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710 lines
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710 lines
29 KiB
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 2.0">
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<title>GNO Shell User's Manual</title>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<p align="right"><font size="7" face="Times"><b>GNO Shell User's
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Manual</b></font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="5" face="Times">By Tim Meekins,
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Albert Chin, and Jawaid Bazyar</font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="5" face="Times">Edited by Andrew
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Roughan</font></p>
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<p align="right"> </p>
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<p align="right"> </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Table of Contents</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><b>Chapter 1 Getting started with the GNO Shell </b></p>
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<dir>
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<li>Introduction <br>
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Customizing the Shell Environment <br>
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Invoking gsh </li>
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</dir>
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<p><b>Chapter 2 Interacting with the GNO Shell </b></p>
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<dir>
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<li>Executing Commands <br>
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Command-line Editor <br>
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Command Input <br>
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Command Editing <br>
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History Editing Keys<br>
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Command, Filename and Variable completion </li>
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</dir>
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<p><b>Chapter 3 Using the GNO Shell more productively </b></p>
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<dir>
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<li>What does this command do? <br>
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Option Arguments <br>
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Entering Multiple commands <br>
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Using Aliases as Shorthand <br>
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Redirecting Input and Output <br>
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Pipelines <br>
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Job Control <br>
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Working with Pathnames <br>
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Pathname Expansion <br>
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Quoting Special Characters <br>
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How gsh Finds a Command </li>
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</dir>
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<p><b>Chapter 4 Built-in Commands </b></p>
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<dir>
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<li>Built-ins vs EXE Commands <br>
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Shell Commands <br>
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Kernel Commands <br>
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Environment Commands </li>
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</dir>
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<p><b>Chapter 5 Shell Variables </b></p>
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<dir>
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<li>Using shell variables <br>
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Scope <br>
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Description of Pre-defined Shell Variables <br>
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Accessing shell variables </li>
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</dir>
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<p><b>Appendix A Sample gsh session </b></p>
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<p><b>Appendix B Prefix Conventions </b></p>
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<p><b>Appendix C Errors </b></p>
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<p><b>Appendix D Signals </b></p>
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<p><b>Appendix E Non-Compliant Applications </b></p>
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<p><b>Appendix F Termcaps </b></p>
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<p><b>Glossary </b></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><b>Index 63</b></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Chapter 1</font></p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Getting started with the GNO Shell</font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="2" face="Times">"Computer
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operating systems are among the most complex objects created by
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mankind..."</font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="2" face="Times">Douglas Comer,
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Operating System Design, The Xinu Approach</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Introduction</b></font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The GNO shell is an integral part of the
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GNO Multitasking Environment (GNO/ME). The GNO shell provides the
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interface between the user and the GNO Kernel. While both work
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together, the jobs they perform are quite different. This manual
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documents the functions of the shell.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The user interacts with the shell through a
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command-line interface. Command-line interfaces provide a unique
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way of interacting with the operating system. Unlike GUIs
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(Graphical User Interfaces), with which you are already familiar
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with by using programs such as the Finder and ShrinkIt! GS, all
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commands are typically entered using the keyboard. The shell
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interprets commands and passes them to the kernel for control and
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execution.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The command-line interface will be
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unfamiliar to some people However, once the command-line
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interface has been mastered, the user should have no difficulty
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using any current or future GNO applications. Those of you
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already familiar with Unix interfaces, such as the C shell,
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Bourne shell, and Korn shell, or the ORCA shell on the Apple
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IIGS, will begin to realize the advantages which GNO/ME is able
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to provide.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The way this manual is presented allows the
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complete beginner to simply work through the chapters in a
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chronological prder. Chapter 2 familiarises the user with
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entering basic commands whereas the more powerful GNO/ME features
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are introduced in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 documents the commands
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which are built into the GNO Shell and Chapter 5 explains shell
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variables which give the user control over how thier installation
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functions.</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Customizing the Shell Environment</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">When <b>gsh</b>, the implimentation of the
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GNO Shell, is executed, it reads in and processes the <i>gshrc</i>
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file. This file contains start-up instructions for the shell,
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which can be used to customize the operation of the shell and
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other aspects of the system. It is created by the GNO Installer
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during the installation process.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The following is a sample <i>gshrc</i> file
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(line numbers have been added for convenience):</font></p>
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<pre>
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1 ###
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2 #
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3 # GNO 2.0 gshrc file
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4 #
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5 ###
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6 #
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7 # Initialize our environment
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8 #
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9 set path=":hard:gno:bin :hard:gno:usr:bin"
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10 set prompt="[%h] %S%t%s %C> "
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11 set home=":hard:gno:user:root"
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12 set term=gnocon
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13 export path prompt home term
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14 setenv history=100 savehist=25
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15 ###
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16 #
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17 #Set up standard prefixes for utilities.
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18 #
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19 ###
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20 prefix 2 :software:orca:libraries
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21 prefix 3 :software:orca
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22 prefix 4 :software:orca:shell
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23 prefix 5 :software:orca:languages
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24 prefix 6 :software:orca:utilities
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25 prefix 7 :tmp
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26 ###
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27 #
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28 # Set up prefixes for Orca2.0(tm)'s benefit
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29 #
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30 ###
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31 prefix 13 :software:orca:libraries
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32 prefix 14 :software:orca
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33 prefix 15 :software:orca:shell
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34 prefix 16 :software:orca:languages
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35 prefix 17 :software:orca:utilities
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36 alias ls 'ls -CF'
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37 alias dir 'ls -al'
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38 alias cp 'cp -i'
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39 alias rm 'cp -p rm'
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40 alias mv 'cp -p mv'
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41 setenv usrman='/usr/man'
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42 set fignore='.a .root .sym'
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43 alias zcat 'compress -cd'
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44 setenv pager=less
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45 setenv less=-e
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46 set nonewline=1
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47 #
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48 # Move to home directory
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49 #
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50 cd line
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</pre>
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<p><font face="Times">When you install GNO/ME, the GNO installer
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knows where to find the GNO utilities and any ORCA utilities you
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may have. Unfortunately it does not know where all the other
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utilities and applications that you may wish to use are located.
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It is therefore necessary to edit the setup file in order to tell
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the GNO shell where these programs are on your hard disk.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The setup file, <i>gshrc</i>, is located in
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the /usr directory of the path where you installed GNO/ME. You
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can use any text editor from the desktop to edit the <i>gshrc</i>
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file, or if you are already familiar with the editor <b>vi</b>
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you can use this utility after launching the GNO kernel.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Line 9 is the statement that we are
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concerned with. <b>Hard </b>represents the name of your
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particular hard drive volume where you have installed GNO/ME.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set path=":hard:gno:bin
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:hard:gno:usr:bin" line #9</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">You will see that spaces have been inserted
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between pathnames. The space is the pathname separator and the
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colon has been used as the path delimiter for this specific
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variable, PATH. As an exercise, add your system directory to this
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statement. Line 9 should now look like this:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set path=":hard:gno:bin
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:hard:gno:usr:bin :hard:system"</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">What you have just done allows the GNO
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shell to find the <b>Finder</b> application. Now go ahead and add
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any pathnames that hold utilities or applications that you will
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use frequently from GNO/ME. It should also be noted that it is
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possible to have more than one pathname containing EXE, SYS16, or
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EXEC files; this is impossible under ORCA. The PATH variable is
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discussed thoroughly in Chapter 5.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">For now, the remaining lines of the <i>gshrc</i>
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file do not need editing. As you gain an understanding of the
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system you may wish to make further changes to the <i>gshrc</i>
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file. Make sure you save the file before you exit the editor.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">It is possible to modify these instructions
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while the GNO shell is active, but any changes will be lost upon
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exiting <b>gsh.</b> If you wish the changes to remain effective
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for the next session you must add them to the <i>gshrc</i> file.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">By customizing the <i>gshrc</i> file it is
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possible to make the GNO environment more like U</font><font
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size="2" face="Times">NIX, </font><font face="Times">the ORCA
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environment, or something completly different. Customization of
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the GNO environment leads to greater user productivity.</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Invoking </b>.i.<b>gsh</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME can be launched from a program
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launcher, such as the System 6.0 Finder. Launch the GNO Kernel
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program, <b>kern</b> by double clicking on it. The GNO kernel
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automatically executes the supplied GNO shell, <b>gsh</b>.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The prompt, "<tt>[1] 2:00am root </tt></font><font
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size="2" face="Courier"><tt>%</tt></font><font face="Times">",
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indicates that <b>gsh</b> is ready to receive input from the
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keyboard.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">To start a new <b>gsh</b> from the
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command-line simply type <b>gsh</b>. If multiple copies of the <b>gsh</b>
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process are undesirable, use the command <b>source gsh</b>
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instead. This is useful for testing changes made to the <i>gshrc</i>
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file. <b>Source</b> is a built-in comand which is discussed in
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Chapter 4 <b>Shell commands</b>.</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Chapter 2</font></p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Interacting with the GNO Shell</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Executing Commands</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">A command consists of two parts: a name and
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its arguments. The command name is the name used to start the
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command. The name is usually the name of a file which can be
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executed. The only exceptions are commands which are built-in to
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the shell. These commands are documented in Chapter 4 <b>Built-In
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Commands</b>. Any shell utility command with a filetype of EXE,
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SYS16, or EXEC, can be executed in this fashion. The command name
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must be separated from the command arguments with a space.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The command arguments are parameters that
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the command takes as data to work with (In Applesoft BASIC,
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"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">HELLO WORLD</font><font
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face="Times">" would be an argument for the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">PRINT</font><font face="Times"> command).
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Command arguments are separated from each other with a space.
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Note that although arguments extend the usefulness of a command,
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not all commands have arguments. Any arguments entered after the
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command will be passed by the shell to the program when it starts
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exectuting. </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The examples below use the following
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commands:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>qtime</b></font><font
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face="Times"> displays time in English text.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>echo</b></font><font
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face="Times"> prints arguments to the screen.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Examples:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>qtime</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">It's almost five.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo II Infinitum</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">II Infinitum</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">At the simplest level the user enters
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commands to the shell by typing them on the keyboard. <b>Gsh</b>
|
||
|
|
includes a command-line editor to help the user enter and edit
|
||
|
|
commands. The editor also provides a way to modify and execute
|
||
|
|
previous commands. Additionally the editor can help complete the
|
||
|
|
names of commands, filenames and variables.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Command-line Editor</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Below is a complete description of the
|
||
|
|
functions of the command-line editor with short examples
|
||
|
|
depicting how each editing key works.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Throughout the examples the underline
|
||
|
|
character, "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">_</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times">", will be used to represent the current cursor
|
||
|
|
position. In addition, "OA" is used to represent the
|
||
|
|
Open Apple key and the term <i>word</i> is used to indicate a
|
||
|
|
string of characters consisting of only letters, digits, and
|
||
|
|
underscores. To the right of a editing key entry is the </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">bindkey</font><font size="2" face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font face="Times">function name which is used to remap
|
||
|
|
editing functions to new keys. This information is included for
|
||
|
|
reference purposes only. See Chapter 4 <b>Shell Commands</b> for
|
||
|
|
more information on the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">bindkey</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> command.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">It should be pointed out that at this stage
|
||
|
|
that the user should not be concerned with what the actual
|
||
|
|
commands used in the examples do, rather the user should
|
||
|
|
concentrate on how the command-line editor functions work.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p> </p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Command Input</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">These command-line editor keys
|
||
|
|
deal with entering text directly on the command-line.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">RETURN</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>newline</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The return key is used to terminate
|
||
|
|
line input. <b>gsh</b> then interprets the command on the
|
||
|
|
line and acts accordingly. The position of the cursor on the
|
||
|
|
command-line does not matter.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (RETURN)</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">foo bar</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% _</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-D</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
<no bindkey name></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Exits <b>gsh</b> if it was the first
|
||
|
|
character typed on the command-line. If there are still jobs
|
||
|
|
running in the background or stopped, <b>gsh</b> will display
|
||
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">There are stopped
|
||
|
|
jobs.</font><font face="Times">" If you press </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-D</font><font face="Times"> a
|
||
|
|
second time without an intervening command, <b>gsh</b> will
|
||
|
|
terminate all the jobs in the job list and exit.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-R</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>redraw</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Moves to the next line and re-displays
|
||
|
|
the current command-line. Use this to redraw the current line
|
||
|
|
if the screen becomes garbled.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-L</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>clear-screen</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Clears the screen, moves the cursor to
|
||
|
|
the top line, and redraws the prompt and any command-line
|
||
|
|
that was in the process of being edited.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Command Editing</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">These command-line editor keys
|
||
|
|
allow editing of the command-line text.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-B <b>backward-char</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">LEFT-ARROW</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> Moves the cursor one character to the left. You
|
||
|
|
cannot move past the first character on the line. If so, <b>gsh</b>
|
||
|
|
will output an error beep.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (LEFT-ARROW) % <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-F <b>forward-char</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">RIGHT-ARROW</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> Moves the cursor one character to the right. You
|
||
|
|
cannot move past the last character on the line. If so, <b>gsh</b>
|
||
|
|
will output an error beep.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (RIGHT-ARROW) % <b>print fo</b><b><u>o</u></b><b> bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">DELETE</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>backward-delete-char</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Deletes the character to the left of the
|
||
|
|
cursor. You can delete up to the first character on the
|
||
|
|
command-line.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (DELETE) % <b>print </b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CLEAR <b>kill-whole-line</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-X</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
Deletes all characters on the command line and positions the
|
||
|
|
cursor after the prompt.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>prin</b><b><u>t</u></b><b>
|
||
|
|
foo bar</b> (CTRL-X) % <b>_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-Y;</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>kill-end-of-line</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Deletes all characters from the cursor to
|
||
|
|
the end of the command-line.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (CTRL-Y) % <b>print f_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-D <b>delete-char</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-D</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
Deletes the character under the cursor.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print fo</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (OA-D) % <b>print fo</b><b><u> </u></b><b>bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-A <b>beginning-of-line</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-<</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (OA-<) % <b><u>p</u></b><b>rint foo bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-E <b>end-of-line</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-></font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
Moves the cursor to the first position past the last character on
|
||
|
|
the line.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (OA->) % <b>print foo bar</b><b><u>_</u></b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-RIGHT-ARROW <b>forward-word</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Moves the cursor right to the last
|
||
|
|
character of the current word.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (OA-RIGHT-ARROW) % <b>print fo</b><b><u>o</u></b><b> bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-LEFT ARROW <b>backward-word</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Moves the cursor left to the beginning of
|
||
|
|
the current word.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print f</b><b><u>o</u></b><b>o
|
||
|
|
bar</b> (OA-LEFT ARROW) % <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print foo </b><b><u>b</u></b><b>ar</b>
|
||
|
|
(OA-LEFT ARROW) % <b>print </b><b><u>f</u></b><b>oo bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-E</font><font face="Times"> </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>toggle-cursor</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Toggles input mode between insert and
|
||
|
|
overstrike. Overstrike mode is distinguished by a solid inverse
|
||
|
|
cursor and insert mode by a blinking '</font><font size="2"
|
||
|
|
face="Courier"><b>_</b></font><font face="Times">' cursor. In
|
||
|
|
overstrike mode, any characters that are typed directly
|
||
|
|
over-write those characters below the cursor. In insert mode, the
|
||
|
|
characters typed are inserted before the character below the
|
||
|
|
cursor.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>History Editing Keys</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">These command-line editor keys allow access
|
||
|
|
to previously entered commands. The GNO shell automatically keeps
|
||
|
|
track of previous commands in what is called a history buffer.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The maximum number of command-lines saved
|
||
|
|
in the history buffer is determined by the shell variable . A
|
||
|
|
default value for this variable is set in the <i>gshrc</i> file
|
||
|
|
that the GNO Installer creates. The lines saved to the history
|
||
|
|
buffer are kept between sessions. That is, when you exit <b>gsh</b>,
|
||
|
|
$</font><font size="2" face="Courier">SAVEHIST</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> command-lines are saved to the </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">history</font><font face="Times"> file in
|
||
|
|
your </font><font size="2" face="Courier">$HOME</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> directory. When <b>gsh</b> is invoked again, all
|
||
|
|
command-lines saved in the history buffer will be available using
|
||
|
|
history editing keys. See Chapter 5 <b>Description of Predefined
|
||
|
|
Shell Variables</b> for more informtation on the </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">HISTORY</font><font face="Times"> and </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">SAVEHIST</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
variables.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dir>
|
||
|
|
<li><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-P <b>up-history</b></font><p><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">UP-ARROW</font><font face="Times">
|
||
|
|
Fetches the previous command-line. If the current
|
||
|
|
command-line is the first line in the history buffer, the
|
||
|
|
next line fetched will be an empty command-line. If
|
||
|
|
invoked again, the last line in the history buffer will
|
||
|
|
be displayed.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print foo bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo Apple II</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo GNO/ME</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>_</b> (UP-ARROW) % <b>echo
|
||
|
|
GNO/ME_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo GNO/ME_</b>
|
||
|
|
(UP-ARROW) % <b>echo Apple II_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-N <b>down-history</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">DOWN-ARROW</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> Fetches the next command-line. If the
|
||
|
|
current command-line is the last command line in the
|
||
|
|
history buffer, the next line fetched will be the first
|
||
|
|
command-line in the history buffer.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% print foo bar</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% echo Apple II</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% echo GNO/ME</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>_</b> (DOWN-ARROW)
|
||
|
|
% <b>print foo bar_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print foo bar_</b>
|
||
|
|
(DOWN-ARROW) % <b>echo Apple II_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Command, Filename and Variable
|
||
|
|
completion</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">These command-line editor keys can
|
||
|
|
be used to complete filenames, commands and variables.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-D</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> </font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>list-choices</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Lists commands and pathnames that
|
||
|
|
match the current word.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print foo_ bar</b>
|
||
|
|
(CTRL-D)</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">foo.c fool foo.m</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>print foo_ bar</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">TAB</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times"> </font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>complete-word</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Command, pathname and variable
|
||
|
|
completion. If the cursor is positioned on the first word
|
||
|
|
of the command-line, command pathname is performed, else
|
||
|
|
pathname or variable completion is performed. The word is
|
||
|
|
expanded to the closest matching command, pathname or
|
||
|
|
variable. Characters are appended up to the point that
|
||
|
|
they would cause more than one. If a complete pathname
|
||
|
|
results for pathname completion, <b>gsh</b> appends a
|
||
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">/</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times">" if the pathname is a directory;
|
||
|
|
otherwise, it appends a space.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Before After</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ca_</b> (TAB) % <b>cat_</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>mo_ foo.c</b> (TAB)
|
||
|
|
% <b>more_ foo.c</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>more fo_</b> (TAB)
|
||
|
|
% <b>more foo_</b> </font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo $TERMC_</b>
|
||
|
|
(TAB) % <b>echo $TERMCAP_</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Note that if there is more than one
|
||
|
|
match for the partial command, <b>gsh</b> will sound a
|
||
|
|
beep on the speaker. You can use the CTRL-D (</font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">list-choices</font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times">) command to see the list of possible
|
||
|
|
matches, and should either finish entering the command
|
||
|
|
manually or type enough additional characters to
|
||
|
|
guarantee a unique match.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If the </font><font size="2"
|
||
|
|
face="Courier">$FIGNORE </font><font face="Times">variable
|
||
|
|
is set, <b>gsh</b> ignores filenames (when doing
|
||
|
|
completion) that end with any of the suffixes in </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">$FIGNORE</font><font face="Times">.
|
||
|
|
See Chapter 5 <b>Description of Pre-defined Shell
|
||
|
|
Variables</b> for more information regarding the </font><font
|
||
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">$FIGNORE </font><font
|
||
|
|
face="Times">variable.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</dir>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Other ways of entering commands</b></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><u>Terminal Input</u></font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">An example involving the connection of a
|
||
|
|
terminal; will be dealt with in Chapter 3 <b>Redirecting Input
|
||
|
|
and Output</b> but it is necessary to mention here that when
|
||
|
|
using .i.<b>gsh</b> over a terminal, some keystrokes must be
|
||
|
|
slightly modified. This is because there are no terminals that
|
||
|
|
can transmit the OA key. Instead, a two-key sequence must be used
|
||
|
|
which replaces OA with ESC. For example, instead of pressing OA-E
|
||
|
|
to toggle insert mode, you can type ESC-E over a terminal to do
|
||
|
|
the same thing.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If you will be using terminals seriously
|
||
|
|
then you should install the Remote Access package.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dir>
|
||
|
|
<li><font face="Times"><u>Script File</u></font></li>
|
||
|
|
</dir>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">While you would normally type commands on
|
||
|
|
the command-line, you can also store a series of often used
|
||
|
|
commands in a file. A file containing such a series of commands
|
||
|
|
is called a script. A script is normally created by using a text
|
||
|
|
editor.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><font face="Times">By typing the name of the script file, the
|
||
|
|
shell will execute it, line by line, as if you had typed each
|
||
|
|
command separately. The <i>gshrc</i> file presented in Chapter 1 <b>Customizing
|
||
|
|
the Shell Environment</b> is an example of a script file.</font></p>
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|