Retro68/README.md

Retro68
=======

A GCC-based cross-compilation environment for 68K and PowerPC Macs.
Why? Because there is no decent C++11 Compiler targeting Apple's System 6.
If that's not a sufficient reason for you, I'm sure you will find
something more useful elsewhere.

If you are crazy enough to try it out, please say hello at 
wolfgang.thaller@gmx.net.

Installing/Building
-------------------

### Prerequisites

- Linux or Mac OS X
- boost
- CMake 2.8
- GCC dependencies: GMP 4.2+, MPFR 2.3.1+ and MPC 0.8.0+
- bison version 3.0.2 or later
- Apple Universal Interfaces (tested with versions 3.1 and 3.4 - see below)
- An ancient Mac and/or an emulator.

For Ubuntu Linux, the following should help a bit:

    sudo apt-get install cmake libgmp-dev libmpfr-dev libmpc-dev libboost-all-dev bison

On a Mac, get the homebrew package manager and:

    brew install cmake gmp mpfr libmpc boost bison

In theory, you can also run Retro68 on a PowerMac G4 or G5 running Mac OS 10.4 (Tiger).
In that case, get the tigerbrew package manager and

    brew install gcc cmake

### Apple Universal Interfaces

The Universal Interfaces used to be a free download from Apple. However,
they have taken the site offline and the license agreement prohibits
redistribution, so this might be a bit hard to find nowadays.

You do need a version that still supports 68K Mac development.

The package might be somewhere in this huge snapshot of Apple's FTP site made
by the Internet Archive:
https://archive.org/details/ftpsites_developer.apple.com

If you have a Mac or some other way to read DiskCopy images, grab the MPW 3.5
image from:

http://macintoshgarden.org/apps/macintosh-programmer%E2%80%99s-workshop

and use the CIncludes and RIncludes directories from there.

Put the C header files into a directory called "CIncludes" at the top
level of the Retro68 directory; likewise, the Rez includes should go into
a directory called "RIncludes".

### Compiling Retro68

Once you have all the prerequisites, execute these commands from the top level
of the Retro68 directory:

    cd ..
    mkdir Retro68-build
    cd Retro68-build
    sh ../Retro68/build-toolchain.sh 

The toolchain will be installed in the "toolchain" directory inside
the build directory.

Sample programs
---------------

Sample programs are built in several formats:
- On Macs: Real Mac Applications (`ApplicationName.APPL`)
- Elsewhere: `ApplicationName.APPL`, `.rsrc/ApplicationName.APPL`, `.finf/ApplicationName.APPL` (BasiliskII/Sheepshaver compatible)
- MacBinary files (`ApplicationName.bin`)
- Raw HFS disk image (`ApplicationName.dsk`, containing `ApplicationName`)

Look under `Retro68-build/build-target/` (68K),
`Retro68-build/build-target-ppc/` (PowerPC Classic) and
`Retro68-build/build-target-carbon/` (PowerPC Carbon) for the compiled examples.

Components
----------

Retro68 is an aggegation of various existing free software
projects with a few components added.


Third Party Components:
- binutils 2.25.1
- gcc 5.2.0
- newlib 2.10.1 (inside the gcc directory)
- elf2flt (from the ucLinux project's CVS)
- hfsutils 3.2.6

Retro68-Specific Components:
- ResourceFiles library
- Rez
- PEFTools (MakePEF and MakeImport)
- MakeAPPL
- libretro
- TestApps - a few tiny test programs
- Sample Programs: Raytracer, HelloWorld, Launcher, Dialog

### binutils

Two new target platforms:
- `m68k-apple-macos`, based on the `m68k-unknown-elf` target
- `powerpc-apple-macos`, based on the `powerpc-ibm-aix` target

The powerpc target has a few hacks to make weak symbols work as expected.

### gcc

Various patches and hacks:
- New target platforms `m68k-apple-macos` and `powerpc-apple-macos`.
- support `"\pPascal String Literals"``

68K specific:
- Changed register usage.
- Change the way 1-byte and 2-byte parameters are passed.
- added a pascal calling convention (`pascal` or `__attribute__((__pascal__))`)
- added `__attribute__((__raw_inline__(word1, word2, word3)))` to emulate `ONEWORDINLINE` and friends
- added `__attribute__((regparam("...")))` to specify custom register calling conventions
- added `#pragma parameter` to specify custom register calling conventions
- added support for the `= { 0x1234 }` syntax for inline machine code.

PowerPC specific:
- New flag -carbon that makes gcc link with `-lCarbonLib` instead of `-lInterfaceLib`

### newlib

Standard C library. Currently unmodified. The missing platform-dependent
bits haven't been added, instead they are found in 'libretro'.

### elf2flt

Converts from ELF to a much simpler binary format.
Minor patch: provide symbols around .init and .fini sections

### hfsutils:

No changes.

### MakeAPPL

Reads a FLAT executable as output by elf2flt and converts it to
a MacBinary file containing a classic Macintosh application.

### ResourceFiles

A C++ Library for manipulating resource forks.

### Rez

A reimplementation of Apple's Rez resource compiler. Reads `.r` files
containing textual resource descriptions and compiles them to binary
resource files.

### PEFTools

- `MakePEF`, a tool to convert xcoff files to Apple's PEF format.
- `MakeImport`, a tool to create an xcoff import stub library from a PEF-format library.

### prepare-headers.sh:

Apply any necessary patches to Apple's headers; currently, this only modifies `ConditionalMacros.h`.

### ImportLibraries

Import Libraries in XCOFF format. Based on the list of symbols in Apple's import
libraries. Generated using the `MakeImport` tool.

### libretro

Contains startup code (handles relocations on 68K) and implementations
for some standard library functions.

### Console

Contains a library that implements basic text console functionality.

### Sample Program: Hello World

The binary is in Retro68-build/build-target/Samples/HelloWorld/.

### Sample Program: Raytracer

Calculates a nice 3D image, pixel by pixel.
There are two versions: raytracer.c is a straightforward
plain C implementation using floating point arithmetic.

Raytracer2 makes use of C++ features; it also uses
fixed point arithmetic instead of floating point
(operator overloading FTW).

The binaries are in Retro68-build/build-target/Samples/Raytracer/.

### Sample Program: Launcher

A utility program for using Retro68 together with the minivmac emulator.
Waits for a disk(image) to be inserted, and if it contains a single application, launches it.
After the application exits, the disk is ejected again.
This way, you can just drag a .dsk file generated by Retro68 on a minivmac Window to run your application.

Intended for System 6 without Multifinder.

### Sample Program: Dialog

Shows a simple and useless dialog box. Demonstrates how to use Rez, the resource compiler.
The binary is in Retro68-build/build-target/Samples/Dialog/.


License
-------

The original parts of Retro68 are licensed under GPL3+, as are
most other parts. Some parts are licensed GPL2+ or with more
liberal licenses. Check the copyright notices in the individual
files.