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The inalloca attribute is designed to support passing C++ objects by value in the Microsoft C++ ABI. It behaves the same as byval, except that it always implies that the argument is in memory and that the bytes are never copied. This attribute allows the caller to take the address of an outgoing argument's memory and execute arbitrary code to store into it. This patch adds basic IR support, docs, and verification. It does not attempt to implement any lowering or fix any possibly broken transforms. When this patch lands, a complete description of this feature should appear at http://llvm.org/docs/InAlloca.html . Differential Revision: http://llvm-reviews.chandlerc.com/D2173 git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@197645 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8
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5.9 KiB
ReStructuredText
141 lines
5.9 KiB
ReStructuredText
==========================================
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Design and Usage of the InAlloca Attribute
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==========================================
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Introduction
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============
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.. Warning:: This feature is unstable and not fully implemented.
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The :ref:`attr_inalloca` attribute is designed to allow taking the
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address of an aggregate argument that is being passed by value through
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memory. Primarily, this feature is required for compatibility with the
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Microsoft C++ ABI. Under that ABI, class instances that are passed by
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value are constructed directly into argument stack memory. Prior to the
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addition of inalloca, calls in LLVM were indivisible instructions.
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There was no way to perform intermediate work, such as object
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construction, between the first stack adjustment and the final control
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transfer. With inalloca, each argument is modelled as an alloca, which
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can be stored to independently of the call. Unfortunately, this
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complicated feature comes with a large set of restrictions designed to
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bound the lifetime of the argument memory around the call, which are
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explained in this document.
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For now, it is recommended that frontends and optimizers avoid producing
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this construct, primarily because it forces the use of a base pointer.
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This feature may grow in the future to allow general mid-level
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optimization, but for now, it should be regarded as less efficient than
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passing by value with a copy.
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Intended Usage
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==============
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In the example below, ``f`` is attempting to pass a default-constructed
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``Foo`` object to ``g`` by value.
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.. code-block:: llvm
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%Foo = type { i32, i32 }
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declare void @Foo_ctor(%Foo* %this)
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declare void @g(%Foo* inalloca %arg)
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define void @f() {
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...
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bb1:
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%base = call i8* @llvm.stacksave()
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%arg = alloca %Foo
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invoke void @Foo_ctor(%Foo* %arg)
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to label %invoke.cont unwind %invoke.unwind
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invoke.cont:
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call void @g(%Foo* inalloca %arg)
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call void @llvm.stackrestore(i8* %base)
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...
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invoke.unwind:
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call void @llvm.stackrestore(i8* %base)
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...
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}
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The alloca in this example is dynamic, meaning it is not in the entry
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block, and it can be executed more than once. Due to the restrictions
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against allocas between an alloca used with inalloca and its associated
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call site, all allocas used with inalloca are considered dynamic.
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To avoid any stack leakage, the frontend saves the current stack pointer
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with a call to :ref:`llvm.stacksave <int_stacksave>`. Then, it
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allocates the argument stack space with alloca and calls the default
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constructor. One important consideration is that the default
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constructor could throw an exception, so the frontend has to create a
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landing pad. At this point, if there were any other inalloca arguments,
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the frontend would have to destruct them before restoring the stack
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pointer. If the constructor does not unwind, ``g`` is called, and then
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the stack is restored.
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Design Considerations
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=====================
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Lifetime
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--------
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The biggest design consideration for this feature is object lifetime.
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We cannot model the arguments as static allocas in the entry block,
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because all calls need to use the memory that is at the end of the call
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frame to pass arguments. We cannot vend pointers to that memory at
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function entry because after code generation they will alias. In the
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current design, the rule against allocas between the inalloca alloca
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values and the call site avoids this problem, but it creates a cleanup
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problem. Cleanup and lifetime is handled explicitly with stack save and
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restore calls. In the future, we may be able to avoid this by using
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:ref:`llvm.lifetime.start <int_lifestart>` and :ref:`llvm.lifetime.end
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<int_lifeend>` instead.
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Nested Calls and Copy Elision
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-----------------------------
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The next consideration is the ability for the frontend to perform copy
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elision in the face of nested calls. Consider the evaluation of
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``foo(foo(Bar()))``, where ``foo`` takes and returns a ``Bar`` object by
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value and ``Bar`` has non-trivial constructors. In this case, we want
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to be able to elide copies into ``foo``'s argument slots. That means we
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need to have more than one set of argument frames active at the same
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time. First, we need to allocate the frame for the outer call so we can
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pass it in as the hidden struct return pointer to the middle call. Then
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we do the same for the middle call, allocating a frame and passing its
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address to ``Bar``'s default constructor. By wrapping the evaluation of
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the inner ``foo`` with stack save and restore, we can have multiple
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overlapping active call frames.
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Callee-cleanup Calling Conventions
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----------------------------------
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Another wrinkle is the existence of callee-cleanup conventions. On
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Windows, all methods and many other functions adjust the stack to clear
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the memory used to pass their arguments. In some sense, this means that
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the allocas are automatically cleared by the call. However, LLVM
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instead models this as a write of undef to all of the inalloca values
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passed to the call instead of a stack adjustment. Frontends should
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still restore the stack pointer to avoid a stack leak.
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Exceptions
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----------
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There is also the possibility of an exception. If argument evaluation
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or copy construction throws an exception, the landing pad must do
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cleanup, which includes adjusting the stack pointer to avoid a stack
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leak. This means the cleanup of the stack memory cannot be tied to the
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call itself. There needs to be a separate IR-level instruction that can
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perform independent cleanup of arguments.
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Efficiency
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----------
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Eventually, it should be possible to generate efficient code for this
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construct. In particular, using inalloca should not require a base
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pointer. If the backend can prove that all points in the CFG only have
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one possible stack level, then it can address the stack directly from
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the stack pointer. While this is not yet implemented, the plan is that
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the inalloca attribute should not change much, but the frontend IR
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generation recommendations may change.
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