6502/Ophis
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/michaelcmartin/Ophis.git synced 2025-03-17 22:29:31 +00:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Remove outdated website data

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Michael Martin 2012-06-16 02:05:45 -07:00
parent 5362a635c8
commit ae59cbf3c4
40 changed files with 0 additions and 17759 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

32
site/index.html
View File

@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>
<head><title>The Ophis Assembler</title></head>
<body>
<h1>The Ophis Assembler</h1>
<p>Ophis is a cross-assembler for the 65xx series of chips. It supports the stock 6502 opcodes, the 65c02 extensions, and syntax for the "undocumented opcodes" in the 6510 chip used on the Commodore 64. (Syntax for these opcodes matches those given in the <a href="http://www.viceteam.org">VICE team's documentation</a>.)</p>
<p>Ophis is written in pure Python and should be highly portable.</p>
<p>If you have questions or comments, email me at <i>mcmartin AT gmail DOT com</i>.</p>
<h2>Downloads</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="Ophis-1.0.tar.gz">Source distribution</a>. For Unix and Mac. Untar, then run "python setup.py install" as root to install. Documentation and sample code is in the tarball but won't be placed anywhere special.</li>
<li><a href="http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~mcmartin/ophis/Ophis-1.0-win32-installer.exe">Win32 installer</a>. Installs a standalone executable and support libraries. You will need to put the install directory into your PATH to run it conveniently, as it is a commandline program.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Documentation</h2>
<p>The manual <i>Programming with Ophis</i> is distributed with each download. You can also get it alone.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="ophismanual.pdf">Download the PDF version of <i>Programming with Ophis</i></a></li>
<li><a href="manual/book1.html">Browse <i>Programming with Ophis</i> online</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

184
site/manual/a454.html
View File

@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Example Programs</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Where to go from here"
HREF="x449.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor2.oph"
HREF="x461.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="APPENDIX"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x449.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x461.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="APPENDIX"
><H1
><A
NAME="AEN454"
></A
>Example Programs</H1
><P
> This Appendix collects all the programs referred to in the course
of this manual.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR1-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor1.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.word next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
next: .word 0 ; End of program
.advance 2064
ldx #0
loop: lda hello, x
beq done
jsr $ffd2
inx
bne loop
done: rts
hello: .byte "HELLO, WORLD!", 0</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x449.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x461.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Where to go from here</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor2.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

311
site/manual/a505.html
View File

@ -1,311 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Ophis Command Reference</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor7.oph"
HREF="x501.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Basic arguments"
HREF="x572.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="APPENDIX"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x501.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x572.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="APPENDIX"
><H1
><A
NAME="REF-LINK"
></A
>Ophis Command Reference</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN507"
>Command Modes</A
></H1
><P
> These mostly follow the <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>MOS Technology 6500
Microprocessor Family Programming Manual</I
>, except
for the Accumulator mode. Accumulator instructions are written
and interpreted identically to Implied mode instructions.
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Implied:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RTS</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Accumulator:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LSR</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Immediate:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA #$06</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Zero Page:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $7C</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Zero Page, X:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $7C,X</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Zero Page, Y:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $7C,Y</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Absolute:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $D020</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Absolute, X:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $D000,X</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Absolute, Y:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA $D000,Y</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>(Zero Page Indirect, X):</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA ($80, X)</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>(Zero Page Indirect), Y:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDA ($80), Y</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>(Absolute Indirect):</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>JMP ($A000)</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Relative:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BNE loop</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>(Absolute Indirect, X):</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>JMP ($A000, X)</TT
> &#8212; Only available with 65C02 extensions</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>(Zero Page Indirect):</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LDX ($80)</TT
> &#8212; Only available with 65C02 extensions</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x501.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x572.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor7.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Basic arguments</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

467
site/manual/book1.html
View File

@ -1,467 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Programming with Ophis</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Preface"
HREF="f10.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="BOOK"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="BOOK"
><A
NAME="AEN1"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="AEN2"
>Programming with Ophis</A
></H1
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN4"
></A
>Michael Martin</H3
><P
CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
>Copyright &copy; 2006-7 Michael Martin</P
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="f10.html"
>Preface</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="f10.html#AEN15"
>Why <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Ophis"</SPAN
>?</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x22.html"
>Getting a copy of Ophis</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="c35.html"
>The basics</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c35.html#AEN48"
>A note on numeric notation</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x51.html"
>Producing Commodore 64 programs</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x119.html"
>Related commands and options</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x140.html"
>Writing the actual code</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x149.html"
>Assembling the code</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="c200.html"
>Labels and aliases</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c200.html#AEN206"
>Temporary labels</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x214.html"
>Anonymous labels</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x225.html"
>Aliasing</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="c236.html"
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c236.html#AEN240"
>Header files and libraries</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x257.html"
>Macros</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="x257.html#AEN265"
>Macro definitions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x257.html#AEN278"
>Macro invocations</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="x287.html"
>Example code</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="c292.html"
>Character maps</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c329.html"
>Local variables and memory segments</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c371.html"
>Expressions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c419.html"
>Advanced Memory Segments</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c419.html#AEN424"
>The Problem</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x430.html"
>The Solution</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x449.html"
>Where to go from here</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="a454.html"
>Example Programs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="a454.html#TUTOR1-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor1.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x461.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor2.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x465.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-1.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x469.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>kernal.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x473.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor3.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x477.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4a.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x481.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4b.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x485.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4c.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x489.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor5.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x493.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor6.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x497.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-2.oph</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x501.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor7.oph</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="a505.html"
>Ophis Command Reference</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="a505.html#AEN507"
>Command Modes</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x572.html"
>Basic arguments</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="x572.html#AEN575"
>Numeric types</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x572.html#AEN598"
>Label types</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x572.html#AEN611"
>String types</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="x620.html"
>Compound Arguments</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x647.html"
>Memory Model</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="x647.html#AEN650"
>Basic PC tracking</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x647.html#AEN659"
>Basic Segmentation simulation</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x647.html#AEN683"
>General Segmentation Simulation</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="x692.html"
>Macros</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="x692.html#AEN696"
>Defining Macros</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x692.html#AEN702"
>Invoking Macros</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x692.html#AEN710"
>Passing Arguments to Macros</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x692.html#AEN720"
>Features and Restrictions of the Ophis Macro Model</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="x732.html"
>Assembler directives</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="f10.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Preface</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

208
site/manual/c200.html
View File

@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Labels and aliases</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Assembling the code"
HREF="x149.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Anonymous labels"
HREF="x214.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x149.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x214.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="AEN200"
></A
>Labels and aliases</H1
><P
> Labels are an important part of your code. However, since each
label must normally be unique, this can lead to <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"namespace
pollution,"</SPAN
> and you'll find yourself going through ever
more contorted constructions to generate unique label names.
Ophis offers two solutions to this: <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>anonymous
labels</I
> and <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>temporary labels</I
>. This
tutorial will cover both of these facilities, and also introduce
the aliasing mechanism.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN206"
>Temporary labels</A
></H1
><P
> Temporary labels are the easiest to use. If a label begins with
an underscore, it will only be reachable from inside the
innermost enclosing scope. Scopes begin when
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.scope</TT
> statement is encountered. This
produces a new, inner scope if there is another scope in use.
The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.scend</TT
> command ends the innermost
currently active scope.
</P
><P
> We can thus rewrite our header data using temporary labels, thus
allowing the main program to have a label
named <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>next</TT
> if it wants.
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.scope
.word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
_next: .word 0 ; End of program
.scend
.advance 2064</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x149.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x214.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Assembling the code</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Anonymous labels</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

226
site/manual/c236.html
View File

@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Aliasing"
HREF="x225.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Macros"
HREF="x257.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x225.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x257.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="CH3-LINK"
></A
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</H1
><P
> In this chapter we will split away parts of our <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Hello
World"</SPAN
> program into reusable header files and libraries.
We will also abstract away our string printing technique into a
macro which may be invoked at will, on arbitrary strings. We will
then multiply the output of our program tenfold.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN240"
>Header files and libraries</A
></H1
><P
> The prelude to our program&#8212;the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
>
information and the BASIC program&#8212;are going to be the same
in many, many programs. Thus, we should put them into a header
file to be included later. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.include</TT
>
directive will load a file and insert it as source at the
designated point.
</P
><P
> A related directive, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.require</TT
>, will include
the file as long as it hasn't been included yet elsewhere. It
is useful for ensuring a library is linked in.
</P
><P
> For pre-assembled code or raw binary data,
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.incbin</TT
> directive lets you include the
contents of a binary file directly in the output. This is handy
for linking in pre-created graphics or sound data.
</P
><P
> As a sample library, we will expand the definition of
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>chrout</TT
> routine to include the standard
names for every KERNAL routine. Our header file will
then <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.require</TT
> it.
</P
><P
> We'll also add some convenience aliases for things like reverse
video, color changes, and shifting between upper case/graphics
and mixed case text. We'd feed those to
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>chrout</TT
> routine to get their effects.
</P
><P
> Since there have been no interesting changes to the prelude, and
the KERNAL values are standard, we do not reproduce them here.
(The files in question are <A
HREF="x465.html"
><I
><I
>c64-1.oph</I
></I
></A
> and <A
HREF="x469.html"
><I
><I
>kernal.oph</I
></I
></A
>.)
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x225.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x257.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Aliasing</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Macros</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

344
site/manual/c292.html
View File

@ -1,344 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Character maps</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Example code"
HREF="x287.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Local variables and memory segments"
HREF="c329.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x287.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c329.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="CH4-LINK"
></A
>Character maps</H1
><P
> Now we will close the gap between the Commodore's
version of ASCII and the real one. We'll also add a time-delay
routine to slow down the output. This routine isn't really of
interest to us right now, so we'll add a subroutine
called <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>delay</TT
> that executes 2,560*(accumulator)
<KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>NOP</KBD
>s. By the time the program is finished,
we'll have executed 768,000 no-ops.
</P
><P
> There actually are better ways of getting a time-delay on the
Commodore 64; we'll deal with those in <A
HREF="c329.html"
>the Chapter called <I
>Local variables and memory segments</I
></A
>.
As a result, there isn't really a lot to discuss here. The later
tutorials will be building off of <A
HREF="x477.html"
><I
><I
>tutor4a.oph</I
></I
></A
>, so you may want to get familiar with
that. Note also the change to the body of
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>greet</TT
> macro.
</P
><P
> On to the topic at hand. Let's change the code to use mixed case.
We defined the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>upper'case</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>lower'case</TT
> aliases back
in <A
HREF="c236.html"
>the Chapter called <I
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</I
></A
> as part of the
standard <A
HREF="x469.html"
><I
><I
>kernal.oph</I
></I
></A
>
header, so we can add this before our invocations of
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>greet</TT
> macro:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> lda #lower'case
jsr chrout</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> And that will put us into mixed case mode. So, now we just need
to redefine the data so that it uses the mixed-case:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>hello1: .byte "Hello, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "programmer", 0
target2: .byte "room", 0
target3: .byte "building", 0
target4: .byte "neighborhood", 0
target5: .byte "city", 0
target6: .byte "nation", 0
target7: .byte "world", 0
target8: .byte "Solar System", 0
target9: .byte "Galaxy", 0
target10: .byte "Universe", 0</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The code that does this is in <A
HREF="x481.html"
><I
><I
>tutor4b.oph</I
></I
></A
>. If you assemble and run it, you will
notice that the output is not what we want. In particular, upper
and lowercase are reversed, so we have messages
like <SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>hELLO, sOLAR sYSTEM!</SAMP
>. For
the specific case of PETSCII, we can just fix our strings, but
that's less of an option if we're writing for the Apple II's
character set, or targeting a game console that puts its letters
in arbitrary locations. We need to remap how strings are turned
into byte values. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.charmap</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.charmapbin</TT
> directives do what we need.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.charmap</TT
> directive usually takes two
arguments; a byte (usually in character form) indicating the ASCII
value to start remapping from, and then a string giving the new
values. To do our case-swapping, we write two directives before
defining any string constants:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.charmap 'A, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
.charmap 'a, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Note that the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'a</TT
> constant in the second
directive refers to the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"a"</SPAN
> character in the source,
not in the current map.
</P
><P
> The fixed code is in <A
HREF="x485.html"
><I
><I
>tutor4c.oph</I
></I
></A
>, and will produce the expected results
when run.
</P
><P
> An alternative is to use a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.charmapbin</TT
>
directive to replace the entire character map directly. This
specifies an external file, 256 bytes long, that is loaded in at
that point. A binary character map for the Commodore 64 is
provided with the sample programs
as <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>petscii.map</TT
>. There are also three
files, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>a2normal.map</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>a2inverse.map</TT
>,
and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>a2blink.map</TT
> that handle the Apple II's
very nonstandard character encodings.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x287.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c329.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Example code</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Local variables and memory segments</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

402
site/manual/c329.html
View File

@ -1,402 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Local variables and memory segments</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Character maps"
HREF="c292.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Expressions"
HREF="c371.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c292.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c371.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="CH5-LINK"
></A
>Local variables and memory segments</H1
><P
> As mentioned in <A
HREF="c292.html"
>the Chapter called <I
>Character maps</I
></A
>, there are better ways
to handle waiting than just executing vast numbers of NOPs. The
Commodore 64 KERNAL library includes a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>rdtim</TT
>
routine that returns the uptime of the machine, in
60<SUP
>th</SUP
>s of a second, as a 24-bit integer.
The Commodore 64 programmer's guide available online actually has
a bug in it, reversing the significance of the A and Y registers.
The accumulator holds the <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>least</I
> significant
byte, not the most.
</P
><P
> Here's a first shot at a better delay routine:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.scope
; data used by the delay routine
_tmp: .byte 0
_target: .byte 0
delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it)
jsr rdtim
clc
adc _tmp ; add current time to get target
sta _target
* jsr rdtim
cmp _target
bmi - ; Buzz until target reached
rts
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> This works, but it eats up two bytes of file space that don't
really need to be specified. Also, it's modifying data inside a
program text area, which isn't good if you're assembling to a ROM
chip. (Since the Commodore 64 stores its programs in RAM, it's
not an issue for us here.) A slightly better solution is to
use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.alias</TT
> to assign the names to chunks of RAM
somewhere. There's a 4K chunk of RAM from $C000 through $CFFF
between the BASIC ROM and the I/O ROM that should serve our
purposes nicely. We can replace the definitions
of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_tmp</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_target</TT
> with:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> ; data used by the delay routine
.alias _tmp $C000
.alias _target $C001</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> This works better, but now we've just added a major bookkeeping
burden upon ourselves&#8212;we must ensure that no routines step on
each other. What we'd really like are two separate program
counters&#8212;one for the program text, and one for our variable
space.
</P
><P
> Ophis lets us do this with the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> commands.
The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
> command switches to the program-text
counter, and the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> command switches to the
variable-data counter. When Ophis first starts assembling a file,
it starts in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
> mode.
</P
><P
> To reserve space for a variable, use the .space command. This
takes the form:
<TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.space varname size</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>
which assigns the name <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>varname</TT
> to the current
program counter, then advances the program counter by the amount
specified in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>size</TT
>. Nothing is output to the
final binary as a result of the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.space</TT
> command.
</P
><P
> You may not put in any commands that produce output into
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> segment. Generally, all you will be
using are <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.space</TT
>
commands. Ophis will not complain if you
use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.space</TT
> inside a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
>
segment, but this is nearly always wrong.
</P
><P
> The final version of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>delay</TT
> looks like this:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses
; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second).
.scope
.data
.space _tmp 1
.space _target 1
.text
delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it)
jsr rdtim
clc
adc _tmp ; add current time to get target
sta _target
* jsr rdtim
cmp _target
bmi - ; Buzz until target reached
rts
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> We're not quite done yet, however, because we have to tell the
data segment where to begin. (If we don't, it starts at 0, which
is usually wrong.) We add a very brief data segment to the top of
our code:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data
.org $C000
.text</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> This will run. However, we also ought to make sure that we aren't
overstepping any boundaries. Our program text shouldn't run into
the BASIC chip at $A000, and our data shouldn't run into the I/O
region at $D000. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.checkpc</TT
> command lets us
assert that the program counter hasn't reached a specific point
yet. We put, at the end of our code:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.checkpc $A000
.data
.checkpc $D000</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The final program is available as <A
HREF="x489.html"
><I
><I
>tutor5.oph</I
></I
></A
>. Note that we based this on the
all-uppercase version from the last section, not any of the
charmapped versions.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c292.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c371.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Character maps</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Expressions</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

180
site/manual/c35.html
View File

@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>The basics</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Getting a copy of Ophis"
HREF="x22.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Producing Commodore 64 programs"
HREF="x51.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x22.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x51.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="PART1"
></A
>The basics</H1
><P
> In this first part of the tutorial we will create a
simple <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Hello World"</SPAN
> program to run on the Commodore
64. This will cover:
<P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>How to make programs run on a Commodore 64</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Writing simple code with labels</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Numeric and string data</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Invoking the assembler</P
></LI
></UL
>
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN48"
>A note on numeric notation</A
></H1
><P
> Throughout these tutorials, I will be using a lot of both
decimal and hexadecimal notation. Hex numbers will have a
dollar sign in front of them. Thus, 100 = $64, and $100 = 256.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x22.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x51.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Getting a copy of Ophis</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Producing Commodore 64 programs</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

348
site/manual/c371.html
View File

@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Expressions</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Local variables and memory segments"
HREF="c329.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Advanced Memory Segments"
HREF="c419.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c329.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="AEN371"
></A
>Expressions</H1
><P
> Ophis permits a reasonably rich set of arithmetic operations to be
done at assemble time. So far, all of our arguments and values
have either been constants or label names. In this chapter, we
will modify the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>print</TT
> macro so that it calls a
subroutine to do the actual printing. This will shrink the final
code size a fair bit.
</P
><P
> Here's our printing routine. It's fairly straightforward.
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address,
; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and
; $11.
.scope
printstr:
sta $10
stx $11
ldy #$00
_lp: lda ($10), y
beq _done
jsr chrout
iny
bne _lp
_done: rts
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> However, now we are faced with the problem of what to do with
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>print</TT
> macro. We need to take a 16-bit
value and store it in two 8-bit registers. We can use
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#60;</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#62;</TT
> operators
to take the low or high byte of a word, respectively.
The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>print</TT
> macro becomes:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.macro print
lda #&#60;_1
ldx #&#62;_1
jsr printstr
.macend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Also, since BASIC uses the locations $10 and $11, we should really
cache them at the start of the program and restore them at the
end:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data
.org $C000
.space cache 2
.text
; Save the zero page locations that printstr uses.
lda $10
sta cache
lda $11
sta cache+1
; ... main program goes here ...
; Restore the zero page values printstr uses.
lda cache
sta $10
lda cache+1
sta $11</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Note that we only have to name <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>cache</TT
> once, but
can use addition to refer to any offset from it.
</P
><P
> Ophis supports following operations, with the following precedence
levels (higher entries bind more tightly):
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="AEN388"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 1. Ophis Operators</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
CELLSPACING="0"
CELLPADDING="4"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Operators</TH
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>[ ]</TT
></TD
><TD
>Parenthesized expressions</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#60; &#62;</TT
></TD
><TD
>Byte selection (low, high)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>* /</TT
></TD
><TD
>Multiply, divide</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+ -</TT
></TD
><TD
>Add, subtract</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>| &#38; ^</TT
></TD
><TD
>Bitwise OR, AND, XOR</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> Note that brackets, not parentheses, are used to group arithmetic
operations. This is because parentheses are used for the indirect
addressing modes, and it makes parsing much easier.
</P
><P
> The code for this version of the code is
in <A
HREF="x493.html"
><I
><I
>tutor6.oph</I
></I
></A
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c329.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Local variables and memory segments</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Advanced Memory Segments</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

184
site/manual/c419.html
View File

@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Advanced Memory Segments</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Expressions"
HREF="c371.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="The Solution"
HREF="x430.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="CHAPTER"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c371.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x430.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="AEN419"
></A
>Advanced Memory Segments</H1
><P
> This is the last section of the Ophis tutorial. By now we've
covered the basics of every command in the assembler; in this
final installment we show the full capabilities of
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> commands
as we produce a final set of Commodore 64 header files.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN424"
>The Problem</A
></H1
><P
> Our <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>print'str</TT
> routine
in <A
HREF="x493.html"
><I
><I
>tutor6.oph</I
></I
></A
> accesses
memory locations $10 and $11 directly. We'd prefer to have
symbolic names for them. This reprises our concerns back in
<A
HREF="c329.html"
>the Chapter called <I
>Local variables and memory segments</I
></A
> when we concluded that we wanted two
separate program counters. Now we realize that we really need
three; one for the text, one for the data, and one for the zero
page data. And if we're going to allow three, we really should
allow any number.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c371.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x430.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Expressions</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>The Solution</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

186
site/manual/f10.html
View File

@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Preface</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Getting a copy of Ophis"
HREF="x22.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="PREFACE"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x22.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="PREFACE"
><H1
><A
NAME="AEN10"
></A
>Preface</H1
><P
> The Ophis project started on a lark back in 2001. My graduate
studies required me to learn Perl and Python, and I'd been playing
around with Commodore 64 emulators in my spare time, so I decided
to learn both languages by writing a simple cross-assembler for
the 6502 chip the C-64 used in both.
</P
><P
> The Perl version was quickly abandoned, but the Python one slowly
grew in scope and power over the years, and by 2005 was a very
powerful, flexible macro assembler that saw more use than I'd
expect. In 2007 I finally got around to implementing the last few
features I really wanted and polishing it up for general release.
</P
><P
> Part of that process has been formatting the various little
tutorials and references I'd created into a single, unified
document&#8212;the one you are now reading.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN15"
>Why <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Ophis"</SPAN
>?</A
></H1
><P
> It's actually a kind of a horrific pun. See, I was using Python
at the time, and one of the things I had been hoping to do with
the assembler was to produce working Apple II
programs. <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Ophis"</SPAN
> is Greek
for <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"snake"</SPAN
>, and a number of traditions also use it
as the actual <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>name</I
> of the serpent in the
Garden of Eden. So, Pythons, snakes, and stories involving
really old Apples all combined to name the assembler.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x22.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Programming with Ophis</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Getting a copy of Ophis</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

206
site/manual/x119.html
View File

@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Related commands and options</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Producing Commodore 64 programs"
HREF="x51.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Writing the actual code"
HREF="x140.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x51.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>The basics</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x140.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN119"
>Related commands and options</A
></H1
><P
> This code includes constants that are both in decimal and in
hex. It is also possible to specify constants in octal, binary,
or with an ASCII character.
<P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>To specify decimal constants, simply write the number.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>To specify hexadecimal constants, put a $ in front.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>To specify octal constants, put a 0 (zero) in front.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>To specify binary constants, put a % in front.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>To specify ASCII constants, put an apostrophe in front.</P
></LI
></UL
>
Example: 65 = $41 = 0101 = %1000001 = 'A
</P
><P
> There are other commands besides <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.byte</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.word</TT
> to specify data. In particular,
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.dword</TT
> command specifies four-byte values
which some applications will find useful. Also, some linking
formats (such as the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>SID</TT
> format) have
header data in big-endian (high byte first) format.
The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.wordbe</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.dwordbe</TT
>
directives provide a way to specify multibyte constants in
big-endian formats cleanly.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x51.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x140.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Producing Commodore 64 programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Writing the actual code</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

197
site/manual/x140.html
View File

@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Writing the actual code</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Related commands and options"
HREF="x119.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Assembling the code"
HREF="x149.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x119.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>The basics</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x149.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN140"
>Writing the actual code</A
></H1
><P
> Now that we have our header information, let's actually write
the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Hello world"</SPAN
> program. It's pretty
short&#8212;a simple loop that steps through a hardcoded array
until it reaches a 0 or outputs 256 characters. It then returns
control to BASIC with an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RTS</TT
> statement.
</P
><P
> Each character in the array is passed as an argument to a
subroutine at memory location $FFD2. This is part of the
Commodore 64's BIOS software, which its development
documentation calls the KERNAL. Location $FFD2 prints out the
character corresponding to the character code in the
accumulator.
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> ldx #0
loop: lda hello, x
beq done
jsr $ffd2
inx
bne loop
done: rts
hello: .byte "HELLO, WORLD!", 0
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The complete, final source is available in
the <A
HREF="a454.html#TUTOR1-SRC"
><I
><I
>tutor1.oph</I
></I
></A
> file.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x119.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x149.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Related commands and options</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Assembling the code</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

317
site/manual/x149.html
View File

@ -1,317 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Assembling the code</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Writing the actual code"
HREF="x140.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Labels and aliases"
HREF="c200.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x140.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>The basics</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN149"
>Assembling the code</A
></H1
><P
> The Ophis assembler is a collection of Python modules,
controlled by a master script. On Windows, this should all
have been combined into an executable
file <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis.exe</B
>; on other platforms, the
Ophis modules should be in the library and
the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis</B
> script should be in your path.
Typing <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis</B
> with no arguments should give a
summary of available command line options.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="AEN155"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 2. Ophis Options</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
CELLSPACING="0"
CELLPADDING="4"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Option</TH
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Effect</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-6510</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Allows the 6510 undocumented opcodes as listed in the VICE documentation.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-65c02</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Allows opcodes and addressing modes added by the 65C02.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v 0</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Quiet operation. Only reports errors.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v 1</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Default operation. Reports files as they are loaded, and gives statistics on the final output.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v 2</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Verbose operation. Names each assembler pass as it runs.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v 3</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Debug operation: Dumps the entire IR after each pass.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><CODE
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v 4</CODE
></TD
><TD
>Full debug operation: Dumps the entire IR and symbol table after each pass.</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> The only options Ophis demands are an input file and an output
file. Here's a sample session, assembling the tutorial file
here:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>localhost$ ophis tutor1.oph tutor1.prg -v 2
Loading tutor1.oph
Running: Macro definition pass
Running: Macro expansion pass
Running: Label initialization pass
Fixpoint failed, looping back
Running: Label initialization pass
Running: Circularity check pass
Running: Expression checking pass
Running: Easy addressing modes pass
Running: Label Update Pass
Fixpoint failed, looping back
Running: Label Update Pass
Running: Instruction Collapse Pass
Running: Mode Normalization pass
Running: Label Update Pass
Running: Assembler
Assembly complete: 45 bytes output (14 code, 29 data, 2 filler)
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> If your emulator can run <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
> files
directly, this file will now run (and
print <SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>HELLO, WORLD!</SAMP
>) as many
times as you type <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>RUN</KBD
>. Otherwise, use
a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>D64</TT
> management utility to put
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
> on a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>D64</TT
>, then
load and run the file off that.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x140.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Writing the actual code</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Labels and aliases</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

198
site/manual/x214.html
View File

@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Anonymous labels</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Labels and aliases"
HREF="c200.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Labels and aliases"
HREF="c200.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Aliasing"
HREF="x225.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Labels and aliases</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x225.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN214"
>Anonymous labels</A
></H1
><P
> Anonymous labels are a way to handle short-ranged branches
without having to come up with names for the then and else
branches, for brief loops, and other such purposes. To define
an anonymous label, use an asterisk. To refer to an anonymous
label, use a series of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
>
or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> signs. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> refers to
the next anonymous label, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>++</TT
> the label
after that, etc. Likewise, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> is the most
recently defined label, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>--</TT
> the one before
that, and so on. The main body of the Hello World program
with anonymous labels would be:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> ldx #0
* lda hello, x
beq +
jsr $ffd2
inx
bne -
* rts</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> It is worth noting that anonymous labels are globally available.
They are not temporary labels, and they ignore scoping
restrictions.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x225.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Labels and aliases</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Aliasing</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

197
site/manual/x22.html
View File

@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Getting a copy of Ophis</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Preface"
HREF="f10.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Preface"
HREF="f10.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="f10.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Preface</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN22"
>Getting a copy of Ophis</A
></H1
><P
> If you're reading this as part of the Ophis install, you clearly
already have it. If not, as of this writing the homepage for
the Ophis assembler
is <A
HREF="http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~mcmartin/ophis/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~mcmartin/ophis/</A
>. If
this is out-of-date, a Web search on <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Ophis 6502
assembler"</SPAN
> (without the quotation marks) should yield its
page.
</P
><P
> Ophis is written entirely in Python and packaged using the
distutils. The default installation script on Unix and Mac OS X
systems should put the files where they need to go. If you are
running it locally, you will need to install
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Ophis</TT
> package somewhere in your Python
package path, and then put the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis</B
> script
somewhere in your path.
</P
><P
> Windows users that have Python installed can use the same source
distributions that the other operating systems
use; <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis.bat</B
> will arrange the environment
variables accordingly and invoke the main script.
</P
><P
> If you are on Windows and do not have Python installed, a
prepackaged system made with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>py2exe</B
> is also
available. The default Windows installer will use this. In
this case, all you need to do is
have <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ophis.exe</B
> in your path.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="f10.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Preface</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="f10.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>The basics</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

203
site/manual/x225.html
View File

@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Aliasing</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Labels and aliases"
HREF="c200.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Anonymous labels"
HREF="x214.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Headers, Libraries, and Macros"
HREF="c236.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x214.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Labels and aliases</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN225"
>Aliasing</A
></H1
><P
> Rather the reverse of anonymous labels, aliases are names
given to specific memory locations. These make it easier to
keep track of important constants or locations. The KERNAL
routines are a good example of constants that deserve names.
To assign the traditional name <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>chrout</TT
> to
the routine at $FFD2, simply give the directive:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.alias chrout $ffd2</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>And change the <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>jsr</KBD
> command
to:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> jsr chrout</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The final version of the code is in <A
HREF="x461.html"
><I
><I
>tutor2.oph</I
></I
></A
>. It should
assemble to exactly the same program as <A
HREF="a454.html#TUTOR1-SRC"
><I
><I
>tutor1.oph</I
></I
></A
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x214.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Anonymous labels</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c200.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

289
site/manual/x257.html
View File

@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Macros</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Headers, Libraries, and Macros"
HREF="c236.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Headers, Libraries, and Macros"
HREF="c236.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Example code"
HREF="x287.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x287.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN257"
>Macros</A
></H1
><P
> A macro is a way of expressing a lot of code or data with a
simple shorthand. It's also usually configurable. Traditional
macro systems such as C's <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>#define</TT
> mechanic
use <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>textual replacement</I
>: a macro is
expanded before any evaluation or even parsing occurs.
</P
><P
> In contrast, Ophis's macro system uses a <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>call by
value</I
> approach where the arguments to macros are
evaluated to bytes or words before being inserted into the macro
body. This produces effects much closer to those of a
traditional function call. A more detailed discussion of the
tradeoffs may be found in <A
HREF="a505.html"
>the Appendix called <I
>Ophis Command Reference</I
></A
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN265"
>Macro definitions</A
></H2
><P
> A macro definition is a set of statements between
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.macro</TT
> statement and
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.macend</TT
> statement.
The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.macro</TT
> statement also names the macro
being defined.
</P
><P
> No global or anonymous labels may be defined inside a macro:
temporary labels only persist in the macro expansion itself.
(Each macro body has its own scope.)
</P
><P
> Arguments to macros are referred to by number: the first is
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_1</TT
>, the second <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_2</TT
>, and so on.
</P
><P
> Here's a macro that encapsulates the printing routine in our
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Hello World"</SPAN
> program, with an argument being the
address of the string to print:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN278"
>Macro invocations</A
></H2
><P
> Macros may be invoked in two ways: one that looks like a
directive, and one that looks like an instruction.
</P
><P
> The most common way to invoke a macro is to backquote the name
of the macro. It is also possible to use
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.invoke</TT
> command. These commands look
like this:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>`print msg
.invoke print msg</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Arguments are passed to the macro as a comma-separated list.
They must all be expressions that evaluate to byte or word
values&#8212;a mechanism similar to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.alias</TT
>
is used to assign their values to the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_n</TT
>
names.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x287.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Example code</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

161
site/manual/x287.html
View File

@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Example code</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Headers, Libraries, and Macros"
HREF="c236.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Macros"
HREF="x257.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Character maps"
HREF="c292.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x257.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Headers, Libraries, and Macros</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c292.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN287"
>Example code</A
></H1
><P
> <A
HREF="x473.html"
><I
><I
>tutor3.oph</I
></I
></A
> expands our
running example, including the code above and also defining a
new macro <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>greet</TT
> that takes a string argument
and prints a greeting to it. It then greets far too many
targets.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x257.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c292.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Macros</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c236.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Character maps</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

295
site/manual/x430.html
View File

@ -1,295 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>The Solution</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Advanced Memory Segments"
HREF="c419.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Advanced Memory Segments"
HREF="c419.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Where to go from here"
HREF="x449.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Advanced Memory Segments</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x449.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN430"
>The Solution</A
></H1
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
>
commands can take a label name after them&#8212;this names a new
segment. We'll define a new segment
called <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>zp</TT
> (for <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"zero page"</SPAN
>) and
have our zero-page variables be placed there. We can't actually
use the default origin of $0000 here either, though, because the
Commodore 64 reserves memory locations 0 and 1 to control its
memory mappers:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data zp
.org $0002</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Now, actually, the rest of the zero page is reserved too:
locations $02-$7F are used by the BASIC interpreter, and
locations $80-$FF are used by the KERNAL. We don't need the
BASIC interpreter, though, so we can back up all of $02-$7F at
the start of our program and restore it all when we're done:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.scope
; Cache BASIC's zero page at top of available RAM.
ldx #$7E
* lda $01, x
sta $CF81, x
dex
bne -
jsr _main
; Restore BASIC's zero page and return control.
ldx #$7E
* lda $CF81, x
sta $01, x
dex
bne -
rts
_main:
; _main points at the start of the real program,
; which is actually outside of this scope
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The new, improved header file is <A
HREF="x497.html"
><I
><I
>c64-2.oph</I
></I
></A
>.
</P
><P
> Our <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>print'str</TT
> routine is then rewritten to
declare and use a zero-page variable, like so:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address,
; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and
; $11.
.scope
.data zp
.space _ptr 2
.text
printstr:
sta _ptr
stx _ptr+1
ldy #$00
_lp: lda (_ptr),y
beq _done
jsr chrout
iny
bne _lp
_done: rts
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Also, we ought to put in an extra check to make sure our
zero-page allocations don't overflow, either:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data zp
.checkpc $80</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> That concludes our tour. The final source file
is <A
HREF="x501.html"
><I
><I
>tutor7.oph</I
></I
></A
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x449.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Advanced Memory Segments</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Where to go from here</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

162
site/manual/x449.html
View File

@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Where to go from here</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Advanced Memory Segments"
HREF="c419.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="The Solution"
HREF="x430.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x430.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Advanced Memory Segments</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN449"
>Where to go from here</A
></H1
><P
> This tutorial has touched on everything that the assembler can
do, but it's not really well organized as a
reference. <A
HREF="a505.html"
>the Appendix called <I
>Ophis Command Reference</I
></A
> is a better place to look
up matters of syntax or consult lists of available commands.
</P
><P
> If you're looking for projects to undertake, the Commodore 64
and Atari 2600 development communities are both very strong, and
the Apple II and NES development communities are still alive and
well as well. There's an annual Minigame Competition that's
always looking for new entries.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x430.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>The Solution</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c419.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Example Programs</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

183
site/manual/x461.html
View File

@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor2.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="c64-1.oph"
HREF="x465.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x465.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR2-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor2.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.scope
.word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
_next: .word 0 ; End of program
.scend
.advance 2064
.alias chrout $ffd2
ldx #0
* lda hello, x
beq +
jsr chrout
inx
bne -
* rts
hello: .byte "HELLO, WORLD!", 0</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x465.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-1.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

176
site/manual/x465.html
View File

@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>c64-1.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor2.oph"
HREF="x461.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="kernal.oph"
HREF="x469.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x461.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x469.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="C64-1-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-1.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.scope
.word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
_next: .word 0 ; End of program
.scend
.advance 2064
.require "kernal.oph"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x461.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x469.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor2.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>kernal.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

231
site/manual/x469.html
View File

@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>kernal.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="c64-1.oph"
HREF="x465.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor3.oph"
HREF="x473.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x465.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x473.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="KERNAL-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>kernal.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>; KERNAL routine aliases (C64)
.alias acptr $ffa5
.alias chkin $ffc6
.alias chkout $ffc9
.alias chrin $ffcf
.alias chrout $ffd2
.alias ciout $ffa8
.alias cint $ff81
.alias clall $ffe7
.alias close $ffc3
.alias clrchn $ffcc
.alias getin $ffe4
.alias iobase $fff3
.alias ioinit $ff84
.alias listen $ffb1
.alias load $ffd5
.alias membot $ff9c
.alias memtop $ff99
.alias open $ffc0
.alias plot $fff0
.alias ramtas $ff87
.alias rdtim $ffde
.alias readst $ffb7
.alias restor $ff8a
.alias save $ffd8
.alias scnkey $ff9f
.alias screen $ffed
.alias second $ff93
.alias setlfs $ffba
.alias setmsg $ff90
.alias setnam $ffbd
.alias settim $ffdb
.alias settmo $ffa2
.alias stop $ffe1
.alias talk $ffb4
.alias tksa $ff96
.alias udtim $ffea
.alias unlsn $ffae
.alias untlk $ffab
.alias vector $ff8d
; Character codes for the colors.
.alias color'0 144
.alias color'1 5
.alias color'2 28
.alias color'3 159
.alias color'4 156
.alias color'5 30
.alias color'6 31
.alias color'7 158
.alias color'8 129
.alias color'9 149
.alias color'10 150
.alias color'11 151
.alias color'12 152
.alias color'13 153
.alias color'14 154
.alias color'15 155
; ...and reverse video
.alias reverse'on 18
.alias reverse'off 146
; ...and character set
.alias upper'case 142
.alias lower'case 14</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x465.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x473.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-1.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor3.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

209
site/manual/x473.html
View File

@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor3.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="kernal.oph"
HREF="x469.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor4a.oph"
HREF="x477.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x469.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x477.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR3-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor3.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend
.macro greet
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0
target2: .byte "ROOM", 0
target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0
target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0
target5: .byte "CITY", 0
target6: .byte "NATION", 0
target7: .byte "WORLD", 0
target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0
target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0
target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x469.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x477.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>kernal.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4a.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

230
site/manual/x477.html
View File

@ -1,230 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor4a.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor3.oph"
HREF="x473.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor4b.oph"
HREF="x481.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x473.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x481.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR4A-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4a.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0
target2: .byte "ROOM", 0
target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0
target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0
target5: .byte "CITY", 0
target6: .byte "NATION", 0
target7: .byte "WORLD", 0
target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0
target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0
target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0
; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements.
delay: tax
ldy #00
* nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
iny
bne -
dex
bne -
rts</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x473.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x481.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor3.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4b.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

232
site/manual/x481.html
View File

@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor4b.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor4a.oph"
HREF="x477.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor4c.oph"
HREF="x485.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x477.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x485.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR4B-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4b.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
lda #lower'case
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
hello1: .byte "Hello, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "programmer", 0
target2: .byte "room", 0
target3: .byte "building", 0
target4: .byte "neighborhood", 0
target5: .byte "city", 0
target6: .byte "nation", 0
target7: .byte "world", 0
target8: .byte "Solar System", 0
target9: .byte "Galaxy", 0
target10: .byte "Universe", 0
; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements.
delay: tax
ldy #00
* nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
iny
bne -
dex
bne -
rts</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x477.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x485.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4a.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4c.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

235
site/manual/x485.html
View File

@ -1,235 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor4c.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor4b.oph"
HREF="x481.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor5.oph"
HREF="x489.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x481.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x489.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR4C-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4c.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
lda #lower'case
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
.charmap 'A, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
.charmap 'a, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
hello1: .byte "Hello, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "programmer", 0
target2: .byte "room", 0
target3: .byte "building", 0
target4: .byte "neighborhood", 0
target5: .byte "city", 0
target6: .byte "nation", 0
target7: .byte "world", 0
target8: .byte "Solar System", 0
target9: .byte "Galaxy", 0
target10: .byte "Universe", 0
; DELAY routine. Executes 2,560*(A) NOP statements.
delay: tax
ldy #00
* nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
iny
bne -
dex
bne -
rts</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x481.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x489.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4b.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor5.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

239
site/manual/x489.html
View File

@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor5.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor4c.oph"
HREF="x485.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor6.oph"
HREF="x493.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x485.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x493.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR5-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor5.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.data
.org $C000
.text
.macro print
ldx #0
_loop: lda _1, x
beq _done
jsr chrout
inx
bne _loop
_done:
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0
target2: .byte "ROOM", 0
target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0
target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0
target5: .byte "CITY", 0
target6: .byte "NATION", 0
target7: .byte "WORLD", 0
target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0
target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0
target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0
; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses
; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second).
.scope
.data
.space _tmp 1
.space _target 1
.text
delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it)
jsr rdtim
clc
adc _tmp ; add current time to get target
sta _target
* jsr rdtim
cmp _target
bmi - ; Buzz until target reached
rts
.scend
.checkpc $A000
.data
.checkpc $D000</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x485.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x493.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor4c.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor6.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

266
site/manual/x493.html
View File

@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor6.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor5.oph"
HREF="x489.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="c64-2.oph"
HREF="x497.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x489.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x497.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR6-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor6.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-1.oph"
.data
.org $C000
.space cache 2
.text
.macro print
lda #&#60;_1
ldx #&#62;_1
jsr printstr
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
; Save the zero page locations that PRINTSTR uses.
lda $10
sta cache
lda $11
sta cache+1
lda #147
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
; Restore the zero page values printstr uses.
lda cache
sta $10
lda cache+1
sta $11
rts
hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0
target2: .byte "ROOM", 0
target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0
target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0
target5: .byte "CITY", 0
target6: .byte "NATION", 0
target7: .byte "WORLD", 0
target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0
target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0
target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0
; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses
; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second).
.scope
.data
.space _tmp 1
.space _target 1
.text
delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it)
jsr rdtim
clc
adc _tmp ; add current time to get target
sta _target
* jsr rdtim
cmp _target
bmi - ; Buzz until target reached
rts
.scend
; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address,
; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and
; $11.
.scope
printstr:
sta $10
stx $11
ldy #$00
_lp: lda ($10),y
beq _done
jsr chrout
iny
bne _lp
_done: rts
.scend
.checkpc $A000
.data
.checkpc $D000</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x489.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x497.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor5.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-2.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

204
site/manual/x497.html
View File

@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>c64-2.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="tutor6.oph"
HREF="x493.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="tutor7.oph"
HREF="x501.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x493.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x501.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="C64-2-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-2.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.scope
.word _next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
_next: .word 0 ; End of program
.scend
.advance $0810
.require "kernal.oph"
.data zp
.org $0002
.text
.scope
; Cache BASIC's zero page at top of available RAM.
ldx #$7E
* lda $01, x
sta $CF81, x
dex
bne -
jsr _main
; Restore BASIC's zero page and return control.
ldx #$7E
* lda $CF81, x
sta $01, x
dex
bne -
rts
_main:
; Program follows...
.scend</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x493.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x501.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor6.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor7.oph</TT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

257
site/manual/x501.html
View File

@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>tutor7.oph</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Example Programs"
HREF="a454.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="c64-2.oph"
HREF="x497.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Ophis Command Reference"
HREF="a505.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x497.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Example Programs</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="TUTOR7-SRC"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>tutor7.oph</TT
></A
></H1
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.include "c64-2.oph"
.data
.org $C000
.text
.macro print
lda #&#60;_1
ldx #&#62;_1
jsr printstr
.macend
.macro greet
lda #30
jsr delay
`print hello1
`print _1
`print hello2
.macend
lda #147
jsr chrout
`greet target1
`greet target2
`greet target3
`greet target4
`greet target5
`greet target6
`greet target7
`greet target8
`greet target9
`greet target10
rts
hello1: .byte "HELLO, ",0
hello2: .byte "!", 13, 0
target1: .byte "PROGRAMMER", 0
target2: .byte "ROOM", 0
target3: .byte "BUILDING", 0
target4: .byte "NEIGHBORHOOD", 0
target5: .byte "CITY", 0
target6: .byte "NATION", 0
target7: .byte "WORLD", 0
target8: .byte "SOLAR SYSTEM", 0
target9: .byte "GALAXY", 0
target10: .byte "UNIVERSE", 0
; DELAY routine. Takes values from the Accumulator and pauses
; for that many jiffies (1/60th of a second).
.scope
.data
.space _tmp 1
.space _target 1
.text
delay: sta _tmp ; save argument (rdtim destroys it)
jsr rdtim
clc
adc _tmp ; add current time to get target
sta _target
* jsr rdtim
cmp _target
bmi - ; Buzz until target reached
rts
.scend
; PRINTSTR routine. Accumulator stores the low byte of the address,
; X register stores the high byte. Destroys the values of $10 and
; $11.
.scope
.data zp
.space _ptr 2
.text
printstr:
sta _ptr
stx _ptr+1
ldy #$00
_lp: lda (_ptr),y
beq _done
jsr chrout
iny
bne _lp
_done: rts
.scend
.checkpc $A000
.data
.checkpc $D000
.data zp
.checkpc $80</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x497.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c64-2.oph</TT
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a454.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Ophis Command Reference</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

428
site/manual/x51.html
View File

@ -1,428 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Producing Commodore 64 programs</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="The basics"
HREF="c35.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Related commands and options"
HREF="x119.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>The basics</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x119.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN51"
>Producing Commodore 64 programs</A
></H1
><P
> Commodore 64 programs are stored in
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
> format on disk. Some emulators
(such as CCS64 or VICE) can run <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
>
programs directly; others need them to be transferred to
a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>D64</TT
> image first.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>PRG</TT
> format is ludicrously simple. It
has two bytes of header data: This is a little-endian number
indicating the starting address. The rest of the file is a
single continuous chunk of data loaded into memory, starting at
that address. BASIC memory starts at memory location 2048, and
that's probably where we'll want to start.
</P
><P
> Well, not quite. We want our program to be callable from BASIC,
so we should have a BASIC program at the start. We guess the
size of a simple one line BASIC program to be about 16 bytes.
Thus, we start our program at memory location 2064 ($0810), and
the BASIC program looks like this:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>10 SYS 2064
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> We <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>SAVE</KBD
> this program to a file, then
study it in a debugger. It's 15 bytes long:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>1070:0100 01 08 0C 08 0A 00 9E 20-32 30 36 34 00 00 00
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> The first two bytes are the memory location: $0801. The rest of
the data breaks down as follows:
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="AEN65"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 1. BASIC program breakdown</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
CELLSPACING="0"
CELLPADDING="4"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Memory Locations</TH
><TH
ALIGN="CENTER"
>Value</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>$0801-$0802</TD
><TD
>2-byte pointer to the next line of BASIC code ($080C).</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>$0803-$0804</TD
><TD
>2-byte line number ($000A = 10).</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>$0805</TD
><TD
>Byte code for the <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>SYS</KBD
> command.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>$0806-$080A</TD
><TD
>The rest of the line, which is just the string <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>" 2064"</SPAN
>.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>$080B</TD
><TD
>Null byte, terminating the line.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>$080C-$080D</TD
><TD
>2-byte pointer to the next line of BASIC code ($0000 = end of program).</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> That's 13 bytes. We started at 2049, so we need 2 more bytes of
filler to make our code actually start at location 2064. These
17 bytes will give us the file format and the BASIC code we need
to have our machine language program run.
</P
><P
> These are just bytes&#8212;indistinguishable from any other sort of
data. In Ophis, bytes of data are specified with
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.byte</TT
> command. We'll also have to tell
Ophis what the program counter should be, so that it knows what
values to assign to our labels. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
>
(origin) command tells Ophis this. Thus, the Ophis code for our
header and linking info is:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.byte $01, $08, $0C, $08, $0A, $00, $9E, $20
.byte $32, $30, $36, $34, $00, $00, $00, $00
.byte $00, $00
.org $0810
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> This gets the job done, but it's completely incomprehensible,
and it only uses two directives&#8212;not very good for a
tutorial. Here's a more complicated, but much clearer, way of
saying the same thing.
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.word $0801
.org $0801
.word next, 10 ; Next line and current line number
.byte $9e," 2064",0 ; SYS 2064
next: .word 0 ; End of program
.advance 2064
</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> This code has many advantages over the first.
<P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> It describes better what is actually
happening. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.word</TT
> directive at the
beginning indicates a 16-bit value stored in the typical
65xx way (small byte first). This is followed by
an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
> statement, so we let the
assembler know right away where everything is supposed to
be.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Instead of hardcoding in the value $080C, we
instead use a label to identify the location it's pointing
to. Ophis will compute the address
of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>next</TT
> and put that value in as data.
We also describe the line number in decimal since BASIC
line numbers generally <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>are</I
> in decimal.
Labels are defined by putting their name, then a colon, as
seen in the definition of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>next</TT
>.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>
Instead of putting in the hex codes for the string part of
the BASIC code, we included the string directly. Each
character in the string becomes one byte.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>
Instead of adding the buffer ourselves, we
used <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.advance</TT
>, which outputs zeros until
the specified address is reached. Attempting
to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.advance</TT
> backwards produces an
assemble-time error.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>
It has comments that explain what the data are for. The
semicolon is the comment marker; everything from a semicolon
to the end of the line is ignored.
</P
></LI
></UL
>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x119.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>The basics</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="c35.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Related commands and options</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

309
site/manual/x572.html
View File

@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Basic arguments</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Ophis Command Reference"
HREF="a505.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Ophis Command Reference"
HREF="a505.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Compound Arguments"
HREF="x620.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Ophis Command Reference</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x620.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN572"
>Basic arguments</A
></H1
><P
> Most arguments are just a number or label. The formats for
these are below.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN575"
>Numeric types</A
></H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Hex:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>$41</TT
> (Prefixed with $)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Decimal:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>65</TT
> (No markings)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Octal:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0101</TT
> (Prefixed with zero)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Binary:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%01000001</TT
> (Prefixed with %)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Character:</I
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'A</TT
> (Prefixed with single quote)</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN598"
>Label types</A
></H2
><P
> Normal labels are simply referred to by name. Anonymous
labels may be referenced with strings of - or + signs (the
label <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> refers to the immediate
previous anonymous label, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>--</TT
> the
one before that, etc., while <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
>
refers to the next anonymous label), and the special
label <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>^</TT
> refers to the program
counter at the start of the current instruction or directive.
</P
><P
> Normal labels are <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>defined</I
> by
prefixing a line with the label name and then a colon
(e.g., <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>label:</TT
>). Anonymous labels
are defined by prefixing a line with an asterisk
(e.g., <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
>).
</P
><P
> Temporary labels are only reachable from inside the
innermost enclosing <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.scope</TT
>
statement. They are identical to normal labels in every
way, except that they start with an underscore.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN611"
>String types</A
></H2
><P
> Strings are enclosed in double quotation marks. Backslashed
characters (including backslashes and double quotes) are
treated literally, so the string <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>"The man said,
\"The \\ character is the backslash.\""</TT
> produces
the ASCII sequence for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>The man said, "The \
character is the backslash."</TT
>
</P
><P
> Strings are generally only used as arguments to assembler
directives&#8212;usually for filenames
(e.g., <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.include</TT
>) but also for string
data (in association with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.byte</TT
>).
</P
><P
> It is legal, though unusual, to attempt to pass a string to
the other data statements. This will produces a series of
words/dwords where all bytes that aren't least-significant
are zero. Endianness and size will match what the directive
itself indicated.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x620.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Ophis Command Reference</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Compound Arguments</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

212
site/manual/x620.html
View File

@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Compound Arguments</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Ophis Command Reference"
HREF="a505.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Basic arguments"
HREF="x572.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Memory Model"
HREF="x647.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x572.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Ophis Command Reference</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x647.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN620"
>Compound Arguments</A
></H1
><P
> Compound arguments may be built up from simple ones, using the
standard +, -, *, and / operators, which carry the usual
precedence. Also, the unary operators &#62; and &#60;, which
bind more tightly than anything else, provide the high and low
bytes of 16-bit values, respectively.
</P
><P
> Use brackets [ ] instead of parentheses ( ) when grouping
arithmetic operations, as the parentheses are needed for the
indirect addressing modes.
</P
><P
> Examples:
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>$D000</TT
> evaluates to $D000</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>$D000+32</TT
> evaluates to $D020</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>$D000+$20</TT
> also evaluates to $D020</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#60;$D000+32</TT
> evaluates to $20</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#62;$D000+32</TT
> evaluates to $F0</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#62;[$D000+32]</TT
> evaluates to $D0</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&#62;$D000-275</TT
> evaluates to $CE</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x572.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="book1.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="x647.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Basic arguments</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="a505.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Memory Model</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>

373
site/manual/x647.html
View File

@ -1,373 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Memory Model</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="Programming with Ophis"
HREF="book1.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Ophis Command Reference"
HREF="a505.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Compound Arguments"
HREF="x620.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Macros"
HREF="x692.html"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECTION"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="3"
ALIGN="center"
>Programming with Ophis</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x620.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>&#60;&#60;&#60; Previous</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="80%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Ophis Command Reference</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="x692.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next &#62;&#62;&#62;</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN647"
>Memory Model</A
></H1
><P
> In order to properly compute the locations of labels and the
like, Ophis must keep track of where assembled code will
actually be sitting in memory, and it strives to do this in a
way that is independent both of the target file and of the
target machine.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN650"
>Basic PC tracking</A
></H2
><P
> The primary technique Ophis uses is <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>program counter
tracking</I
>. As it assembles the code, it keeps
track of a virtual program counter, and uses that to
determine where the labels should go.
</P
><P
> In the absence of an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
> directive, it
assumes a starting PC of zero. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
>
is a simple directive, setting the PC to the value
that <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
> specifies. In the simplest
case, one <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
> directive appears at the
beginning of the code and sets the location for the rest of
the code, which is one contiguous block.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN659"
>Basic Segmentation simulation</A
></H2
><P
> However, this isn't always practical. Often one wishes to
have a region of memory reserved for data without actually
mapping that memory to the file. On some systems (typically
cartridge-based systems where ROM and RAM are seperate, and
the target file only specifies the ROM image) this is
mandatory. In order to access these variables symbolically,
it's necessary to put the values into the label lookup
table.
</P
><P
> It is possible, but inconvenient, to do this
with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.alias</TT
>, assigning a specific
memory location to each variable. This requires careful
coordination through your code, and makes creating reusable
libraries all but impossible.
</P
><P
> A better approach is to reserve a section at the beginning
or end of your program, put an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.org</TT
>
directive in, then use the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.space</TT
>
directive to divide up the data area. This is still a bit
inconvenient, though, because all variables must be
assigned all at once. What we'd really like is to keep
multiple PC counters, one for data and one for code.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> directives do this. Each
has its own PC that starts at zero, and you can switch
between the two at any point without corrupting the other's
counter. In this way each function can have
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> section (filled
with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.space</TT
> commands) and
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
> section (that contains the
actual code). This lets our library routines be almost
completely self-contained - we can have one source file
that could be <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.included</TT
> by multiple
projects without getting in anything's way.
</P
><P
> However, any given program may have its own ideas about
where data and code go, and it's good to ensure with
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.checkpc</TT
> at the end of your code
that you haven't accidentally overwritten code with data or
vice versa. If your <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
>
segment <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>did</I
> start at zero, it's
probably wise to make sure you aren't smashing the stack,
too (which is sitting in the region from $0100 to
$01FF).
</P
><P
> If you write code with no segment-defining statements in
it, the default segment
is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text</TT
>.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>data</TT
> segment is designed only
for organizing labels. As such, errors will be flagged if
you attempt to actually output information into
a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>data</TT
> segment.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H2
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="AEN683"
>General Segmentation Simulation</A
></H2
><P
> One text and data segment each is usually sufficient, but
for the cases where it is not, Ophis allows for user-defined
segments. Putting a label
after <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.text</TT
>
or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.data</TT
> produces a new segment with
the specified name.
</P
><P
> Say, for example, that we have access to the RAM at the low
end of the address space, but want to reserve the zero page
for truly critical variables, and use the rest of RAM for
everything else. Let's also assume that this is a 6510
chip, and locations $00 and $01 are reserved for the I/O
port. We could start our program off with:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data
.org $200
.data zp
.org $2
.text
.org $800</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> And, to be safe, we would probably want to end our code
with checks to make sure we aren't overwriting anything:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>.data
.checkpc $800
.data zp
.checkpc $100</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR