SixtyPical ========== SixtyPical is a very low-level programming language, similar to 6502 assembly, with block structure and static analysis through abstract interpretation. It is a work in progress, currently at the proof-of-concept stage. It is expected that a common use case for SixtyPical would be retroprogramming for the Commodore 64 and other 6502-based computers such as the VIC-20. Many SixtyPical instructions map precisely to 6502 opcodes. However, SixtyPical is not an assembly language. The programmer does not have total control over the layout of code and data in memory. The language has a type system which distinguishes addresses from non-addresses (16-bit values for which it does not make sense to treat them as addresses.) Some 6502 opcodes have no SixtyPical equivalent. Some SixtyPical instructions are named after 6502 opcodes, but generate slightly different (safer, but intuitively related) sequences of opcodes. Et cetera. `sixtypical` is the reference implementation of SixtyPical. It is written in Haskell. It can currently parse and analyze a SixtyPical program, and will eventually be able to compile it to an Ophis assembler listing. Concepts -------- ### Routines ### Instead of the assembly-language subroutine, SixtyPical provides the _routine_ as the abstraction for a reusable sequence of code. A routine may be called, or may be included inline, by another routine. There is one top-level routine called `main` which represents the entire program. The instructions of a routine are analyzed using abstract interpretation. One thing we specifically do is determine which registers and memory locations are *not* affected by the routine. If a register is not affected by a routine, then a caller of that routine may assume that the value in that register is retained. Of course, a routine may intentionally affect a register or memory location, as an output. It must declare this. We're not there yet. ### Addresses ### The body of a routine may not refer to an address literally. It must use a symbol that was declared previously. An address may be declared with `reserve`, which is like `.data` or `.bss` in an assembler. This is an address into the program's data. It is global to all routines. An address may be declared with `locate`, which is like `.alias` in an assembler, with the understanding that the value will be treated "like an address." This is generally an address into the operating system or hardware (e.g. kernal routine, I/O port, etc.) Not there yet: > Inside a routine, an address may be declared with `temporary`. This is like > `static` in C, except the value at that address is not guaranteed to be > retained between invokations of the routine. Such addresses may only be used > within the routine where they are declared. If analysis indicates that two > temporary addresses are never used simultaneously, they may be merged > to the same address. An address knows what kind of data is stored at the address: * `byte`: an 8-bit byte. not part of a word. not to be used as an address. (could be an index though.) * `word`: a 16-bit word. not to be used as an address. * `vector`: a 16-bit address of a routine. Only a handful of operations are supported on vectors: * copying the contents of one vector to another * copying the address of a routine into a vector * jumping indirectly to a vector (i.e. to the code at the address contained in the vector (and this can only happen at the end of a routine (NYI)) * `jsr`'ing indirectly to a vector (which is done with a fun generated trick (NYI)) * `byte table`: a series of `byte`s contiguous in memory starting from the address. This is the only kind of address that can be used in indexed addressing. ### Blocks ### Each routine is a block. It may be composed of inner blocks, if those inner blocks are attached to certain instructions. SixtyPical does not have instructions that map literally to the 6502 branch instructions. Instead, it has an `if` construct, with two blocks (for the "then" and `else` parts), and the branch instructions map to conditions for this construct. Similarly, there is a `repeat` construct. The same branch instructions can be used in the condition to this construct. In this case, they branch back to the top of the `repeat` loop. The abstract states of the machine at each of the different block exits are merged during analysis. If any register or memory location is treated inconsistently (e.g. updated in one branch of the test, but not the other,) that register cannot subsequently be used without a declaration to the effect that we know what's going on. (This is all a bit fuzzy right now.) There is also no `rts` instruction. It is included at the end of a routine, but only when the routine is used as a subroutine. Also, if the routine ends by `jsr`ing another routine, it reserves the right to do a tail-call or even a fallthrough. There are also _with_ instructions, which are associated with an opcode that has a natural symmetrical opcode (e.g. `pha`, `sei`). These instructions take a block. The natural symmetrical opcode is inserted at the end of the block. Unsupported Opcodes ------------------- 6502 opcodes with no language-level equivalent instructions in SixtyPical are `brk`, `cli`, `pla`, `plp`, `rti`, and `rts`. These may be inserted into the output program as a SixtyPical → 6502 compiler sees fit, however. Note to self, the `pl` opcodes *do* change flags. Instruction Support so far -------------------------- A `X` indicates unsupported. A `!` indicates will-not-support. Funny syntax indicates use of a special form. In these, `absolute` must be a `reserve`d or `locate`d address. . adc #immediate adc absolute and #immediate and absolute X asl X asl absolute if bcc { block } else { block } if bcs { block } else { block } if beq { block } else { block } X bit absolute if bmi { block } else { block } if bne { block } else { block } if bpl { block } else { block } if bvc { block } else { block } if bvs { block } else { block } clc cld clv cmp #immediate cmp absolute cpx #immediate cpx absolute cpy #immediate cpy absolute dec absolute dex dey X eor #immediate X eor absolute inc absolute inx iny * jsr routine X jsr vector X jmp routine * jmp vector lda #immediate lda absolute lda absolute, x lda absolute, y ldx #immediate ldx absolute ldy #immediate ldy absolute X lsr X lsr absolute nop ora #immediate ora absolute X pha { block } X php { block } X rol X rol absolute X ror X ror absolute sbc #immediate sbc absolute sec sed sei { block } sta absolute sta absolute, x sta absolute, y stx absolute sty absolute tax tay X tsx txa X txs tya TODO ---- * Parse HEX values like $40A3 * Initial values for reserved, incl. tables * Character tables ("strings" to everybody else) * Work out the analyses again and document them * `repeat jmp` * Addressing modes; rename instructions to match Tests ----- -> Tests for functionality "Parse SixtyPical program" -> Functionality "Parse SixtyPical program" is implemented by -> shell command "bin/sixtypical parse %(test-file)" -> Tests for functionality "Check SixtyPical program" -> Functionality "Check SixtyPical program" is implemented by -> shell command "bin/sixtypical check %(test-file)" `main` must be present. | routine main { | nop | } = True | routine frog { | nop | } ? missing 'main' routine A program may `reserve` and `assign`. | reserve byte lives | assign byte gdcol 647 | reserve word score | assign word memstr 641 | reserve vector v | assign vector cinv 788 | reserve byte table frequencies | assign byte table screen 1024 | routine main { | nop | } = True A program may declare an `external`. | external blastoff 49152 | routine main { | jsr blastoff | } = True All declarations (`reserve`s and `assign`s) must come before any `routines`. | routine main { | lda score | } | reserve word score ? expecting "routine" All locations used in all routines must be declared first. | reserve word score | routine main { | lda score | cmp screen | } ? undeclared location Even in inner blocks. | reserve word score | assign word screen 1024 | routine main { | lda score | cmp screen | if beq { | lda score | } else { | lda fnord | } | } ? undeclared location All routines jsr'ed to must be defined, or external. | routine main { | jsr blastoff | } ? undeclared routine No duplicate location names in declarations. | reserve word score | assign word score 4000 | routine main { | nop | } ? duplicate location name No duplicate routine names. | routine main { | nop | } | routine main { | txa | } ? duplicate routine name No duplicate routine names, including externals. | external main 7000 | routine main { | nop | } ? duplicate routine name We can jump to a vector. | reserve vector blah | routine main { | jmp blah | } = True We can't jump to a word. | reserve word blah | routine main { | jmp blah | } ? jmp to non-vector We can't jump to a byte. | assign byte screen 1024 | routine main { | jmp screen | } ? jmp to non-vector We can absolute-indexed a byte table. | assign byte table screen 1024 | routine main { | sta screen, x | } = True We cannot absolute-indexed a byte. | assign byte screen 1024 | routine main { | sta screen, x | } ? indexed access of non-table We cannot absolute-indexed a word. | assign word screen 1024 | routine main { | sta screen, x | } ? indexed access of non-table -> Tests for functionality "Emit ASM for SixtyPical program" -> Functionality "Emit ASM for SixtyPical program" is implemented by -> shell command "bin/sixtypical emit %(test-file)" | reserve word score | assign byte table screen 1024 | routine main { | lda #4 | ldx #0 | ldy #255 | lda screen | lda screen, x | lda screen, y | inc screen | tax | inx | dex | stx score | tay | iny | dey | sty score | cmp score | cmp #30 | ldx score | cpx screen | cpx #31 | txa | ldy score | cpy screen | cpy #32 | tya | sta screen | sta screen, x | sta screen, y | dec screen | clc | cld | clv | sec | sed | adc #8 | adc screen | and #8 | and screen | sbc #8 | sbc screen | ora #8 | ora screen | } = main: = lda #4 = ldx #0 = ldy #255 = lda screen = lda screen, x = lda screen, y = inc screen = tax = inx = dex = stx score = tay = iny = dey = sty score = cmp score = cmp #30 = ldx score = cpx screen = cpx #31 = txa = ldy score = cpy screen = cpy #32 = tya = sta screen = sta screen, x = sta screen, y = dec screen = clc = cld = clv = sec = sed = adc #8 = adc screen = and #8 = and screen = sbc #8 = sbc screen = ora #8 = ora screen = rts = = score: .word 0 = .alias screen 1024 | assign word screen 1024 | routine main { | lda screen | cmp screen | if beq { | tax | } else { | tay | } | sta screen | } = main: = lda screen = cmp screen = BEQ _label_1 = tay = jmp _past_1 = _label_1: = tax = _past_1: = sta screen = rts = = .alias screen 1024 | assign byte screen 1024 | reserve byte zero | routine main { | ldy zero | repeat bne { | inc screen | dey | cpy zero | } | sty screen | } = main: = ldy zero = = _repeat_1: = inc screen = dey = cpy zero = BNE _repeat_1 = sty screen = rts = = .alias screen 1024 = zero: .byte 0 Nested ifs. | routine main { | if beq { | if bcc { | lda #0 | } else { | if bvs { | lda #1 | } else { | lda #2 | } | } | } else { | lda #3 | } | } = main: = BEQ _label_3 = lda #3 = jmp _past_3 = _label_3: = BCC _label_2 = BVS _label_1 = lda #2 = jmp _past_1 = _label_1: = lda #1 = _past_1: = jmp _past_2 = _label_2: = lda #0 = _past_2: = _past_3: = rts Installing an interrupt handler (at the Kernal level, i.e. with CINV) | assign byte screen 1024 | assign vector cinv 788 | reserve vector save_cinv | | routine main { | sei { | copy vector cinv to save_cinv | copy routine our_cinv to cinv | } | } | | routine our_cinv { | inc screen | jmp save_cinv | } = main: = sei = lda cinv = sta save_cinv = lda cinv+1 = sta save_cinv+1 = lda #our_cinv = sta cinv+1 = cli = rts = = our_cinv: = inc screen = jmp (save_cinv) = rts = = .alias screen 1024 = .alias cinv 788 = save_cinv: .word 0