mirror of
https://github.com/c64scene-ar/llvm-6502.git
synced 2024-08-17 21:29:20 +00:00
git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@18474 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8
647 lines
24 KiB
HTML
647 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
|
|
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<title>A Few Coding Standards</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_title">
|
|
A Few Coding Standards
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#mechanicalissues">Mechanical Source Issues</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#sourceformating">Source Code Formatting</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_commenting">Commenting</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_commentformat">Comment Formatting</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_includes"><tt>#include</tt> Style</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_codewidth">Source Code Width</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_spacestabs">Use Spaces Instead of Tabs</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scf_indentation">Indent Code Consistently</a></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#compilerissues">Compiler Issues</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#ci_warningerrors">Treat Compiler Warnings Like
|
|
Errors</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#ci_portable_code">Write Portable Code</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#ci_class_struct">Use of class/struct Keywords</a></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#styleissues">Style Issues</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#macro">The High Level Issues</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_module">A Public Header File <b>is</b> a
|
|
Module</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_dontinclude">#include as Little as Possible</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_privateheaders">Keep "internal" Headers
|
|
Private</a></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#micro">The Low Level Issues</a>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_assert">Assert Liberally</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_preincrement">Prefer Preincrement</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_avoidendl">Avoid <tt>std::endl</tt></a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_exploitcpp">Exploit C++ to its Fullest</a></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
</ol></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#seealso">See Also</a></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_author">
|
|
<p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
<div class="doc_section">
|
|
<a name="introduction">Introduction</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>This document attempts to describe a few coding standards that are being used
|
|
in the LLVM source tree. Although no coding standards should be regarded as
|
|
absolute requirements to be followed in all instances, coding standards can be
|
|
useful.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document intentionally does not prescribe fixed standards for religious
|
|
issues such as brace placement and space usage. For issues like this, follow
|
|
the golden rule:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p><b><a name="goldenrule">If you are adding a significant body of source to a
|
|
project, feel free to use whatever style you are most comfortable with. If you
|
|
are extending, enhancing, or bug fixing already implemented code, use the style
|
|
that is already being used so that the source is uniform and easy to
|
|
follow.</a></b></p>
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>The ultimate goal of these guidelines is the increase readability and
|
|
maintainability of our common source base. If you have suggestions for topics to
|
|
be included, please mail them to <a
|
|
href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
<div class="doc_section">
|
|
<a name="mechanicalissues">Mechanical Source Issues</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsection">
|
|
<a name="sourceformating">Source Code Formatting</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_commenting">Commenting</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Comments are one critical part of readability and maintainability. Everyone
|
|
knows they should comment, so should you. Although we all should probably
|
|
comment our code more than we do, there are a few very critical places that
|
|
documentation is very useful:</p>
|
|
|
|
<b>File Headers</b>
|
|
|
|
<p>Every source file should have a header on it that
|
|
describes the basic purpose of the file. If a file does not have a header, it
|
|
should not be checked into CVS. Most source trees will probably have a standard
|
|
file header format. The standard format for the LLVM source tree looks like
|
|
this:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
//===-- llvm/Instruction.h - Instruction class definition -------*- C++ -*-===//
|
|
//
|
|
// The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
|
|
//
|
|
// This file was developed by the LLVM research group and is distributed under
|
|
// the University of Illinois Open Source License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
|
|
//
|
|
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
|
|
//
|
|
// This file contains the declaration of the Instruction class, which is the
|
|
// base class for all of the VM instructions.
|
|
//
|
|
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>A few things to note about this particular format: The "<tt>-*- C++
|
|
-*-</tt>" string on the first line is there to tell Emacs that the source file
|
|
is a C++ file, not a C file (Emacs assumes .h files are C files by default).
|
|
Note that this tag is not necessary in .cpp files. The name of the file is also
|
|
on the first line, along with a very short description of the purpose of the
|
|
file. This is important when printing out code and flipping though lots of
|
|
pages.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The next section in the file is a concise note that defines the license that
|
|
the file is released under. This makes it perfectly clear what terms the source
|
|
code can be distributed under.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The main body of the description does not have to be very long in most cases.
|
|
Here it's only two lines. If an algorithm is being implemented or something
|
|
tricky is going on, a reference to the paper where it is published should be
|
|
included, as well as any notes or "gotchas" in the code to watch out for.</p>
|
|
|
|
<b>Class overviews</b>
|
|
|
|
<p>Classes are one fundemental part of a good object oriented design. As such,
|
|
a class definition should have a comment block that explains what the class is
|
|
used for... if it's not obvious. If it's so completely obvious your grandma
|
|
could figure it out, it's probably safe to leave it out. Naming classes
|
|
something sane goes a long ways towards avoiding writing documentation.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Method information</b>
|
|
|
|
<p>Methods defined in a class (as well as any global functions) should also be
|
|
documented properly. A quick note about what it does any a description of the
|
|
borderline behaviour is all that is necessary here (unless something
|
|
particularly tricky or insideous is going on). The hope is that people can
|
|
figure out how to use your interfaces without reading the code itself... that is
|
|
the goal metric.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Good things to talk about here are what happens when something unexpected
|
|
happens: does the method return null? Abort? Format your hard disk?</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_commentformat">Comment Formatting</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>In general, prefer C++ style (<tt>//</tt>) comments. They take less space,
|
|
require less typing, don't have nesting problems, etc. There are a few cases
|
|
when it is useful to use C style (<tt>/* */</tt>) comments however:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>When writing a C code: Obviously if you are writing C code, use C style
|
|
comments.</li>
|
|
<li>When writing a header file that may be <tt>#include</tt>d by a C source
|
|
file.</li>
|
|
<li>When writing a source file that is used by a tool that only accepts C
|
|
style comments.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>To comment out a large block of code, use <tt>#if 0</tt> and <tt>#endif</tt>.
|
|
These nest properly and are better behaved in general than C style comments.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_includes"><tt>#include</tt> Style</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Immediately after the <a href="#scf_commenting">header file comment</a> (and
|
|
include guards if working on a header file), the <a
|
|
href="#hl_dontinclude">minimal</a> list of <tt>#include</tt>s required by the
|
|
file should be listed. We prefer these <tt>#include</tt>s to be listed in this
|
|
order:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#mmheader">Main Module header</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#hl_privateheaders">Local/Private Headers</a></li>
|
|
<li><tt>llvm/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li><tt>llvm/Analysis/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li><tt>llvm/Assembly/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li><tt>llvm/Bytecode/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li><tt>llvm/CodeGen/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li>...</li>
|
|
<li><tt>Support/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li><tt>Config/*</tt></li>
|
|
<li>System <tt>#includes</tt></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>... and each catagory should be sorted by name.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="mmheader">The "Main Module Header"</a> file applies to .cpp file
|
|
which implement an interface defined by a .h file. This <tt>#include</tt>
|
|
should always be included <b>first</b> regardless of where it lives on the file
|
|
system. By including a header file first in the .cpp files that implement the
|
|
interfaces, we ensure that the header does not have any hidden dependencies
|
|
which are not explicitly #included in the header, but should be. It is also a
|
|
form of documentation in the .cpp file to indicate where the interfaces it
|
|
implements are defined.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_codewidth">Source Code Width</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Write your code to fit within 80 columns of text. This helps those of us who
|
|
like to print out code and look at your code in an xterm without resizing
|
|
it.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_spacestabs">Use Spaces Instead of Tabs</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>In all cases, prefer spaces to tabs in source files. People have different
|
|
prefered indentation levels, and different styles of indentation that they
|
|
like... this is fine. What isn't is that different editors/viewers expand tabs
|
|
out to different tab stops. This can cause your code to look completely
|
|
unreadable, and it is not worth dealing with.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>As always, follow the <a href="#goldenrule">Golden Rule</a> above: follow the
|
|
style of existing code if your are modifying and extending it. If you like four
|
|
spaces of indentation, <b>DO NOT</b> do that in the middle of a chunk of code
|
|
with two spaces of indentation. Also, do not reindent a whole source file: it
|
|
makes for incredible diffs that are absolutely worthless.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="scf_indentation">Indent Code Consistently</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Okay, your first year of programming you were told that indentation is
|
|
important. If you didn't believe and internalize this then, now is the time.
|
|
Just do it.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsection">
|
|
<a name="compilerissues">Compiler Issues</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="ci_warningerrors">Treat Compiler Warnings Like Errors</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>If your code has compiler warnings in it, something is wrong: you aren't
|
|
casting values correctly, your have "questionable" constructs in your code, or
|
|
you are doing something legitimately wrong. Compiler warnings can cover up
|
|
legitimate errors in output and make dealing with a translation unit
|
|
difficult.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>It is not possible to prevent all warnings from all compilers, nor is it
|
|
desirable. Instead, pick a standard compiler (like <tt>gcc</tt>) that provides
|
|
a good thorough set of warnings, and stick to them. At least in the case of
|
|
<tt>gcc</tt>, it is possible to work around any spurious errors by changing the
|
|
syntax of the code slightly. For example, an warning that annoys me occurs when
|
|
I write code like this:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
if (V = getValue()) {
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>gcc</tt> will warn me that I probably want to use the <tt>==</tt>
|
|
operator, and that I probably mistyped it. In most cases, I haven't, and I
|
|
really don't want the spurious errors. To fix this particular problem, I
|
|
rewrite the code like this:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
if ((V = getValue())) {
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>...which shuts <tt>gcc</tt> up. Any <tt>gcc</tt> warning that annoys you can
|
|
be fixed by massaging the code appropriately.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>These are the <tt>gcc</tt> warnings that I prefer to enable: <tt>-Wall
|
|
-Winline -W -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused</tt></p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="ci_portable_code">Write Portable Code</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>In almost all cases, it is possible and within reason to write completely
|
|
portable code. If there are cases where it isn't possible to write portable
|
|
code, isolate it behind a well defined (and well documented) interface.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In practice, this means that you shouldn't assume much about the host
|
|
compiler, including its support for "high tech" features like partial
|
|
specialization of templates. In fact, Visual C++ 6 could be an important target
|
|
for our work in the future, and we don't want to have to rewrite all of our code
|
|
to support it.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="ci_class_struct">Use of <tt>class</tt> and <tt>struct</tt> Keywords</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>In C++, the <tt>class</tt> and <tt>struct</tt> keywords can be used almost
|
|
interchangeably. The only difference is when they are used to declare a class:
|
|
<tt>class</tt> makes all members private by default while <tt>struct</tt> makes
|
|
all members public by default.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Unfortunately, not all compilers follow the rules and some will generate
|
|
different symbols based on whether <tt>class</tt> or <tt>struct</tt> was used to
|
|
declare the symbol. This can lead to problems at link time.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So, the rule for LLVM is to always use the <tt>class</tt> keyword, unless
|
|
<b>all</b> members are public, in which case <tt>struct</tt> is allowed.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
<div class="doc_section">
|
|
<a name="styleissues">Style Issues</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsection">
|
|
<a name="macro">The High Level Issues</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_module">A Public Header File <b>is</b> a Module</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>C++ doesn't do too well in the modularity department. There is no real
|
|
encapsulation or data hiding (unless you use expensive protocol classes), but it
|
|
is what we have to work with. When you write a public header file (in the LLVM
|
|
source tree, they live in the top level "include" directory), you are defining a
|
|
module of functionality.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Ideally, modules should be completely independent of each other, and their
|
|
header files should only include the absolute minimum number of headers
|
|
possible. A module is not just a class, a function, or a namespace: <a
|
|
href="http://www.cuj.com/articles/2000/0002/0002c/0002c.htm">it's a collection
|
|
of these</a> that defines an interface. This interface may be several
|
|
functions, classes or data structures, but the important issue is how they work
|
|
together.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In general, a module should be implemented with one or more <tt>.cpp</tt>
|
|
files. Each of these <tt>.cpp</tt> files should include the header that defines
|
|
their interface first. This ensure that all of the dependences of the module
|
|
header have been properly added to the module header itself, and are not
|
|
implicit. System headers should be included after user headers for a
|
|
translation unit.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_dontinclude"><tt>#include</tt> as Little as Possible</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>#include</tt> hurts compile time performance. Don't do it unless you
|
|
have to, especially in header files.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>But wait, sometimes you need to have the definition of a class to use it, or
|
|
to inherit from it. In these cases go ahead and <tt>#include</tt> that header
|
|
file. Be aware however that there are many cases where you don't need to have
|
|
the full definition of a class. If you are using a pointer or reference to a
|
|
class, you don't need the header file. If you are simply returning a class
|
|
instance from a prototyped function or method, you don't need it. In fact, for
|
|
most cases, you simply don't need the definition of a class... and not
|
|
<tt>#include</tt>'ing speeds up compilation.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>It is easy to try to go too overboard on this recommendation, however. You
|
|
<b>must</b> include all of the header files that you are using, either directly
|
|
or indirectly (through another header file). To make sure that you don't
|
|
accidently forget to include a header file in your module header, make sure to
|
|
include your module header <b>first</b> in the implementation file (as mentioned
|
|
above). This way there won't be any hidden dependencies that you'll find out
|
|
about later...</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_privateheaders">Keep "internal" Headers Private</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Many modules have a complex implementation that causes them to use more than
|
|
one implementation (<tt>.cpp</tt>) file. It is often tempting to put the
|
|
internal communication interface (helper classes, extra functions, etc) in the
|
|
public module header file. Don't do this.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you really need to do something like this, put a private header file in
|
|
the same directory as the source files, and include it locally. This ensures
|
|
that your private interface remains private and undisturbed by outsiders.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Note however, that it's okay to put extra implementation methods a public
|
|
class itself... just make them private (or protected), and all is well.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsection">
|
|
<a name="micro">The Low Level Issues</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_assert">Assert Liberally</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Use the "<tt>assert</tt>" function to its fullest. Check all of your
|
|
preconditions and assumptions, you never know when a bug (not neccesarily even
|
|
yours) might be caught early by an assertion, which reduces debugging time
|
|
dramatically. The "<tt><cassert></tt>" header file is probably already
|
|
included by the header files you are using, so it doesn't cost anything to use
|
|
it.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To further assist with debugging, make sure to put some kind of error message
|
|
in the assertion statement (which is printed if the assertion is tripped). This
|
|
helps the poor debugging make sense of why an assertion is being made and
|
|
enforced, and hopefully what to do about it. Here is one complete example:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
inline Value *getOperand(unsigned i) {
|
|
assert(i < Operands.size() && "getOperand() out of range!");
|
|
return Operands[i];
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>Here are some examples:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
assert(Ty->isPointerType() && "Can't allocate a non pointer type!");
|
|
|
|
assert((Opcode == Shl || Opcode == Shr) && "ShiftInst Opcode invalid!");
|
|
|
|
assert(idx < getNumSuccessors() && "Successor # out of range!");
|
|
|
|
assert(V1.getType() == V2.getType() && "Constant types must be identical!");
|
|
|
|
assert(isa<PHINode>(Succ->front()) && "Only works on PHId BBs!");
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>You get the idea...</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_preincrement">Prefer Preincrement</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>Hard fast rule: Preincrement (<tt>++X</tt>) may be no slower than
|
|
postincrement (<tt>X++</tt>) and could very well be a lot faster than it. Use
|
|
preincrementation whenever possible.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The semantics of postincrement include making a copy of the value being
|
|
incremented, returning it, and then preincrementing the "work value". For
|
|
primitive types, this isn't a big deal... but for iterators, it can be a huge
|
|
issue (for example, some iterators contains stack and set objects in them...
|
|
copying an iterator could invoke the copy ctor's of these as well). In general,
|
|
get in the habit of always using preincrement, and you won't have a problem.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_avoidendl">Avoid <tt>std::endl</tt></a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>The <tt>std::endl</tt> modifier, when used with iostreams outputs a newline
|
|
to the output stream specified. In addition to doing this, however, it also
|
|
flushes the output stream. In other words, these are equivalent:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_code">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
std::cout << std::endl;
|
|
std::cout << '\n' << std::flush;
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>Most of the time, you probably have no reason to flush the output stream, so
|
|
it's better to use a literal <tt>'\n'</tt>.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
|
|
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
|
|
<a name="hl_exploitcpp">Exploit C++ to its Fullest</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>C++ is a powerful language. With a firm grasp on its capabilities, you can
|
|
make write effective, consise, readable and maintainable code all at the same
|
|
time. By staying consistent, you reduce the amount of special cases that need
|
|
to be remembered. Reducing the total number of lines of code you write is a
|
|
good way to avoid documentation, and avoid giving bugs a place to hide.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>For these reasons, come to know and love the contents of your local
|
|
<tt><algorithm></tt> header file. Know about <tt><functional></tt>
|
|
and what it can do for you. C++ is just a tool that wants you to master it.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
<div class="doc_section">
|
|
<a name="seealso">See Also</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
|
|
<div class="doc_text">
|
|
|
|
<p>A lot of these comments and recommendations have been culled for other
|
|
sources. Two particularly important books for our work are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://www.aw-bc.com/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0201310155,00.html">Effective
|
|
C++</a> by Scott Meyers. There is an online version of the book (only some
|
|
chapters though) <a
|
|
href="http://www.awlonline.com/cseng/meyerscddemo/">available as well</a>. Also
|
|
interesting and useful are "More Effective C++" and "Effective STL" by the same
|
|
author.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://cseng.aw.com/book/0,3828,0201633620,00.html">Large-Scale C++
|
|
Software Design</a> by John Lakos</li>
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you get some free time, and you haven't read them: do so, you might learn
|
|
something.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<address>
|
|
<a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img
|
|
src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss" alt="Valid CSS!"></a>
|
|
<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img
|
|
src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01!"></a>
|
|
|
|
<a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
|
|
<a href="http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu">LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a><br>
|
|
Last modified: $Date$
|
|
</address>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|