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https://github.com/classilla/tenfourfox.git
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377 lines
16 KiB
C++
377 lines
16 KiB
C++
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
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/* vim: set ts=8 sts=2 et sw=2 tw=80: */
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/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
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* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
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* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
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#ifndef mozilla_FastBernoulliTrial_h
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#define mozilla_FastBernoulliTrial_h
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#include "mozilla/Assertions.h"
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#include "mozilla/XorShift128PlusRNG.h"
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#include <cmath>
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#include <stdint.h>
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namespace mozilla {
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/**
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* class FastBernoulliTrial: Efficient sampling with uniform probability
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*
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* When gathering statistics about a program's behavior, we may be observing
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* events that occur very frequently (e.g., function calls or memory
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* allocations) and we may be gathering information that is somewhat expensive
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* to produce (e.g., call stacks). Sampling all the events could have a
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* significant impact on the program's performance.
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*
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* Why not just sample every N'th event? This technique is called "systematic
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* sampling"; it's simple and efficient, and it's fine if we imagine a
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* patternless stream of events. But what if we're sampling allocations, and the
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* program happens to have a loop where each iteration does exactly N
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* allocations? You would end up sampling the same allocation every time through
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* the loop; the entire rest of the loop becomes invisible to your measurements!
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* More generally, if each iteration does M allocations, and M and N have any
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* common divisor at all, most allocation sites will never be sampled. If
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* they're both even, say, the odd-numbered allocations disappear from your
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* results.
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*
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* Ideally, we'd like each event to have some probability P of being sampled,
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* independent of its neighbors and of its position in the sequence. This is
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* called "Bernoulli sampling", and it doesn't suffer from any of the problems
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* mentioned above.
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*
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* One disadvantage of Bernoulli sampling is that you can't be sure exactly how
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* many samples you'll get: technically, it's possible that you might sample
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* none of them, or all of them. But if the number of events N is large, these
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* aren't likely outcomes; you can generally expect somewhere around P * N
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* events to be sampled.
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*
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* The other disadvantage of Bernoulli sampling is that you have to generate a
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* random number for every event, which can be slow.
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*
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* [significant pause]
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*
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* BUT NOT WITH THIS CLASS! FastBernoulliTrial lets you do true Bernoulli
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* sampling, while generating a fresh random number only when we do decide to
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* sample an event, not on every trial. When it decides not to sample, a call to
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* |FastBernoulliTrial::trial| is nothing but decrementing a counter and
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* comparing it to zero. So the lower your sampling probability is, the less
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* overhead FastBernoulliTrial imposes.
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*
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* Probabilities of 0 and 1 are handled efficiently. (In neither case need we
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* ever generate a random number at all.)
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*
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* The essential API:
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*
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* - FastBernoulliTrial(double P)
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* Construct an instance that selects events with probability P.
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*
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* - FastBernoulliTrial::trial()
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* Return true with probability P. Call this each time an event occurs, to
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* decide whether to sample it or not.
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*
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* - FastBernoulliTrial::trial(size_t n)
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* Equivalent to calling trial() |n| times, and returning true if any of those
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* calls do. However, like trial, this runs in fast constant time.
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*
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* What is this good for? In some applications, some events are "bigger" than
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* others. For example, large allocations are more significant than small
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* allocations. Perhaps we'd like to imagine that we're drawing allocations
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* from a stream of bytes, and performing a separate Bernoulli trial on every
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* byte from the stream. We can accomplish this by calling |t.trial(S)| for
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* the number of bytes S, and sampling the event if that returns true.
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*
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* Of course, this style of sampling needs to be paired with analysis and
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* presentation that makes the size of the event apparent, lest trials with
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* large values for |n| appear to be indistinguishable from those with small
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* values for |n|.
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*/
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class FastBernoulliTrial {
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/*
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* This comment should just read, "Generate skip counts with a geometric
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* distribution", and leave everyone to go look that up and see why it's the
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* right thing to do, if they don't know already.
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*
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* BUT IF YOU'RE CURIOUS, COMMENTS ARE FREE...
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*
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* Instead of generating a fresh random number for every trial, we can
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* randomly generate a count of how many times we should return false before
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* the next time we return true. We call this a "skip count". Once we've
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* returned true, we generate a fresh skip count, and begin counting down
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* again.
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*
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* Here's an awesome fact: by exercising a little care in the way we generate
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* skip counts, we can produce results indistinguishable from those we would
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* get "rolling the dice" afresh for every trial.
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*
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* In short, skip counts in Bernoulli trials of probability P obey a geometric
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* distribution. If a random variable X is uniformly distributed from [0..1),
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* then std::floor(std::log(X) / std::log(1-P)) has the appropriate geometric
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* distribution for the skip counts.
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*
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* Why that formula?
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*
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* Suppose we're to return |true| with some probability P, say, 0.3. Spread
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* all possible futures along a line segment of length 1. In portion P of
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* those cases, we'll return true on the next call to |trial|; the skip count
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* is 0. For the remaining portion 1-P of cases, the skip count is 1 or more.
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*
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* skip: 0 1 or more
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* |------------------^-----------------------------------------|
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* portion: 0.3 0.7
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* P 1-P
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*
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* But the "1 or more" section of the line is subdivided the same way: *within
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* that section*, in portion P the second call to |trial()| returns true, and in
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* portion 1-P it returns false a second time; the skip count is two or more.
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* So we return true on the second call in proportion 0.7 * 0.3, and skip at
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* least the first two in proportion 0.7 * 0.7.
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*
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* skip: 0 1 2 or more
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* |------------------^------------^----------------------------|
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* portion: 0.3 0.7 * 0.3 0.7 * 0.7
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* P (1-P)*P (1-P)^2
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*
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* We can continue to subdivide:
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*
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* skip >= 0: |------------------------------------------------- (1-P)^0 --|
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* skip >= 1: | ------------------------------- (1-P)^1 --|
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* skip >= 2: | ------------------ (1-P)^2 --|
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* skip >= 3: | ^ ---------- (1-P)^3 --|
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* skip >= 4: | . --- (1-P)^4 --|
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* .
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* ^X, see below
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*
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* In other words, the likelihood of the next n calls to |trial| returning
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* false is (1-P)^n. The longer a run we require, the more the likelihood
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* drops. Further calls may return false too, but this is the probability
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* we'll skip at least n.
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*
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* This is interesting, because we can pick a point along this line segment
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* and see which skip count's range it falls within; the point X above, for
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* example, is within the ">= 2" range, but not within the ">= 3" range, so it
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* designates a skip count of 2. So if we pick points on the line at random
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* and use the skip counts they fall under, that will be indistinguishable
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* from generating a fresh random number between 0 and 1 for each trial and
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* comparing it to P.
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*
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* So to find the skip count for a point X, we must ask: To what whole power
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* must we raise 1-P such that we include X, but the next power would exclude
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* it? This is exactly std::floor(std::log(X) / std::log(1-P)).
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*
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* Our algorithm is then, simply: When constructed, compute an initial skip
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* count. Return false from |trial| that many times, and then compute a new skip
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* count.
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*
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* For a call to |trial(n)|, if the skip count is greater than n, return false
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* and subtract n from the skip count. If the skip count is less than n,
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* return true and compute a new skip count. Since each trial is independent,
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* it doesn't matter by how much n overshoots the skip count; we can actually
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* compute a new skip count at *any* time without affecting the distribution.
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* This is really beautiful.
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*/
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public:
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/**
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* Construct a fast Bernoulli trial generator. Calls to |trial()| return true
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* with probability |aProbability|. Use |aState0| and |aState1| to seed the
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* random number generator; both may not be zero.
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*/
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FastBernoulliTrial(double aProbability, uint64_t aState0, uint64_t aState1)
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: mGenerator(aState0, aState1)
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{
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setProbability(aProbability);
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}
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/**
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* Return true with probability |mProbability|. Call this each time an event
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* occurs, to decide whether to sample it or not. The lower |mProbability| is,
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* the faster this function runs.
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*/
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bool trial() {
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if (mSkipCount) {
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mSkipCount--;
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return false;
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}
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return chooseSkipCount();
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}
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/**
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* Equivalent to calling trial() |n| times, and returning true if any of those
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* calls do. However, like trial, this runs in fast constant time.
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*
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* What is this good for? In some applications, some events are "bigger" than
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* others. For example, large allocations are more significant than small
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* allocations. Perhaps we'd like to imagine that we're drawing allocations
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* from a stream of bytes, and performing a separate Bernoulli trial on every
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* byte from the stream. We can accomplish this by calling |t.trial(S)| for
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* the number of bytes S, and sampling the event if that returns true.
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*
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* Of course, this style of sampling needs to be paired with analysis and
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* presentation that makes the "size" of the event apparent, lest trials with
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* large values for |n| appear to be indistinguishable from those with small
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* values for |n|, despite being potentially much more likely to be sampled.
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*/
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bool trial(size_t aCount) {
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if (mSkipCount > aCount) {
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mSkipCount -= aCount;
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return false;
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}
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return chooseSkipCount();
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}
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void setRandomState(uint64_t aState0, uint64_t aState1) {
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mGenerator.setState(aState0, aState1);
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}
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void setProbability(double aProbability) {
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MOZ_ASSERT(0 <= aProbability && aProbability <= 1);
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mProbability = aProbability;
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if (0 < mProbability && mProbability < 1) {
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/*
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* Let's look carefully at how this calculation plays out in floating-
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* point arithmetic. We'll assume IEEE, but the final C++ code we arrive
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* at would still be fine if our numbers were mathematically perfect. So,
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* while we've considered IEEE's edge cases, we haven't done anything that
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* should be actively bad when using other representations.
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*
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* (In the below, read comparisons as exact mathematical comparisons: when
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* we say something "equals 1", that means it's exactly equal to 1. We
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* treat approximation using intervals with open boundaries: saying a
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* value is in (0,1) doesn't specify how close to 0 or 1 the value gets.
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* When we use closed boundaries like [2**-53, 1], we're careful to ensure
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* the boundary values are actually representable.)
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*
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* - After the comparison above, we know mProbability is in (0,1).
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*
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* - The gaps below 1 are 2**-53, so that interval is (0, 1-2**-53].
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*
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* - Because the floating-point gaps near 1 are wider than those near
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* zero, there are many small positive doubles ε such that 1-ε rounds to
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* exactly 1. However, 2**-53 can be represented exactly. So
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* 1-mProbability is in [2**-53, 1].
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*
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* - log(1 - mProbability) is thus in (-37, 0].
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*
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* That range includes zero, but when we use mInvLogNotProbability, it
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* would be helpful if we could trust that it's negative. So when log(1
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* - mProbability) is 0, we'll just set mProbability to 0, so that
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* mInvLogNotProbability is not used in chooseSkipCount.
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*
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* - How much of the range of mProbability does this cause us to ignore?
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* The only value for which log returns 0 is exactly 1; the slope of log
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* at 1 is 1, so for small ε such that 1 - ε != 1, log(1 - ε) is -ε,
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* never 0. The gaps near one are larger than the gaps near zero, so if
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* 1 - ε wasn't 1, then -ε is representable. So if log(1 - mProbability)
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* isn't 0, then 1 - mProbability isn't 1, which means that mProbability
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* is at least 2**-53, as discussed earlier. This is a sampling
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* likelihood of roughly one in ten trillion, which is unlikely to be
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* distinguishable from zero in practice.
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*
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* So by forbidding zero, we've tightened our range to (-37, -2**-53].
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*
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* - Finally, 1 / log(1 - mProbability) is in [-2**53, -1/37). This all
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* falls readily within the range of an IEEE double.
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*
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* ALL THAT HAVING BEEN SAID: here are the five lines of actual code:
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*/
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double logNotProbability = std::log(1 - mProbability);
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if (logNotProbability == 0.0)
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mProbability = 0.0;
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else
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mInvLogNotProbability = 1 / logNotProbability;
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}
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chooseSkipCount();
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}
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private:
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/* The likelihood that any given call to |trial| should return true. */
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double mProbability;
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/*
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* The value of 1/std::log(1 - mProbability), cached for repeated use.
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*
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* If mProbability is exactly 0 or exactly 1, we don't use this value.
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* Otherwise, we guarantee this value is in the range [-2**53, -1/37), i.e.
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* definitely negative, as required by chooseSkipCount. See setProbability for
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* the details.
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*/
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double mInvLogNotProbability;
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/* Our random number generator. */
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non_crypto::XorShift128PlusRNG mGenerator;
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/* The number of times |trial| should return false before next returning true. */
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size_t mSkipCount;
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/*
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* Choose the next skip count. This also returns the value that |trial| should
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* return, since we have to check for the extreme values for mProbability
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* anyway, and |trial| should never return true at all when mProbability is 0.
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*/
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bool chooseSkipCount() {
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/*
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* If the probability is 1.0, every call to |trial| returns true. Make sure
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* mSkipCount is 0.
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*/
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if (mProbability == 1.0) {
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mSkipCount = 0;
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return true;
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}
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/*
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* If the probabilility is zero, |trial| never returns true. Don't bother us
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* for a while.
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*/
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if (mProbability == 0.0) {
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mSkipCount = SIZE_MAX;
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return false;
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}
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/*
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* What sorts of values can this call to std::floor produce?
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*
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* Since mGenerator.nextDouble returns a value in [0, 1-2**-53], std::log
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* returns a value in the range [-infinity, -2**-53], all negative. Since
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* mInvLogNotProbability is negative (see its comments), the product is
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* positive and possibly infinite. std::floor returns +infinity unchanged.
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* So the result will always be positive.
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*
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* Converting a double to an integer that is out of range for that integer
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* is undefined behavior, so we must clamp our result to SIZE_MAX, to ensure
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* we get an acceptable value for mSkipCount.
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*
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* The clamp is written carefully. Note that if we had said:
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*
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* if (skipCount > SIZE_MAX)
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* skipCount = SIZE_MAX;
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*
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* that leads to undefined behavior 64-bit machines: SIZE_MAX coerced to
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* double is 2^64, not 2^64-1, so this doesn't actually set skipCount to a
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* value that can be safely assigned to mSkipCount.
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*
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* Jakub Oleson cleverly suggested flipping the sense of the comparison: if
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* we require that skipCount < SIZE_MAX, then because of the gaps (2048)
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* between doubles at that magnitude, the highest double less than 2^64 is
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* 2^64 - 2048, which is fine to store in a size_t.
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*
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* (On 32-bit machines, all size_t values can be represented exactly in
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* double, so all is well.)
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*/
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double skipCount = std::floor(std::log(mGenerator.nextDouble())
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* mInvLogNotProbability);
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if (skipCount < SIZE_MAX)
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mSkipCount = skipCount;
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else
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mSkipCount = SIZE_MAX;
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return true;
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}
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};
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} /* namespace mozilla */
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#endif /* mozilla_FastBernoulliTrial_h */
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