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Put code example inside of "doc_code" divisions.

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git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@30876 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8
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Bill Wendling 2006-10-11 06:30:10 +00:00
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commit 3cd5ca6c72
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27
docs/CodeGenerator.html
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@ -1227,7 +1227,16 @@ defining instruction is encountered.</p>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>To Be Written</p>
<p>We now have the information available to perform the liver intervals analysis
and build the live intervals themselves. We start off by numbering the basic
blocks and machine instructions. We then handle the "live-in" values. These
are in physical registers, so the physical register is assumed to be killed by
the end of the basic block. Live intervals for virtual registers are computed
for some ordering of the machine instructions <tt>[1,N]</tt>. A live interval
is an interval <tt>[i,j)</tt>, where <tt>1 <= i <= j < N</tt>, for which a
variable is live.</p>
</ol>
</div>
@ -1239,14 +1248,14 @@ defining instruction is encountered.</p>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>The <i>Register Allocation problem</i> consists in mapping a
program <i>P<sub>v</sub></i>, that can use an unbounded number of
virtual registers, to a program <i>P<sub>p</sub></i> that contains a
finite (possibly small) number of physical registers. Each target
architecture has a different number of physical registers. If the
number of physical registers is not enough to accommodate all the
virtual registers, some of them will have to be mapped into
memory. These virtuals are called <i>spilled virtuals</i>.</p>
<p>The <i>Register Allocation problem</i> consists in mapping a program
<i>P<sub>v</sub></i>, that can use an unbounded number of virtual
registers, to a program <i>P<sub>p</sub></i> that contains a finite
(possibly small) number of physical registers. Each target architecture has
a different number of physical registers. If the number of physical
registers is not enough to accommodate all the virtual registers, some of
them will have to be mapped into memory. These virtuals are called
<i>spilled virtuals</i>.</p>
</div>

444
docs/ProgrammersManual.html
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@ -282,29 +282,32 @@ file (note that you very rarely have to include this file directly).</p>
<dl>
<dt><tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt>: </dt>
<dd>The <tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works exactly like the Java
<dd><p>The <tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works exactly like the Java
"<tt>instanceof</tt>" operator. It returns true or false depending on whether
a reference or pointer points to an instance of the specified class. This can
be very useful for constraint checking of various sorts (example below).</dd>
be very useful for constraint checking of various sorts (example below).</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt>: </dt>
<dd>The <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator is a "checked cast" operation. It
<dd><p>The <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator is a "checked cast" operation. It
converts a pointer or reference from a base class to a derived cast, causing
an assertion failure if it is not really an instance of the right type. This
should be used in cases where you have some information that makes you believe
that something is of the right type. An example of the <tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt>
and <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> template is:
and <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> template is:</p>
<pre>
static bool isLoopInvariant(const <a href="#Value">Value</a> *V, const Loop *L) {
if (isa&lt;<a href="#Constant">Constant</a>&gt;(V) || isa&lt;<a href="#Argument">Argument</a>&gt;(V) || isa&lt;<a href="#GlobalValue">GlobalValue</a>&gt;(V))
return true;
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
static bool isLoopInvariant(const <a href="#Value">Value</a> *V, const Loop *L) {
if (isa&lt;<a href="#Constant">Constant</a>&gt;(V) || isa&lt;<a href="#Argument">Argument</a>&gt;(V) || isa&lt;<a href="#GlobalValue">GlobalValue</a>&gt;(V))
return true;
<i>// Otherwise, it must be an instruction...</i>
return !L-&gt;contains(cast&lt;<a href="#Instruction">Instruction</a>&gt;(V)-&gt;getParent());
}
</pre>
<i>// Otherwise, it must be an instruction...</i>
return !L-&gt;contains(cast&lt;<a href="#Instruction">Instruction</a>&gt;(V)-&gt;getParent());
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>Note that you should <b>not</b> use an <tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt> test followed
by a <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt>, for that use the <tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt>
@ -314,20 +317,22 @@ file (note that you very rarely have to include this file directly).</p>
<dt><tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt>:</dt>
<dd>The <tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator is a "checking cast" operation. It
checks to see if the operand is of the specified type, and if so, returns a
<dd><p>The <tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator is a "checking cast" operation.
It checks to see if the operand is of the specified type, and if so, returns a
pointer to it (this operator does not work with references). If the operand is
not of the correct type, a null pointer is returned. Thus, this works very
much like the <tt>dynamic_cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator in C++, and should be
used in the same circumstances. Typically, the <tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt>
operator is used in an <tt>if</tt> statement or some other flow control
statement like this:
statement like this:</p>
<pre>
if (<a href="#AllocationInst">AllocationInst</a> *AI = dyn_cast&lt;<a href="#AllocationInst">AllocationInst</a>&gt;(Val)) {
...
}
</pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
if (<a href="#AllocationInst">AllocationInst</a> *AI = dyn_cast&lt;<a href="#AllocationInst">AllocationInst</a>&gt;(Val)) {
// ...
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>This form of the <tt>if</tt> statement effectively combines together a call
to <tt>isa&lt;&gt;</tt> and a call to <tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> into one
@ -344,17 +349,17 @@ file (note that you very rarely have to include this file directly).</p>
<dt><tt>cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt>: </dt>
<dd>The <tt>cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works just like the
<dd><p>The <tt>cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works just like the
<tt>cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator, except that it allows for a null pointer as an
argument (which it then propagates). This can sometimes be useful, allowing
you to combine several null checks into one.</dd>
you to combine several null checks into one.</p></dd>
<dt><tt>dyn_cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt>: </dt>
<dd>The <tt>dyn_cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works just like the
<dd><p>The <tt>dyn_cast_or_null&lt;&gt;</tt> operator works just like the
<tt>dyn_cast&lt;&gt;</tt> operator, except that it allows for a null pointer
as an argument (which it then propagates). This can sometimes be useful,
allowing you to combine several null checks into one.</dd>
allowing you to combine several null checks into one.</p></dd>
</dl>
@ -375,7 +380,7 @@ are lots of examples in the LLVM source base.</p>
<p>Often when working on your pass you will put a bunch of debugging printouts
and other code into your pass. After you get it working, you want to remove
it... but you may need it again in the future (to work out new bugs that you run
it, but you may need it again in the future (to work out new bugs that you run
across).</p>
<p> Naturally, because of this, you don't want to delete the debug printouts,
@ -388,11 +393,22 @@ this problem. Basically, you can put arbitrary code into the argument of the
<tt>DEBUG</tt> macro, and it is only executed if '<tt>opt</tt>' (or any other
tool) is run with the '<tt>-debug</tt>' command line argument:</p>
<pre> ... <br> DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "I am here!\n");<br> ...<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "I am here!\n");
</pre>
</div>
<p>Then you can run your pass like this:</p>
<pre> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass<br> &lt;no output&gt;<br> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug<br> I am here!<br> $<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass
&lt;no output&gt;
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug
I am here!
</pre>
</div>
<p>Using the <tt>DEBUG()</tt> macro instead of a home-brewed solution allows you
to not have to create "yet another" command line option for the debug output for
@ -422,11 +438,38 @@ generator). If you want to enable debug information with more fine-grained
control, you define the <tt>DEBUG_TYPE</tt> macro and the <tt>-debug</tt> only
option as follows:</p>
<pre> ...<br> DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "No debug type\n");<br> #undef DEBUG_TYPE<br> #define DEBUG_TYPE "foo"<br> DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "'foo' debug type\n");<br> #undef DEBUG_TYPE<br> #define DEBUG_TYPE "bar"<br> DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "'bar' debug type\n");<br> #undef DEBUG_TYPE<br> #define DEBUG_TYPE ""<br> DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "No debug type (2)\n");<br> ...<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "No debug type\n");
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE "foo"
DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "'foo' debug type\n");
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE "bar"
DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "'bar' debug type\n");
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE ""
DEBUG(std::cerr &lt;&lt; "No debug type (2)\n");
</pre>
</div>
<p>Then you can run your pass like this:</p>
<pre> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass<br> &lt;no output&gt;<br> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug<br> No debug type<br> 'foo' debug type<br> 'bar' debug type<br> No debug type (2)<br> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug-only=foo<br> 'foo' debug type<br> $ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug-only=bar<br> 'bar' debug type<br> $<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass
&lt;no output&gt;
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug
No debug type
'foo' debug type
'bar' debug type
No debug type (2)
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug-only=foo
'foo' debug type
$ opt &lt; a.bc &gt; /dev/null -mypass -debug-only=bar
'bar' debug type
</pre>
</div>
<p>Of course, in practice, you should only set <tt>DEBUG_TYPE</tt> at the top of
a file, to specify the debug type for the entire module (if you do this before
@ -466,27 +509,71 @@ uniform manner with the rest of the passes being executed.</p>
it are as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>Define your statistic like this:
<pre>static Statistic&lt;&gt; NumXForms("mypassname", "The # of times I did stuff");<br></pre>
<li><p>Define your statistic like this:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
static Statistic&lt;&gt; NumXForms("mypassname", "The # of times I did stuff");
</pre>
</div>
<p>The <tt>Statistic</tt> template can emulate just about any data-type,
but if you do not specify a template argument, it defaults to acting like
an unsigned int counter (this is usually what you want).</p></li>
<li>Whenever you make a transformation, bump the counter:
<pre> ++NumXForms; // I did stuff<br></pre>
<li><p>Whenever you make a transformation, bump the counter:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
++NumXForms; // I did stuff!
</pre>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>That's all you have to do. To get '<tt>opt</tt>' to print out the
statistics gathered, use the '<tt>-stats</tt>' option:</p>
<pre> $ opt -stats -mypassname &lt; program.bc &gt; /dev/null<br> ... statistic output ...<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
$ opt -stats -mypassname &lt; program.bc &gt; /dev/null
... statistic output ...
</pre>
</div>
<p> When running <tt>gccas</tt> on a C file from the SPEC benchmark
suite, it gives a report that looks like this:</p>
<pre> 7646 bytecodewriter - Number of normal instructions<br> 725 bytecodewriter - Number of oversized instructions<br> 129996 bytecodewriter - Number of bytecode bytes written<br> 2817 raise - Number of insts DCEd or constprop'd<br> 3213 raise - Number of cast-of-self removed<br> 5046 raise - Number of expression trees converted<br> 75 raise - Number of other getelementptr's formed<br> 138 raise - Number of load/store peepholes<br> 42 deadtypeelim - Number of unused typenames removed from symtab<br> 392 funcresolve - Number of varargs functions resolved<br> 27 globaldce - Number of global variables removed<br> 2 adce - Number of basic blocks removed<br> 134 cee - Number of branches revectored<br> 49 cee - Number of setcc instruction eliminated<br> 532 gcse - Number of loads removed<br> 2919 gcse - Number of instructions removed<br> 86 indvars - Number of canonical indvars added<br> 87 indvars - Number of aux indvars removed<br> 25 instcombine - Number of dead inst eliminate<br> 434 instcombine - Number of insts combined<br> 248 licm - Number of load insts hoisted<br> 1298 licm - Number of insts hoisted to a loop pre-header<br> 3 licm - Number of insts hoisted to multiple loop preds (bad, no loop pre-header)<br> 75 mem2reg - Number of alloca's promoted<br> 1444 cfgsimplify - Number of blocks simplified<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
7646 bytecodewriter - Number of normal instructions
725 bytecodewriter - Number of oversized instructions
129996 bytecodewriter - Number of bytecode bytes written
2817 raise - Number of insts DCEd or constprop'd
3213 raise - Number of cast-of-self removed
5046 raise - Number of expression trees converted
75 raise - Number of other getelementptr's formed
138 raise - Number of load/store peepholes
42 deadtypeelim - Number of unused typenames removed from symtab
392 funcresolve - Number of varargs functions resolved
27 globaldce - Number of global variables removed
2 adce - Number of basic blocks removed
134 cee - Number of branches revectored
49 cee - Number of setcc instruction eliminated
532 gcse - Number of loads removed
2919 gcse - Number of instructions removed
86 indvars - Number of canonical indvars added
87 indvars - Number of aux indvars removed
25 instcombine - Number of dead inst eliminate
434 instcombine - Number of insts combined
248 licm - Number of load insts hoisted
1298 licm - Number of insts hoisted to a loop pre-header
3 licm - Number of insts hoisted to multiple loop preds (bad, no loop pre-header)
75 mem2reg - Number of alloca's promoted
1444 cfgsimplify - Number of blocks simplified
</pre>
</div>
<p>Obviously, with so many optimizations, having a unified framework for this
stuff is very nice. Making your pass fit well into the framework makes it more
@ -602,7 +689,17 @@ the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s that constitute the <tt>Function</tt>. The following is
an example that prints the name of a <tt>BasicBlock</tt> and the number of
<tt>Instruction</tt>s it contains:</p>
<pre> // func is a pointer to a Function instance<br> for (Function::iterator i = func-&gt;begin(), e = func-&gt;end(); i != e; ++i) {<br><br> // print out the name of the basic block if it has one, and then the<br> // number of instructions that it contains<br><br> std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Basic block (name=" &lt;&lt; i-&gt;getName() &lt;&lt; ") has " <br> &lt;&lt; i-&gt;size() &lt;&lt; " instructions.\n";<br> }<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
// func is a pointer to a Function instance
for (Function::iterator i = func-&gt;begin(), e = func-&gt;end(); i != e; ++i) {
// print out the name of the basic block if it has one, and then the
// number of instructions that it contains
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Basic block (name=" &lt;&lt; i-&gt;getName() &lt;&lt; ") has "
&lt;&lt; i-&gt;size() &lt;&lt; " instructions.\n";
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>Note that i can be used as if it were a pointer for the purposes of
invoking member functions of the <tt>Instruction</tt> class. This is
@ -626,13 +723,15 @@ easy to iterate over the individual instructions that make up
<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s. Here's a code snippet that prints out each instruction in
a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
// blk is a pointer to a BasicBlock instance
for (BasicBlock::iterator i = blk-&gt;begin(), e = blk-&gt;end(); i != e; ++i)
// the next statement works since operator&lt;&lt;(ostream&amp;,...)
// is overloaded for Instruction&amp;
std::cerr &lt;&lt; *i &lt;&lt; "\n";
// blk is a pointer to a BasicBlock instance
for (BasicBlock::iterator i = blk-&gt;begin(), e = blk-&gt;end(); i != e; ++i)
// the next statement works since operator&lt;&lt;(ostream&amp;,...)
// is overloaded for Instruction&amp;
std::cerr &lt;&lt; *i &lt;&lt; "\n";
</pre>
</div>
<p>However, this isn't really the best way to print out the contents of a
<tt>BasicBlock</tt>! Since the ostream operators are overloaded for virtually
@ -657,12 +756,27 @@ href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html"><tt>llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</tt>
and then instantiate <tt>InstIterator</tt>s explicitly in your code. Here's a
small example that shows how to dump all instructions in a function to the standard error stream:<p>
<pre>#include "<a href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html">llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</a>"<br>...<br>// Suppose F is a ptr to a function<br>for (inst_iterator i = inst_begin(F), e = inst_end(F); i != e; ++i)<br> std::cerr &lt;&lt; *i &lt;&lt; "\n";<br></pre>
Easy, isn't it? You can also use <tt>InstIterator</tt>s to fill a
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
#include "<a href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html">llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</a>"
// Suppose F is a ptr to a function
for (inst_iterator i = inst_begin(F), e = inst_end(F); i != e; ++i)
std::cerr &lt;&lt; *i &lt;&lt; "\n";
</pre>
</div>
<p>Easy, isn't it? You can also use <tt>InstIterator</tt>s to fill a
worklist with its initial contents. For example, if you wanted to
initialize a worklist to contain all instructions in a <tt>Function</tt>
F, all you would need to do is something like:
<pre>std::set&lt;Instruction*&gt; worklist;<br>worklist.insert(inst_begin(F), inst_end(F));<br></pre>
F, all you would need to do is something like:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
std::set&lt;Instruction*&gt; worklist;
worklist.insert(inst_begin(F), inst_end(F));
</pre>
</div>
<p>The STL set <tt>worklist</tt> would now contain all instructions in the
<tt>Function</tt> pointed to by F.</p>
@ -683,7 +797,13 @@ a reference or a pointer from an iterator is very straight-forward.
Assuming that <tt>i</tt> is a <tt>BasicBlock::iterator</tt> and <tt>j</tt>
is a <tt>BasicBlock::const_iterator</tt>:</p>
<pre> Instruction&amp; inst = *i; // grab reference to instruction reference<br> Instruction* pinst = &amp;*i; // grab pointer to instruction reference<br> const Instruction&amp; inst = *j;<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction&amp; inst = *i; // grab reference to instruction reference
Instruction* pinst = &amp;*i; // grab pointer to instruction reference
const Instruction&amp; inst = *j;
</pre>
</div>
<p>However, the iterators you'll be working with in the LLVM framework are
special: they will automatically convert to a ptr-to-instance type whenever they
@ -693,11 +813,19 @@ you get the dereference and address-of operation as a result of the assignment
(behind the scenes, this is a result of overloading casting mechanisms). Thus
the last line of the last example,</p>
<pre>Instruction* pinst = &amp;*i;</pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction* pinst = &amp;*i;
</pre>
</div>
<p>is semantically equivalent to</p>
<pre>Instruction* pinst = i;</pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction* pinst = i;
</pre>
</div>
<p>It's also possible to turn a class pointer into the corresponding iterator,
and this is a constant time operation (very efficient). The following code
@ -705,7 +833,15 @@ snippet illustrates use of the conversion constructors provided by LLVM
iterators. By using these, you can explicitly grab the iterator of something
without actually obtaining it via iteration over some structure:</p>
<pre>void printNextInstruction(Instruction* inst) {<br> BasicBlock::iterator it(inst);<br> ++it; // after this line, it refers to the instruction after *inst.<br> if (it != inst-&gt;getParent()-&gt;end()) std::cerr &lt;&lt; *it &lt;&lt; "\n";<br>}<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
void printNextInstruction(Instruction* inst) {
BasicBlock::iterator it(inst);
++it; // after this line, it refers to the instruction after *inst.
if (it != inst-&gt;getParent()-&gt;end()) std::cerr &lt;&lt; *it &lt;&lt; "\n";
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
@ -725,15 +861,50 @@ much more straight-forward manner, but this example will allow us to explore how
you'd do it if you didn't have <tt>InstVisitor</tt> around. In pseudocode, this
is what we want to do:</p>
<pre>initialize callCounter to zero<br>for each Function f in the Module<br> for each BasicBlock b in f<br> for each Instruction i in b<br> if (i is a CallInst and calls the given function)<br> increment callCounter<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
initialize callCounter to zero
for each Function f in the Module
for each BasicBlock b in f
for each Instruction i in b
if (i is a CallInst and calls the given function)
increment callCounter
</pre>
</div>
<p>And the actual code is (remember, since we're writing a
<p>And the actual code is (remember, because we're writing a
<tt>FunctionPass</tt>, our <tt>FunctionPass</tt>-derived class simply has to
override the <tt>runOnFunction</tt> method...):</p>
override the <tt>runOnFunction</tt> method):</p>
<pre>Function* targetFunc = ...;<br><br>class OurFunctionPass : public FunctionPass {<br> public:<br> OurFunctionPass(): callCounter(0) { }<br><br> virtual runOnFunction(Function&amp; F) {<br> for (Function::iterator b = F.begin(), be = F.end(); b != be; ++b) {<br> for (BasicBlock::iterator i = b-&gt;begin(); ie = b-&gt;end(); i != ie; ++i) {<br> if (<a
href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>* callInst = <a href="#isa">dyn_cast</a>&lt;<a
href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>&gt;(&amp;*i)) {<br> // we know we've encountered a call instruction, so we<br> // need to determine if it's a call to the<br> // function pointed to by m_func or not.<br> <br> if (callInst-&gt;getCalledFunction() == targetFunc)<br> ++callCounter;<br> }<br> }<br> }<br> <br> private:<br> unsigned callCounter;<br>};<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Function* targetFunc = ...;
class OurFunctionPass : public FunctionPass {
public:
OurFunctionPass(): callCounter(0) { }
virtual runOnFunction(Function&amp; F) {
for (Function::iterator b = F.begin(), be = F.end(); b != be; ++b) {
for (BasicBlock::iterator i = b-&gt;begin(); ie = b-&gt;end(); i != ie; ++i) {
if (<a href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>* callInst = <a href="#isa">dyn_cast</a>&lt;<a
href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>&gt;(&amp;*i)) {
// we know we've encountered a call instruction, so we
// need to determine if it's a call to the
// function pointed to by m_func or not.
if (callInst-&gt;getCalledFunction() == targetFunc)
++callCounter;
}
}
}
private:
unsigned callCounter;
};
</pre>
</div>
</div>
@ -780,7 +951,18 @@ particular function <tt>foo</tt>. Finding all of the instructions that
<i>use</i> <tt>foo</tt> is as simple as iterating over the <i>def-use</i> chain
of <tt>F</tt>:</p>
<pre>Function* F = ...;<br><br>for (Value::use_iterator i = F-&gt;use_begin(), e = F-&gt;use_end(); i != e; ++i) {<br> if (Instruction *Inst = dyn_cast&lt;Instruction&gt;(*i)) {<br> std::cerr &lt;&lt; "F is used in instruction:\n";<br> std::cerr &lt;&lt; *Inst &lt;&lt; "\n";<br> }<br>}<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Function* F = ...;
for (Value::use_iterator i = F-&gt;use_begin(), e = F-&gt;use_end(); i != e; ++i) {
if (Instruction *Inst = dyn_cast&lt;Instruction&gt;(*i)) {
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "F is used in instruction:\n";
std::cerr &lt;&lt; *Inst &lt;&lt; "\n";
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>Alternately, it's common to have an instance of the <a
href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1User.html">User Class</a> and need to know what
@ -790,7 +972,16 @@ href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1User.html">User Class</a> and need to know what
all of the values that a particular instruction uses (that is, the operands of
the particular <tt>Instruction</tt>):</p>
<pre>Instruction* pi = ...;<br><br>for (User::op_iterator i = pi-&gt;op_begin(), e = pi-&gt;op_end(); i != e; ++i) {<br> Value* v = *i;<br> ...<br>}<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction* pi = ...;
for (User::op_iterator i = pi-&gt;op_begin(), e = pi-&gt;op_end(); i != e; ++i) {
Value* v = *i;
...
}
</pre>
</div>
<!--
def-use chains ("finding all users of"): Value::use_begin/use_end
@ -829,7 +1020,11 @@ constructor for the kind of instruction to instantiate and provide the necessary
parameters. For example, an <tt>AllocaInst</tt> only <i>requires</i> a
(const-ptr-to) <tt>Type</tt>. Thus:</p>
<pre>AllocaInst* ai = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy);</pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
AllocaInst* ai = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy);
</pre>
</div>
<p>will create an <tt>AllocaInst</tt> instance that represents the allocation of
one integer in the current stack frame, at runtime. Each <tt>Instruction</tt>
@ -853,7 +1048,11 @@ used as some kind of index by some other code. To accomplish this, I place an
<tt>Function</tt>, and I'm intending to use it within the same
<tt>Function</tt>. I might do:</p>
<pre>AllocaInst* pa = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "indexLoc");</pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
AllocaInst* pa = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "indexLoc");
</pre>
</div>
<p>where <tt>indexLoc</tt> is now the logical name of the instruction's
execution value, which is a pointer to an integer on the runtime stack.</p>
@ -870,7 +1069,15 @@ into an existing sequence of instructions that form a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
<tt>BasicBlock</tt>, and a newly-created instruction we wish to insert
before <tt>*pi</tt>, we do the following: </p>
<pre> BasicBlock *pb = ...;<br> Instruction *pi = ...;<br> Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);<br> pb-&gt;getInstList().insert(pi, newInst); // inserts newInst before pi in pb<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
BasicBlock *pb = ...;
Instruction *pi = ...;
Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);
pb-&gt;getInstList().insert(pi, newInst); // inserts newInst before pi in pb
</pre>
</div>
<p>Appending to the end of a <tt>BasicBlock</tt> is so common that
the <tt>Instruction</tt> class and <tt>Instruction</tt>-derived
@ -878,11 +1085,23 @@ into an existing sequence of instructions that form a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
<tt>BasicBlock</tt> to be appended to. For example code that
looked like: </p>
<pre> BasicBlock *pb = ...;<br> Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);<br> pb-&gt;getInstList().push_back(newInst); // appends newInst to pb<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
BasicBlock *pb = ...;
Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);
pb-&gt;getInstList().push_back(newInst); // appends newInst to pb
</pre>
</div>
<p>becomes: </p>
<pre> BasicBlock *pb = ...;<br> Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(..., pb);<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
BasicBlock *pb = ...;
Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(..., pb);
</pre>
</div>
<p>which is much cleaner, especially if you are creating
long instruction streams.</p></li>
@ -895,7 +1114,14 @@ into an existing sequence of instructions that form a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
thing as the above code without being given a <tt>BasicBlock</tt> by doing:
</p>
<pre> Instruction *pi = ...;<br> Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);<br> pi-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList().insert(pi, newInst);<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction *pi = ...;
Instruction *newInst = new Instruction(...);
pi-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList().insert(pi, newInst);
</pre>
</div>
<p>In fact, this sequence of steps occurs so frequently that the
<tt>Instruction</tt> class and <tt>Instruction</tt>-derived classes provide
@ -907,10 +1133,15 @@ into an existing sequence of instructions that form a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
<tt>Instruction</tt> constructor with a <tt>insertBefore</tt> (default)
parameter, the above code becomes:</p>
<pre>Instruction* pi = ...;<br>Instruction* newInst = new Instruction(..., pi);<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Instruction* pi = ...;
Instruction* newInst = new Instruction(..., pi);
</pre>
</div>
<p>which is much cleaner, especially if you're creating a lot of
instructions and adding them to <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s.</p></li>
instructions and adding them to <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
@ -929,8 +1160,14 @@ need to obtain the pointer to that instruction's basic block. You use the
pointer to the basic block to get its list of instructions and then use the
erase function to remove your instruction. For example:</p>
<pre> <a href="#Instruction">Instruction</a> *I = .. ;<br> <a
href="#BasicBlock">BasicBlock</a> *BB = I-&gt;getParent();<br> BB-&gt;getInstList().erase(I);<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
<a href="#Instruction">Instruction</a> *I = .. ;
<a href="#BasicBlock">BasicBlock</a> *BB = I-&gt;getParent();
BB-&gt;getInstList().erase(I);
</pre>
</div>
</div>
@ -959,7 +1196,14 @@ and <tt>ReplaceInstWithInst</tt>.</p>
<tt>AllocaInst</tt> that allocates memory for a single integer with a null
pointer to an integer.</p>
<pre>AllocaInst* instToReplace = ...;<br>BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);<br>ReplaceInstWithValue(instToReplace-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList(), ii,<br> Constant::getNullValue(PointerType::get(Type::IntTy)));<br></pre></li>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
AllocaInst* instToReplace = ...;
BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);
ReplaceInstWithValue(instToReplace-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList(), ii,
Constant::getNullValue(PointerType::get(Type::IntTy)));
</pre></div></li>
<li><tt>ReplaceInstWithInst</tt>
@ -967,7 +1211,14 @@ and <tt>ReplaceInstWithInst</tt>.</p>
instruction. The following example illustrates the replacement of one
<tt>AllocaInst</tt> with another.</p>
<pre>AllocaInst* instToReplace = ...;<br>BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);<br>ReplaceInstWithInst(instToReplace-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList(), ii,<br> new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "ptrToReplacedInt"));<br></pre></li>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
AllocaInst* instToReplace = ...;
BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);
ReplaceInstWithInst(instToReplace-&gt;getParent()-&gt;getInstList(), ii,
new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "ptrToReplacedInt"));
</pre></div></li>
</ul>
<p><i>Replacing multiple uses of <tt>User</tt>s and <tt>Value</tt>s</i></p>
@ -1047,33 +1298,37 @@ we answer it now and explain it as we go. Here we include enough to cause this
to be emitted to an output .ll file:
</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
%mylist = type { %mylist*, int }
%mylist = type { %mylist*, int }
</pre>
</div>
<p>
To build this, use the following LLVM APIs:
</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
//<i> Create the initial outer struct.</i>
<a href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a> StructTy = OpaqueType::get();
std::vector&lt;const Type*&gt; Elts;
Elts.push_back(PointerType::get(StructTy));
Elts.push_back(Type::IntTy);
StructType *NewSTy = StructType::get(Elts);
//<i> Create the initial outer struct.</i>
<a href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a> StructTy = OpaqueType::get();
std::vector&lt;const Type*&gt; Elts;
Elts.push_back(PointerType::get(StructTy));
Elts.push_back(Type::IntTy);
StructType *NewSTy = StructType::get(Elts);
//<i> At this point, NewSTy = "{ opaque*, int }". Tell VMCore that</i>
//<i> the struct and the opaque type are actually the same.</i>
cast&lt;OpaqueType&gt;(StructTy.get())-&gt;<a href="#refineAbstractTypeTo">refineAbstractTypeTo</a>(NewSTy);
//<i> At this point, NewSTy = "{ opaque*, int }". Tell VMCore that</i>
//<i> the struct and the opaque type are actually the same.</i>
cast&lt;OpaqueType&gt;(StructTy.get())-&gt;<a href="#refineAbstractTypeTo">refineAbstractTypeTo</a>(NewSTy);
// <i>NewSTy is potentially invalidated, but StructTy (a <a href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a>) is</i>
// <i>kept up-to-date.</i>
NewSTy = cast&lt;StructType&gt;(StructTy.get());
// <i>NewSTy is potentially invalidated, but StructTy (a <a href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a>) is</i>
// <i>kept up-to-date.</i>
NewSTy = cast&lt;StructType&gt;(StructTy.get());
// <i>Add a name for the type to the module symbol table (optional).</i>
MyModule-&gt;addTypeName("mylist", NewSTy);
// <i>Add a name for the type to the module symbol table (optional).</i>
MyModule-&gt;addTypeName("mylist", NewSTy);
</pre>
</div>
<p>
This code shows the basic approach used to build recursive types: build a
@ -1282,6 +1537,7 @@ however, are stored in a single dimension and accessed only by name.</p>
the beginning or end of the sequence for both const and non-const. It is
important to keep track of the different kinds of iterators. There are
three idioms worth pointing out:</p>
<table>
<tr><th>Units</th><th>Iterator</th><th>Idiom</th></tr>
<tr>
@ -1291,24 +1547,27 @@ for (SymbolTable::plane_const_iterator PI = ST.plane_begin(),
PE = ST.plane_end(); PI != PE; ++PI ) {
PI-&gt;first // This is the Type* of the plane
PI-&gt;second // This is the SymbolTable::ValueMap of name/Value pairs
}
</tt></pre></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">All name/Type Pairs</td><td>TI</td>
<td align="left"><pre><tt>
for (SymbolTable::type_const_iterator TI = ST.type_begin(),
TE = ST.type_end(); TI != TE; ++TI )
TE = ST.type_end(); TI != TE; ++TI ) {
TI-&gt;first // This is the name of the type
TI-&gt;second // This is the Type* value associated with the name
}
</tt></pre></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">name/Value pairs in a plane</td><td>VI</td>
<td align="left"><pre><tt>
for (SymbolTable::value_const_iterator VI = ST.value_begin(SomeType),
VE = ST.value_end(SomeType); VI != VE; ++VI )
VE = ST.value_end(SomeType); VI != VE; ++VI ) {
VI-&gt;first // This is the name of the Value
VI-&gt;second // This is the Value* value associated with the name
}
</tt></pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
@ -1436,7 +1695,11 @@ and this <a href="#Type">Type</a> is available through the <tt>getType()</tt>
method. In addition, all LLVM values can be named. The "name" of the
<tt>Value</tt> is a symbolic string printed in the LLVM code:</p>
<pre> %<b>foo</b> = add int 1, 2<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
%<b>foo</b> = add int 1, 2
</pre>
</div>
<p><a name="#nameWarning">The name of this instruction is "foo".</a> <b>NOTE</b>
that the name of any value may be missing (an empty string), so names should
@ -1497,7 +1760,12 @@ be aware of the <a href="#nameWarning">precaution above</a>.</p>
produces a constant value (for example through constant folding), you can
replace all uses of the instruction with the constant like this:</p>
<pre> Inst-&gt;replaceAllUsesWith(ConstVal);<br></pre>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
Inst-&gt;replaceAllUsesWith(ConstVal);
</pre>
</div>
</ul>
</div>