cc65 internals <author><url url="mailto:bbbradsmith@users.noreply.github.com" name="Brad Smith"> <abstract> Internal details of cc65 code generation, such as calling assembly functions from C. </abstract>  <toc>  <sect>Calling assembly functions from C <sect1>Calling conventions There are two calling conventions used in cc65: <itemize> <item><tt/cdecl/ - passes all parameters on the C-stack. <item><tt/fastcall/ - passes the rightmost parameter in registers <tt>A/X/sreg</tt> and all others on the C-stack. </itemize> The default convention is <tt/fastcall/, but this can be changed with the <tt/--all-cdecl/ command line option. If a convention is specified in the function's declaration, that convention will be used instead. Variadic functions will always use <tt/cdecl/ convention. If the <tt/--standard/ command line option is used, the <tt/cdecl/ and <tt/fastcall/ keywords will not be available. The standard compliant variations <tt/__cdecl__/ and <tt/__fastcall__/ are always available. If a function has a prototype, parameters are pushed to the C-stack as their respective types (i.e. a <tt/char/ parameter will push 1 byte), but if a function has no prototype, default promotions will apply. This means that with no prototype, <tt/char/ will be promoted to <tt/int/ and be pushed as 2 bytes. K & R style function prototypes may be used, but they will function the same as if no prototype was used. <sect1>Prologue, before the function call If the function is declared as fastcall, the rightmost argument will be loaded into the <tt>A/X/sreg</tt> registers: <itemize> <item><tt/A/ - 8-bit parameter, or low byte of larger types <item><tt/X/ - 16-bit high byte, or second byte of 32-bits <item><tt/sreg/ - Zeropage pseudo-register including high 2 bytes of 32-bit parameter </itemize> All other parameters will be pushed to the C-stack from left to right. The rightmost parameter will have the lowest address on the stack, and multi-byte parameters will have their least significant byte at the lower address. The <tt/sp/ pseudo-register is a zeropage pointer to the base of the C-stack. If the function has no prototype or is variadic the <tt/Y/ register will contain the number of bytes pushed to the stack for this function. Example: <tscreen><verb> // C prototype void cdecl foo(unsigned bar, unsigned char baz); ; C-stack layout within the function: ; ; +------------------+ ; | High byte of bar | ; Offset 2 ->+------------------+ ; | Low byte of bar | ; Offset 1 ->+------------------+ ; | baz | ; Offset 0 ->+------------------+ ; Example code for accessing bar. The variable is in A/X after this code snippet: ; ldy #2 ; Offset of high byte of bar lda (sp),y ; High byte now in A tax ; High byte now in X dey ; Offset of low byte of bar lda (sp),y ; Low byte now in A </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Epilogue, after the function call <sect2>Return requirements If the function has a return value, it will appear in the <tt>A/X/sreg</tt> registers. Functions with an 8-bit return value (<tt/char/ or <tt/unsigned char/) are expected to promote this value to a 16-bit integer on return, and store the high byte in <tt/X/. The compiler will depend on the promoted value in some cases (e.g. implicit conversion to <tt/int/), and failure to return the high byte in <tt/X/ will cause unexpected errors. This problem does not apply to the <tt/sreg/ pseudo-register, which is only used if the return type is 32-bit. If the function has a void return type, the compiler will not depend on the result of <tt>A/X/sreg</tt>, so these may be clobbered by the function. The C-stack pointer <tt/sp/ must be restored by the function to its value before the function call prologue. It may pop all of its parameters from the C-stack (e.g. using the <tt/runtime/ function <tt/popa/), or it could adjust <tt/sp/ directly. If the function has no prototype, or is variadic the <tt/Y/ register contains the number of bytes pushed to the stack on entry, which may be added to <tt/sp/ to restore its original state. The internal pseudo-register <tt/regbank/ must not be changed by the function. <sect2>Clobbered state The <tt/Y/ register may be clobbered by the function. The compiler will not depend on its state after a function call. The <tt>A/X/sreg</tt> registers may be clobbered if any of them are not used by the return value (see above). Many of the internal pseudo-registers used by cc65 are available for free use by any function called by C, and do not need to be preserved. Note that if another C function is called from your assembly function, it may clobber any of these itself: <itemize> <item><tt>tmp1 .. tmp4</tt> <item><tt>ptr1 .. ptr4</tt> <item><tt>regsave</tt> <item><tt>sreg</tt> (if unused by return) </itemize> </article>