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97
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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)ferror.3 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\"
.TH FERROR 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR clearerr ,
.BR feof ,
.BR ferror ,
.BR fileno
\- check and reset stream status
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
void \fBclearerr\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBfeof\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBferror\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBfileno\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
.BR clearerr
clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the stream pointed
to by
.IR stream .
.LP
The function
.BR feof
tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by
.IR stream ,
returning non-zero if it is set.
The end-of-file indicator can only be cleared by the function
.BR clearerr .
.LP
The function
.BR ferror
tests the error indicator for the stream pointed to by
.IR stream ,
returning non-zero if it is set.
The error indicator can only be reset by the
.BR clearerr
function.
.LP
The function
.BR fileno
examines the argument
.I stream
and returns its integer descriptor.
.SH ERRORS
These functions should not fail and do not set the external
variable
.IR errno .
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR open (2),
.BR stdio (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR clearerr ,
.BR feof ,
and
.BR ferror
conform to ANSI/C.

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.\" This manual page is derived from Linux sources.
.\"
.\" Devin Reade, 1997
.\"
.\" $Id: ecvt.3,v 1.1 1997/09/16 00:11:29 gdr Exp $
.\"
.TH ECVT 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR ecvt ,
.BR fcvt
\- convert a floating-point number to a string
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdlib.h>
.sp 1
char *\fBecvt\fR (double \fInumber\fR, size_t \fIndigits\fR, int *\fIdecpt\fR, int *\fIsign\fR);
.br
char *\fBfcvt\fR (double \fInumber\fR, size_t \fIndigits\fR, int *\fIdecpt\fR, int *\fIsign\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR ecvt
function converts
.IR number
to a NULL terminated string of
.IR ndigits
digits, and returns a pointer to the string. The string itself does not
contain a decimal point; however, the position of the decimal point relative
to the start of the string is stored in
.IR decpt .
A negative value for
.IR decpt
means that the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string.
If the sign of
.IR number
is negative,
.IR sign
is set to a non-zero value, otherwise it's set to 0.
.LP
The
.BR fcvt
function is identical to
.BR ecvt ,
except that
.IR ndigits
specifies the number of digits after the decimal point.
.SH RETURN VALUE
Both the
.BR ecvt
and
.BR fcvt
functions return a pointer to a static string containing the ASCII
representation of
.IR number .
The static string is overwritten by each call to
.BR ecvt
or
.BR fcvt .
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR gcvt (3),
.BR sprintf (3)

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fclose.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FCLOSE 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fclose
\- close a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfclose\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fclose
function
dissociates the named
.I stream
from its underlying file or set of functions.
If the stream was being used for output, any buffered data is written
first, using
.BR fflush (3).
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion 0 is returned.
Otherwise,
.BR EOF
is returned and the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
In either case no further access to the stream is possible.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
The argument
.I stream
is not an open stream.
.RE
.LP
The
.BR fclose
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR close (2)
or
.BR fflush (3).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR close (2),
.BR fflush (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR setbuf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fclose
function
conforms to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fflush.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FFLUSH 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fflush ,
.BR fpurge
\- flush a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfflush\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBfpurge\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
.BR fflush
forces a write of all buffered data for the given output or update
.I stream
via the stream's underlying write function.
The open status of the stream is unaffected.
.LP
If the
.I stream
argument is
.BR NULL ,
.BR fflush
flushes
.IR all
open output streams.
.LP
The function
.BR fpurge
erases any input or output buffered in the given
.IR stream .
For output streams this discards any unwritten output.
For input streams this discards any input read from the underlying object
but not yet obtained via
.BR getc (3);
this includes any text pushed back via
.BR ungetc .
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion 0 is returned.
Otherwise,
.BR EOF
is returned and the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
.I Stream
is not an open stream, or, in the case of
.BR fflush ,
not a stream open for writing.
.RE
.LP
The function
.BR fflush
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR write (2).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR write (2),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR fclose (3),
.BR setbuf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fflush
function
conforms to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fgets.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FGETS 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fgets ,
.BR gets
\- get a line from a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
char *\fBfgets\fR (char *\fIstr\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
char *\fBgets\fR (char *\fIstr\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fgets
function
reads at most one less than the number of characters specified by
.I size
from the given
.I stream
and stores them in the string
.IR str .
Reading stops when a newline character is found,
at end-of-file or error.
The newline, if any, is retained.
If any characters are read and there is no error, a
.BR \e0
character is appended to end the string.
.LP
The
.BR gets
function
is equivalent to
.BR fgets
with an infinite
.I size
and a
.I stream
of
.IR stdin ,
except that the newline character (if any) is not stored in the string.
It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the input line,
if any, is sufficiently short to fit in the string.
.SH RETURN VALUES
.LP
Upon successful completion,
.BR fgets
and
.BR gets
return
a pointer to the string.
If end-of-file occurs before any characters are read,
they return
.BR NULL
and the buffer contents is unchanged.
If an error occurs,
they return
.BR NULL
and the buffer contents is indeterminate.
The
.BR fgets
and
.BR gets
functions
do not distinguish between end-of-file and error, and callers must use
.BR feof (3)
and
.BR ferror (3)
to determine which occurred.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
The given
.I stream
is not a readable stream.
.RE
.LP
The function
.BR fgets
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR fflush (3),
.BR fstat (2),
.BR read (2),
or
.BR malloc (3).
.LP
The function
.BR gets
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR getchar (3).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR feof (3),
.BR ferror (3),
.BR fgetln (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR fgets
and
.BR gets
conform to ANSI/C.
.SH BUGS
Since it is usually impossible to ensure that the next input line
is less than some arbitrary length, and because overflowing the
input buffer is almost invariably a security violation, programs
should
.IR NEVER
use
.BR gets .
The
.BR gets
function
exists purely to conform to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fputs.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FPUTS 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fputs ,
.BR puts
\- output a line to a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfputs\fR (const char *\fIstr\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBputs\fR (const char *\fIstr\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
.BR fputs
writes the string pointed to by
.I str
to the stream pointed to by
.IR stream .
.LP
The function
.BR puts
writes the string
.IR str
and a terminating newline character,
to the stream
.IR stdout .
.SH RETURN VALUES
The
.BR fputs
function
returns 0 on success and
.BR EOF
on error;
.BR puts
returns a nonnegative integer on success and
.BR EOF
on error.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
The
.I stream
supplied
is not a writable stream.
.RE
.LP
The functions
.BR fputs
and
.BR puts
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR write (2).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR putc (3),
.BR ferror (3),
.BR stdio (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR fputs
and
.BR puts
conform to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fread.3 8.2 (Berkeley) 3/8/94
.\"
.TH FREAD 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fread ,
.BR fwrite
\- binary stream input/output
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
size_t \fBfread\fR (void *\fIptr\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR, size_t \fInmemb\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
size_t \fBfwrite\fR (const void *\fIptr\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR, size_t \fInmemb\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
.BR fread
reads
.I nmemb
objects, each
.I size
bytes long, from the stream pointed to by
.IR stream ,
storing them at the location given by
.IR ptr .
.LP
The function
.BR fwrite
writes
.I nmemb
objects, each
.I size
bytes long, to the stream pointed to by
.IR stream ,
obtaining them from the location given by
.IR ptr .
.SH RETURN VALUES
The functions
.BR fread
and
.BR fwrite
advance the file position indicator for the stream
by the number of bytes read or written.
They return the number of objects read or written.
If an error occurs, or the end-of-file is reached,
the return value is a short object count (or zero).
.LP
The function
.BR fread
does not distinguish between end-of-file and error, and callers
must use
.BR feof (3)
and
.BR ferror (3)
to determine which occurred.
The function
.BR fwrite
returns a value less than
.I nmemb
only if a write error has occurred.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR read (2),
.BR write (2)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR fread
and
.BR fwrite
conform to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fseek.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FSEEK 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fgetpos ,
.BR fseek ,
.BR fsetpos ,
.BR ftell ,
.BR rewind
\- reposition a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfseek\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, long \fIoffset\fR, int \fIwhence\fR);
.br
long \fBftell\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
void \fBrewind\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBfgetpos\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, fpos_t *\fIpos\fR);
.br
int \fBfsetpos\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, fpos_t *\fIpos\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fseek
function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed
to by
.IR stream .
The new position, measured in bytes, is obtained by adding
.I offset
bytes to the position specified by
.IR whence .
If
.I whence
is set to
.BR SEEK_SET ,
.BR SEEK_CUR ,
or
.BR SEEK_END ,
the offset is relative to the
start of the file, the current position indicator, or end-of-file,
respectively.
A successful call to the
.BR fseek
function clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream and undoes
any effects of the
.BR ungetc (3)
function on the same stream.
.LP
The
.BR ftell
function
obtains the current value of the file position indicator for the
stream pointed to by
.IR stream .
.LP
The
.BR rewind
function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed
to by
.I stream
to the beginning of the file.
It is equivalent to:
.RS
(void) fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET)
.RE
except that the error indicator for the stream is also cleared
(see
.BR clearerr (3)).
.LP
The
.BR fgetpos
and
.BR fsetpos
functions
are alternate interfaces equivalent to
.BR ftell
and
.BR fseek
(with whence set to \fBSEEK_SET\fR),
setting and storing the current value of
the file offset into or from the object referenced by
.IR pos .
On some non-UNIX
systems an
.B fpos_t
object may be a complex object
and these routines may be the only way to portably reposition a text stream.
.SH RETURN VALUES
The
.BR rewind
function
returns no value.
Upon successful completion,
.BR fgetpos ,
.BR fseek ,
.BR fsetpos
return 0,
and
.BR ftell
returns the current offset.
Otherwise, \-1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to
indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
The
.I stream
specified
is not a seekable stream.
.IP \fBEINVAL\fR
The
.I whence
argument to
.BR fseek
was not
.BR SEEK_SET ,
.BR SEEK_END ,
or
.BR SEEK_CUR .
.RE
.LP
The function
.BR fgetpos ,
.BR fseek ,
.BR fsetpos ,
and
.BR ftell
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR fflush (3),
.BR fstat (2),
.BR lseek (2),
and
.BR malloc (3).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR lseek (2)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fgetpos ,
.BR fsetpos ,
.BR fseek ,
.BR ftell ,
and
.BR rewind
functions
conform to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)getc.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH GETC 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fgetc ,
.BR getc ,
.BR getchar ,
.BR getw
\- get next character or word from input stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfgetc\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBgetc\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBgetchar\fR (void);
.br
int \fBgetw\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fgetc
function
obtains the next input character (if present) from the stream pointed at by
.IR stream ,
or the next character pushed back on the stream via
.BR ungetc (3).
.LP
The
.BR getc
function
acts essentially identically to
.BR fgetc ,
but is a macro that expands in-line.
.LP
The
.BR getchar
function
is equivalent to:
getc with the argument stdin.
.LP
The
.BR getw
function
obtains the next
.IR int
(if present)
from the stream pointed at by
.IR stream .
.SH RETURN VALUES
If successful, these routines return the next requested object
from the
.IR stream .
If the stream is at end-of-file or a read error occurs,
the routines return
.BR EOF .
The routines
.BR feof (3)
and
.BR ferror (3)
must be used to distinguish between end-of-file and error.
If an error occurs, the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
The end-of-file condition is remembered, even on a terminal, and all
subsequent attempts to read will return
.BR EOF
until the condition is cleared with
.BR clearerr (3).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ferror (3),
.BR fread (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR putc (3),
.BR ungetc (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fgetc ,
.BR getc
and
.BR getchar
functions
conform to ANSI/C.
.SH BUGS
Since
.BR EOF
is a valid integer value,
.BR feof (3)
and
.BR ferror (3)
must be used to check for failure after calling
.BR getw .
The size and byte order of an
.IR int
varies from one machine to another, and
.BR getw
is not recommended for portable applications.
.LP

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.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)isblank.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH ISBLANK 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR isblank
\- space or tab character test
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <ctype.h>
.sp 1
int \fBisblank\fR (int \fIc\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR isblank
function tests for a space or tab character.
.SH RETURN VALUES
The
.BR isblank
function returns zero if the character tests false and
returns non-zero if the character tests true.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ctype (3),
.BR ascii (7)

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.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)isinf.3 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/29/94
.\"
.TH ISINF 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR isinf ,
.BR isnan
\- test for infinity or not-a-number
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <math.h>
.sp 1
int
.BR isinf (extended);
.br
int
.BR isnan (extended);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR isinf
function
returns 1 if the number is
.IR "+/- Infinity" ,
otherwise 0.
.LP
The
.BR isnan
function
returns 1 if the number is
.IR not-a-number " (NaN),"
otherwise 0.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR math (3),
.sp 1
.IR "IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic" ,
ANSI Std 754-1985
.sp 1
.IR "Apple Numerics Manual " "(SANE)"
.SH BUGS
Neither the VAX nor the Tahoe floating point have distinguished values
for either infinity or not-a-number.
These routines always return 0 on those architectures.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)printf.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH PRINTF 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR printf ,
.BR fprintf ,
.BR sprintf ,
.BR snprintf ,
.BR vprintf ,
.BR vfprintf,
.BR vsprintf ,
.BR vsnprintf
\- formatted output conversion
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBprintf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.br
int \fBfprintf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.br
int \fBsprintf\fR (char *\fIstr\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.br
int \fBsnprintf\fR (char *\fIstr\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.\" .br
.\" int \fBsmprintf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.sp 1
#include <stdarg.h>
.sp 1
int \fBvprintf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.br
int \fBvfprintf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.br
int \fBvsprintf\fR (char *\fIstr\fR, char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.br
int \fBvsnprintf\fR (char *\fIstr\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.\" .br
.\" int \fBvsmprintf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR printf
family of functions produces output according to a
.I format
as described below.
.BR Printf
and
.BR vprintf
write output to
.IR stdout,
the standard output stream;
.BR fprintf
and
.BR vfprintf
write output to the given output
.IR stream .
.BR sprintf ,
.BR snprintf ,
.BR vsprintf ,
and
.BR vsnprintf
write to the character string
.IR str .
.\" .IR str ;
.\" and
.\" .I smprintf
.\" and
.\" .I vsmprintf
.\" dynamically allocate a new string with
.\" .IR malloc .
These functions write the output under the control of a
.I format
string that specifies how subsequent arguments
(or arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
.BR stdarg (3))
are converted for output.
.\" Except for
.\" .I smprintf
.\" and
.\" .IR vsmprintf ,
.\" all of these functions return
These functions return
the number of characters printed
(not including the trailing
.BR \e0
used to end output to strings).
.\" .I Smprintf
.\" and
.\" .I vsmprintf
.\" return a pointer to a string of an appropriate length;
.\" this pointer should be passed to
.\" .I free
.\" to release the associated storage
.\" when it is no longer needed.
.\" If sufficient space is not avaliable,
.\" .I smprintf
.\" and
.\" .I vsmprintf
.\" will return
.\" .SM
.\" .BR
.BR Snprintf
and
.BR vsnprintf
will write at most
.IR size
of the characters printed into the output string
(the
.I size
character then gets the terminating
.BR \e0 );
if the return value is greater than or equal to the
.I size
argument, the string was too short
and some of the printed characters were discarded.
.BR Sprintf
and
.BR vsprintf
effectively assume an infinite
.IR size .
.LP
The format string is composed of zero or more directives:
ordinary
.\" multibyte
characters (not
.BR % ),
which are copied unchanged to the output stream;
and conversion specifications, each of which results
in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments.
Each conversion specification is introduced by
the character
.BR % .
The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion)
with the conversion specifier.
After the
.BR % ,
the following appear in sequence:
.RS
.sp 1
Zero or more of the following flags:
.RS
A
.BR #
character
specifying that the value should be converted to an ``alternate form''.
For
.BR c ,
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR n ,
.BR p ,
.BR s ,
and
.BR u ,
conversions, this option has no effect.
For
.BR o
conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first
character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed
with an explicit precision of zero).
For
.BR x
and
.BR X
conversions, a non-zero result has the string
.BR 0x
(or
.BR 0X
for
.BR X
conversions) prepended to it.
For
.BR e ,
.BR E ,
.BR f ,
.BR g ,
and
.BR G ,
conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of
those conversions only if a digit follows).
For
.BR g
and
.BR G
conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
would otherwise be.
.sp 1
A zero
.RB ( \&0 )
character specifying zero padding.
For all conversions except
.BR n ,
the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.
If a precision is given with a numeric conversion
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR o ,
.BR u ,
.BR i ,
.BR x ,
and
.BR X ) ,
the
.BR \&0
flag is ignored.
.sp 1
A negative field width flag
.RB ( \- )
indicates the converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary.
Except for
.BR n
conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks,
rather than on the left with blanks or zeros.
A
.B \-
overrides a
.B \&0
if both are given.
.sp 1
A space, specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
produced by a signed conversion
.RB ( d ,
.BR e ,
.BR E ,
.BR f ,
.BR g ,
.BR G ,
or
.BR i ).
.sp 1
A
.B +
character specifying that a sign always be placed before a
number produced by a signed conversion.
A
.B +
overrides a space if both are used.
.RE
.sp 1
An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width.
If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will
be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment
flag has been given) to fill out
the field width.
.sp 1
An optional precision, in the form of a period
.RB ( \&. )
followed by an
optional digit string. If the digit string is omitted, the precision
is taken as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR o ,
.BR u ,
.BR x ,
and
.BR X
conversions, the number of digits to appear after the decimal-point for
.BR e ,
.BR E ,
and
.BR f
conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for
.BR g
and
.BR G
conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a
string for
.BR s
conversions.
.sp 1
The optional character
.BR h ,
specifying that a following
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR o ,
.BR u ,
.BR x ,
or
.BR X
conversion corresponds to a
.IR "short int"
or
.IR "unsigned short int"
argument, or that a following
.BR n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.IR "short int"
argument.
.sp 1
The optional character
.BR l
(ell) specifying that a following
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR o ,
.BR u ,
.BR x ,
or
.BR X
conversion applies to a pointer to a
.IR "long int"
or
.IR "unsigned long int"
argument, or that a following
.BR n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.IR "long int"
argument.
.sp 1
The optional character
.BR q ,
specifying that a following
.BR d ,
.BR i ,
.BR o ,
.BR u ,
.BR x ,
or
.BR X
conversion corresponds to a
.IR "quad int"
or
.IR "unsigned quad int"
argument, or that a following
.BR n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.IR "quad int"
argument.
.sp 1
The character
.BR L
specifying that a following
.BR e ,
.BR E ,
.BR f ,
.BR g ,
or
.BR G
conversion corresponds to a
.IR "long double"
argument (but note that long double values are not currently supported
by the ORCA/C, VAX, and Tahoe compilers).
.sp 1
A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
.RE
.LP
A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by
an asterisk
.BR *
instead of a
digit string.
In this case, an
.IR int
argument supplies the field width or precision.
A negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag followed by a
positive field width; a negative precision is treated as though it were
missing.
.LP
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
.RS
.IP \fBdiouxX\fR
The
.IR int
(or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal
.RB ( d
and
.BR i ),
unsigned octal
.RB ( o ),
unsigned decimal
.RB ( u ),
or unsigned hexadecimal
.RB ( x
and
.BR X )
notation. The letters
.BR abcdef
are used for
.BR x
conversions; the letters
.BR ABCDEF
are used for
.BR X
conversions.
The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must
appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on
the left with zeros.
.IP \fBDOU\fR
The
.IR "long int"
argument is converted to signed decimal, unsigned octal, or unsigned
decimal, as if the format had been
.BR ld ,
.BR lo ,
or
.BR lu
respectively.
These conversion characters are deprecated, and will eventually disappear.
.IP \fBeE\fR
The
.IR double
argument is rounded and converted in the style
.nf
[\-]\fId\fR\&.\fIddd\fRe(+|-)\fIdd\fR
.fi
where there is one digit before the
decimal-point character
and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision;
if the precision is missing,
it is taken as 6; if the precision is
zero, no decimal-point character appears.
An
.BR E
conversion uses the letter
.BR E
(rather than
.BR e )
to introduce the exponent.
The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero,
the exponent is 00.
.IP \fBf\fR
The
.IR double
argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style
.nf
[-]\fIddd\fR\&.\fIddd\fR,
.fi
where the number of digits after the decimal-point character
is equal to the precision specification.
If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is
explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears.
If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.
.IP \fBg\fR
The
.IR double
argument is converted in style
.BR f
or
.BR e
(or
.BR E
for
.BR G
conversions).
The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero,
it is treated as 1.
Style
.BR e
is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than
or equal to the precision.
Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a
decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.
.IP \fBc\fR
The
.IR int
argument is converted to an
.IR "unsigned char" ,
and the resulting character is written.
.IP \fBs\fR
The
.I "char *"
argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer
to a string).
Characters from the array are written up to (but not including)
a terminating
.BR NULL
character;
if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are
written.
If a precision is given, no null character
need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than
the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating
.BR NUL
character.
.IP \fBp\fR
The
.I "void *"
pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by
.BR %#x
or
.BR %#lx ).
.IP \fBn\fR
The number of characters written so far is stored into the
integer indicated by the
.I "int *"
(or variant) pointer argument.
No argument is converted.
.IP \fB%\fR
A
.BR %
is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification
is
.BR %% .
.RE
.LP
In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the
field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
.LP
.SH EXAMPLES
To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02',
where
.IR weekday
and
.IR month
are pointers to strings:
.nf
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en",
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
.fi
.LP
To print Pi
to five decimal places:
.nf
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0));
.fi
.LP
To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it:
.nf
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...)
{
char *p;
va_list ap;
if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL)
return (NULL);
va_start(ap, fmt);
(void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
return (p);
}
.fi
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR printf (1),
.BR scanf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fprintf ,
.BR printf ,
.BR sprintf ,
.BR vprintf ,
.BR vfprintf ,
and
.BR vsprintf
functions
conform to ANSI/C.
.SH HISTORY
The functions
.BR snprintf
and
.BR vsnprintf
are new to this release.
.SH BUGS
The ORCA/C stdio implementation also provides a
.BR %b
format specifier, for Pascal-type strings. This is not currently implemented.
.LP
The conversion formats
.BR \&%D ,
.BR \&%O ,
and
.BR %U
are not standard and
are provided only for backward compatibility.
The effect of padding the
.BR %p
format with zeros (either by the
.B 0
flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign effect (i.e., none)
of the
.B #
flag on
.BR %n
and
.BR %p
conversions, as well as other
nonsensical combinations such as
.BR %Ld ,
are not standard; such combinations
should be avoided.
.LP
Because
.BR sprintf
and
.BR vsprintf
assume an infinitely long string,
callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space;
this is often impossible to assure.
For safety, programmers should use the
.BR snprintf
interface instead.
Unfortunately, this interface is not portable.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)putc.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH PUTC 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fputc ,
.BR putc ,
.BR putchar ,
.BR putw
\- output a character or word to a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBfputc\fR (int \fIc\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBputc\fR (int \fIc\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.br
int \fBputchar\fR (int \fIc\fR);
.br
int \fBputw\fR (int \fIw\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fputc
function
writes the character
.I c
(converted to an ``unsigned char'')
to the output stream pointed to by
.IR stream .
.LP
.BR Putc
acts essentially identically to
.BR fputc ,
but is a macro that expands in-line. It may evaluate
.I stream
more than once, so arguments given to
.BR putc
should not be expressions with potential side effects.
.LP
.BR Putchar
is identical to
.BR putc
with an output stream of
.IR stdout .
.LP
The
.BR putw
function
writes the specified
.IR int
to the named output
.IR stream .
.SH RETURN VALUES
The functions,
.BR fputc ,
.BR putc
and
.BR putchar
return the character written.
If an error occurs, the value
.BR EOF
is returned.
The
.BR putw
function
returns 0 on success;
.BR EOF
is returned if
a write error occurs,
or if an attempt is made to write a read-only stream.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ferror (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR getc (3),
.BR stdio (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR fputc ,
.BR putc ,
and
.BR putchar ,
conform to ANSI/C.
A function
.BR putw
function appeared in
.BR v6 .
.SH BUGS
The size and byte order of an
.IR int
varies from one machine to another, and
.BR putw
is not recommended for portable applications.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)remove.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH REMOVE 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR remove
\- remove directory entry
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBremove\fR (const char *\fIpath\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR remove
function
is an alias for the
.BR unlink (2)
system call.
It deletes the file referenced by
.IR path .
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion,
.BR remove
returns 0.
Otherwise, \-1 is returned and the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
The
.BR remove
function
may fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR unlink (2).
.SH BUGS
See the BUGS section of the
.BR unlink (2)
manual page.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR unlink (2)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR remove
function conforms to ANSI/C.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)scanf.3 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
.\"
.TH SCANF 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR scanf ,
.BR fscanf ,
.BR sscanf ,
.BR vscanf ,
.BR vsscanf ,
.BR vfscanf
\- input format conversion
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBscanf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.br
int \fBfscanf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.br
int \fBsscanf\fR (const char *\fIstr\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, ...);
.sp 1
#include <stdarg.h>
.sp 1
int \fBvscanf\fR (const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.br
int \fBvsscanf\fR (const char *\fIstr\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.br
int \fBvfscanf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, const char *\fIformat\fR, va_list \fIap\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR scanf
family of functions scans input according to a
.I format
as described below.
This format may contain
.IR "conversion specifiers" ;
the results from such conversions, if any,
are stored through the
.IR pointer
arguments.
.LP
The
.BR scanf
function
reads input from the standard input stream
.IR stdin ,
.BR fscanf
reads input from the stream pointer
.IR stream ,
and
.BR sscanf
reads its input from the character string pointed to by
.IR str .
The
.BR vfscanf
function
is analogous to
.BR vfprintf (3)
and reads input from the stream pointer
.I stream
using a variable argument list of pointers (see
.BR stdarg (3)).
The
.BR vscanf
function scans a variable argument list from the standard input and
the
.BR vsscanf
function scans it from a string;
these are analogous to
the
.BR vprintf
and
.BR vsprintf
functions respectively.
.LP
Each successive
.IR pointer
argument must correspond properly with
each successive conversion specifier
(but see `suppression' below).
All conversions are introduced by the
.BR %
(percent sign) character.
The
.I format
string
may also contain other characters.
White space (such as blanks, tabs, or newlines) in the
.I format
string match any amount of white space, including none, in the input.
Everything else
matches only itself.
Scanning stops
when an input character does not match such a format character.
Scanning also stops
when an input conversion cannot be made (see below).
.SH CONVERSIONS
Following the
.BR %
character introducing a conversion
there may be a number of
.IR flag
characters, as follows:
.RS
.IP \fB*\fR
Suppresses assignment.
The conversion that follows occurs as usual, but no pointer is used;
the result of the conversion is simply discarded.
.IP \fBh\fR
Indicates that the conversion will be one of
.BR dioux
or
.BR n
and the next pointer is a pointer to a
.IR "short int"
(rather than
.IR int ).
.IP \fBl\fR
Indicates either that the conversion will be one of
.BR dioux
or
.BR n
and the next pointer is a pointer to a
.IR "long int"
(rather than
.IR int ),
or that the conversion will be one of
.BR efg
and the next pointer is a pointer to
.IR double
(rather than
.IR float ).
.IP \fBL\fR
Indicates that the conversion will be
.BR efg
and the next pointer is a pointer to
.IR "long double" .
(This type is not implemented; the
.BR L
flag is currently ignored.)
.RE
.LP
In addition to these flags,
there may be an optional maximum field width,
expressed as a decimal integer,
between the
.BR %
and the conversion.
If no width is given,
a default of `infinity' is used (with one exception, below);
otherwise at most this many characters are scanned
in processing the conversion.
Before conversion begins,
most conversions skip white space;
this white space is not counted against the field width.
.LP
The following conversions are available:
.RS
.IP \fB%\fR
Matches a literal `%'.
That is, `%\&%' in the format string
matches a single input `%' character.
No conversion is done, and assignment does not occur.
.IP \fBd\fR
Matches an optionally signed decimal integer;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR int .
.IP \fBD\fR
Equivalent to
.BR ld ;
this exists only for backwards compatibility.
.IP \fBi\fR
Matches an optionally signed integer;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR int .
The integer is read in base 16 if it begins
with
.BR 0x
or
.BR 0X ,
in base 8 if it begins with
.BR 0 ,
and in base 10 otherwise.
Only characters that correspond to the base are used.
.IP \fBo\fR
Matches an octal integer;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR "unsigned int" .
.IP \fBO\fR
Equivalent to
.BR lo ;
this exists for backwards compatibility.
.IP \fBu\fR
Matches an optionally signed decimal integer;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR "unsigned int" .
.IP \fBx\fR
Matches an optionally signed hexadecimal integer;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR "unsigned int" .
.IP \fBX\fR
Equivalent to
.BR lx ;
this violates the ANSI/C standard,
but is backwards compatible with previous
UNIX systems.
.IP \fBf\fR
Matches an optionally signed floating-point number;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR float .
.IP \fBe\fR
Equivalent to
.BR f .
.IP \fBg\fR
Equivalent to
.BR f .
.IP \fBE\fR
Equivalent to
.BR lf ;
this violates the ANSI/C standard,
but is backwards compatible with previous
UNIX systems.
.IP \fBF\fR
Equivalent to
.BR lf ;
this exists only for backwards compatibility.
.IP \fBs\fR
Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR char ,
and the array must be large enough to accept all the sequence and the
terminating
.BR NUL
character.
The input string stops at white space
or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs first.
.IP \fBc\fR
Matches a sequence of
.IR width
count
characters (default 1);
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR char ,
and there must be enough room for all the characters
(no terminating
.BR NUL
is added).
The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed.
To skip white space first, use an explicit space in the format.
.IP \fB\&[\fR
Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set
of accepted characters;
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR char ,
and there must be enough room for all the characters in the string,
plus a terminating
.BR NUL
character.
The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed.
The string is to be made up of characters in
(or not in)
a particular set;
the set is defined by the characters between the open bracket
.BR [
character
and a close bracket
.BR ]
character.
The set
.IR excludes
those characters
if the first character after the open bracket is a circumflex
.BR ^ .
To include a close bracket in the set,
make it the first character after the open bracket
or the circumflex;
any other position will end the set.
The hyphen character
.BR -
is also special;
when placed between two other characters,
it adds all intervening characters to the set.
To include a hyphen,
make it the last character before the final close bracket.
For instance,
.BR [^]0-9-]
means the set `everything except close bracket, zero through nine,
and hyphen'.
The string ends with the appearance of a character not in the
(or, with a circumflex, in) set
or when the field width runs out.
.IP \fBp\fR
Matches a pointer value (as printed by
.BR %p
in
.BR printf (3));
the next pointer must be a pointer to
.IR void .
.IP \fBn\fR
Nothing is expected;
instead, the number of characters consumed thus far from the input
is stored through the next pointer,
which must be a pointer to
.IR int .
This is
.IR not
a conversion, although it can be suppressed with the
.BR *
flag.
.RE
.LP
For backwards compatibility,
other conversion characters (except
.BR \e0 )
are taken as if they were
.BR %d
or, if uppercase,
.BR %ld ,
and a `conversion' of
.BR %\e0
causes an immediate return of
.BR EOF .
The
.BR F
and
.BR X
conversions will be changed in the future
to conform to the ANSI/C standard,
after which they will act like
.BR f
and
.BR x
respectively.
.LP
.SH RETURN VALUES
These
functions
return
the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided
for, or even zero, in the event of a matching failure.
Zero
indicates that, while there was input available,
no conversions were assigned;
typically this is due to an invalid input character,
such as an alphabetic character for a
.BR %d
conversion.
.LP
The value
.BR EOF
is returned if an input failure occurs before any conversion such as an
end-of-file occurs. If an error or end-of-file occurs after conversion
has begun,
the number of conversions which were successfully completed is returned.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR strtol (3),
.BR strtoul (3),
.BR strtod (3),
.BR getc (3),
.BR printf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The functions
.BR fscanf ,
.BR scanf ,
and
.BR sscanf
conform to ANSI/C.
.SH HISTORY
The functions
.BR vscanf ,
.BR vsscanf
and
.BR vfscanf
are new to this release.
.SH BUGS
The ORCA/C stdio implementation also provides a
.BR %b
format specifier, for Pascal-type strings. This is not currently implemented.
.LP
The current situation with
.BR %F
and
.BR %X
conversions is unfortunate.
.LP
All of the backwards compatibility formats will be removed in the future.
.LP
Numerical strings are truncated to 512 characters; for example,
.BR %f
and
.BR %d
are implicitly
.BR %512f
and
.BR %512d .

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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" the American National Standards Committee X3, on Information
.\" Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)setbuf.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH SETBUF 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR setbuf ,
.BR setbuffer ,
.BR setlinebuf ,
.BR setvbuf
\- stream buffering operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
void \fBsetbuf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, char *\fIbuf\fR);
.br
void \fBsetbuffer\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, char *\fIbuf\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR);
.sp 1
int \fBsetlinebuf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.sp 1
int \fBsetvbuf\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, char *\fIbuf\fR, int \fImode\fR, size_t \fIsize\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The three types of buffering available are unbuffered, block buffered,
and line buffered.
When an output stream is unbuffered, information appears on the
destination file or terminal as soon as written;
when it is block buffered many characters are saved up and written as a block;
when it is line buffered characters are saved up until a newline is
output or input is read from any stream attached to a terminal device
(typically stdin).
The function
.BR fflush (3)
may be used to force the block out early.
(See
.BR fclose (3).)
.LP
Normally all files are block buffered.
When the first I/O operation occurs on a file,
.BR malloc (3)
is called,
and an optimally-sized buffer is obtained.
If a stream refers to a terminal
(as
.IR stdout
normally does) it is line buffered.
The standard error stream
.IR stderr
is always unbuffered.
.LP
The
.BR setvbuf
function
may be used to alter the buffering behavior of a stream.
The
.I mode
parameter must be one of the following three macros:
.RS
.nf
\fB_IONBF\fR unbuffered
\fB_IOLBF\fR line buffered
\fB_IOFBF\fR fully buffered
.fi
.RE
.LP
The
.I size
parameter may be given as zero
to obtain deferred optimal-size buffer allocation as usual.
If it is not zero,
then except for unbuffered files, the
.I buf
argument should point to a buffer at least
.I size
bytes long;
this buffer will be used instead of the current buffer.
(If the
.I size
argument
is not zero but
.I buf
is
.BR NULL ,
a buffer of the given size will be allocated immediately,
and released on close.
This is an extension to ANSI C;
portable code should use a size of 0 with any
.BR NULL
buffer.)
.LP
The
.BR setvbuf
function may be used at any time,
but may have peculiar side effects
(such as discarding input or flushing output)
if the stream is ``active''.
Portable applications should call it only once on any given stream,
and before any I/O is performed.
.LP
The other three calls are, in effect, simply aliases for calls to
.BR setvbuf .
Except for the lack of a return value, the
.BR setbuf
function is exactly equivalent to the call
.nf
setvbuf(stream, buf, buf ? _IOFBF : _IONBF, BUFSIZ);
.fi
The
.BR setbuffer
function
is the same, except that the size of the buffer is up to the caller,
rather than being determined by the default
.BR BUFSIZ .
The
.BR setlinebuf
function
is exactly equivalent to the call:
.nf
setvbuf(stream, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
.fi
.SH RETURN VALUES
The
.BR setvbuf
function returns 0 on success, or
.BR EOF
if the request cannot be honored
(note that the stream is still functional in this case).
.LP
The
.BR setlinebuf
function returns what the equivalent
.BR setvbuf
would have returned.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR fopen (3),
.BR fclose (3),
.BR fread (3),
.BR malloc (3),
.BR puts (3),
.BR printf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR setbuf
and
.BR setvbuf
functions
conform to ANSI/C.
.SH BUGS
The
.BR setbuffer
and
.BR setlinebuf
functions are not portable to versions of BSD before 4.2BSD.
On 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD systems,
.BR setbuf
always uses a suboptimal buffer size and should be avoided.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)stdio.3 8.7 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\"
.TH STDIO 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR stdio
\- standard input/output library functions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.br
#include <stdio.h>
.br
FILE *stdin;
.br
FILE *stdout;
.br
FILE *stderr;
.SH DESCRIPTION
The standard I/O library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream
I/O interface.
Input and output is mapped into logical data streams
and the physical I/O
characteristics are concealed. The functions and macros are listed
below; more information is available from the individual man pages.
.LP
A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical
device) by
.IR opening
a file, which may involve creating a new file. Creating an
existing file causes its former contents to be discarded.
If a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as opposed
to a terminal) then a
.IR "file position indicator"
associated with the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte
zero), unless the file is opened with append mode. If append mode
is used, the position indicator will be placed the end-of-file.
The position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes
and positioning requests. All input occurs as if the characters
were read by successive calls to the
.BR fgetc (3)
function; all output takes place as if all characters were
read by successive calls to the
.BR fputc (3)
function.
.LP
A file is disassociated from a stream by
.IR closing
the file.
Output streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred
to the host environment) before the stream is disassociated from the file.
The value of a pointer to a
.BR FILE
object is indeterminate after a file is closed (garbage).
.LP
A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program
execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned
at the start). If the main function returns to its original caller, or
the
.BR exit (3)
function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output
streams are flushed) before program termination. Other methods
of program termination, such as
.BR abort (3)
do not bother about closing files properly.
.LP
This implementation makes a distinction between
.I text
and
.I binary
streams. For text streams, all carrige returns are mapped to linefeeds
during input, and all linefeeds are mapped to carrige returns on output.
No extra padding appears on any stream.
.LP
At program startup, three streams are predefined and need not be
opened explicitly:
.RS
.IR "standard input"
(for reading conventional input),
.br
.IR "standard output"
(for writing conventional output), and
.br
.IR "standard error"
(for writing diagnostic output).
.RE
These streams are abbreviated
.IR stdin ,
.IR stdout ,
and
.IR stderr .
Initially, the standard error stream
is unbuffered; the standard input and output streams are
fully buffered if and only if the streams do not refer to
an interactive or
.I terminal
device, as determined by the
.BR isatty (3)
function.
In fact,
.IR all
freshly-opened streams that refer to terminal devices
default to line buffering, and
pending output to such streams is written automatically
whenever an such an input stream is read.
Note that this applies only to
.IR "true reads" ;
if the read request can be satisfied by existing buffered data,
no automatic flush will occur.
In these cases,
or when a large amount of computation is done after printing
part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to
.BR fflush (3)
the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
will appear.
Alternatively, these defaults may be modified via the
.BR setvbuf (3)
function.
.LP
The
.BR stdio
library is a part of the library
.BR libc
and routines are automatically loaded as needed by the linker.
The
.BR SYNOPSIS
sections of the following manual pages indicate which include files
are to be used, what the compiler declaration for the function
looks like and which external variables are of interest.
.LP
The following are defined as macros;
these names may not be re-used
without first removing their current definitions with
.BR #undef :
.BR BUFSIZ ,
.BR EOF ,
.BR FILENAME_MAX ,
.BR FOPEN_MAX ,
.BR L_cuserid ,
.BR L_ctermid ,
.BR L_tmpnam,
.BR NULL ,
.BR SEEK_END ,
.BR SEEK_SET ,
.BR SEE_CUR ,
.BR TMP_MAX ,
.BR clearerr ,
.BR feof ,
.BR ferror ,
.BR fileno ,
.BR freopen ,
.BR fwopen ,
.BR getc ,
.BR getchar ,
.BR putc ,
.BR putchar ,
.BR stderr ,
.BR stdin ,
.BR stdout .
Function versions of the macro functions
.BR feof ,
.BR ferror ,
.BR clearerr ,
.BR fileno ,
.BR getc ,
.BR getchar ,
.BR putc ,
and
.BR putchar
exist and will be used if the macros
definitions are explicitly removed.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR open (2),
.BR close (2),
.BR read (2),
.BR write (2)
.SH BUGS
The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
library and system functions, especially
.BR fork (2),
.BR fork2 (2),
.BR vfork (2),
and
.BR abort (3).
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR stdio
library conforms to ANSI/C.
.SH LIST OF FUNCTIONS
.nf
Function Description
-------- -----------
clearerr check and reset stream status
fclose close a stream
fdopen stream open functions
feof check and reset stream status
ferror check and reset stream status
fflush flush a stream
fgetc get next character or word from input stream
fgetln get a line from a stream
fgetpos reposition a stream
fgets get a line from a stream
fileno check and reset stream status
fopen stream open functions
fprintf formatted output conversion
fpurge flush a stream
fputc output a character or word to a stream
fputs output a line to a stream
fread binary stream input/output
freopen stream open functions
fropen open a stream
fscanf input format conversion
fseek reposition a stream
fsetpos reposition a stream
ftell reposition a stream
funopen open a stream
fwopen open a stream
fwrite binary stream input/output
getc get next character or word from input stream
getchar get next character or word from input stream
gets get a line from a stream
getw get next character or word from input stream
mkstemp create unique temporary file
mktemp create unique temporary file
perror system error messages
printf formatted output conversion
putc output a character or word to a stream
putchar output a character or word to a stream
puts output a line to a stream
putw output a character or word to a stream
remove remove directory entry
rewind reposition a stream
scanf input format conversion
setbuf stream buffering operations
setbuffer stream buffering operations
setlinebuf stream buffering operations
setvbuf stream buffering operations
snprintf formatted output conversion
sprintf formatted output conversion
sscanf input format conversion
strerror system error messages
sys_errlist system error messages
sys_nerr system error messages
tempnam temporary file routines
tmpfile temporary file routines
tmpnam temporary file routines
ungetc un-get character from input stream
vfprintf formatted output conversion
vfscanf input format conversion
vprintf formatted output conversion
vscanf input format conversion
vsnprintf formatted output conversion
vsprintf formatted output conversion
vsscanf input format conversion
.fi

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)ungetc.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH UNGETC 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR ungetc
\- un-get character from input stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
int \fBungetc\fR (int \fIc\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR ungetc
function pushes the character
.I c
(converted to an unsigned char)
back onto the input stream pointed to by
.IR stream .
The pushed-backed characters will be returned by subsequent reads on the
stream (in reverse order).
A successful intervening call, using the same stream, to one of the file
positioning functions
.BR fseek (3),
.BR fsetpos (3),
or
.BR rewind (3)
will discard the pushed back characters.
.LP
One character of push-back is guaranteed,
but as long as there is
sufficient memory, an effectively infinite amount of pushback is allowed.
.LP
If a character is successfully pushed-back,
the end-of-file indicator for the stream is cleared.
.SH RETURN VALUES
The
.BR ungetc
function
returns
the character pushed-back after the conversion, or
.BR EOF
if the operation fails.
If the value of the argument
.I c
character equals
.BR EOF ,
the operation will fail and the stream will remain unchanged.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR getc (3),
.BR fseek (3),
.BR setvbuf (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR ungetc
function conforms to ANSI/C.