//===-- FloatingPoint.cpp - Floating point Reg -> Stack converter ---------===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file was developed by the LLVM research group and is distributed under // the University of Illinois Open Source License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // This file defines the pass which converts floating point instructions from // virtual registers into register stack instructions. This pass uses live // variable information to indicate where the FPn registers are used and their // lifetimes. // // This pass is hampered by the lack of decent CFG manipulation routines for // machine code. In particular, this wants to be able to split critical edges // as necessary, traverse the machine basic block CFG in depth-first order, and // allow there to be multiple machine basic blocks for each LLVM basicblock // (needed for critical edge splitting). // // In particular, this pass currently barfs on critical edges. Because of this, // it requires the instruction selector to insert FP_REG_KILL instructions on // the exits of any basic block that has critical edges going from it, or which // branch to a critical basic block. // // FIXME: this is not implemented yet. The stackifier pass only works on local // basic blocks. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// #define DEBUG_TYPE "fp" #include "X86.h" #include "X86InstrInfo.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/LiveVariables.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h" #include "llvm/Target/TargetInstrInfo.h" #include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h" #include "llvm/Function.h" // FIXME: remove when using MBB CFG! #include "llvm/Support/CFG.h" // FIXME: remove when using MBB CFG! #include "Support/Debug.h" #include "Support/DepthFirstIterator.h" #include "Support/Statistic.h" #include "Support/STLExtras.h" #include #include using namespace llvm; namespace { Statistic<> NumFXCH("x86-codegen", "Number of fxch instructions inserted"); Statistic<> NumFP ("x86-codegen", "Number of floating point instructions"); struct FPS : public MachineFunctionPass { virtual bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF); virtual const char *getPassName() const { return "X86 FP Stackifier"; } virtual void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const { AU.addRequired(); MachineFunctionPass::getAnalysisUsage(AU); } private: LiveVariables *LV; // Live variable info for current function... MachineBasicBlock *MBB; // Current basic block unsigned Stack[8]; // FP Registers in each stack slot... unsigned RegMap[8]; // Track which stack slot contains each register unsigned StackTop; // The current top of the FP stack. void dumpStack() const { std::cerr << "Stack contents:"; for (unsigned i = 0; i != StackTop; ++i) { std::cerr << " FP" << Stack[i]; assert(RegMap[Stack[i]] == i && "Stack[] doesn't match RegMap[]!"); } std::cerr << "\n"; } private: // getSlot - Return the stack slot number a particular register number is // in... unsigned getSlot(unsigned RegNo) const { assert(RegNo < 8 && "Regno out of range!"); return RegMap[RegNo]; } // getStackEntry - Return the X86::FP register in register ST(i) unsigned getStackEntry(unsigned STi) const { assert(STi < StackTop && "Access past stack top!"); return Stack[StackTop-1-STi]; } // getSTReg - Return the X86::ST(i) register which contains the specified // FP register unsigned getSTReg(unsigned RegNo) const { return StackTop - 1 - getSlot(RegNo) + llvm::X86::ST0; } // pushReg - Push the specified FP register onto the stack void pushReg(unsigned Reg) { assert(Reg < 8 && "Register number out of range!"); assert(StackTop < 8 && "Stack overflow!"); Stack[StackTop] = Reg; RegMap[Reg] = StackTop++; } bool isAtTop(unsigned RegNo) const { return getSlot(RegNo) == StackTop-1; } void moveToTop(unsigned RegNo, MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { if (!isAtTop(RegNo)) { unsigned Slot = getSlot(RegNo); unsigned STReg = getSTReg(RegNo); unsigned RegOnTop = getStackEntry(0); // Swap the slots the regs are in std::swap(RegMap[RegNo], RegMap[RegOnTop]); // Swap stack slot contents assert(RegMap[RegOnTop] < StackTop); std::swap(Stack[RegMap[RegOnTop]], Stack[StackTop-1]); // Emit an fxch to update the runtime processors version of the state MachineInstr *MI = BuildMI(X86::FXCH, 1).addReg(STReg); MBB->insert(I, MI); NumFXCH++; } } void duplicateToTop(unsigned RegNo, unsigned AsReg, MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { unsigned STReg = getSTReg(RegNo); pushReg(AsReg); // New register on top of stack MachineInstr *MI = BuildMI(X86::FLDrr, 1).addReg(STReg); MBB->insert(I, MI); } // popStackAfter - Pop the current value off of the top of the FP stack // after the specified instruction. void popStackAfter(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); bool processBasicBlock(MachineFunction &MF, MachineBasicBlock &MBB); void handleZeroArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); void handleOneArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); void handleOneArgFPRW(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); void handleTwoArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); void handleSpecialFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I); }; } FunctionPass *llvm::createX86FloatingPointStackifierPass() { return new FPS(); } /// runOnMachineFunction - Loop over all of the basic blocks, transforming FP /// register references into FP stack references. /// bool FPS::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF) { LV = &getAnalysis(); StackTop = 0; // Figure out the mapping of MBB's to BB's. // // FIXME: Eventually we should be able to traverse the MBB CFG directly, and // we will need to extend this when one llvm basic block can codegen to // multiple MBBs. // // FIXME again: Just use the mapping established by LiveVariables! // std::map MBBMap; for (MachineFunction::iterator I = MF.begin(), E = MF.end(); I != E; ++I) MBBMap[I->getBasicBlock()] = I; // Process the function in depth first order so that we process at least one // of the predecessors for every reachable block in the function. std::set Processed; const BasicBlock *Entry = MF.getFunction()->begin(); bool Changed = false; for (df_ext_iterator > I = df_ext_begin(Entry, Processed), E = df_ext_end(Entry, Processed); I != E; ++I) Changed |= processBasicBlock(MF, *MBBMap[*I]); assert(MBBMap.size() == Processed.size() && "Doesn't handle unreachable code yet!"); return Changed; } /// processBasicBlock - Loop over all of the instructions in the basic block, /// transforming FP instructions into their stack form. /// bool FPS::processBasicBlock(MachineFunction &MF, MachineBasicBlock &BB) { const TargetInstrInfo &TII = MF.getTarget().getInstrInfo(); bool Changed = false; MBB = &BB; for (MachineBasicBlock::iterator I = BB.begin(); I != BB.end(); ++I) { MachineInstr *MI = I; unsigned Flags = TII.get(MI->getOpcode()).TSFlags; if ((Flags & X86II::FPTypeMask) == X86II::NotFP) continue; // Efficiently ignore non-fp insts! MachineInstr *PrevMI = 0; if (I != BB.begin()) PrevMI = prior(I); ++NumFP; // Keep track of # of pseudo instrs DEBUG(std::cerr << "\nFPInst:\t"; MI->print(std::cerr, MF.getTarget())); // Get dead variables list now because the MI pointer may be deleted as part // of processing! LiveVariables::killed_iterator IB = LV->dead_begin(MI); LiveVariables::killed_iterator IE = LV->dead_end(MI); DEBUG(const MRegisterInfo *MRI = MF.getTarget().getRegisterInfo(); LiveVariables::killed_iterator I = LV->killed_begin(MI); LiveVariables::killed_iterator E = LV->killed_end(MI); if (I != E) { std::cerr << "Killed Operands:"; for (; I != E; ++I) std::cerr << " %" << MRI->getName(I->second); std::cerr << "\n"; }); switch (Flags & X86II::FPTypeMask) { case X86II::ZeroArgFP: handleZeroArgFP(I); break; case X86II::OneArgFP: handleOneArgFP(I); break; // fstp ST(0) case X86II::OneArgFPRW: handleOneArgFPRW(I); break; // ST(0) = fsqrt(ST(0)) case X86II::TwoArgFP: handleTwoArgFP(I); break; case X86II::SpecialFP: handleSpecialFP(I); break; default: assert(0 && "Unknown FP Type!"); } // Check to see if any of the values defined by this instruction are dead // after definition. If so, pop them. for (; IB != IE; ++IB) { unsigned Reg = IB->second; if (Reg >= X86::FP0 && Reg <= X86::FP6) { DEBUG(std::cerr << "Register FP#" << Reg-X86::FP0 << " is dead!\n"); ++I; // Insert fxch AFTER the instruction moveToTop(Reg-X86::FP0, I); // Insert fxch if necessary --I; // Move to fxch or old instruction popStackAfter(I); // Pop the top of the stack, killing value } } // Print out all of the instructions expanded to if -debug DEBUG(if (&*I == PrevMI) { std::cerr<< "Just deleted pseudo instruction\n"; } else { MachineBasicBlock::iterator Start = I; // Rewind to first instruction newly inserted. while (Start != BB.begin() && --Start != MachineBasicBlock::iterator(PrevMI)); ++Start; std::cerr << "Inserted instructions:\n\t"; Start->print(std::cerr, MF.getTarget()); while (++Start != I); ++Start; } dumpStack(); ); Changed = true; } assert(StackTop == 0 && "Stack not empty at end of basic block?"); return Changed; } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Efficient Lookup Table Support //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// namespace { struct TableEntry { unsigned from; unsigned to; bool operator<(const TableEntry &TE) const { return from < TE.from; } bool operator<(unsigned V) const { return from < V; } }; } static bool TableIsSorted(const TableEntry *Table, unsigned NumEntries) { for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumEntries-1; ++i) if (!(Table[i] < Table[i+1])) return false; return true; } static int Lookup(const TableEntry *Table, unsigned N, unsigned Opcode) { const TableEntry *I = std::lower_bound(Table, Table+N, Opcode); if (I != Table+N && I->from == Opcode) return I->to; return -1; } #define ARRAY_SIZE(TABLE) \ (sizeof(TABLE)/sizeof(TABLE[0])) #ifdef NDEBUG #define ASSERT_SORTED(TABLE) #else #define ASSERT_SORTED(TABLE) \ { static bool TABLE##Checked = false; \ if (!TABLE##Checked) \ assert(TableIsSorted(TABLE, ARRAY_SIZE(TABLE)) && \ "All lookup tables must be sorted for efficient access!"); \ } #endif //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Helper Methods //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // PopTable - Sorted map of instructions to their popping version. The first // element is an instruction, the second is the version which pops. // static const TableEntry PopTable[] = { { X86::FADDrST0 , X86::FADDPrST0 }, { X86::FDIVRrST0, X86::FDIVRPrST0 }, { X86::FDIVrST0 , X86::FDIVPrST0 }, { X86::FISTr16 , X86::FISTPr16 }, { X86::FISTr32 , X86::FISTPr32 }, { X86::FMULrST0 , X86::FMULPrST0 }, { X86::FSTr32 , X86::FSTPr32 }, { X86::FSTr64 , X86::FSTPr64 }, { X86::FSTrr , X86::FSTPrr }, { X86::FSUBRrST0, X86::FSUBRPrST0 }, { X86::FSUBrST0 , X86::FSUBPrST0 }, { X86::FUCOMPr , X86::FUCOMPPr }, { X86::FUCOMr , X86::FUCOMPr }, }; /// popStackAfter - Pop the current value off of the top of the FP stack after /// the specified instruction. This attempts to be sneaky and combine the pop /// into the instruction itself if possible. The iterator is left pointing to /// the last instruction, be it a new pop instruction inserted, or the old /// instruction if it was modified in place. /// void FPS::popStackAfter(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { ASSERT_SORTED(PopTable); assert(StackTop > 0 && "Cannot pop empty stack!"); RegMap[Stack[--StackTop]] = ~0; // Update state // Check to see if there is a popping version of this instruction... int Opcode = Lookup(PopTable, ARRAY_SIZE(PopTable), I->getOpcode()); if (Opcode != -1) { I->setOpcode(Opcode); if (Opcode == X86::FUCOMPPr) I->RemoveOperand(0); } else { // Insert an explicit pop MachineInstr *MI = BuildMI(X86::FSTPrr, 1).addReg(X86::ST0); I = MBB->insert(++I, MI); } } static unsigned getFPReg(const MachineOperand &MO) { assert(MO.isRegister() && "Expected an FP register!"); unsigned Reg = MO.getReg(); assert(Reg >= X86::FP0 && Reg <= X86::FP6 && "Expected FP register!"); return Reg - X86::FP0; } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Instruction transformation implementation //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// handleZeroArgFP - ST(0) = fld0 ST(0) = flds /// void FPS::handleZeroArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { MachineInstr *MI = I; unsigned DestReg = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0)); MI->RemoveOperand(0); // Remove the explicit ST(0) operand // Result gets pushed on the stack... pushReg(DestReg); } /// handleOneArgFP - fst , ST(0) /// void FPS::handleOneArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { MachineInstr *MI = I; assert((MI->getNumOperands() == 5 || MI->getNumOperands() == 1) && "Can only handle fst* & ftst instructions!"); // Is this the last use of the source register? unsigned Reg = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(MI->getNumOperands()-1)); bool KillsSrc = false; for (LiveVariables::killed_iterator KI = LV->killed_begin(MI), E = LV->killed_end(MI); KI != E; ++KI) KillsSrc |= KI->second == X86::FP0+Reg; // FSTPr80 and FISTPr64 are strange because there are no non-popping versions. // If we have one _and_ we don't want to pop the operand, duplicate the value // on the stack instead of moving it. This ensure that popping the value is // always ok. // if ((MI->getOpcode() == X86::FSTPr80 || MI->getOpcode() == X86::FISTPr64) && !KillsSrc) { duplicateToTop(Reg, 7 /*temp register*/, I); } else { moveToTop(Reg, I); // Move to the top of the stack... } MI->RemoveOperand(MI->getNumOperands()-1); // Remove explicit ST(0) operand if (MI->getOpcode() == X86::FSTPr80 || MI->getOpcode() == X86::FISTPr64) { assert(StackTop > 0 && "Stack empty??"); --StackTop; } else if (KillsSrc) { // Last use of operand? popStackAfter(I); } } /// handleOneArgFPRW - fchs - ST(0) = -ST(0) /// void FPS::handleOneArgFPRW(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { MachineInstr *MI = I; assert(MI->getNumOperands() == 2 && "Can only handle fst* instructions!"); // Is this the last use of the source register? unsigned Reg = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(1)); bool KillsSrc = false; for (LiveVariables::killed_iterator KI = LV->killed_begin(MI), E = LV->killed_end(MI); KI != E; ++KI) KillsSrc |= KI->second == X86::FP0+Reg; if (KillsSrc) { // If this is the last use of the source register, just make sure it's on // the top of the stack. moveToTop(Reg, I); assert(StackTop > 0 && "Stack cannot be empty!"); --StackTop; pushReg(getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0))); } else { // If this is not the last use of the source register, _copy_ it to the top // of the stack. duplicateToTop(Reg, getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0)), I); } MI->RemoveOperand(1); // Drop the source operand. MI->RemoveOperand(0); // Drop the destination operand. } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Define tables of various ways to map pseudo instructions // // ForwardST0Table - Map: A = B op C into: ST(0) = ST(0) op ST(i) static const TableEntry ForwardST0Table[] = { { X86::FpADD, X86::FADDST0r }, { X86::FpDIV, X86::FDIVST0r }, { X86::FpMUL, X86::FMULST0r }, { X86::FpSUB, X86::FSUBST0r }, { X86::FpUCOM, X86::FUCOMr }, }; // ReverseST0Table - Map: A = B op C into: ST(0) = ST(i) op ST(0) static const TableEntry ReverseST0Table[] = { { X86::FpADD, X86::FADDST0r }, // commutative { X86::FpDIV, X86::FDIVRST0r }, { X86::FpMUL, X86::FMULST0r }, // commutative { X86::FpSUB, X86::FSUBRST0r }, { X86::FpUCOM, ~0 }, }; // ForwardSTiTable - Map: A = B op C into: ST(i) = ST(0) op ST(i) static const TableEntry ForwardSTiTable[] = { { X86::FpADD, X86::FADDrST0 }, // commutative { X86::FpDIV, X86::FDIVRrST0 }, { X86::FpMUL, X86::FMULrST0 }, // commutative { X86::FpSUB, X86::FSUBRrST0 }, { X86::FpUCOM, X86::FUCOMr }, }; // ReverseSTiTable - Map: A = B op C into: ST(i) = ST(i) op ST(0) static const TableEntry ReverseSTiTable[] = { { X86::FpADD, X86::FADDrST0 }, { X86::FpDIV, X86::FDIVrST0 }, { X86::FpMUL, X86::FMULrST0 }, { X86::FpSUB, X86::FSUBrST0 }, { X86::FpUCOM, ~0 }, }; /// handleTwoArgFP - Handle instructions like FADD and friends which are virtual /// instructions which need to be simplified and possibly transformed. /// /// Result: ST(0) = fsub ST(0), ST(i) /// ST(i) = fsub ST(0), ST(i) /// ST(0) = fsubr ST(0), ST(i) /// ST(i) = fsubr ST(0), ST(i) /// /// In addition to three address instructions, this also handles the FpUCOM /// instruction which only has two operands, but no destination. This /// instruction is also annoying because there is no "reverse" form of it /// available. /// void FPS::handleTwoArgFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { ASSERT_SORTED(ForwardST0Table); ASSERT_SORTED(ReverseST0Table); ASSERT_SORTED(ForwardSTiTable); ASSERT_SORTED(ReverseSTiTable); MachineInstr *MI = I; unsigned NumOperands = MI->getNumOperands(); assert(NumOperands == 3 || (NumOperands == 2 && MI->getOpcode() == X86::FpUCOM) && "Illegal TwoArgFP instruction!"); unsigned Dest = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0)); unsigned Op0 = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(NumOperands-2)); unsigned Op1 = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(NumOperands-1)); bool KillsOp0 = false, KillsOp1 = false; for (LiveVariables::killed_iterator KI = LV->killed_begin(MI), E = LV->killed_end(MI); KI != E; ++KI) { KillsOp0 |= (KI->second == X86::FP0+Op0); KillsOp1 |= (KI->second == X86::FP0+Op1); } // If this is an FpUCOM instruction, we must make sure the first operand is on // the top of stack, the other one can be anywhere... if (MI->getOpcode() == X86::FpUCOM) moveToTop(Op0, I); unsigned TOS = getStackEntry(0); // One of our operands must be on the top of the stack. If neither is yet, we // need to move one. if (Op0 != TOS && Op1 != TOS) { // No operand at TOS? // We can choose to move either operand to the top of the stack. If one of // the operands is killed by this instruction, we want that one so that we // can update right on top of the old version. if (KillsOp0) { moveToTop(Op0, I); // Move dead operand to TOS. TOS = Op0; } else if (KillsOp1) { moveToTop(Op1, I); TOS = Op1; } else { // All of the operands are live after this instruction executes, so we // cannot update on top of any operand. Because of this, we must // duplicate one of the stack elements to the top. It doesn't matter // which one we pick. // duplicateToTop(Op0, Dest, I); Op0 = TOS = Dest; KillsOp0 = true; } } else if (!KillsOp0 && !KillsOp1 && MI->getOpcode() != X86::FpUCOM) { // If we DO have one of our operands at the top of the stack, but we don't // have a dead operand, we must duplicate one of the operands to a new slot // on the stack. duplicateToTop(Op0, Dest, I); Op0 = TOS = Dest; KillsOp0 = true; } // Now we know that one of our operands is on the top of the stack, and at // least one of our operands is killed by this instruction. assert((TOS == Op0 || TOS == Op1) && (KillsOp0 || KillsOp1 || MI->getOpcode() == X86::FpUCOM) && "Stack conditions not set up right!"); // We decide which form to use based on what is on the top of the stack, and // which operand is killed by this instruction. const TableEntry *InstTable; bool isForward = TOS == Op0; bool updateST0 = (TOS == Op0 && !KillsOp1) || (TOS == Op1 && !KillsOp0); if (updateST0) { if (isForward) InstTable = ForwardST0Table; else InstTable = ReverseST0Table; } else { if (isForward) InstTable = ForwardSTiTable; else InstTable = ReverseSTiTable; } int Opcode = Lookup(InstTable, ARRAY_SIZE(ForwardST0Table), MI->getOpcode()); assert(Opcode != -1 && "Unknown TwoArgFP pseudo instruction!"); // NotTOS - The register which is not on the top of stack... unsigned NotTOS = (TOS == Op0) ? Op1 : Op0; // Replace the old instruction with a new instruction MBB->remove(I); I = MBB->insert(I, BuildMI(Opcode, 1).addReg(getSTReg(NotTOS))); // If both operands are killed, pop one off of the stack in addition to // overwriting the other one. if (KillsOp0 && KillsOp1 && Op0 != Op1) { assert(!updateST0 && "Should have updated other operand!"); popStackAfter(I); // Pop the top of stack } // Insert an explicit pop of the "updated" operand for FUCOM if (MI->getOpcode() == X86::FpUCOM) { if (KillsOp0 && !KillsOp1) popStackAfter(I); // If we kill the first operand, pop it! else if (KillsOp1 && Op0 != Op1) { if (getStackEntry(0) == Op1) { popStackAfter(I); // If it's right at the top of stack, just pop it } else { // Otherwise, move the top of stack into the dead slot, killing the // operand without having to add in an explicit xchg then pop. // unsigned STReg = getSTReg(Op1); unsigned OldSlot = getSlot(Op1); unsigned TopReg = Stack[StackTop-1]; Stack[OldSlot] = TopReg; RegMap[TopReg] = OldSlot; RegMap[Op1] = ~0; Stack[--StackTop] = ~0; MachineInstr *MI = BuildMI(X86::FSTPrr, 1).addReg(STReg); I = MBB->insert(++I, MI); } } } // Update stack information so that we know the destination register is now on // the stack. if (MI->getOpcode() != X86::FpUCOM) { unsigned UpdatedSlot = getSlot(updateST0 ? TOS : NotTOS); assert(UpdatedSlot < StackTop && Dest < 7); Stack[UpdatedSlot] = Dest; RegMap[Dest] = UpdatedSlot; } delete MI; // Remove the old instruction } /// handleSpecialFP - Handle special instructions which behave unlike other /// floating point instructions. This is primarily intended for use by pseudo /// instructions. /// void FPS::handleSpecialFP(MachineBasicBlock::iterator &I) { MachineInstr *MI = I; switch (MI->getOpcode()) { default: assert(0 && "Unknown SpecialFP instruction!"); case X86::FpGETRESULT: // Appears immediately after a call returning FP type! assert(StackTop == 0 && "Stack should be empty after a call!"); pushReg(getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0))); break; case X86::FpSETRESULT: assert(StackTop == 1 && "Stack should have one element on it to return!"); --StackTop; // "Forget" we have something on the top of stack! break; case X86::FpMOV: { unsigned SrcReg = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(1)); unsigned DestReg = getFPReg(MI->getOperand(0)); bool KillsSrc = false; for (LiveVariables::killed_iterator KI = LV->killed_begin(MI), E = LV->killed_end(MI); KI != E; ++KI) KillsSrc |= KI->second == X86::FP0+SrcReg; if (KillsSrc) { // If the input operand is killed, we can just change the owner of the // incoming stack slot into the result. unsigned Slot = getSlot(SrcReg); assert(Slot < 7 && DestReg < 7 && "FpMOV operands invalid!"); Stack[Slot] = DestReg; RegMap[DestReg] = Slot; } else { // For FMOV we just duplicate the specified value to a new stack slot. // This could be made better, but would require substantial changes. duplicateToTop(SrcReg, DestReg, I); } break; } } I = MBB->erase(I); // Remove the pseudo instruction --I; }