cc65 function reference <author>Ullrich von Bassewitz, <htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org"> <date>07.11.2002 <abstract> cc65 is a C compiler for 6502 based systems. This function reference describes the available C functions supplied by the library. </abstract>  <toc>  <sect>Introduction cc65 is a C compiler for 6502 based systems. It implements a subset of the ISO C standard plus additional functions specially crafted for 6502 systems or just some of the supported machines. This function refrence describes the available functions together with any limitations. For an overview about the available libraries, their purpose, and any differences to the ISO standard, please have a look at the <htmlurl url="library.html" name="cc65 Library Overview">. <bf/Note:/ Standard C functions are listed here, but not described in detail. Since these functions behave identical on all standard compliant systems, they are described in any book covering standard C. Each entry for a function contains a detailed description <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Summary of what <bf/function/ does. <tag/Header/The header file that contains the declaration. <tag/Declaration/Describes the needed header files and declaration of the function. <tag/Description/Description of the function. <tag/Limits/Limits. <tag/Availability/The availability of the function. <tag/See also/Other related functions. <tag/Example/A piece of actual code using the function. </descrip> </quote> <sect>Functions by header file <sect1><tt/6502.h/<label id="6502.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="BRK" name="BRK"> <item><ref id="CLI" name="CLI"> <item><ref id="SEI" name="SEI"> <item><ref id="_sys" name="_sys"> <item><ref id="getcpu" name="getcpu">   </itemize> <sect1><tt/assert.h/<label id="assert.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="assert" name="assert"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/c128.h/<label id="c128.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="c64mode" name="c64mode"> <item><ref id="fast" name="fast"> <item><ref id="toggle_videomode" name="toggle_videomode"> <item><ref id="slow" name="slow"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/conio.h/<label id="conio.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="bgcolor" name="bgcolor"> <item><ref id="bordercolor" name="bordercolor"> <item><ref id="cclear" name="cclear"> <item><ref id="cclearxy" name="cclearxy"> <item><ref id="cgetc" name="cgetc"> <item><ref id="chline" name="chline"> <item><ref id="chlinexy" name="chlinexy"> <item><ref id="clrscr" name="clrscr">      <item><ref id="cursor" name="cursor"> <item><ref id="cvline" name="cvline"> <item><ref id="cvlinexy" name="cvlinexy"> <item><ref id="gotox" name="gotox"> <item><ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy"> <item><ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy"> <item><ref id="kbhit" name="kbhit"> <item><ref id="revers" name="revers"> <item><ref id="screensize" name="screensize"> <item><ref id="textcolor" name="textcolor">  <item><ref id="wherex" name="wherex"> <item><ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/ctype.h/<label id="ctype.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum"> <item><ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha"> <item><ref id="isascii" name="isascii"> <item><ref id="isblank" name="isblank"> <item><ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl"> <item><ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit"> <item><ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph"> <item><ref id="islower" name="islower"> <item><ref id="isprint" name="isprint"> <item><ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct"> <item><ref id="isspace" name="isspace"> <item><ref id="isupper" name="isupper"> <item><ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <item><ref id="tolower" name="tolower"> <item><ref id="toupper" name="toupper"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/em.h/<label id="em.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit"> <item><ref id="em_copyfrom" name="em_copyfrom"> <item><ref id="em_copyto" name="em_copyto"> <item><ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver"> <item><ref id="em_map" name="em_map"> <item><ref id="em_pagecount" name="em_pagecount"> <item><ref id="em_unload" name="em_unload"> <item><ref id="em_use" name="em_use"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/signal.h/<label id="signal.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="raise" name="raise"> <item><ref id="signal" name="signal"> </itemize> <sect1><tt/stdlib.h/<label id="stdlib.h"> <itemize> <item><ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd"> <item><ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail"> <item><ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail"> <item><ref id="_randomize" name="_randomize">  <item><ref id="abort" name="abort"> <item><ref id="abs" name="abs"> <item><ref id="atexit" name="atexit">    <item><ref id="calloc" name="calloc">  <item><ref id="exit" name="exit"> <item><ref id="free" name="free">   <item><ref id="labs" name="labs">  <item><ref id="malloc" name="malloc">  <item><ref id="rand" name="rand"> <item><ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <item><ref id="srand" name="srand">   </itemize> <sect1><tt/string.h/<label id="string.h"> <itemize>        <item><ref id="strcat" name="strcat"> <item><ref id="strchr" name="strchr">   <item><ref id="strcpy" name="strcpy">     <item><ref id="strlen" name="strlen"> <item><ref id="strlower" name="strlower"> <item><ref id="strlwr" name="strlwr">   <item><ref id="strncpy" name="strncpy"> <item><ref id="strrchr" name="strrchr">     <item><ref id="strupper" name="strupper"> <item><ref id="strupr" name="strupr"> </itemize> <sect>Alphabetical function reference <sect1>_heapadd<label id="_heapadd"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Add a block to the heap. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ _heapadd (void* mem, size_t size);/ <tag/Description/The function adds a block of raw memory to the heap. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>The minimum blocksize that can be added is 6 bytes; the function will ignore blocks with smaller sizes. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>_heapmaxavail<label id="_heapmaxavail"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the largest block that is available on the heap. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/size_t __fastcall__ _heapmaxavail (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the size of the largest block that may be allocated from the heap using <tt/<ref id="malloc" name="malloc">/. <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>_heapmemavail<label id="_heapmemavail"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the total available space on the heap. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/size_t __fastcall__ _heapmemavail (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the total number of bytes available on the heap. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>This function is of less use than usually assumed, since the returned heap space may be available but not in one block. So even if this function says that several times more heap space is available than needed, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc"> may still return <tt/NULL/. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>_randomize<label id="_randomize"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Initialize the pseudo random number generator. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void _randomize (void);/ <tag/Description/The function initializes the random number generator with a seed derived from fast changing hardware events, so the seed itself can be considered random to a certain degree. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The randomness of the seed depends on the machine hardware. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="rand" name="rand">, <ref id="srand" name="srand"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>_sys<label id="_sys"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Call a subroutine passing register values. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="6502.h" name="6502.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ _sys (struct regs* r);/ <tag/Description/The function will call the subroutine at the address specified in the <tt/pc/ member of the passed <tt/regs/ structure. All registers and the CPU flags are set to the values given in the <tt/regs/ structure. On return from the subroutine, the new values of the registers and flags are stored back overwriting the old values. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Bits 4 and 5 of the flags value in the <tt/regs/ structure are ignored when calling the subroutine (they are unchanged from their current values). <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>BRK<label id="BRK"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Insert a 6502 BRK instrunction into the code. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="6502.h" name="6502.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void BRK (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will insert a 6502 BRK instruction into the code which may be used to trigger a debugger. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is actually a macro. <item>The inserted instruction may lead to unexpected results if no debugger is present. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="CLI" name="CLI">, <ref id="SEI" name="SEI"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>CLI<label id="CLI"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Insert a 6502 CLI instrunction into the code. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="6502.h" name="6502.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void CLI (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will insert a 6502 CLI instruction into the code, so interrupts are disabled. Note that non maskable interrupts cannot be disabled. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is actually a macro. <item>Disabling interrupts may lead to unexpected results. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="BRK" name="BRK">, <ref id="SEI" name="SEI"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>SEI<label id="SEI"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Insert a 6502 SEI instrunction into the code. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="6502.h" name="6502.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void SEI (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will insert a 6502 SEI instruction into the code, so interrupts are enabled. Enabling interrupts has no effects if they are already enabled (the default). <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is actually a macro. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="BRK" name="BRK">, <ref id="CLI" name="CLI"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>abort<label id="abort"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Terminates a program abnormally. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void abort (void);/ <tag/Description/<tt/abort/ raises <tt/SIGABRT/, writes a termination message on stderr, then terminates the program with an exit code of 3. <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="assert" name="assert">, <ref id="exit" name="exit">, <ref id="raise" name="raise"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>abs<label id="abs"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Returns the absolute value of an integer. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ abs (int v);/ <tag/Description/<tt/abs/ returns the absolute value of the argument passed to the function. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The return value is undefined if <tt/INT_MIN/ is passed to the function. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="labs" name="labs"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>assert<label id="assert"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Test a condition and possibly abort. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="assert.h" name="assert.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void assert (int cond);/ <tag/Description/<tt/assert/ is a macro that expands to a <tt/id/ statement. If the condition evaluates t zero (false), assert prints a message on stderr and aborts the program. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is actually a macro. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abort" name="abort">, <ref id="exit" name="exit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>atexit<label id="atexit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Register an exit function. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ atexit (void (*exitfunc) (void));/ <tag/Description/<tt/atexit/ registers the function pointed to by <tt/exitfunc/ as an exit function. Exit functions are called when the program terminates, they are called in LIFO order (the last function registered is called first). <tt/atexit/ returns zero on success and a nonzero value on failure. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>A maximum of 5 exit functions can be registered. <item>There is no way to unregister an exit function. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abort" name="abort">, <ref id="exit" name="exit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>bgcolor<label id="bgcolor"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Set the background text color. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char __fastcall__ bgcolor (unsigned char color);/ <tag/Description/The function will set a new background text color. It returns the old (current) background color. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Background colors are system dependent. The function may have no effect on systems where the background color cannot be changed. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="bordercolor" name="bordercolor">, <ref id="textcolor" name="textcolor"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>bordercolor<label id="bordercolor"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Set the border (frame) color. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char __fastcall__ bordercolor (unsigned char color);/ <tag/Description/The function will set a new border color. It returns the old (current) border color. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Border colors are system dependent. The function may have no effect on systems where the border color cannot be changed. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="bgcolor" name="bgcolor">, <ref id="textcolor" name="textcolor"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>c64mode<label id="c64mode"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Switch the C128 into C64 compatible mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="c128.h" name="c128.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void c64mode (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will cause the machine to reboot into C64 mode. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is specific to the C128. <item>The function will not return to the caller. </itemize> <tag/Availability/C128 <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>calloc<label id="calloc"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Allocate and clear memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void* __fastcall__ calloc (size_t n, size_t size);/ <tag/Description/<tt/calloc/ allocates memory for an array of <tt/n/ elements of size <tt/size/, clears the whole block with binary zeroes and returns a pointer to it. On error (not enough memory available), <tt/calloc/ returns <tt/NULL/. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>Clearing the memory may not have the expected effect on all platforms: pointers in the block may not be <tt/NULL/ and floating point variables may not be zero (0.0). In other words: The "clearing" effect of this function should be used with care for portable programs. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cclear<label id="cclear"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Clear part of a line (write a given amount of spaces). <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ cclear (unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function clears part of a line by writing <tt/length/ spaces in the current text color. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cclearxy" name="cclearxy">, <ref id="clrscr" name="clrscr"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cclearxy<label id="cclearxy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Clear part of a line (write a given amount of spaces) starting at a specific screen position. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ cclearxy (unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function moves the cursor to a specific position, and will then clear part of the line by writing <tt/length/ spaces in the current text color. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cclear" name="cclear">, <ref id="clrscr" name="clrscr"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cgetc<label id="cgetc"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Read a character from the keyboard. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char cgetc (void);/ <tag/Description/The function reads a character from the keyboard. If there is no character available, <tt/cgetc/ waits until the user presses a key. If the cursor is enabled by use of the <tt/cursor/ function, a blinking cursor is displayed while waiting. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>If the system supports a keyboard buffer, <tt/cgetc/ will fetch a key from this buffer and wait only if the buffer is empty. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cursor" name="cursor">, <ref id="kbhit" name="kbhit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>chline<label id="chline"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Output a horizontal line in text mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ chline (unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function outputs a horizontal line with the given length starting at the current cursor position. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The character used to draw the horizontal line is system dependent. If available, a line drawing character is used. Drawing a line that is partially off screen leads to undefined behaviour. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="chlinexy" name="chlinexy">, <ref id="cvline" name="cvline">, <ref id="cvlinexy" name="cvlinexy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>chlinexy<label id="chlinexy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Output a horizontal line at a given position in text mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ chlinexy (unsigned char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function outputs a horizontal line with the given length starting at a given position. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The character used to draw the horizontal line is system dependent. If available, a line drawing character is used. Drawing a line that is partially off screen leads to undefined behaviour. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="chline" name="chline">, <ref id="cvline" name="cvline">, <ref id="cvlinexy" name="cvlinexy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>clrscr<label id="clrscr"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Clear the text screen. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void clrscr (void);/ <tag/Description/The function clears the text screen and moves the cursor to the upper left corner. <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cclear" name="cclear">, <ref id="cclearxy" name="cclearxy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cursor<label id="cursor"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Enable/disable a blinking cursor when waiting for keyboard input. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char __fastcall__ cursor (unsigned char onoff);/ <tag/Description/If the argument to the function is non zero, a blinking cursor will be enabled when the <tt/cgetc/ function waits for input from the keyboard. If the argument is zero, <tt/cgetc/ will wait without a blinking cursor. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cgetc" name="cgetc">, <ref id="kbhit" name="kbhit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cvline<label id="cvline"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Output a vertical line in text mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ cvline (unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function outputs a vertical line with the given length starting at the current cursor position. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The character used to draw the vertical line is system dependent. If available, a line drawing character is used. Drawing a line that is partially off screen leads to undefined behaviour. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="chline" name="chline">, <ref id="chlinexy" name="chlinexy">, <ref id="cvlinexy" name="cvlinexy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>cvlinexy<label id="cvlinexy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Output a vertical line at a given position in text mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ cvlinexy (unsigned char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char length);/ <tag/Description/The function outputs a vertical line with the given length starting at a given position. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The character used to draw the vertical line is system dependent. If available, a line drawing character is used. Drawing a line that is partially off screen leads to undefined behaviour. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="chline" name="chline">, <ref id="chlinexy" name="chlinexy">, <ref id="cvline" name="cvline"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_commit<label id="em_commit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Commit changes into extended memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ em_commit (void);/ <tag/Description/Commit changes in the memory window to extended storage. If the contents of the memory window have been changed, these changes may be lost if <tt/<ref id="em_map" name="em_map">/, <tt/<ref id="em_use" name="em_use">/, <tt/<ref id="em_copyfrom" name="em_copyfrom">/ or <tt/<ref id="em_copyto" name="em_copyto">/ are called without calling <tt/em_commit/ first. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Calling <tt/em_commit/ does not necessarily mean that changes to the memory window are discarded, it does just mean that the drivers is allowed to discard it. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function produces undefined results if no extended memory driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver">, <ref id="em_map" name="em_map">, <ref id="em_use" name="em_use"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_copyfrom<label id="em_copyfrom"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Copy from extended into normal memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ em_copyfrom (const struct em_copy* copy_data);/ <tag/Description/Copy data from extended memory into linear memory. Source and target addresses as well as the number of bytes to transfer are specified in the <tt/em_copy/ structure that is passed as a parameter. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Calling <tt/em_copyfrom/ will invalidate the memory window, so if you made any changes to the data in the window, call <tt/<ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">/ first, or the changes are lost. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function produces undefined results if no extended memory driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">, <ref id="em_copyto" name="em_copyto">, <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_copyto<label id="em_copyto"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Copy from normal into extended memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ em_copyto (const struct em_copy* copy_data);/ <tag/Description/Copy data from linear into extended memory. Source and target addresses as well as the number of bytes to transfer are specified in the <tt/em_copy/ structure that is passed as a parameter. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Calling <tt/em_copyto/ will invalidate the memory window, so if you made any changes to the data in the window, call <tt/<ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">/ first, or the changes are lost. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function produces undefined results if no extended memory driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">, <ref id="em_copyfrom" name="em_copyfrom">, <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_load_driver<label id="em_load_driver"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Load and initialize an extended memory driver. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ em_load_driver (const char* name);/ <tag/Description/Load an extended memory driver into memory and initialize it. The function returns an error code that tells if all this has been successful. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Not all drivers are able to detect if the supported hardware is really present. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The driver is loaded by name, so currently you must know the type of extended memory that should be supported. There is no autodetect capability. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_unload" name="em_unload"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_map<label id="em_map"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Make a page of extended memory accessible. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void* __fastcall__ em_map (unsigned page);/ <tag/Description/The function maps one page of extended memory into linear memory and returns a pointer to the page frame. Depending on the hardware and driver, the data is either mapped into the address space or transfered into a buffer. If you don't need the actual contents of the page (for example because you're going to overwrite it completely, it is better to call <tt/<ref id="em_use" name="em_use">/ instead. <tt/em_use/ will not transfer the data if it is possible to avoid that. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Calling <tt/em_map/ will invalidate the memory window, so if you made any changes to the data in the window, call <tt/<ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">/ first, or the changes are lost. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function produces undefined results if no extended memory driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">, <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver">, <ref id="em_use" name="em_use"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_pagecount<label id="em_pagecount"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the number of available extended memory pages. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned __fastcall__ em_pagecount (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the size of the extended memory supported by the driver in 256 byte pages. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function returns zero if no extended memory driver is loaded. <item>The function may return zero if the supported hardware was not detected. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_unload<label id="em_unload"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Unload an extended memory driver. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ em_unload (void);/ <tag/Description/The function unloads a loaded extended memory driver and frees all memory allocated for the driver. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function does nothing if no driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>em_use<label id="em_use"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Prepare an extended memory page for use. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="em.h" name="em.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void* __fastcall__ em_use (unsigned page);/ <tag/Description/The function maps one page of extended memory into linear memory and returns a pointer to the page frame. This function is similar to <tt/<ref id="em_map" name="em_map">/, but will not transfer data into the actual memory window in the assumption that the existing data is wrong or will get overwritten. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Calling <tt/em_use/ will invalidate the memory window, so if you made any changes to the data in the window, call <tt/<ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">/ first, or the changes are lost. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function produces undefined results if no extended memory driver is loaded. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="em_commit" name="em_commit">, <ref id="em_load_driver" name="em_load_driver">, <ref id="em_map" name="em_map"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>exit<label id="exit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Terminate the program. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ exit (int status);/ <tag/Description/<tt/exit/ terminates the program. The argument specifies the return code of the program. Before termination, all files are closed, buffered output is written and any functions registered with <tt/<ref id="atexit" name="atexit">/ are called. Common values for status are <tt/EXIT_SUCCESS/ and <tt/EXIT_FAILURE/ which are also defined in <tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>It depends on the host machine if the program return code can be evaluated or is ignored. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abort" name="abort">, <ref id="exit" name="exit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>fast<label id="fast"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Switch the C128 into 2MHz mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="c128.h" name="c128.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void fast (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will switch the clock of the C128 to 2MHz. This will nearly double the speed compared to slow mode. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is specific to the C128. <item>2MHz clock will not work in 40 column mode. </itemize> <tag/Availability/C128 <tag/See also/ <ref id="slow" name="slow">, <ref id="toggle_videomode" name="toggle_videomode"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>free<label id="free"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Free a block of dynamic memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ free (void* block);/ <tag/Description/Free a block of dynamic memory previously allocated with <tt/<ref id="malloc" name="malloc">/, <tt/<ref id="calloc" name="calloc">/ or <tt/<ref id="realloc" name="realloc">/. As an exception, if the passed pointer is <tt/NULL/, no action is performed. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>Passing an already free'd block to <tt/free/ again will cause undefined behaviour and may crash your program. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="malloc" name="malloc">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>getcpu<label id="getcpu"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Determine on which CPU the program is running. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="6502.h" name="6502.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char getcpu (void);/ <tag/Description/The function checks on which CPU the code is running. It returns one of the constants<itemize> <item><tt/CPU_6502/ <item><tt/CPU_65C02/ <item><tt/CPU_65816/ </itemize> <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Other, more exotic CPU types are not disinguished. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>gotox<label id="gotox"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Move the text mode cursor to a new X position. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ gotox (unsigned char x);/ <tag/Description/The function moves the text mode cursor to the specified X position while leaving the Y position untouched. The leftmost position on the screen has the coordinate 0. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>Invalid values for the X position (out of screen coordinates) may lead to undefined behaviour. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy">, <ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy">, <ref id="wherex" name="wherex">, <ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>gotoxy<label id="gotoxy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Move the text mode cursor to a new position. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ gotoxy (unsigned char x, unsigned char y);/ <tag/Description/The function moves the text mode cursor to the specified position. The leftmost position on the screen has the X coordinate 0, the topmost line has the Y coordinate 0. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>Invalid values for any of both coordinates (out of screen positions) may lead to undefined behaviour. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotox" name="gotox">, <ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy">, <ref id="wherex" name="wherex">, <ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>gotoy<label id="gotoy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Move the text mode cursor to a new Y position. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ gotoy (unsigned char x);/ <tag/Description/The function moves the text mode cursor to the specified Y position while leaving the X position untouched. The uppermost position on the screen has the coordinate 0. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>Invalid values for the Y position (out of screen coordinates) may lead to undefined behaviour. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotox" name="gotox">, <ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy">, <ref id="wherex" name="wherex">, <ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isalnum<label id="isalnum"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a letter or digit. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isalnum (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a letter or digit. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isalpha<label id="isalpha"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a letter. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isalpha (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a letter. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isascii<label id="isascii"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is in the ASCII (0..127) range. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isascii (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is in the range 0..127 (the range of valid ASCII characters) and a non zero value if not. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isblank<label id="isblank"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a space or tab. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isblank (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a blank or space character. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>iscntrl<label id="iscntrl"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a control character. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ iscntrl (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a control character. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isdigit<label id="isdigit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a digit. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isdigit (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a digit. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isgraph<label id="isgraph"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a printable character (except space). <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isgraph (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a printable character with the exception of space. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>islower<label id="islower"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a lower case letter. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ islower (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a lower case letter. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isprint<label id="isprint"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a printable character. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isprint (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a printable character (this includes the space character). The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>ispunct<label id="ispunct"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a printable character but not a space or an alphanumeric character. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ ispunct (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a printable character, but not a space or anything alphanumeric. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isspace<label id="isspace"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a a white-space character. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isspace (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a white space character. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. The standard white space characters are: space, formfeed ('\f'), newline ('\n'), carriage return ('\r'), horizontal tab ('\t'), and vertical tab ('\v'). <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isupper<label id="isupper"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is an upper case letter. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isupper (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is an upper case letter. The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isxdigit" name="isxdigit"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>isxdigit<label id="isxdigit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if a given character is a hexadecimal digit. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ isxdigit (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if the given argument is a hexadecimal digit (0..9, a..f and A..F). The return value is non zero if the character is anything else. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ the function is actually a macro. The inline sequence generated by the macro will not work correctly for values outside the range 0..255. <bf/Note:/ The constant <tt/EOF/ is not part of this range. The non inline function may be accessed by <tt/#undef/'ing the macro. <item>When compiling without <tt/-Os/, the function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="isalnum" name="isalnum">, <ref id="isalpha" name="isalpha">, <ref id="isascii" name="isascii">, <ref id="isblank" name="isblank">, <ref id="iscntrl" name="iscntrl">, <ref id="isdigit" name="isdigit">, <ref id="isgraph" name="isgraph">, <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isprint" name="isprint">, <ref id="ispunct" name="ispunct">, <ref id="isspace" name="isspace">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>kbhit<label id="kbhit"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Check if there's a key waiting in the keyboard buffer. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char kbhit (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a value of zero if there is no character waiting to be read from the keyboard. It returns non zero otherwise. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>If the system does not support a keyboard buffer (most systems do), the function is rather useless. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="cgetc" name="cgetc">, <ref id="cursor" name="cursor"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>labs<label id="labs"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Returns the absolute value of a long integer. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/long __fastcall__ labs (long v);/ <tag/Description/<tt/labs/ returns the absolute value of the argument passed to the function. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The return value is undefined if <tt/LONG_MIN/ is passed to the function. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abs" name="abs"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>malloc<label id="malloc"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Allocate dynamic memory. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void* __fastcall__ malloc (size_t size);/ <tag/Description/<tt/malloc/ allocates size bytes on the heap and returns a pointer to the allocated memory block. On error (not enough memory available), <tt/malloc/ returns <tt/NULL/. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>raise<label id="raise"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Send a signal to the executing program. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="signal.h" name="signal.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ raise (int sig);/ <tag/Description/<tt/raise/ sends the given signal to the program. If the program has installed a signal handler for the signal, this signal handler will be executed. If no handler has been installed, the default action for the raised signal will be taken. The function returns zero on success, nonzero otherwise. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abort" name="abort">, <ref id="signal" name="signal"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>rand<label id="rand"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return a pseudo random number. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int rand (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns a pseudo random number between 0 and <tt/RAND_MAX/ (exclusive). <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Without using <tt><ref id="srand" name="srand"></tt>, always the same flow of numbers is generated. <item>On startup, the function behaves as if <ref id="srand" name="srand"> had been used with an argument of 1. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_randomize" name="_randomize">, <ref id="srand" name="srand"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>realloc<label id="realloc"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Change the size of an allocated memory block. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void* __fastcall__ realloc (void* block, size_t size);/ <tag/Description/<tt/realloc/ changes the size of the memory block pointed to by <tt/block/ to <tt/size/ bytes. If <tt/block/ is <tt/NULL/, <tt/realloc/ behaves as if <tt/malloc/ had been called. If <tt/size/ is zero, <tt/realloc/ behaves as if <tt/free/ had been called. On error (not enough memory available), <tt/realloc/ returns <tt/NULL/. <tag/Limits/ <itemize> <item>The part of the memory block that is returned will have its contents unchanged. <item>This function is somewhat dangerous to use. Be careful to save the pointer you're passing somewhere else, otherwise <tscreen><verb> ptr = realloc (ptr, size); </verb></tscreen> will loose your only copy of <tt/ptr/ if <tt/realloc/ returns <tt/NULL/. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_heapadd" name="_heapadd">, <ref id="_heapmaxavail" name="_heapmaxavail">, <ref id="_heapmemavail" name="_heapmemavail">, <ref id="calloc" name="calloc">, <ref id="free" name="free">, <ref id="realloc" name="realloc"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>revers<label id="revers"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Control revers character display. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char __fastcall__ revers (unsigned char onoff);/ <tag/Description/If the argument is non zero, the function enables reverse character display. If the argument is zero, reverse character display is switched off. The old value of the setting is returned. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function may not be supported by the hardware, in which case the call is ignored. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="textcolor" name="textcolor"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>screensize<label id="screensize"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the dimensions of the text mode screen. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ screensize (unsigned char* x, unsigned char* y);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the dimensions of the text mode screen. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotox" name="gotox">, <ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy">, <ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy">, <ref id="wherex" name="wherex">, <ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>signal<label id="signal"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Install a signal handler. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="signal.h" name="signal.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/__sigfunc __fastcall__ signal (int sig, __sigfunc func);/ <tag/Description/<tt/signal/ installs a handler for the given signal. The handler may either be a user supplied function, or one of the predefined signal handlers <tt/SIG_IGN/ or <tt/SIG_DFL/. The function returns the previous value if the signal , or the special function vector SIG_ERR in case of an error. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="abort" name="abort">, <ref id="raise" name="raise"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>slow<label id="slow"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Switch the C128 into 1MHz mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="c128.h" name="c128.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void slow (void);/ <tag/Description/The function will switch the clock of the C128 to 1MHz. This will halve the speed compared to fast mode. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is specific to the C128. </itemize> <tag/Availability/C128 <tag/See also/ <ref id="fast" name="fast">, <ref id="toggle_videomode" name="toggle_videomode"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>srand<label id="srand"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Initialize the pseudo random number generator. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="stdlib.h" name="stdlib.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void __fastcall__ srand (unsigned seed);/ <tag/Description/The function initializes the random number generator using the given seed. On program startup, the generator behaves as if <tt/srand/ has been called with an argument of 1. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="_randomize" name="_randomize">, <ref id="rand" name="rand"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strcat<label id="strcat"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Concatentate two strings. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strcat (char* s1, const char* s2);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strcat/ function appends a copy of the string pointed to by s2 (including the terminating null byte) to the end of the string pointed to by s1. The initial byte of s2 overwrites the null byte at the end of s1. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strcpy" name="strcpy"> <ref id="strncpy" name="strncpy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strchr<label id="strchr"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Search for a character in a string. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strchr (const char* s, int c);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strchr/ function locates the first occurrence of <tt/c/ (converted to a char) in the string pointed to by <tt/s/. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. Upon completion, the function returns a pointer to the byte, or a null pointer if the byte was not found. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strrchr" name="strrchr"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strcpy<label id="strcpy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Copy a string. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strcpy (char* s1, const char* s2);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strcpy/ function copies the string pointed to by <tt/s2/ (including the terminating null byte) into the array pointed to by <tt/s1/. The function will always return <tt/s1/. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strcat" name="strcat"> <ref id="strncpy" name="strncpy"> <tag/Example/ <verb> #include <string.h> static char hello[14]; strcpy (hello, "Hello world!\n"); </verb> </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strlen<label id="strlen"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the length of a string. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/size_t __fastcall__ strlen (const char* s);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strlen/ function computes the number of bytes in the string to which s points, not including the terminating null byte. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>When compiling with <tt/-Os/ (inline known standard functions), the function does not work correctly for strings with more than 255 characters. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strcpy" name="strcpy"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strlower<label id="strlower"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Make a string lower case. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strlower (char* s);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strlower/ function will apply the <tt/tolower/ function to each character of a string. The function will always return <tt/s/. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function prototype is unavailable when compiling in strict ANSI mode. <item>An alias name for this function is <tt/strlwr/. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strupper" name="strupper"> <ref id="tolower" name="tolower"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strlwr<label id="strlwr"> <quote> See <tt/strlower/. </quote> <sect1>strncpy<label id="strncpy"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Copy part of a string. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strcpy (char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strncpy/ function copies not more than n bytes from the array pointed to by <tt/s2/ to the array pointed to by <tt/s1/. If the array pointed to by <tt/s2/ is a string that is shorter than n bytes, null bytes are appended to the copy in the array pointed to by <tt/s1/, until <tt/n/ bytes are written. The function will always return <tt/s1/. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. If there is no null byte in the first <tt/n/ bytes of the array pointed to by <tt/s2/, the result is not null-terminated. <item>If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strcat" name="strcat"> <ref id="strcpy" name="strcpy"> <tag/Example/ <verb> #include <string.h> static char hello[6]; strcpy (hello, "Hello world!\n", sizeof (hello) - 1); hello[5] = '\0'; </verb> </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strrchr<label id="strrchr"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Search for a character in a string. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strrchr (const char* s, int c);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strrchr/ function locates the last occurrence of <tt/c/ (converted to a char) in the string pointed to by <tt/s/. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. Upon completion, the function returns a pointer to the byte, or a null pointer if the byte was not found. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strchr" name="strchr"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strupper<label id="strupper"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Make a string upper case. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="string.h" name="string.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/char* __fastcall__ strupper (char* s);/ <tag/Description/The <tt/strupper/ function will apply the <tt/toupper/ function to each character of a string. The function will always return <tt/s/. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. <item>The function prototype is unavailable when compiling in strict ANSI mode. <item>An alias name for this function is <tt/strupr/. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="strlower" name="strlower"> <ref id="toupper" name="toupper"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>strupr<label id="strupr"> <quote> See <tt/strupper/. </quote> <sect1>textcolor<label id="textcolor"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Set the text color. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char __fastcall__ textcolor (unsigned char color);/ <tag/Description/The function will set a new text color. It returns the old (current) text color. Text output using any <tt/conio.h/ function will use the color set by this function. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>Text colors are system dependent. The function may have no effect on systems where the text color cannot be changed. <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="bgcolor" name="bgcolor">, <ref id="bordercolor" name="bordercolor"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>toggle_videomode<label id="toggle_videomode"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Toggle between 40 and 80 column mode. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="c128.h" name="c128.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/void toggle_videomode (void);/ <tag/Description/Toggle between 40 and 80 column mode. The settings for the old mode (cursor position, color and so on) are saved and restored together with the mode. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is specific to the C128. </itemize> <tag/Availability/C128 <tag/See also/ <ref id="fast" name="fast">, <ref id="slow" name="slow"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>tolower<label id="tolower"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Convert a character into its lower case representation. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ tolower (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the given character converted to lower case. If the given character is not a letter, it is returned unchanged. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="toupper" name="toupper"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>toupper<label id="toupper"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Convert a character into its upper case representation. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="ctype.h" name="ctype.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/int __fastcall__ toupper (int c);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the given character converted to upper case. If the given character is not a letter, it is returned unchanged. <tag/Limits/<itemize> <item>The function is only available as fastcall function, so it may only be used in presence of a prototype. </itemize> <tag/Availability/ISO 9899 <tag/See also/ <ref id="islower" name="islower">, <ref id="isupper" name="isupper">, <ref id="tolower" name="tolower"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>wherex<label id="wherex"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the current X position of the text mode cursor. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char wherex (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the current X position of the text mode cursor. Zero is returned for the leftmost screen position. <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotox" name="gotox">, <ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy">, <ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy">, <ref id="wherey" name="wherey"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> <sect1>wherey<label id="wherey"> <quote> <descrip> <tag/Function/Return the current Y position of the text mode cursor. <tag/Header/<tt/<ref id="conio.h" name="conio.h">/ <tag/Declaration/<tt/unsigned char wherey (void);/ <tag/Description/The function returns the current Y position of the text mode cursor. Zero is returned for the uppermost screen position. <tag/Availability/cc65 <tag/See also/ <ref id="gotox" name="gotox">, <ref id="gotoy" name="gotoy">, <ref id="gotoxy" name="gotoxy">, <ref id="wherex" name="wherex"> <tag/Example/None. </descrip> </quote> </article>