SixtyPical ========== _Version 0.21_ | _See also:_ [Bubble Escape 2K](https://codeberg.org/catseye/Bubble-Escape#bubble-escape) ∘ [SITU-SOL](https://git.catseye.tc/SITU-SOL/) - - - - _NOTE: Having met the majority of its goals, the SixtyPical project_ _might not undergo much more development going forward. See_ [Future directions for SixtyPical][] _for more information._ - - - - **SixtyPical** brings advanced static analysis to the [6502][]. SixtyPical is a [low-level](#low-level) programming language supporting some advanced [static analysis](#static-analysis) methods. Its reference compiler can generate [efficient code](#efficient-code) for several 6502-based [target platforms](#target-platforms) while catching many common mistakes at compile-time, reducing the time spent in debugging. Quick Start ----------- Make sure you have Python (2.7 or 3.5+) installed. Then clone this repository and put its `bin` directory on your executable search path. Then you can run: sixtypical If you have the [VICE][] emulator suite installed, you can run sixtypical --run-on=x64 eg/c64/hearts.60p and it will compile the [hearts.60p source code](eg/c64/hearts.60p) and automatically start it in the `x64` emulator, and you should see: ![Screenshot of result of running hearts.60p](images/hearts.png?raw=true) You can try `sixtypical --run-on` on other sources in the `eg` directory tree, which contains more extensive examples, including an entire game(-like program); see [eg/README.md](eg/README.md) for a listing. Features -------- SixtyPical aims to fill this niche: * You'd use assembly, but you don't want to spend hours debugging (say) a memory overrun that happened because of a ridiculous silly error. * You'd use C or some other "high-level" language, but you don't want the extra overhead added by the compiler to manage the stack and registers. SixtyPical gives the programmer a coding regimen on par with assembly language in terms of size and hands-on-ness, but also able to catch many ridiculous silly errors at compile time. ### Low level Many of SixtyPical's primitive instructions resemble those of the [MOS Technology 6502][] — it is in fact intended to be compiled to 6502 machine code. However, it also provides some "higher-level" operations based on common 8-bit machine-language programming idioms, including * copying values from one register to another (via a third register when there are no underlying instructions that directly support it) * copying, adding, and comparing 16-bit values (done in two steps) * explicit tail calls * indirect subroutine calls While a programmer will find these constructs convenient, their inclusion in the language is primarily to make programs easier to analyze. ### Static analysis The SixtyPical language defines an [effect system][], and the reference compiler [abstractly interprets][] the input program in the manner of [flow typing][] to confirm that it does not violate it. This can detect common mistakes such as * you forgot to clear carry before adding something to the accumulator * a subroutine that you called trashes a register you thought it preserved * you tried to read or write a byte beyond the end of a byte array * you tried to write the address of something that was not a routine, to a jump vector ### Efficient code Unlike most conventional languages, in SixtyPical the programmer must manage memory very explicitly, selecting the registers and memory locations to store each piece of data in. So, unlike a C compiler such as [cc65][], a SixtyPical compiler doesn't need to generate code to handle [calling conventions][] or [register allocation][]. This results in smaller (and thus faster) programs. The flagship demo, a minigame for the Commodore 64, compiles to a **930**-byte `.PRG` file. ### Target platforms The reference implementation can analyze and compile SixtyPical programs to 6502 machine code formats which can run on several 6502-based 8-bit architectures: * [Commodore 64][] * [Commodore VIC-20][] * [Atari 2600][] * [Apple II series][] For example programs for each of these, see [eg/README.md](eg/README.md). Specification ------------- SixtyPical is defined by a specification document, a set of test cases, and a reference implementation written in Python. There are over 400 test cases, written in [Falderal][] format for readability. In order to run the tests for compilation, [dcc6502][] needs to be installed. * [SixtyPical specification](doc/SixtyPical.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical syntax](tests/SixtyPical%20Syntax.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical analysis (operations)](tests/SixtyPical%20Analysis.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical analysis (storage)](tests/SixtyPical%20Storage.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical analysis (control flow)](tests/SixtyPical%20Control%20Flow.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical compilation](tests/SixtyPical%20Compilation.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical fallthru optimization](tests/SixtyPical%20Fallthru.md) * [Literate test suite for SixtyPical callgraph construction](tests/SixtyPical%20Callgraph.md) Documentation ------------- * [Design Goals](doc/Design%20Goals.md) * [SixtyPical revision history](HISTORY.md) * [6502 Opcodes used/not used in SixtyPical](doc/6502%20Opcodes.md) * [Output formats supported by `sixtypical`](doc/Output%20Formats.md) * [TODO](TODO.md) [Future directions for SixtyPical]: doc/Future%20directions%20for%20SixtyPical.md [6502]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502 [MOS Technology 6502]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502 [effect system]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_system [abstractly interprets]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation [flow typing]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow-sensitive_typing [calling conventions]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_convention [register allocation]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_allocation [VICE]: http://vice-emu.sourceforge.net/ [cc65]: https://cc65.github.io/ [Commodore 64]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64 [Commodore VIC-20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 [Atari 2600]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_2600 [Apple II series]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series [Falderal]: https://catseye.tc/node/Falderal [dcc6502]: https://github.com/tcarmelveilleux/dcc6502