diff --git a/eg/buffer.60p b/eg/buffer.60p
index 5b63103..8783a11 100644
--- a/eg/buffer.60p
+++ b/eg/buffer.60p
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ routine main
   trashes a, z, n, ptr
 {
     ld y, 0
-    copy buf, ptr
+    copy ^buf, ptr
     copy 123, [ptr] + y
 }
diff --git a/src/sixtypical/analyzer.py b/src/sixtypical/analyzer.py
index 60e2718..7f61bd5 100644
--- a/src/sixtypical/analyzer.py
+++ b/src/sixtypical/analyzer.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from sixtypical.ast import Program, Routine, Block, Instr
 from sixtypical.model import (
     TYPE_BYTE, TYPE_BYTE_TABLE, BufferType, PointerType, VectorType, ExecutableType,
-    ConstantRef, LocationRef, IndirectRef,
+    ConstantRef, LocationRef, IndirectRef, AddressRef,
     REG_A, REG_Y, FLAG_Z, FLAG_N, FLAG_V, FLAG_C
 )
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class Context(object):
     def assert_meaningful(self, *refs, **kwargs):
         exception_class = kwargs.get('exception_class', UnmeaningfulReadError)
         for ref in refs:
-            if isinstance(ref, ConstantRef) or ref in self.routines:
+            if ref.is_constant() or ref in self.routines:
                 pass
             elif isinstance(ref, LocationRef):
                 if ref not in self._meaningful:
@@ -293,34 +293,38 @@ class Analyzer(object):
             context.assert_meaningful(src)
 
         elif opcode == 'copy':
-            # check that their types are compatible
+            # 1. check that their types are compatible
 
             if isinstance(dest, IndirectRef):
                 if src.type == TYPE_BYTE and isinstance(dest.ref.type, PointerType):
                     pass
                 else:
                     raise TypeMismatchError((src, dest))
-            elif src.type == dest.type:
-                pass
-            elif isinstance(src.type, ExecutableType) and \
-                 isinstance(dest.type, VectorType):
-                pass
-            elif isinstance(src.type, BufferType) and \
-                 isinstance(dest.type, PointerType):
-                pass
+            elif isinstance(src, AddressRef):
+                if isinstance(src.ref.type, BufferType) and isinstance(dest.type, PointerType):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    raise TypeMismatchError((src, dest))
+
+            elif isinstance(src, (LocationRef, ConstantRef)) and isinstance(dest, LocationRef):
+                if src.type == dest.type:
+                    pass
+                elif isinstance(src.type, ExecutableType) and \
+                     isinstance(dest.type, VectorType):
+                    # if dealing with routines and vectors,
+                    # check that they're not incompatible
+                    if not (src.type.inputs <= dest.type.inputs):
+                        raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.inputs - dest.type.inputs)
+                    if not (src.type.outputs <= dest.type.outputs):
+                        raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.outputs - dest.type.outputs)
+                    if not (src.type.trashes <= dest.type.trashes):
+                        raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.trashes - dest.type.trashes)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeMismatchError((src, dest))
             else:
                 raise TypeMismatchError((src, dest))
 
-            # if dealing with routines and vectors,
-            # check that they're not incompatible
-            if isinstance(src.type, ExecutableType) and \
-               isinstance(dest.type, VectorType):
-                if not (src.type.inputs <= dest.type.inputs):
-                    raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.inputs - dest.type.inputs)
-                if not (src.type.outputs <= dest.type.outputs):
-                    raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.outputs - dest.type.outputs)
-                if not (src.type.trashes <= dest.type.trashes):
-                    raise IncompatibleConstraintsError(src.type.trashes - dest.type.trashes)
+            # 2. check that the context is meaningful
 
             if isinstance(dest, IndirectRef):
                 context.assert_meaningful(src, REG_Y)
diff --git a/src/sixtypical/compiler.py b/src/sixtypical/compiler.py
index eb5aee5..c4f8495 100644
--- a/src/sixtypical/compiler.py
+++ b/src/sixtypical/compiler.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from sixtypical.ast import Program, Routine, Block, Instr
 from sixtypical.model import (
-    ConstantRef, IndirectRef,
+    ConstantRef, LocationRef, IndirectRef, AddressRef,
     TYPE_BIT, TYPE_BYTE, TYPE_WORD, BufferType, PointerType, RoutineType, VectorType,
     REG_A, REG_X, REG_Y, FLAG_C
 )
@@ -284,6 +284,16 @@ class Compiler(object):
                         raise NotImplementedError((src, dest))
                 else:
                     raise NotImplementedError((src, dest))
+            elif isinstance(src, AddressRef) and isinstance(dest, LocationRef) and \
+                 isinstance(src.ref.type, BufferType) and isinstance(dest.type, PointerType):
+                src_label = self.labels[src.ref.name]
+                dest_label = self.labels[dest.name]
+                self.emitter.emit(LDA(Immediate(HighAddressByte(src_label))))
+                self.emitter.emit(STA(ZeroPage(dest_label)))
+                self.emitter.emit(LDA(Immediate(LowAddressByte(src_label))))
+                self.emitter.emit(STA(ZeroPage(Offset(dest_label, 1))))
+            elif not isinstance(src, (ConstantRef, LocationRef)) or not isinstance(dest, LocationRef):
+                raise NotImplementedError((src, dest))
             elif src.type == TYPE_BYTE and dest.type == TYPE_BYTE:
                 if isinstance(src, ConstantRef):
                     raise NotImplementedError
@@ -308,14 +318,6 @@ class Compiler(object):
                     self.emitter.emit(STA(Absolute(dest_label)))
                     self.emitter.emit(LDA(Absolute(Offset(src_label, 1))))
                     self.emitter.emit(STA(Absolute(Offset(dest_label, 1))))
-            elif isinstance(src.type, BufferType) and isinstance(dest.type, PointerType):
-                # TODO: this maybe should not be the 'copy' opcode at all that means this
-                src_label = self.labels[src.name]
-                dest_label = self.labels[dest.name]
-                self.emitter.emit(LDA(Immediate(HighAddressByte(src_label))))
-                self.emitter.emit(STA(ZeroPage(dest_label)))
-                self.emitter.emit(LDA(Immediate(LowAddressByte(src_label))))
-                self.emitter.emit(STA(ZeroPage(Offset(dest_label, 1))))
             elif isinstance(src.type, VectorType) and isinstance(dest.type, VectorType):
                 src_label = self.labels[src.name]
                 dest_label = self.labels[dest.name]
diff --git a/src/sixtypical/model.py b/src/sixtypical/model.py
index b8b636a..449285b 100644
--- a/src/sixtypical/model.py
+++ b/src/sixtypical/model.py
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class IndirectRef(Ref):
         return self.ref == other.ref
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(hash('[]') ^ hash(self.ref))
+        return hash(self.__class__.name) ^ hash(self.ref)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.ref)
@@ -122,6 +122,27 @@ class IndirectRef(Ref):
         return False
 
 
+class AddressRef(Ref):
+    def __init__(self, ref):
+        self.ref = ref
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.ref == other.ref
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__class__.name) ^ hash(self.ref)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.ref)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return '^{}'.format(self.ref.name)
+
+    def is_constant(self):
+        return True
+
+
 class PartRef(Ref):
     """For 'low byte of' location and 'high byte of' location modifiers.
 
diff --git a/src/sixtypical/parser.py b/src/sixtypical/parser.py
index 341c8d6..872070d 100644
--- a/src/sixtypical/parser.py
+++ b/src/sixtypical/parser.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from sixtypical.ast import Program, Defn, Routine, Block, Instr
 from sixtypical.model import (
     TYPE_BIT, TYPE_BYTE, TYPE_BYTE_TABLE, TYPE_WORD, TYPE_WORD_TABLE,
     RoutineType, VectorType, ExecutableType, BufferType, PointerType,
-    LocationRef, ConstantRef, IndirectRef,
+    LocationRef, ConstantRef, IndirectRef, AddressRef,
 )
 from sixtypical.scanner import Scanner
 
@@ -171,6 +171,9 @@ class Parser(object):
             self.scanner.expect('+')
             self.scanner.expect('y')
             return IndirectRef(loc)
+        elif self.scanner.consume('^'):
+            loc = self.locexpr()
+            return AddressRef(loc)
         else:
             return self.locexpr()
 
diff --git a/src/sixtypical/scanner.py b/src/sixtypical/scanner.py
index 3663e9c..fd48b3b 100644
--- a/src/sixtypical/scanner.py
+++ b/src/sixtypical/scanner.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Scanner(object):
             self.token = None
             self.type = 'EOF'
             return
-        if self.scan_pattern(r'\,|\@|\+|\:|\<|\>|\{|\}|\[|\]', 'operator'):
+        if self.scan_pattern(r'\,|\@|\+|\:|\<|\>|\{|\}|\[|\]|\^', 'operator'):
             return
         if self.scan_pattern(r'\d+', 'integer literal'):
             return
diff --git a/tests/SixtyPical Analysis.md b/tests/SixtyPical Analysis.md
index 4b48df9..31b8186 100644
--- a/tests/SixtyPical Analysis.md	
+++ b/tests/SixtyPical Analysis.md	
@@ -1176,19 +1176,18 @@ Can't `copy` from a `word` to a `byte`.
 
 Buffers and pointers.
 
-Note that `copy buf, ptr` should probably be `copy ^buf, ptr` and `^buf` should not
-be considered "reading" buf and should not require it in `inputs` for that reason.
+Note that `^buf` is not considered "reading" buf, so does not require it in `inputs`.
+TODO: It *should* require it in `outputs`.
 
     | buffer[2048] buf
     | pointer ptr
     | 
     | routine main
-    |   inputs buf
-    |   outputs buf, y
+    |   outputs y
     |   trashes a, z, n, ptr
     | {
     |     ld y, 0
-    |     copy buf, ptr
+    |     copy ^buf, ptr
     |     copy 123, [ptr] + y
     | }
     = ok
@@ -1199,11 +1198,9 @@ It does use `y`.
     | pointer ptr
     | 
     | routine main
-    |   inputs buf
-    |   outputs buf
     |   trashes a, z, n, ptr
     | {
-    |     copy buf, ptr
+    |     copy ^buf, ptr
     |     copy 123, [ptr] + y
     | }
     ? UnmeaningfulReadError
diff --git a/tests/SixtyPical Compilation.md b/tests/SixtyPical Compilation.md
index 5e2df28..95d6785 100644
--- a/tests/SixtyPical Compilation.md	
+++ b/tests/SixtyPical Compilation.md	
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ Buffers and pointers.
     |   trashes a, z, n, ptr
     | {
     |     ld y, 0
-    |     copy buf, ptr
+    |     copy ^buf, ptr
     | }
     = 00c0a000a90b85fea9c085ff60
 
@@ -363,12 +363,11 @@ Writing through a pointer.
     | pointer ptr @ 254
     | 
     | routine main
-    |   inputs buf
     |   outputs buf, y
     |   trashes a, z, n, ptr
     | {
     |     ld y, 0
-    |     copy buf, ptr
+    |     copy ^buf, ptr
     |     copy 123, [ptr] + y
     | }
     = 00c0a000a90f85fea9c085ffa97b91fe60
diff --git a/tests/SixtyPical Syntax.md b/tests/SixtyPical Syntax.md
index 66c761f..b6f4fc0 100644
--- a/tests/SixtyPical Syntax.md	
+++ b/tests/SixtyPical Syntax.md	
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Buffers and pointers.
     | pointer ptr
     | 
     | routine main {
-    |     copy buf, ptr
+    |     copy ^buf, ptr
     |     copy 123, [ptr] + y
     | }
     = ok