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<pre>RUN6502(1) BSD General Commands Manual RUN6502(1)
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<b>NAME</b>
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<b>run6502</b> - execute a 6502 microprocessor program
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<b>SYNOPSIS</b>
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<b>run6502</b> [<u>option</u> <u>...</u>]
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<b>run6502</b> [<u>option</u> <u>...</u>] <b>-B</b> [<u>file</u> <u>...</u>]
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<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
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The <b>run6502</b> command emulates the execution of a 6502 microprocessor. It
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creates a memory image from the contents of one or more files on the com-
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mand line and then simulates a power-on hardware reset to begin execu-
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tion.
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In its first form, <b>run6502</b> emulates an embedded 6502 processor with 64
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kilobytes of RAM, no memory-mapped hardware, and no input-output capabil-
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ities. Limited interaction with the machine is possible only through the
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<b>-G</b>, <b>-M</b> and <b>-P</b> options.
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In its second form (with the <b>-B</b> option) <b>run6502</b> provides minimal emula-
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tion of Acorn 'BBC Model B' hardware with 32 kilobytes of RAM, 16 kilo-
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bytes of paged language ROMs, and 16 kilobytes of operating system ROM.
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A few MOS calls are intercepted to provide keyboard input and screen out-
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put via stdin and stdout. Switching between the sixteen paged read-only
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memory banks is also supported by the usual memory-mapped control regis-
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ter. Any <u>file</u> arguments after the <b>-B</b> are loaded into successive paged
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ROM banks (starting at 15 and working down towards 0) before execution
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begins.
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<b>Options</b>
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<b>-B</b> enable minimal Acorn 'BBC Model B' hardware emulation:
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<b>o</b> the contents of memory between addresses 0x8000 and 0xBFFF
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are copied into paged ROM number 0;
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<b>o</b> memory between 0x8000 and 0xBFFF becomes bank-switchable
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between sixteen different ROM images;
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<b>o</b> the memory-mapped pages ('FRED', 'JIM' and 'SHEILA') between
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0xFC00 and 0xFEFF are initialised to harmless values;
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<b>o</b> the upper half of the address space is write-protected; and
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<b>o</b> callbacks are installed on several OS entry points to provide
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input-output via stdin and stdout.
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Any remaining non-option arguments on the command line will name
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files to be loaded successively into paged ROMs, starting at 15
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and working downwards towards 0.
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<b>-d</b> <u>addr</u> <u>end</u>
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dump memory from the address <u>addr</u> (given in hexadecimal) up to
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(but not including) <u>end</u>. The <u>end</u> argument is either an absolute
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address or a relative address specified as a '+' character fol-
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lowed by the number (in hexadecimal) of bytes to dump. In other
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words, the following two options dump the same region of memory:
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<b>-d</b> 8000 C000
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<b>-d</b> 8000 +4000
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The format of the dump cannot currently be modified and consists
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of the current address followed by one, two or three hexadecimal
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bytes, and a symbolic representation of the instruction at that
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address.
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<b>-G</b> <u>addr</u>
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arrange that subroutine calls to <u>addr</u> will behave as if there
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were an implementation of getchar(3) at that address, reading a
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character from stdin and returning it in the accumulator.
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<b>-h</b> print a summary of the available options and then exit.
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<b>-I</b> <u>addr</u>
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set the IRQ (interrupt request) vector (the address to which the
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processor will transfer control upon execution of a BRK instruc-
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tion). Setting this address to zero will cause execution to halt
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(and the emulator to exit) when a BRK instruction is encountered.
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<b>-i</b> <u>addr</u> <u>file</u>
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Load <u>file</u> into the memory image at the address <u>addr</u> (in hexadeci-
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mal), skipping over any initial '#!' interpreter line.
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<b>-l</b> <u>addr</u> <u>file</u>
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Load <u>file</u> into the memory image at the address <u>addr</u> (in hexadeci-
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mal).
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<b>-M</b> <u>addrio</u>
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arrange that memory reads from address <u>addrio</u> will return the
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next character on stdin (blocking if necessary), and memory
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writes to <u>addrio</u> will send the value written to stdout.
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<b>-N</b> <u>addr</u>
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set the NMI (non-maskable interrupt) vector to <u>addr</u>.
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<b>-P</b> <u>addr</u>
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arrange that subroutine calls to <u>addr</u> will behave as if there
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were an implementation of putchar(3) at that address, writing the
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contents of the accumulator to stdout.
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<b>-R</b> <u>addr</u>
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set the RST (hardware reset) vector. The processor will transfer
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control to this address when emulated execution begins.
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<b>-s</b> <u>addr</u> <u>end</u> <u>file</u>
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save the contents of memory from the address <u>addr</u> up to <u>end</u>
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(exclusive) to the given <u>file</u>. As with the <b>-d</b> option, <u>end</u> can be
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absolute or '+' followed by a byte count.
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<b>-v</b> print version information and then exit.
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<b>-X</b> <u>addr</u>
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arrange that any transfer of control to the address <u>addr</u> will
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cause an immediate exit with zero exit status.
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<b>-x</b> exit immediately. (Useful after <b>-d</b> or when <b>run6502</b> is being used
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as a trivial 'image editor', with several <b>-l</b> options followed by
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<b>-s</b> and <b>-x</b>.)
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<u>file</u> <u>...</u>
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following a <b>-B</b> option, load one or more ROM image files into suc-
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cessive paged ROM slots. Other than the paging aspect, this is
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equivalent to:
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<b>-l</b> <u>8000</u> <u>image</u>
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<b>EXAMPLES</b>
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<b>A</b> <b>Very</b> <b>Simple</b> <b>Program</b>
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The perl(1) command can be used to create a binary file from hexadecimal
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input:
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echo a2418a20eeffe8e05bd0f7a90a20eeff00 |
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perl -e 'print pack "H*",<STDIN>' > temp.img
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The file can be loaded and executed with:
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run6502 -l 1000 temp.img -R 1000 -P FFEE -X 0
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The contents of the file can be inspected symbolically with:
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run6502 -l 1000 temp.img -d 1000 +12
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The options passed to <b>run6502</b> in the above examples have the following
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effects:
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-l 1000 temp.img
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loads the file <u>temp.img</u> into memory at address 0x8000.
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-R 1000
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sets the reset vector (the address of first instruction to be
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executed after 'power on') to 0x1000.
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-P FFEE
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arranges for calls to address 0xFFEE to behave as if there were
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an implementation of putchar(3) at that address.
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-X 0 arranges for transfers of control to address 0 to exit from the
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emulator. This works in the above example because the final
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'BRK' instruction causes an implicit subroutine call through an
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uninitialised interrupt vector to location 0. To see this
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instruction...
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-d 1000 +12
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disassembles 18 bytes of memory at address 0x8000.
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<b>Standalone</b> <b>Images</b>
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The <b>-i</b> option is designed for use in the 'interpreter command' appearing
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on the first line of an executable script. Adding the line
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#!run6502 -R 1000 -P FFEE -X 0 -i 1000
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(with no leading spaces and a single trailing newline character) to the
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<u>temp.img</u> file from the first example turns it into a script. If the file
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is made executable with
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chmod +x temp.img
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it can be run like a standalone program:
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./temp.img
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<b>A</b> <b>Very</b> <b>Complex</b> <b>Program</b>
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Consider a pair of files named <u>os1.2</u> and <u>basic2</u> containing (legally-
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acquired, of course) ROM images of Acorn MOS 1.2 and BBC Basic 2. The
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following command loads each of the images into memory at the appropriate
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address, cleans up the regions of memory containing memory-mapped i/o on
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the BBC computer, saves a snapshot of the entire memory to the file <u>image</u>
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and then exits:
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run6502 -l C000 os1.2 -l 8000 basic2 -B -s0 +10000 image -x
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Running the generated image with
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run6502 image
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will cold-start the emulated hardware, run the OS for a while, and then
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drop into the language ROM. Basic programs can then be entered, edited
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and run from the terminal.
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More details are given in the <u>README</u> file available in the <u>examples</u>
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directory of the distribution.
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<b>Exercises</b>
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Create a standalone image (one that can be run as a program, with a '#!'
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interpreter line at the beginning) that contains Basic2 and OS1.2 (as
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described above). This image should be no larger than 32K (memory below
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0x8000, which would be full of zeroes, should not appear in the image
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file).
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<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
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If nothing goes wrong, none. Otherwise lots. They should be self-
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explanatory. I'm too lazy to enumerate them.
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<b>COMPATIBILITY</b>
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See lib6502(3) for a discussion of the emulated instruction set.
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<b>SEE</b> <b>ALSO</b>
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lib6502(3)
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The file <u>examples/README</u> in the lib6502 distribution. (Depending on your
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system this may be installed in <u>/usr/doc/lib6502</u>, <u>/usr/local/doc</u>/<u>lib6502</u>,
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<u>/usr/share/doc/lib6502</u>, or similar.)
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<u>http://piumarta.com/software/lib6502</u> for updates and documentation.
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<u>http://6502.org</u> for lots of 6502-related resources.
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<b>AUTHORS</b>
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The software and manual pages were written by Ian Piumarta.
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The software is provided as-is, with absolutely no warranty, in the hope
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that you will enjoy and benefit from it. You may use (entirely at your
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own risk) and redistribute it under the terms of a very liberal license
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that does not seek to restrict your rights in any way (unlike certain so-
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called 'open source' licenses that significantly limit your freedom in
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the name of 'free' software that is, ultimately, anything but free). See
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the file COPYING for details.
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<b>BUGS</b>
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<b>o</b> Options must appear one at a time.
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<b>o</b> Any attempt (in a load or save operation) to transfer data beyond
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0xFFFF is silently truncated at the end of memory.
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<b>o</b> There is no way to specify the slot into which a ROM image should be
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loaded, other than implicitly according to the order of arguments on
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the command line.
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<b>o</b> Execution can only be started via the emulated power-up reset. There
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is no support for 'warm-starting' execution in an image at an arbi-
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trary address.
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<b>o</b> Even though the emulator fully supports them, there is no way to
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artificially generate a hardware interrupt request, non-maskable
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interrupt, or reset condition. If you need these, read lib6502(3)
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and write your own shell.
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<b>o</b> The Acorn 'BBC Model B' hardware emulation is totally lame.
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Please send bug reports (and feature requests) to the author at: first-
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Name (at) lastName (dot) com. (See <u>AUTHORS</u> above for suitable values of
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firstName and lastName.)
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BSD October 31, 2005 BSD
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</pre>
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</body></html> |