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Piotr Wiszowaty
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README.md
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README.md
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foco65
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======
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Forth cross-compiler targeting 6502 processors. It needs a 6502
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cross-assembler (e.g. [xasm](https://github.com/pfusik/xasm)) as a backend.
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Forth cross-compiler targeting 6502 processors. Outputs [xasm](https://github.com/pfusik/xasm)
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compatible assembly source code containing Forth runtime and compiled user
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program.
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Runtime
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-------
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Generated Forth runtime is 16-bit indirect-threaded.
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Parameter stack is full-descending and addressed by `X` register. Address and
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size of the parameter stack are by default $600 and 256 respectively and are
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user-configurable.
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Hardware stack is used as return stack.
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The runtime uses 12 bytes on zero page: 2-byte instruction pointer `ip` and
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5 2-byte work registers: `w`, `z`, `cntr`, `tmp`, `tmp2` which may be used
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in user-defined words (note than on every word entry these registers' contents
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are undefined).
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On entry runtime initializes instruction pointer and enters user-defined word
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`main` which is supposed to never exit (i.e. contain an infinite loop).
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Generated Source Code
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---------------------
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Generated assembly source code for words/data/code blocks is logically grouped
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into _sections_. Default order of sections is: `init`, `boot`, `data`, `text`.
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Sections:
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* `init` - top of the output, typically contains user-provided assembly code
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block with `org` directive
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* `boot` - forth runtime
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* `data` - user data
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* `text` - core words and user program
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User-defined data is output into the most recently declared data section (with
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`[data-section]` word), everything else is output into the most recently
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declared text section (with `[text-section]` word).
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Syntax
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------
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### Identifiers
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Identifiers are case sensitive.
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Constant and data identifiers consist of alphanumeric characters, '\_'s, '-'s
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and '?'s and must start with a letter, '\_', '-' or '?'. In generated assembly
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labels every '-' is replaced by '\_' and every '?' is replaced by '\_is\_'.
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Word identifiers consist of printable ASCII characters. Word identifiers
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consisting only of alphanumeric characters, '\_'s, '-'s, '?'s and starting with
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a letter, '\_', '-' or a '?' are translated automatically to valid assembly
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labels. Other word identifiers require user-defined label specification (see
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below).
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Section identifiers consist of printable ASCII characters.
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### Comments
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Syntax:
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<pre><code>
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\ this is a one-line comment
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( this is a multi-line
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comment)
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</code></pre>
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### Numbers
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Syntax:
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<pre><code>
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123 \ decimal number
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$BA98 \ hexadecimal number
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</code></pre>
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### Word definitions
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Syntax:
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`:` _name_ *[* `[label]` _asm-label_ *]* _words_ `;`
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or:
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`:` _name_
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*[* `[label]` _asm-label_ *]*
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`[code]`
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; inline-assembly
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`[end-code]` `;`
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Examples:
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<pre><code>
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: foo begin end-flag until ;
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code>
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: bar
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[code]
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lda #1
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sta $D5E8
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jmp next
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[end-code] ;
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code>
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: +7 ( n1 -- n2 )
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[label] plus_7
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7 + ;
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</code></pre>
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### Data declarations
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One-cell variable:
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`variable` _name_
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Two-cell variable:
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`2variable` _name_
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Assembly label at current program counter:
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`create` _name_
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Compile a one-cell value:
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_value_ `,`
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Compile a one-byte value:
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_value_ `c,`
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Allocate a byte-array:
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_length_ `allot`
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Allocate Atari XL/XE Antic counted string:
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`,'` _text_`'`
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Allocate ASCII counted string:
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`,"` _text_`"`
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Allocate Atari XL/XE Antic string:
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`'` _text_`'`
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Allocate counted ASCII string:
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`"` _text_`"`
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### Constants
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Syntax:
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_value_ `constant` _name_
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Example:
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<pre><code>
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$230 constant dladr
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</code></pre>
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### Inline assembly blocks
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Syntax:
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`[code]`
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_; assembly code_
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`[end-code]`
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### Compiler directives
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Syntax:
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`[text-section]` _name_
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or:
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`[data-section]` _name_
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Words
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-----
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`:` `@` `0=` `1-` `1+` `2/` `2*` `2@` `2!` `and` `c!` `c@` `cmove` `count` `d-` `d+` `d=` `do` `drop` `dup` `i` `j` `loop`
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`+loop` `lshift` `<=` `<` `>=` `>` `-` `+` `or` `over` `rshift` `rsp` `sp` `swap` `unloop` `u<` `u>` `while` `<>`
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`=` `!` `[` `]` `[code]` `[end-code]` `cell` `cells` `not` `[text-section]` `[data-section]`
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`variable` `2variable` `constant` `create` `,` `c,` `,'` `'` `,"` `"` `allot`
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`lit` `\` `(` `recursive` `[label]` `*` `/` `u*`
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Usage
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-----
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@ -16,7 +183,7 @@ OPTIONS:
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-h display help
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-p ADDR,--pstack-bottom=ADDR parameter stack bottom address
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-s SECTS,--sections=SECTS specify comma separated list of sections
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default: init,boot,data,code
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default: init,boot,data,text
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-S INT,--pstack-SIZE=INT parameter stack size
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Example:
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@ -25,53 +192,28 @@ Example:
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$ foco65 foo.forth > foo.asx
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```
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Words
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-----
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`:` `@` `0=` `1-` `1+` `2/` `2*` `2@` `2!` `and` `c!` `c@` `cmove` `count` `d-` `d+` `d=` `do` `drop` `dup` `i` `j` `loop`
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`+loop` `lshift` `<=` `<` `>=` `>` `-` `+` `or` `over` `rshift` `rsp` `sp` `swap` `unloop` `u<` `u>` `while` `<>`
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`=` `!` `[` `]` `[code]` `[end-code]` `cell` `cells` `not` `[section]` `variable` `2variable`
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`constant` `create` `,` `c,` `,'` `'` `,"` `"` `allot` `lit` `\` `(` `recursive` `[label]` `*` `/`
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Internals
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---------
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Type: indirect-threaded.
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Cell size is 16 bits.
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Parameter stack pointer is kept in register `X`.
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Parameter stack pointer is decremented before write (stack push) and
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incremented after read (stack pop).
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Hardware stack (page $01) is used as return stack.
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Instruction pointer and other work registers are kept in
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page zero occupying total of 12 bytes.
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After initializing interpreter internal state user-defined word
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`main` is executed.
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Generated code is placed into sections which are output in the
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order: `init`, `boot`, `data`, `code` or other - specified by the user.
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Examples
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--------
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Atari XL/XE executable skeleton. Uses xasm a a backend.
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Typical Atari XL/XE executable program structure.
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<pre><code>
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[section] init
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[text-section] init
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[code]
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org $2000
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[end-code]
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[section] code
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\ constant definitions
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\ data declarations
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\ word definitions
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[text-section] text
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: main
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\ user program initialization
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begin
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...
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\ user program main loop
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again ;
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[code]
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@ -79,17 +221,16 @@ Atari XL/XE executable skeleton. Uses xasm a a backend.
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[end-code]
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</code></pre>
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Atari XL/XE example: display character table as 16x16 array.
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Uses xasm as a backend.
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Atari XL/XE example: display character table.
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<pre><code>
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[section] init
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[text-section] init
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[code]
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org $3000
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[end-code]
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[section] code
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[text-section] text
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$230 constant dladr
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@ -141,6 +282,7 @@ on the parameter stack.
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dex
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sta pstack,x
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jmp next
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do_gc
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lda $E425
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pha
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@ -156,11 +298,8 @@ being a valid assembler label.
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<pre><code>
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create array 16 cells allot
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\ increase cell at given address
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: ++ ( addr -- )
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[label] plus_plus
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dup @ 1+ swap ! ;
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...
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array ++
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array 1 cell + ++
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...
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</code></pre>
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