8bitworkshop/presets/vcs/examples/multisprite2.a

	processor 6502
	include "vcs.h"
	include "macro.h"
	include "xmacro.h"

; For lots of games, we'd like to display more than two sprites.
; There are lots of different ways to tackle this on the VCS,
; but we're going to try for a generalized approach that lets
; use have N different sprites at any X-Y coordinate, each with
; its own bitmap and color table. This is tricky because we can
; only do so much on each scanline.

; Our approach is to separate the problem into three phases.
; In the sort phase, we sort all sprites by Y coordinate.
; We do one sort pass per frame, so it may take several frames
; for the sort to stabilize.
; In the positioning phase, we look at the sprites in Y-sorted
; order, looking several lines ahead to see if a sprite is
; coming up. We then allocate it to one of the two player
; objects in hardware and set its position using the SetHorizPos
; method. We can set one or both of the player objects this way.

; In the display phase, we display the objects which we previously
; assigned and positioned. First we figure out how many scanlines are
; required. If only one object is scheduled, we just use its height.
; If two objects are scheduled, we go until the bottommost line has
; been displayed. We then loop through, fetching pixels and colors
; for one or both objects (up to four lookup tables) and setting
; registers at the appropriate time. We don't have time to do much
; else, so we don't look for any new objects to schedule until
; we're done with this loop.

; This scheme can only display up to two objects on a given
; scanline, so if the system tries to schedule a third, it will 
; be ignored. Also, the positioning routine takes a few scanlines
; to complete, so if the top of a sprite is too close to the
; bottom of another sprite, the latter may not be displayed.
;
; To mitigate this, we increment a priority counter when a
; sprite entry is missed. In the sort phase, we move those sprites
; ahead of lower priority sprites in the sort order. This makes
; overlapping sprites flicker instead of randomly disappear.
;
; Note that we sprinkle NEWLINE macros around the codebase. This
; macro increments the 'scanline' variable and then does a WSYNC
; to sync to the next line. These locations are carefully selected
; so that we don't run out of CPU time on any line.
; (If you open the Console on your browser, you'll see debug
; statements printed when this happens)
;
; There are still some timing issues to fix as you'll see when you
; move the adventure person around with the joystick. These might
; add additional lines to the display.

	seg.u Variables
        org $80

Scanline byte	; scanline to draw next
CurIndex byte	; current sprite # to try to schedule

PData0	word	; pointer (lo/hi) to player 0 bitmap data
PColr0	word	; pointer to player 0 color data
PData1	word	; pointer to player 1 bitmap data
PColr1	word	; pointer to player 1 color data
SIndx0	byte	; next y-position to draw player 0
		; or during draw, index into sprite
                ; zero means not assigned
SIndx1	byte	; ... for player 1
SSize0	byte	; sprite size for player 0
SSize1	byte	; sprite size for player 1

NSprites	equ 8       ; max # of sprites
XPos0		ds NSprites ; x coord for each sprite
YPos0		ds NSprites ; y coord for each sprite
Sorted0		ds NSprites ; sorted list of sprite indices
Priority0	ds NSprites ; sprite priority list, if missed

; Macro to go to the next line so we don't forget
; to increment 'scanline'.
	MAC NEWLINE
       	inc Scanline
	sta WSYNC
        ENDM

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

	seg Code
        org $f000

; Initialize and set initial X and Y offsets of objects.
Start
	CLEAN_START
	ldx #0
        lda #10
        ldy #40
InitLoop
        sty XPos0,x
        sta YPos0,x
        clc
        adc #20
        iny
        iny
        iny
        iny
        inx
        cpx #NSprites
        bne InitLoop
; Initialize initial sort order
        ldx #0
InitLoop2
	txa
	sta Sorted0,x
        inx
        cpx #NSprites
        bne InitLoop2

; Next frame loop
NextFrame
; VSYNC and VBLANK periods
	VERTICAL_SYNC
	TIMER_SETUP 37
; Do joystick movement
        jsr MoveJoystick
; Do one iteration of bubble sort on sprite indices
	ldx #NSprites-2
SortLoop
	jsr SwapSprites
        dex
        bpl SortLoop	; loop until <= 0
; Reset scanline counter and sprite objects
	ldx #0
        stx Scanline
        stx CurIndex
        stx SIndx0
        stx SIndx1
        stx SSize0
        stx SSize1
        TIMER_WAIT
; end of VBLANK

; Scanline loop
; Start with WSYNC so we are at a known state
	lda #$60
	NEWLINE
	sta COLUBK	; set the background color
NextFindSprite
; Schedule a player to a sprite
	jsr FindAnotherSprite
; See if time to draw
	jsr DrawSpritesIfTime
; repeat until all scanlines drawn
	lda Scanline
        cmp #192
        bcc NextFindSprite
; end of Scanline loop

NoMoreScanlines
; Clear all colors to black before overscan
	ldx #0
	stx COLUBK
	stx COLUP0
	stx COLUP1
	stx COLUPF
; 30 lines of overscan
	TIMER_SETUP 30
        TIMER_WAIT
; Go to next frame
	jmp NextFrame

; We were too late to display a sprite.
; Put it earlier in the sort order and try next frame.
; X = sort index
.MissedSprite subroutine
; Have we already looked at all the sprites?
	cpx #NSprites
        bcs .OutOfSprites
; Increment priority for this sort entry
	inc Priority0,x
; Go to next sort index, until we get to the end
        inx
        stx CurIndex
.OutOfSprites
	NEWLINE
        rts
; Try to assign the next sprite in the sort order into
; one of the two player slots.
; Uses 1 line (if no sprite found) or 3 lines (if sprite found)
FindAnotherSprite ; subroutine entry point
	ldx CurIndex
        ldy Sorted0,x	; get sprite index # in Y-sorted order
        lda YPos0,y	; get Y position of sprite
        sec
        sbc Scanline	; SpriteY - Scanline
; Don't schedule the sprite if it's too soon or its scanline
; has already passed -- mark it missed
	bmi .MissedSprite ; passed it? (or > 127 lines away)
        cmp #3
        bcc .MissedSprite ; less than 3 scanlines away
.SpriteUpcoming
; A sprite is starting soon, now we need to schedule it
; to either one of the player objects
        lda XPos0,y
; Is player 1 available?
        ldx SIndx1
	bne .Plyr1NotReady
; Due to timing issues, we have artifacts if player 1 is
; too close to the left edge of the screen. So we'd prefer to
; put those sprites in the player 0 slot.
        cmp #34		; X < 34
        bcc .Plyr1NotReady
; First let's set its horizontal offset (requires 2 lines)
        ldx #1
        jsr SetHorizPos	; set horizontal position (does WSYNC)
; Assign the sprite's Y position to player 1 
	lda YPos0,y
        sta SIndx1
; Get index into SpriteDataMap (index * 4)
	lda MultBy4,y
        tay
; Copy addresses of pixel/color maps to player 1
        lda SpriteDataMap,y
        sta PData1
        lda SpriteDataMap+1,y
        sta PData1+1
        lda SpriteDataMap+2,y
        sta PColr1
        lda SpriteDataMap+3,y
        sta PColr1+1
; Get the sprite height as the first byte of the color map
        ldy #0
        lda (PColr1),y
        sta SSize1
        jmp .SetupDone
.Plyr1NotReady
        ldx SIndx0
        bne .NoNearSprite	; both players in use
; Player 0 is available
; This is essentially the same as the player 1 routine
        ldx #0
        jsr SetHorizPos
	lda YPos0,y
	sta SIndx0
	lda MultBy4,y
        tay
        lda SpriteDataMap,y
        sta PData0
        lda SpriteDataMap+1,y
        sta PData0+1
        lda SpriteDataMap+2,y
        sta PColr0
        lda SpriteDataMap+3,y
        sta PColr0+1
        ldy #0
        lda (PColr0),y
        sta SSize0
.SetupDone
	inc CurIndex	; go to next sprite in sort order
.NoNearSprite
        NEWLINE
	sta HMOVE	; apply the previous fine position(s)
	sta HMCLR	; reset the old horizontal position(s)
	rts

; Draw sprites if they are starting in the next few scanlines.
DrawSpritesIfTime subroutine
; See if either sprite is almost time to draw (within 4 lines)
	lda SIndx0
        sec
        sbc Scanline
        cmp #4
        bcc .DrawSprites ; (ypos-scanline) < 4?
        lda SIndx1
        sec
        sbc Scanline
        cmp #4
        bcs .NoSprites	; (ypos-scanline) < 4?
.DrawSprites
	NEWLINE
; Calculate # of lines to draw for each sprite
; Sprite Y - current scanline + sprite height
	lda SIndx0
        beq .Empty0	; sprite 0 is inactive?
	sec
	sbc Scanline
        clc
        adc SSize0
        sta SIndx0	; SIndx0 += SSize0 - Scanline
.Empty0
	lda SIndx1
        beq .Empty1	; sprite 1 is inactive?
	sec
	sbc Scanline
        clc
        adc SSize1
        sta SIndx1	; SIndx1 += SSize1 - Scanline
.Empty1
; Find out the maximum # of lines to draw
; by taking the maximum of the two sprite heights
	cmp SIndx0
        bpl .Cmp1	; sindx0 < sindx1?
        lda SIndx0
.Cmp1	tax		; X = # of lines left to draw
; Add total draw height to scanline count
; Saves time rather than 'inc scanline' each line
	clc
	adc Scanline
        sta Scanline
.DrawNextScanline
; Make sure player 0 index is within bounds
	ldy SIndx0
        cpy SSize0
        bcs .Inactive0	; index >= size? (or index < 0)
; Lookup pixels for player 0
        lda (PData0),y
; Do WSYNC and then quickly store pixels for player 0
        sta WSYNC
	sta GRP0
; Lookup/store colors for player 0
        lda (PColr0),y
        sta COLUP0
.DrawSprite1
; Make sure player 1 index is within bounds
	ldy SIndx1
        cpy SSize1
        bcs .Inactive1	; index >= size? (or index < 0)
; Lookup/store pixels and colors for player 1
; Note that we are already 30-40 pixels into the scanline
; by this point...
        lda (PData1),y
        sta GRP1
        lda (PColr1),y
        sta COLUP1
.Inactive1
; Decrement the two sprite indices
        dey
        sty SIndx1
        dec SIndx0
; Repeat until we've drawn all the scanlines for this job
	dex
        bne .DrawNextScanline
; Free up both player objects by zeroing them out
	stx SIndx0
        stx SIndx1
        stx SSize0
        stx SSize1
; WSYNC and then clear sprite data
	NEWLINE
	ldx #0
	stx GRP0
	stx GRP1
        rts
; No sprites were drawn; just exit
.NoSprites
	NEWLINE
	rts
.Inactive0
; Alternate player 0 path when it is inactive
	sta WSYNC
	lda #0
	sta GRP0
        sta COLUP0
        beq .DrawSprite1 ; always taken due to lda #0

; Perform one sort iteration
; X register contains sort index (0 to NSprites-1)
SwapSprites subroutine
; First compare Priority[i] and Priority[i+1]
	lda Priority0,x
        cmp Priority0+1,x
        bcs .CompareYPos
; If Priority[i] < Priority[i+1], do the swap
; anyway after resetting priorities
        lda #0
	sta Priority0,x
        sta Priority0+1,x	; reset
        ldy Sorted0+1,x
        bcc .DoSwap	; swap due to priority
.CompareYPos
; Compare Y[i] and Y[i+1]
        ldy Sorted0,x
        lda YPos0,y
        ldy Sorted0+1,x
        cmp YPos0,y
        bcc .NoSwap	; Y[i] < Y[i+1]? don't swap
.DoSwap
; Swap Sorted[i] and Sorted[i+1]
	lda Sorted0,x	; A <- Sorted[i]
        sty Sorted0,x	; Y -> Sorted[i]
        sta Sorted0+1,x ; A -> Sorted[i+1]
.NoSwap
	rts

; Read joystick movement and apply to object 0
MoveJoystick subroutine
; Move vertically
	ldx YPos0
	lda #%00010000	;Up?
	bit SWCHA
	bne .SkipMoveUp
        cpx #8
        bcc .SkipMoveUp
        dex
.SkipMoveUp
	lda #%00100000	;Down?
	bit SWCHA 
	bne .SkipMoveDown
        cpx #170
        bcs .SkipMoveDown
        inx
.SkipMoveDown
	stx YPos0
; Move horizontally
        ldx XPos0
	lda #%01000000	;Left?
	bit SWCHA
	bne .SkipMoveLeft
        cpx #5
        bcc .SkipMoveLeft
        dex
.SkipMoveLeft
	lda #%10000000	;Right?
	bit SWCHA 
	bne .SkipMoveRight
        cpx #140
        bcs .SkipMoveRight
        inx
.SkipMoveRight
	stx XPos0
	rts


; SetHorizPos - Sets the horizontal position of an object.
; The X register contains the index of the desired object:
;  X=0: player 0
;  X=1: player 1
;  X=2: missile 0
;  X=3: missile 1
;  X=4: ball
; NOTE: This version of the routine does a NEWLINE after executing
; because when the beam is at the far right side of the screen
; there is little time to do so before wrapping to the next line.
; It does NOT do a HMOVE and HCLR.
SetHorizPos subroutine
;        NEWLINE
	sta WSYNC	; start a new line
	inc Scanline
	sec		; set carry flag
.DivideLoop
	sbc #15		; subtract 15
	bcs .DivideLoop	; branch until negative
	eor #7		; calculate fine offset
	asl
	asl
	asl
	asl
	sta RESP0,x	; fix coarse position
	sta HMP0,x	; set fine offset
        NEWLINE		; another WSYNC
	rts		; return to caller

; Bitmap data "standing" position
Frame0
	.byte #0
	.byte #%01101100;$F6
	.byte #%00101000;$86
	.byte #%00101000;$86
	.byte #%00111000;$86
	.byte #%10111010;$C2
	.byte #%10111010;$C2
	.byte #%01111100;$C2
	.byte #%00111000;$C2
	.byte #%00111000;$16
	.byte #%01000100;$16
	.byte #%01111100;$16
	.byte #%01111100;$18
	.byte #%01010100;$18
	.byte #%01111100;$18
	.byte #%11111110;$F2
	.byte #%00111000;$F4

; Bitmap data "throwing" position
Frame1
	.byte #0
	.byte #%01101100;$F6
	.byte #%01000100;$86
	.byte #%00101000;$86
	.byte #%00111000;$86
	.byte #%10111010;$C2
	.byte #%10111101;$C2
	.byte #%01111101;$C2
	.byte #%00111001;$C2
	.byte #%00111000;$16
	.byte #%01101100;$16
	.byte #%01111100;$16
	.byte #%01111100;$18
	.byte #%01010100;$18
	.byte #%01111100;$18
	.byte #%11111110;$F2
	.byte #%00111000;$F4

; Color data for each line of sprite
ColorFrame0
	.byte #17	; height
	.byte #$F6;
	.byte #$86;
	.byte #$86;
	.byte #$86;
	.byte #$C2;
	.byte #$C2;
	.byte #$C2;
	.byte #$C2;
	.byte #$16;
	.byte #$16;
	.byte #$16;
	.byte #$18;
	.byte #$18;
	.byte #$18;
	.byte #$F2;
	.byte #$F4;

; Enemy cat-head graphics data
EnemyFrame0
	.byte #0
        .byte #%00111100;$AE
        .byte #%01000010;$AE
        .byte #%11100111;$AE
        .byte #%11111111;$AC
        .byte #%10011001;$8E
        .byte #%01111110;$8E
        .byte #%11000011;$98
        .byte #%10000001;$98

; Enemy cat-head color data
EnemyColorFrame0
	.byte #9	; height
        .byte #$AE;
        .byte #$AC;
        .byte #$A8;
        .byte #$AC;
        .byte #$8E;
        .byte #$8E;
        .byte #$98;
        .byte #$94;

; Mapping of sprite objects (0-7) to sprite data
SpriteDataMap
	.word Frame0,ColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word EnemyFrame0,EnemyColorFrame0
	.word Frame1,ColorFrame0

; Multiplication by 4 table
; faster than tya/asl/asl/tay
MultBy4
	.byte #$00,#$04,#$08,#$0c
	.byte #$10,#$14,#$18,#$1c
	.byte #$20,#$24,#$28,#$2c
	.byte #$30,#$34,#$38,#$3c

; Epilogue
	org $fffc
	.word Start
	.word Start