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<title>GNO/ME Version 2</title>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p><font size="7" face="Times">GNO/ME Version 2.0</font></p>
<p><font size="5" face="Times">By Jawaid Bazyar and Tim Meekins</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font face="Times">The GNO Multitasking Environment is
Copyright 1991-1996 by Procyon Enterprises Incorporated</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Documentation, second edition, August 1996.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The ORCA/C run-time libraries are Copyright
1987-1993 Byte Works, Inc. and distributed with permission.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">This product includes software developed by
the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME 2.0 also includes several utilities
and libraries produced by outside authors and in the public
domain. This software is included solely as a convenience to
users of GNO/ME, and is not considered part of GNO/ME for
copyright purposes.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO and GNO/ME are trademarks of Procyon
Enterprises Incorporated.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Apple IIGS, APW, Finder, GS/OS, ProDOS,
Macintosh, and HFS are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
Inc.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">AppleWorks GS is a trademark of Claris
Corp.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&amp;T
Bell Laboratories.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Important Notice</b>: This is a fully
copyrighted work and as such is protected under the copyright
laws of the United States of America. According to these laws,
consumers of copywritten material may make copies for their
personal use only. Duplication for any other purpose whatsoever
would constitute infringement of copyright laws and the offender
would be liable to civil damages of up to $50,000 in addition to
actual damages, plus criminal penalties of up to one year
imprisonment and/or a $10,000 fine.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Procyon Enterprises Inc. MAKES NO
WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING THE ENCLOSED
COMPUTER SOFTWARE PACKAGE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY OR ITS FITNESS FOR
ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES IS
NOT PERMITTED IN SOME STATES. THE ABOVE EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY
TO YOU. THIS WARRANTY PROVIDES YOU WITH SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS.
THERE MAY BE OTHER RIGHTS THAT YOU MAY HAVE WHICH VARY FROM STATE
TO STATE.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">This product is sold for use on a <i>single
computer</i> at a <i>single location</i>. For information on
obtaining a site license for using multiple copies, contact the
publisher.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Procyon Enterprises, Inc.<br>
P.O. Box 641<br>
Englewood, CO 80151-0641 USA<br>
(303) 781-3273</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Credits</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">&quot;Always listen to experts. They'll
tell you what can't be done, and why. Then do it.&quot;<br>
Lazarus Long</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The <b>GNO</b> <b>M</b>ultitasking <b>E</b>nvironment
for the Apple IIgs </font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Copyright 1991-1993, Procyon Enterprises
Inc. and Tim Meekins</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Please direct all inquiries to:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times"><b>Procyon, Inc.<br>
PO Box 641<br>
Englewood, CO 80151-0641 USA<br>
(303) 781-3273</b></font></li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">For on-line technical assistance, contact:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Times">America OnLine : </font><font
face="Courier">GNOJawaid, GNOTim2</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">GEnie : </font><font face="Courier">Procyon.Inc</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">Internet : </font><font face="Courier">bazyar@hypermall.com</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">Delphi : </font><font face="Courier">JAWAIDB</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Times">Written by:</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Jawaid Bazyar</b> Kernel &amp;
Documentation<br>
<b>Tim Meekins</b> Shell &amp; Documentation<br>
<b>Albert Chin</b> Documentation<br>
<b>Andrew Roughan </b>Documentation<b><br>
Derek Taubert</b> Kernel support and utilities<br>
<b>Greg Thompson, Philip Vandry</b>, <b>James Brookes</b>, <b>Ian
Schmidt</b> Utilities</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">With many thanks to:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">Bill Gulstad, Rob Knauerhase, and
everyone on the GNOBETA Internet mailing list</font><p><font
face="Times">Dave Lyons, for tolerating my endless
questions since the beginning of time, for getting me
started in IIgs programming, and for calling GNO 'cool'.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Mike Westerfield, for your
technical assistance and all your work in making great
development tools for the IIgs.</font></p>
</li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">Special thanks to:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">Matt Deatherage, for egging me on to
complete the project; also, for your most helpful
technical support through DEVSUPPORT- you guys made this
thing possible!</font><p><font face="Times">Randy Hyde,
for telling me it couldn't be done.</font></p>
</li>
</dir>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Miscellaneous</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Reporting Bugs</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">In any large piece of computer software
such as the GNO/ME system, bugs are sure to turn up, no matter
how much testing is performed on the software before it goes out
the door. If you discover a bug in GNO/ME, we'd like to hear
about it. There are several things we require, however, to make
bug reports useful to us.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">First of all, we need a complete
description of your computer system; how much RAM, what cards, in
what slots, what type of disk storage, etc. This information is
very important in tracking down hardware-dependent bugs. Also, we
need to know the version numbers of the software involved; the
GNO Kernel, the GNO Shell, and any utilities.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Second, we need a step-by-step description
of how to duplicate the bug. If this requires writing down
individual keystrokes, then we need it. Only in this way can we
decide whether the bug is hardware dependent or global.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">You can send bug reports to any of the
electronic mail addresses listed on the 'Credits' page, or by
mailing a disk containing a description of the problem and the
necessary software and files to the Procyon address.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>User Projects</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you're working on a project which
utilizes GNO/ME in some way, we'd like to know about it. Just
contact us by mail, phone, or whatever is most convenient for
you, and tell us about your project. If possible, we'll
coordinate your efforts with those of other programmers. If we
really like your project and think it may be useful to others, we
may include it on the next GNO/ME distribution!</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Software Piracy</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you copied GNO/ME from someone and are
now reading this, take a moment to reflect on what you've done.
GNO/ME is a project that has consumed around three man-years of
effort, huge amounts of money, and a lot of grief on our part.
The kernel alone consists of over 18,000 lines of source code;
the shell and utilities make up another twenty to thirty thousand
lines.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Is it right that you're now benefiting from
our effort without any just compensation to the authors and
Procyon, Inc.? We are Apple II programmers born, bred and raised
in the spirit of the machine; we love to program it, and probably
always will. But if we cannot make enough money to make it
worthwhile to continue work on GNO/ME, then we won't; because by
worthwhile, we mean not only food on the table, but resources for
expansion; expansion of our IIgs product line and support to IIgs
owners being abandoned by the rest of the industry. In short,
support us and we'll support you.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME is very inexpensive when you
consider what it allows you to do, and what it will allow you to
do when software development for GNO/ME starts full-swing. And
it's a small price to pay indeed for our loyalty to you, the IIgs
owner.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">To all you GNO/ME purchasers out there:
thank you very much. We will continue to provide you with new
IIgs products until our hair and teeth fall out, and our fingers
are too frail to type the keys (and even then, with Easy Access,
we might crank out a program or two). We hope you will be
sufficiently impressed with the system to recommend it to others.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">p.s. Remember - if someone comes up to you
on the street and offers you some IBM, <b>Just Say GNO!</b></font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Preface</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Computers are tools. The flexibility of a
tool determines how useful it is. Early computers were much like
the one this software was written for: the Apple IIgs. They could
only run one program at a time, and their usefulness was limited
to what the particular program the user was executing offered. In
the late 1960's, a team of researchers at AT&amp;T began
developing the UNIX operating system. The UNIX design was
partially based on the premise that most programs are I/O bound,
that is, most of the time the program executes is spent waiting
for user input or other I/O operations. While one program is
waiting for I/O, why not allow another program to execute? This
is what they did, and the result was one of the most successful
computer operating systems ever created.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The Apple IIgs, like the Macintosh it is
modelled after, provides very limited multitasking abilities in
the form of desk accessories (NDAs). The programs in the NDA menu
are available in whatever application you use as long as it
follows Apple's guidelines. However, there are many graphics
based programs that don't support NDAs, and in addition there is
a wealth of software that has been developed for the Byte Works'
ORCA environment. This environment is mainly text-based, and thus
makes access to NDAs impossible. As if that wasn't enough, it's
very difficult to write an NDA to allow the application to keep
running concurrently. So the benefits are lost, and we're back at
ground zero.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Enter the GNO Multitasking Environment.
What was once just dreamed about is now a reality. GNO/ME
provides an environment that is almost entirely compatible with
software developed for the ORCA environment. But GNO/ME also
provides a wealth of new abilities, lots of new ground for
developers and users alike.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Before we begin describing, we'd like to
respond to those who say such a multitasking system isn't
possible on the Apple IIgs. Obviously it is: you hold it in your
hands. Some say the Apple IIgs isn't powerful enough to make
multitasking useful. We point out that the Apple IIgs is much
more powerful than the first computers UNIX was designed to run
on; they only had 64K of real memory, and were 16 bit machines.
Some ask why you'd ever need to run more than one program at
once. These are the same people who asked why we'd ever need more
than 64K of memory, or more than 140K of storage on disks (end
soapbox).</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Introduction</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The GNO Multitasking Environment provides
pre-emptive multitasking. Many programs can be executing at the
same time; each is called a 'process'. Each process is allowed to
run for a short period of time (1/20th of a second on average).
When its time runs out, the current process is set aside and
another one chosen to run next. This cycle continues until there
are no more processes left (i.e. when you exit GNO/ME). Starting
up processes to run 'in the background' is a simple matter of
adding a few characters to the shell commands.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME provides a shell that takes full
advantage of the multitasking ability provided. The most
important feature of the shell is job control (starting,
terminating, and suspending processes). But the shell also
provides power never before seen on the Apple IIgs. The ability
to choose files by 'wildcard' has been around for a while, but
the GNO Shell takes this to a new level with 'regular
expressions', a very powerful yet simple programming language.
Other benefits of the GNO shell are too numerous to mention. (see
the <i>GNO Shell User's Manual </i>for details).</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">In addition to being compatible with the
ORCA system, GNO/ME is a very powerful programming environment.
Available to the programmer are all the calls needed to control
processes, support Inter-Process Communication, and other tools
needed in a multitasking environment. </font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME also boasts the first completely
consistent method for accessing serial and console I/O. The IIgs
TextTools have been incredibly enhanced to provide a truly
all-encompassing interface for serial, console, and IPC
applications. Imagine being able to attach terminals to your GS,
and have a useful shell in each one. Multiuser BBSs, remote
dial-ups, UUCP or SLIP that doesn't take over your computer- the
applications are endless!</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">With all this talk of shell utilities, have
desktop users (users of programs like AppleWorks GS) been left
behind? Absolutely not. GNO/ME doesn't allow more than one
desktop program to run concurrently, but it DOES let you run a
desktop program with as many text applications as you like. In
other words, no functionality is lost from the IIgs by using
GNO/ME.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Finally, the GNO Multitasking Environment
comes with a large number of free utilities that bring some of
the power of a UNIX system to the Apple IIgs. Also, a number of
programming libraries are included that make it easy to port
programs from UNIX or MS-DOS systems to the Apple IIgs.</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">The GNO/ME package</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Included in your GNO/ME Version 2.0 package
are:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Times">this GNO/ME overview </font></li>
<li><font face="Times">the GNO Shell User's Manual</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">the GNO Kernel Reference Manual</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">a selection of utility and library
documentation</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">a reading list containing a wide
selection of books for both the user and the programmer</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">three disks containing the GNO Kernel,
GNO Shell, and loads of utilities</font></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Hardware Requirements</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME will work on any Apple IIgs with at
least 2 MegaBytes of memory and a hard drive.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">You should have at least 5 MegaBytes of
hard disk space free.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">We recommend 4 MegaBytes of Memory and an
accellerator card, especially if you will be using GNO with many
background processes. A modem and access to an on-line service
will greatly speed access to technical assistance and new
utilities as they are made available.</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Installation</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME is a very large system. Most of the
system is stored on the three disks in a compressed format. For
this reason we recommend that you read this section carefully and
use the included automated installation program to save yourself
the major headache of arranging everything. You'll need a hard
drive partition with at least 5 Megabytes free to install GNO/ME.
The entire installation process should take no longer than 10
minutes. </font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you are upgrading from GNO 1.0 to GNO
2.0, we recommend that you install GNO 2.0 on a new area of your
hard drive. This is because GNO 2.0 provides new versions of
almost all the utilities and other software provided with GNO
1.0. You can then move the parts of your old system that aren't a
part of the standard GNO 2.0 distribution over to the new
installation. </font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The installer program is able to the copy
the GNO libraries for use with the ORCA languages and tools. If
you want to use your ORCA languages and tools, you should answer
the appropriate questions during the install process. ORCA
installation is covered in more detail below.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Step 1:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">Copy the contents of /GNO.Disk1 to the
partition where you want to install GNO/ME. The easiest
way to do this is to run the IIGS Finder&trade; program,
insert the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font
face="Times"> disk, and drag the </font><font size="2"
face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font face="Times"> onto
the icon of the drive you want to install on. The Finder
will tell you that the disks are of a different size, and
ask you if you wish to place the contents of </font><font
size="2" face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font
face="Times"> in a folder on the hard drive partition.
Answer &quot;Yes&quot;, and the Finder will copy the
data.</font></li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">Step 2:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">Open the newly created </font><font
size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
face="Times"> folder on the partition and execute 'Kern'
by double-clicking on the </font><font size="2"
face="Courier">Kern</font><font face="Times"> icon. </font><font
size="2" face="Times">GNO.Disk1</font><font face="Times">
contains a minimal GNO system which you have just started
up. You'll see some copyright messages, and after a few
seconds the desktop will appear.</font></li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">Step 3:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">Install will ask you questions before
the installation process begins. Questions asked by
Install are boldfaced in the following discussion. If
you're uncertain of how to answer, click on the 'Info'
button to get more information on the question. This
information is reproduced here for ease of reference.</font><p><font
face="Times"><b>Do you have existing Byteworks (ORCA)
language products?</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you use Byteworks language
products such as ORCA/C, ORCA/M, ORCA/Pascal, etc. and
wish to use them from GNO/ME then answer 'Yes' to this
question. Otherwise, answer 'No'.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Clicking on the 'Info' button will
display the following text:</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">If you currently
use products such as ORCA/C, ORCA/Pascal, ORCA/M, etc.,
and wish to use them from GNO/ME then you should answer
'Yes' to this dialog.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Install will then
ask you to locate the file &quot;ORCA.SYS16&quot; (the
ORCA Shell). Usually, it will be in a directory called
&quot;ORCA&quot; on one of your hard drive partitions. On
our system, it is :software:orca. The location of this
file determines where Install puts the GNO-specific
ORCA/C header files and libraries (in the ORCA LIBRARIES
directory). If you have renamed ORCA.SYS16 to something
else, select that instead. </font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Install uses this
information to correctly set the ORCA prefixes and add
the EXECUTABLES directory to the $PATH variable in your
gshrc file. See the GNO Shell User's Manual, Appendix B,
for more information on the ORCA prefixes.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Do you want to install the
modified ORCA/C 2.0 ORCALIB library?</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you have ORCA/C 2.0 installed
and you answered 'Yes' to the previous question, then you
should answer 'Yes' now. If you have ORCA/C 1.3
installed, or you do not have any ORCA languages or
tools, then you should answer 'No'.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Clicking 'Info' will display the
following text:</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">GNO/ME 2.0 comes
with a modified version of the ORCA/C ORCALIB standard
library. This library adds specific support for some of
GNO's special files (pipes, terminals, etc) transparently
and corrects other problems the standard ORCALIB has with
GNO.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">This special
ORCALIB is only for use with ORCA/C 2.0. It will NOT work
with previous versions of ORCA/C.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Note that all of
GNO's other libraries (libgno, libbsd, libc) work fine
with ORCA/C 1.3.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Do you want to install the
Multi-User package?</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you wish to have the Multi User
package installed, answer 'Yes'. It is recommended that
new users do not install this package until they are
familiar with the system. This package is not fully
discussed in the GNO/ME manuals and may introduce many
unfamiliar concepts.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Clicking 'Info' will display the
following text:</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">The 'Multi-User'
package consists of a number of cooperating programs,
including init(8) and login(8). MU provides for
password-protected access to the GNO Shell via the
console or serial ports (modems and dedicated terminals).
It also handles multiple user accounts, and a certain
level of protection between users. </font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">If you will be
using a terminal with GNO, or want to be able to dial
into GNO with a modem, you should install MU.</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">You may wish to
hold off setting up the Multi-User package until you
learn your way around GNO a little better, as it's simple
to set up MU later.</font></p>
</li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">Step 4:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">The Installer will now proceed to
arrange the GNO Multitasking Environment on your hard
drive. Initially, the contents of /GNO.Disk1 will be
moved into the proper places on the volume you have
chosen. When asked by the Installer, you should place
/GNO.Disk2 and /GNO.Disk3 into the disk drive. The
contents of these disks will be extracted and
decompressed into their proper places.</font><p><font
face="Times">If the installer cannot finish it's tasks
for some reason, it will abort to the shell. At this
point you should study the error messages to determine
the cause of the failure, </font></p>
</li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">Step 5:</font></p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">When the Installer finishes, you will
be returned to the GNO prompt. At this time you should
type 'exit' to return to Finder and delete the </font><font
size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
face="Times"> directory, as it is no longer needed (GNO
is completely installed in a subdirectory </font><font
face="Courier">'</font><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO</font><font
face="Courier">'</font><font face="Times"> on the same
partition </font><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
face="Times"> is on.</font></li>
</dir>
<p><font face="Times">That's all!</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>What has been installed?</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">If you examine the directory that you chose
for GNO/ME, you will find that the Installer has created several
directories. Here is a brief rundown of thier contents:</font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<dir>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:bin: This directory contains the
executable shell utilities included with the GNO/ME
package.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">gno:dev: This directory contains
device drivers. The GNO/ME package includes serial
drivers for the II</font><font size="2" face="Times">GS</font><font
face="Times">' built-in modem and printer ports.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:etc: Various system configuration
files</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:initrc This a startup file for
kern and must remain in this directory.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:kern This is the GNO kernel.
Launch this to start GNO/ME.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:lib: This directory is provided
for,,,, It is currently empty.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:tmp: This directory is provided
for,,,, It is currently empty.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:user: This directory is created
if you installed the Multi-User package. It contains a
user directories for users of the system. Currently there
is only one: 'root'. </font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr: This directory contains UNIX
System Resources (USR).</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:bin: Miscellaneous utilities</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:man: This directory contains
the manual pages for the 'man' utility. There are eight
categories of information as defined by UNIX standards.
These eight categories are presented in either formatted
(man) or unformatted (cat) entries.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:games: The classic &quot;Hunt
the Wumpus&quot; game, and perhaps others.</font></li>
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:sbin: System administration
utilities.</font></li>
</dir>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Desk Accessories</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The following is a description of the desk
accessories that are shipped with GNO/ME.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>GSI NDA</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The Graphical Shell Interface New Desk
Accessory allows you to access the shell from a window inside a
desktop application. Selecting 'GSI' from the Apple menu opens a
window and brings up a shell in it. You can use the shell in this
window just as you would in text mode.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">At this time, GSI doesn't support any
terminal emulations; i.e., it's a 'dumb' interface. As a result,
full screen programs like 'less' and 'vi' will not work properly
in GSI.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Suspend NDA</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The Suspend New Desk Accessory allows you
to temporarily stop a desktop program and return to the text
shell. To return to the desktop program, simply type '<b>fg</b>'.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">You may put desktop programs in the
background ('<b>bg</b>') at your own risk. This is not guaranteed
to work for all programs, and putting a desktop program in the
background will not put the Apple IIgs in text mode.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Also, do not run another desktop program
when one is currently suspended. The GNO kernel tries to cleanly
terminate the second program, but may not always be able to
accomplish this.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>GNO Snooper CDA</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The GNO Snooper CDA is a utility that is
very helpful in debugging software, and reporting system crashes.
Snooper has access to information inside the kernel that is not
generally available to processes.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">When you enter the control panel and choose
&quot;GNO Snooper&quot; a process list is displayed, which is
very similar to the 'ps' shell command, and a menu is presented
with the following options:</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">D)etails</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Get detailed information on a process.
Snooper asks you for the process ID number of the process you
want to investigate. Snooper then dumps the state of the 65816
registers and shows various other information about the process.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">K)ill</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">This option sends a SIGKILL (signal number
9) to a process. Just type in the process ID of the process you
want to kill.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">P)rocess Group Dump</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Dumps the system process group tables,
which is very useful for debugging code which manipulates process
groups. The first table, 'pgrp', is the process group reference
count table. This table lists how many processes (and TTYs)
belong to that process group. pgrp ID's start at 2, so the first
pgrp listed is 2.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">The second listing is the ttyStruct table.
This table shows which pgrp each TTY belongs to. The TTYs start
with .null (0), then move on to .ttyb, .ttya, .ttyco, etc.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">F)ile Table Dump</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Lists all open files that GNO knows about.
The information is presented in tuples. The first element is the
real GS/OS refNum or device driver ID. The second is the type of
file (GSOS, ttyXX, or PIPE). The third is how many references to
that file are open. This information is global, so if two
processes have .NULL opened, the refcount for .tty00 will be 2.</font></p>
<hr>
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Reading List</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Recommended Reading for Users</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Learning Unix<br>
Author: James Gardner<br>
Publisher: Sams<br>
Edition: 1991<br>
ISBN: 0-672-30001-X</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: With disks containing MSDOS
simulation of Unix (MKS Tools). A good tutorial / reference book
for those without constant access to Unix.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Unix Operating System<br>
Author: Kaare Christian<br>
Publisher: Wiley<br>
Edition: 2nd ed. 1988<br>
ISBN: 0-471-84781-X</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A classic overview of Unix
commands. Good in coverage.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Peter Norton's Guide to Unix<br>
Authors: Peter Norton and Harley Hahn<br>
Publisher: Bantam Computer<br>
Edition: 1991<br>
ISBN: 0-553-35260-1</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: Good coverage. A good introduction
for beginners (especially those accustomed to DOS).</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Unix in a Nutshell<br>
Authors: Daniel Gilly and O'Reilly staff<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
Edition: 2nd ed. 1992 (System V and Solaris 2)<br>
ISBN: 1-56592-001-5</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** An
excellent desktop reference to almost all Unix commands &quot;a
complete reference containing all commands and options, plus
generous descriptions and examples that put the commands in
context.&quot; Also, an edition for 4.3. BSD.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Life with Unix - A Guide for
Everyone<br>
Authors: Don Libes and Sandy Ressler<br>
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
Edition: 1990<br>
ISBN: 0-13-536657-7</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** An
everything-you-want-to-know-about-Unix book. It includes info you
might not find elsewhere. &quot;This book is the
&quot;other&quot; book about Unix, a study in reading between the
lines - which is very much what learning UNIX is like.&quot;</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Unix for the Impatient<br>
Authors: Paul Abrahams and Bruce Larson<br>
Publisher: Addison Wesley<br>
Edition: 1992<br>
ISBN: 0-201-55703-7</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** A
new, comprehensive, in-depth reference to Unix. &quot;a handbook
you can use both as a manual to learn UNIX and as a ready
reference for fast answers to specific UNIX questions.&quot;</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Learning the vi Editor<br>
Author: Linda Lamb<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
Edition: 1990<br>
ISBN: 0-937175-67-6</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A very good guide to vi and ex
commands. With a quick reference card.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Titles: vi Tutor and vi Reference<br>
Authors: Michael Pierce and Robert Ware (Tut), Maarten Litmaati
(Ref)<br>
Edition: 1.3 (Tut), 8 (Ref)</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: These and other good vi stuff are
obtainable by anonymous ftp from cs.uwp.edu (in pub/vi) ...</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Recommended Reading for Programmers</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Design and Implementation of the
4.3 BSD Unix Operating System<br>
Authors: Samuel Leffler et al<br>
Publisher: Addison-Wesley<br>
Edition: 1990<br>
ISBN: 0-201-06196-1</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: An authoritative description of
the design of BSD Unix. &quot;It covers the internal structure of
the 4.3BSD system and the concepts, data structures, and
algorithms used in implementing the system facilities.&quot;</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Unix Programming Environment<br>
Authors: Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike<br>
Publisher: Prentice-Hall<br>
Edition: 1984<br>
ISBN: 0-13-937681-X</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A true classic on Unix
programming.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Advanced Programming in The Unix
Environment<br>
Author: Richard Stevens<br>
Publisher: Addison-Wesley<br>
Edition: 1992<br>
ISBN: 0-201-56317-7</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** A
going-to-be classic on how programs work under Unix. The source
codes and errata list are obtainable by anonymous ftp from
ftp.uu.net (in /published/books).</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Advanced Unix Programming<br>
Author: Marc Rochkind<br>
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
Edition: 1985<br>
ISBN: 0-13-011818-4</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A superb book covering all system
calls in detail.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Using C on the Unix System<br>
Author: David Curry<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
Edition: 1990<br>
ISBN: 0-937175-23-4</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: This book is directed to
(would-be) system programmers.</font></p>
<p><font face="Times"><b>Required Reading for Programmers</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: The C Programming Language<br>
Authors: Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie <br>
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
Edition: 2nd ed. 1988<br>
ISBN: 0-13-110362-8</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Comment: The answers to the exercises can
be found in C Answer Book written by Tondo and Gimpel and
published by Prentice Hall (ISBN: 0-13-109653-2).</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">All the books listed below are available
from:</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Resource Central<br>
PO Box 11250<br>
Overland Park Kansas 66207<br>
(913) 469 6502</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Apple IIgs ToolBox Reference.<br>
Volumes 1, 2 &amp; 3<br>
Author: Apple Computer<br>
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Programmers Reference for System 6.0<br>
Author: Mike Westerfield<br>
Publisher: Byteworks, Inc</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: Apple IIgs Firmware Reference<br>
Author: Apple Computer<br>
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
<p><font face="Times">Title: GS/OS Reference<br>
Author: Apple Computer<br>
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
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