) and fairly accurate Ensoniq sound.
|
|
|
|
When KEGS determines that no sound has been produced for more than
|
|
5 seconds, it turns off the sound calculation routines for a small
|
|
speedup. It describes that it has done this by saying "Pausing sound"
|
|
in the debug window. However, when sound restarts, it sometimes
|
|
"breaks-up" a little. I will work on fixes for this.
|
|
|
|
If your display is not using shared memory, audio defaults to off unless
|
|
you override it with "-audio 1".
|
|
|
|
SCC (Serial Port) emulation:
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
KEGS emulates the two serial ports on a IIgs as being two Unix sockets.
|
|
Port 1 (printer port) is at socket address 6501, and port 2 (modem)
|
|
is at socket address 6502.
|
|
|
|
By default, slot 1 is emulated using a simple receive socket, and slot 2
|
|
emulates a Virtual Modem.
|
|
|
|
A Virtual Modem means KEGS acts as if a modem is on the serial port
|
|
allowing Apple II communcation programs to fully work, but connected to
|
|
internet-enabled sockets. KEGS emulates a "Hayes- Compatible" modem,
|
|
meaning it accepts "AT" commands. You can use KEGS to connect to free
|
|
telnet-BBSs, or run a BBS program on KEGS and become a telnet BBS yourself.
|
|
|
|
The two main AT commands are: ATDT for dialing out, and ATA for receiving
|
|
calls. To dial out, enter "ATDThostname", or for example,
|
|
"ATDTboycot.no-ip.com" (which is down at the moment, unfortunately).
|
|
You can also enter an IP address, like "ATDT127.0.0.1". On a Mac, to
|
|
create a telnet server to allow telnet connections (do not use over the
|
|
internet, but on a private network behind a firewall, this should be
|
|
fine), in a Terminal window type: "sudo /usr/libexec/telnetd -debug".
|
|
You must then enable telnet on port 23 through your Mac OS X Firewall in
|
|
the System Preferences->Sharing->Firewall page (just add port 23 as
|
|
open--you'll need to use the "New..." button and then select Other for
|
|
Port Name, and enter Port Number as 23). Then from KEGS in a
|
|
communications program, do "ATDT127.0.0.1", and then log-in to your Mac.
|
|
|
|
KEGS also accepts incoming "calls". Start KEGS, and initialize the
|
|
Virtual Modem with some AT command (ATZ resets all state, and is a useful
|
|
start). KEGS now has a socket port open, 6502 for slot 2, which you
|
|
can connect to using any telnet program. In a Terminal window, then
|
|
type "telnet 127.0.0.1 6502" and you will connect to KEGS. The Virtual
|
|
Modem then starts printing "RING" every 2 seconds until you answer with
|
|
"ATA". You are now connected. I have not tried BBS programs, but have
|
|
made connections with ProTERM.
|
|
|
|
On Windows XP SP2, when KEGS tries to open this incoming socket, you'll
|
|
need to enable it and click Unblock to the dialog that Windows pops up.
|
|
If you do not want incoming connections, you can block it instead.
|
|
|
|
Once connected, you can go back to talking to the Virtual Modem by
|
|
pressing + three times quickly (+++), and then not type anything for a second.
|
|
This goes back to the AT-command mode. You can now "ATH" to hang up, or
|
|
"ATO" to go back online.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, the socket code is very preliminary and there are problems
|
|
receiving connections.
|
|
|
|
KEGS also supports an older, simpler socket interface, which it defaults
|
|
to using on slot 1. In KEGS, from APPLESOFT, if you PR#1, all output will
|
|
then be sent to socket port 6501. You can see it by connecting to the
|
|
port using telnet. In another terminal window, do: "telnet localhost 6501"
|
|
and then you will see all the output going to the "printer".
|
|
|
|
Under APPLESOFT, you can PR#1 and IN#1. This gets input from the
|
|
socket also. You can type in the telnet window, it will be sent on
|
|
to the emulated IIgs. You may want to go to the F4 Config Panel and set
|
|
"mask off high bit" for serial port accesses to make PR#1 work a little nicer.
|
|
|
|
You can "print" from BASIC by using something like PR#1 in KEGS and
|
|
"telnet localhost 6501 | tee file.out" in another window.
|
|
|
|
|
|
KEGS status area:
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
The status area is updated once each second. It displays info I am
|
|
(or was at some time) interested in seeing.
|
|
|
|
Line 1: (Emulation speed info)
|
|
dcycs: number of seconds since KEGS was started
|
|
sim MHz: Effective speed of KEGS instruction emulation, not counting
|
|
overhead for video or sound routines.
|
|
Eff MHz: Above, but with overhead accounted for. Eff MHz is the
|
|
speed of an equivalent true Apple IIgs. This is extremely
|
|
accurate.
|
|
sec: The number of real seconds that have passed during on of KEGS's
|
|
emulated seconds. Should be 1.00 +/- .01. Under 1
|
|
means KEGS is running a bit fast, over 1 means KEGS is
|
|
running slow. When you force speed to 2.5MHz, if KEGS
|
|
can't keep up, it extends sec, so you can see how slow
|
|
it's really going here.
|
|
vol: Apple IIgs main audio volume control, in hex, from 0-F.
|
|
pal: Super-hires palette that is unavailable. KEGS needs one palette
|
|
for the standard Apple // graphics mode on an 8-bit display,
|
|
and it grabs the least-used palette. Defaults to 0xe.
|
|
You can try changing it with F10. If you change it to a
|
|
palette that is not least used, KEGS changes it back in
|
|
one second. Any superhires lines using the unavailable
|
|
palette will have their colors mapped into the
|
|
closest-matching "lores" colors, to minimize visual
|
|
impact.
|
|
Limit: Prints which speed setting the user has requested: 1MHz, 2.8MHz,
|
|
or Unlimited.
|
|
|
|
Line 2: (Video and X info)
|
|
xfer: In hex, number of bytes transferred to the X screen per second.
|
|
xred_cs: Percentage of Unix processor cycles that were spent in the X
|
|
server (or other processes on the machine).
|
|
ch_in: Percentage of Unix processor cycles spent checking for X input Events.
|
|
ref_l: Percentage of Unix processor cycles spent scanning the Apple IIgs
|
|
memory for changes to the current display screen memory,
|
|
and copying those changes to internal XImage buffers.
|
|
ref_x: Percentage of Unix processor cycles spent sending those XImage buffers
|
|
to the X server. Very similar to xred_cs.
|
|
|
|
Line 3: (Interpreter overhead)
|
|
Ints: Number of Apple IIgs interrupts over the last second.
|
|
I/O: Rate of I/O through the fake smartport interface (hard drives).
|
|
Does not count 3.5" or 5.25" disk accesses.
|
|
BRK: Number of BRKs over the last second.
|
|
COP: Number of COPs over the last second.
|
|
Eng: Number of calls to the main instruction interpreter loop in the
|
|
last second. All "interrupts" or other special behavior
|
|
causes the main interpreter loop to exit. A high call
|
|
rate here indicates a lot of overhead. 12000-15000 is normal.
|
|
20000+ indicates some sort of problem.
|
|
act: Some instructions are handled by the main interpreter loop returning
|
|
special status "actions" to main event loop. This is the
|
|
number over the last second. Should be low.
|
|
hev: This tracks HALT_EVENTs. KEGS returns to the main loop to recalc
|
|
effective speed whenever any speed-changing I/O location is
|
|
touched. See the code, mostly in moremem.c
|
|
esi: This counts the number of superhires scan-line interrupts
|
|
taken in the last second.
|
|
edi: This counts the number of Ensoniq "special events" over the last
|
|
second. A sound that stops playing always causes a KEGS
|
|
event, even if it doesn't cause a IIgs interrupt.
|
|
|
|
Line 4: (Ensoniq DOC info)
|
|
snd1,2,3,4: Percentage of Unix processor cycles spent handling various
|
|
sound activities. snd1 is the total sum of all sound overhead.
|
|
st: Percentage of Unix cycles spent starting new Ensoniq oscillators.
|
|
est: Percentage of Unix cycles spent looking for 0 bytes in sounds.
|
|
x.yz: This final number is the average number of oscillators playing
|
|
over the last second. Up to 4.00 is low overhead, over
|
|
20.0 is high overhead.
|
|
|
|
Line 5: (Ensoniq DOC info)
|
|
snd_plays: Number of calls to a routine called sound_play, which
|
|
plays Ensoniq sounds. Always called at least 60 times per sec.
|
|
doc_ev: Number of Ensoniq (DOC) events in the last second. A sound
|
|
stopping is an event, but changing a parameter of a sound
|
|
while it is playing is also an event.
|
|
st_snd: Number of sounds that were started in the last second.
|
|
snd_parms: Number of times a sound parameter was changed while it
|
|
was playing.
|
|
|
|
Line 6: (IWM info)
|
|
For each IWM device, this line displays the current track (and side for
|
|
3.5" disks). If a disk is spinning, there will be an "*" next to the
|
|
track number. Only updated once a second, so the disk arm moving may
|
|
appear to jump by several tracks. "fast_disk_emul:1" shows that KEGS
|
|
is using less accurate, but faster, IWM emulation. Press F7 to toggle
|
|
to accurate disk emulation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documentation To-Do:
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
Describe the tracing and breakpoint debug features.
|
|
Describe the debug interface.
|
|
Describe how the code works.
|
|
Describe more of what's known to work.
|
|
Describe my changes to SPEEDTEST.
|
|
|
|
KEGS To-Do:
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
Better serial port emulation (printing, comm)
|
|
Better nibblized images.
|
|
Fix the Ensoniq bugs to make sound more accurate.
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
If you have any problems/questions/etc., just let me know.
|
|
|
|
Special thanks to Jeff Smoot of climbingwashington.com for letting me use
|
|
the picture of a keg for the Mac icon.
|
|
|
|
Kent Dickey
|
|
kadickey@alumni.princeton.edu
|
|
|
|
|
|
X Window (Linux) interface information:
|
|
--------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Every version of Linux is different. Supporting this is very difficult
|
|
especially since I do not run Linux myself.
|
|
|
|
If KEGS fails to start, try the following options:
|
|
|
|
kegs -audio 0 -noshm
|
|
|
|
There may be a bug with drawing the border on x86 Linux with Shared Memory--
|
|
add the options "-noshm -skip 0" to fix this up (but lose some graphics
|
|
performance, sorry). Try KEGS without these options first, but use
|
|
this as a workaround if necessary.
|
|
|
|
If you want the display to go somewhere different, make sure the shell
|
|
environment variable $DISPLAY is set, or give the command-line argument
|
|
"-display {foo}".
|
|
|
|
KEGS also forks off a subprocess to help handle the sound if audio is
|
|
active. If KEGS crashes in a unusual way (a core dump, for instance),
|
|
you may have to manually kill the subprocess. ("ps -ef| grep kegs;kill
|
|
xxxxx").
|
|
|
|
User geoff@gwlink.net adds some notes for mounting disks/floppies/CDs under
|
|
Solaris:
|
|
|
|
To use a CDROM, insert the CD and let Volume Management mount it.
|
|
Edit kegs_conf and use the filesystem that shows up in the "df -k"
|
|
listing. The volume name of the CDROM must be included. For example,
|
|
a CDROM in an IDE drive would look like this:
|
|
|
|
/vol/dev/dsk/c1t0d0/ciscocd
|
|
|
|
A CDROM in a SCSI drive would look like this:
|
|
|
|
/vol/dev/dsk/c0t6d0/j1170_10804
|
|
|
|
To provide low-level ADB emulation, KEGS turns off Unix key repeat when the
|
|
focus is in the KEGS window. It should be turned back on every time
|
|
the pointer leaves the KEGS window, but sometimes it doesn't. Re-running
|
|
KEGS (and then quitting it quickly) should turn key-repeat back on,
|
|
or you can type 'xset r' in another terminal window.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes the converse is true--key repeat is "on" when the cursor is
|
|
in the KEGS window. Moving the cursor out of the window and then
|
|
back in should solve it. This is sometimes noticeable when running
|
|
Wolfenstein 3D GS. I haven't spent much time debugging the problem.
|
|
I think it may be the X Server.
|
|
|
|
KEGS uses a private color-map for its X-window in 8-bit mode. This
|
|
may cause colormap "flash" when your cursor enters the window.
|
|
|
|
KEGS details/troubleshooting
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
KEGS will work on all platforms with a 15/16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit
|
|
color display. KEGS also supports an 8-bit display on X windows only.
|
|
On all platforms, it autodetects the color depth--no color switching
|
|
is necessary as long as you're at a supported depth.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Disk Image Details
|
|
|
|
Images loaded into slot 6 (drive 1 or 2) are assumed to be 140K
|
|
5.25" disks, which is usually have the extension ".dsk". Images
|
|
loaded into slot 5 (drive 1 or 2) are assumed to be 800K disk images
|
|
and can be in any supported imahe format (including partitions, if
|
|
you have 800K partitions). Images loaded into slot 7 (drives 1
|
|
through 32) can be in any format and can be any size up to 4GB.
|
|
|
|
KEGS boots s7d1 by default. You can change this using the emulated IIgs
|
|
control panel, just like a real Apple IIgs. KEGS emulates a IIgs with
|
|
two 5.25" drives in slot 6, two 3.5" drives in slot 5, and up to 32
|
|
"hard drives" in slot 7. However, the current Configuration Panel only
|
|
lets you set through s7d11. ProDOS 8 can access disks up to s7d8, but GSOS
|
|
has no limit, so it's best to put HFS images past s7d8 in order to leave
|
|
more slots for ProDOS images.
|
|
|
|
If you're trying to use a real host device (CD-ROM, or hard drive, or
|
|
floppy), you should make the permissions on the /dev/disk* files something
|
|
like (meaning, everyone should have read permission):
|
|
|
|
brw-r--r-- 1 root operator 14, 0 Jun 10 00:01 /dev/disk2
|
|
|
|
You can do this on a Mac with:
|
|
|
|
sudo chmod 644 /dev/disk2
|
|
|
|
DO NOT RUN KEGS AS ROOT. It is not designed for this and it's almost certain
|
|
problems will ensue.
|
|
|