The C/C++ front-ends are based on GCC and must be distributed under the GPL. Our aim is to distribute LLVM source code under a much less restrictive license, in particular one that does not compel users who distribute tools based on modifying the source to redistribute the modified source code as well.

Yes, the license is certified by the Open Source Initiative (OSI).

Yes. The modified source distribution must retain the copyright notice and follow the three bulletted conditions listed in the LLVM license.

Yes, this is why we distribute LLVM under a less restrictive license than GPL, as explained in the first question above.

All of the LLVM tools and libraries are written in C++ with extensive use of the STL.

The LLVM source code should be portable to most modern UNIX-like operating systems. Most of the code is written in standard C++ with operating system services abstracted to a support library. The tools required to build and test LLVM have been ported to a plethora of platforms.

Some porting problems may exist in the following areas:

• The GCC front end code is not as portable as the LLVM suite, so it may not compile as well on unsupported platforms.
• The LLVM build system relies heavily on UNIX shell tools, like the Bourne Shell and sed. Porting to systems without these tools (MacOS 9, Plan 9) will require more effort.

The configure script attempts to locate first gcc and then cc, unless it finds compiler paths set in CC and CXX for the C and C++ compiler, respectively.

If configure finds the wrong compiler, either adjust your PATH environment variable or set CC and CXX explicitly.

There are several possible causes for this. The first is that you didn't set a pathname properly when using configure, and it defaulted to a pathname that we use on our research machines.

Another possibility is that we hardcoded a path in our Makefiles. If you see this, please email the LLVM bug mailing list with the name of the offending Makefile and a description of what is wrong with it.

The configure script uses the PATH to find executables, so if it's grabbing the wrong linker/assembler/etc, there are two ways to fix it:

1. Adjust your PATH environment variable so that the correct program appears first in the PATH. This may work, but may not be convenient when you want them first in your path for other work.

2. Run configure with an alternative PATH that is correct. In a Borne compatible shell, the syntax would be:

   PATH=[the path without the bad program] ./configure ...

   This is still somewhat inconvenient, but it allows configure to do its work without having to adjust your PATH permanently.

Under some operating systems (i.e. Linux), libtool does not work correctly if GCC was compiled with the --disable-shared option. To work around this, install your own version of GCC that has shared libraries enabled by default.

You need to re-run configure in your object directory. When new Makefiles are added to the source tree, they have to be copied over to the object tree in order to be used by the build.

If the Makefile already exists in your object tree, you can just run the following command in the top level directory of your object tree:

./config.status <relative path to Makefile>

If the Makefile is new, you will have to modify the configure script to copy it over.

Sometimes, changes to the LLVM source code alters how the build system works. Changes in libtool, autoconf, or header file dependencies are especially prone to this sort of problem.

The best thing to try is to remove the old files and re-build. In most cases, this takes care of the problem. To do this, just type make clean and then make in the directory that fails to build.

This is most likely occurring because you built a profile or release (optimized) build of LLVM and have not specified the same information on the gmake command line.

For example, if you built LLVM with the command:

gmake ENABLE_PROFILING=1

...then you must run the tests with the following commands:

cd llvm/test
gmake ENABLE_PROFILING=1

The LLVM test suite is dependent upon several features of the LLVM tools and libraries.

First, the debugging assertions in code are not enabled in optimized or profiling builds. Hence, tests that used to fail may pass.

Second, some tests may rely upon debugging options or behavior that is only available in the debug build. These tests will fail in an optimized or profile build.

This is a bug in GCC, and affects projects other than LLVM. Try upgrading or downgrading your GCC.

If the error is of the form:

This may occur anytime files are moved within the CVS repository or removed entirely. In this case, the best solution is to erase all .d files, which list dependencies for source files, and rebuild:

% cd $LLVM_OBJ_DIR
% rm -f `find . -name \*\.d` 
% gmake 

In other cases, it may be necessary to run make clean before rebuilding.

LLVM currently has full support for C and C++ source languages. These are available through a special version of GCC that LLVM calls the C Front End

There is an incomplete version of a Java front end available in the llvm-java CVS repository. There is no documentation on this yet so you'll need to download the code, compile it, and try it.

In the examples/BFtoLLVM directory is a translator for the BrainF*** language (2002 Language Specification).

In the projects/Stacker directory is a compiler and runtime library for the Stacker language, a "toy" language loosely based on Forth.

The PyPy developers are working on integrating LLVM into the PyPy backend so that PyPy language can translate to LLVM.

Currently, there isn't much. LLVM supports an intermediate representation which is useful for code representation but will not support the high level (abstract syntax tree) representation needed by most compilers. There are no facilities for lexical nor semantic analysis. There is, however, a mostly implemented configuration-driven compiler driver which simplifies the task of running optimizations, linking, and executable generation.

See The Often Misunderstood GEP Instruction.

The configure script is getting things wrong because the LLVM linker allows symbols to be undefined at link time (so that they can be resolved during JIT or translation to the C back end). That is why configure thinks your system "has everything."

To work around this, perform the following steps:

1. Make sure the CC and CXX environment variables contains the full path to the LLVM GCC front end.
2. Make sure that the regular C compiler is first in your PATH.
3. Add the string "-Wl,-native" to your CFLAGS environment variable.

This will allow the gccld linker to create a native code executable instead of a shell script that runs the JIT. Creating native code requires standard linkage, which in turn will allow the configure script to find out if code is not linking on your system because the feature isn't available on your system.

The only way this can happen is if you haven't installed the runtime library. To correct this, do:

  % cd llvm/runtime
  % make clean ; make install-bytecode

Passing "-Wa,-disable-opt -Wl,-disable-opt" will disable *all* cleanup and optimizations done at the llvm level, leaving you with the truly horrible code that you desire.

Yes, you can use LLVM to convert code from any language LLVM supports to C. Note that the generated C code will be very low level (all loops are lowered to gotos, etc) and not very pretty (comments are stripped, original source formatting is totally lost, variables are renamed, expressions are regrouped), so this may not be what you're looking for. However, this is a good way to add C++ support for a processor that does not otherwise have a C++ compiler.

Use commands like this:

1. Compile your program as normal with llvm-g++:

$ llvm-g++ x.cpp -o program

or:

llvm-g++ a.cpp -c
llvm-g++ b.cpp -c
llvm-g++ a.o b.o -o program

With llvm-gcc3, this will generate program and program.bc. The .bc file is the LLVM version of the program all linked together.

2. Convert the LLVM code to C code, using the LLC tool with the C backend:

$ llc -march=c program.bc -o program.c

3. Finally, compile the c file:

$ cc x.c

Note that, by default, the C backend does not support exception handling. If you want/need it for a certain program, you can enable it by passing "-enable-correct-eh-support" to the llc program. The resultant code will use setjmp/longjmp to implement exception support that is correct but relatively slow.

Also note: this specific sequence of commands won't work if you use a function defined in the C++ runtime library (or any other C++ library). To access an external C++ library, you must manually compile libstdc++ to LLVM bytecode, statically link it into your program, then use the commands above to convert the whole result into C code. Alternatively, you can compile the libraries and your application into two different chunks of C code and link them.

The __main call is inserted by the C/C++ compiler in order to guarantee that static constructors and destructors are called when the program starts up and shuts down. In C, you can create static constructors and destructors by using GCC extensions, and in C++ you can do so by creating a global variable whose class has a ctor or dtor.

The actual implementation of __main lives in the llvm/runtime/GCCLibraries/crtend/ directory in the source-base, and is linked in automatically when you link the program.

If you #include the <iostream> header into a C++ translation unit, the file will probably use the std::cin/std::cout/... global objects. However, C++ does not guarantee an order of initialization between static objects in different translation units, so if a static ctor/dtor in your .cpp file used std::cout, for example, the object would not necessarily be automatically initialized before your use.

To make std::cout and friends work correctly in these scenarios, the STL that we use declares a static object that gets created in every translation unit that includes <iostream>. This object has a static constructor and destructor that initializes and destroys the global iostream objects before they could possibly be used in the file. The code that you see in the .ll file corresponds to the constructor and destructor registration code.

If you would like to make it easier to understand the LLVM code generated by the compiler in the demo page, consider using printf() instead of iostreams to print values.

If you are using the LLVM demo page, you may often wonder what happened to all of the code that you typed in. Remember that the demo script is running the code through the LLVM optimizers, so if your code doesn't actually do anything useful, it might all be deleted.

To prevent this, make sure that the code is actually needed. For example, if you are computing some expression, return the value from the function instead of leaving it in a local variable. If you really want to constrain the optimizer, you can read from and assign to volatile global variables.

undef is the LLVM way of representing a value that is not defined. You can get these if you do not initialize a variable before you use it. For example, the C function:

Is compiled to "ret int undef" because "i" never has a value specified for it.