2021-06-07 17:14:16 -07:00
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2021-07-10 18:46:33 -07:00
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2021-06-07 17:14:16 -07:00
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2021-06-07 17:14:16 -07:00
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<title>Odds & Ends - SourceGen Tutorial</title>
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2021-07-10 18:46:33 -07:00
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6502bench
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2021-06-07 17:14:16 -07:00
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2021-06-07 17:14:16 -07:00
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<!-- START: incl-sidenav.html active:#sidenav-odds-ends -->
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<!-- side navigation bar contents -->
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<ul>
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<li id="sidenav-index"><a href="./">Introduction</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-about-disasm"><a href="about-disasm.html">About Disassembly</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-using-sourcegen"><a href="using-sourcegen.html">Using SourceGen</a>
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<li id="sidenav-moving-around"><a href="moving-around.html">Moving Around</a></li>
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2021-11-14 09:02:53 -08:00
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<li id="sidenav-making-edits"><a href="making-edits.html">Making Edits</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-labels-symbols"><a href="labels-symbols.html">Labels & Symbols</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-generating-code"><a href="generating-code.html">Generating Code</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li id="sidenav-digging-deeper"><a href="digging-deeper.html">Digging Deeper</a>
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<ul>
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<li id="sidenav-string-formatting"><a href="string-formatting.html">String Formatting</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-local-variables"><a href="local-variables.html">Local Variables</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-inline-data"><a href="inline-data.html">Inline Data</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-odds-ends" class="active"><a href="odds-ends.html">Odds & Ends</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li id="sidenav-advanced-topics"><a href="advanced-topics.html">Advanced Topics</a>
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<li id="sidenav-address-tables"><a href="address-tables.html">Address Tables</a></li>
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<li id="sidenav-visualizations"><a href="visualizations.html">Visualizations</a></li>
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2021-08-03 14:48:40 -07:00
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<li id="sidenav-suggestions"><a href="suggestions.html">Suggestions</a></li>
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<!-- END: incl-sidenav.html -->
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<div id="main">
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<h2>Odds & Ends</h2>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>The rest of the code isn't really intended to do anything useful. It
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just exists to illustrate some odd situations.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-2078.png" alt="t2-2078"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>Look at the code starting at $2078. It ends with a <code>BRK</code>
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at $2081, which as noted earlier is a bad sign. If you look two lines
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above the <code>BRK</code>, you'll see that it's loading the accumulator
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with zero, then doing a <code>BNE</code>, which should never be
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taken (note the cycle count for the <code>BNE</code> is 2).
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The trick is in the two lines before that, which use self-modifying code to
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change the <code>LDA</code> immediate operand from $00 to $ff.
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The <code>BNE</code> is actually a branch-always.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-override-status.png" alt="t2-override-status.png"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>We can fix this by correcting the status flags. Select line $207F,
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and then <samp>Actions > Override Status Flags</samp>. This lets us specify what
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the flags should be before the instruction is executed. For each flag,
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we can override the default behavior and specify that the flag is
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clear (0), set (1), or indeterminate (could be 0 or 1). In this case,
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we know that the self-modified code will be loading a non-zero value, so
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in the "<samp>Z</samp>" column click on the button in the "<samp>Zero</samp>" row.
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Click "<samp>OK</samp>".</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-2078-done.png" alt="t2-2078-done"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>The <code>BNE</code> is now an always-taken branch, and the code
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list rearranges itself appropriately (and the cycle count is now 3).</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-2086.png" alt="t2-2086"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>Continuing on, the code at $2086 touches a few consecutive locations
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that have auto-generated labels.</p>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>Edit the label on line $2081, setting it to <kbd>STUFF</kbd>.
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The operand label on line $2086 also changed. But what if we want
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to treat these as a single four-byte item?</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-seek-nearby.png" alt="t2-seek-nearby"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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2024-08-19 13:00:50 -07:00
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<p>Use <samp>Edit > Project Properties</samp>, then in the
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<samp>Analysis Parameters</samp> box check
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<samp>Seek nearby targets</samp>, and click <samp>OK</samp>.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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2024-08-19 13:00:50 -07:00
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-2081-stuff.png" alt="t2-2081-stuff"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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2024-08-19 13:00:50 -07:00
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<p>You'll notice that the references to $2081 and later are now
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also references to <code>STUFF</code>. The nearby-target behavior
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is often useful, because it lets you avoid explicitly labeling every
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part of a multi-byte data item. References to the byte before
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a string or array are automatically resolved to <code>LABEL-1</code>.
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You can use <samp>Edit > Undo</samp> to turn it back off:
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changes to project properties are added to the undo/redo buffer
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just like any other change to the project.</p>
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<p>(This feature used to be enabled by default, but is now
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disabled for new projects because it can be more distracting than
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helpful for some types of code.)
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<p>If you scroll up, you'll see that the references to
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<code>PTR1+1</code> and <code>PTR2+1</code> were
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not affected, because local variables use explicit widths rather
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than the "nearby target" logic.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-image">
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<img src="images/t2-2092.png" alt="t2-2092"/>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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2024-08-19 13:00:50 -07:00
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<p>While we're here, the code at $2092 looks a bit strange.
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<code>LDX</code>, then a <code>BIT</code> with a weird symbol, then
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another <code>LDX</code>. If you look at the "Bytes" column, you'll
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notice that the three-byte <code>BIT</code> instruction has only one
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byte on its line.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>The trick here is that the <code>LDX #$01</code> is embedded inside the
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<code>BIT</code> instruction. When the code runs through here, X is set
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to $00, then the <code>BIT</code> instruction sets some flags, then the
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following <code>STA</code> runs. Several lines down at $20A4 there's a
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<code>BNE</code> to $2095, which is in the middle of the <code>BIT</code>
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instruction. It loads X with $01, then also continues to the <code>STA</code>.</p>
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<p>Embedded instructions are unusual but not unheard-of. (This trick is
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used extensively in Microsoft BASICs, such as Applesoft.) When you see the
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extra symbol in the opcode field, you need to look closely at what's going
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on.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr style="width:80%;"/>
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<div class="grid-container">
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<div class="grid-item-text">
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<p>This is the end of the basic tutorial (congratulations!).
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The next sections explore some advanced topics.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div> <!-- #main -->
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<a href="inline-data.html" class="btn-previous">« Previous</a>
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<hr/>
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<p>Copyright 2021 faddenSoft</p>
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