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# ASCII Interface - Atmega328p
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This is is a key scanner module with parallel output, and optional serial output, supporting keyboards
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of up to 16 rows X 8 columns.
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This is is a key scanner module with parallel output, and optional serial
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output, supporting keyboards of up to 16 rows X 8 columns.
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The ATMega 328P was selected for the sole reason that it is an architecture
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familiar to many hobbyists, with an accessible programming environment and
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ecosystem, in a DIP format that fits the retro look and is easy to solder for
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most hobbyists. All of the ICs, other than the microcontroller, are only present
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to compensate for the limited number of GPIO lines on this small 28-pin
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microcontroller. Using a bigger chip would greatly simplify the hardware and
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even slightly simplify the hardware layer of the firmware.
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<img alt="Assembly Rendering" src="images/images/PCB-assembly-rendering.jpg" height=75% width=75%>
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The ATMega 328P was selected for the sole reason that it is an architecture familiar to many hobbyists,
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with an accessible programming environment and ecosystem, in a DIP format that fits the retro look and is
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easy to solder for most hobbyists. All of the ICs, other than the microcontroller, are only present to
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compensate for the limited number of GPIO lines on this small 28-pin microcontroller. Using a bigger chip
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would greatly simplify the hardware and even slightly simplify the hardware layer of the firmware.
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## Overview
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- The keyboard rows are driven by a pair of 74LS138 decoders, allowing 4 GPIO lines to drive 16 rows.
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- The keyboard rows are driven by a pair of 74LS138 decoders, allowing 4 GPIO
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lines to drive 16 rows.
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- The columns are read in via an 8-bit shift register, controlled by 3 GPIO lines.
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- One 8-bit port is used for the parallel ASCII output.
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- Two GPIO lines are used to generate special outputs to the host. These could be RESET, BREAK, CLEAR, etc.
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- Two GPIO lines are used to generate special outputs to the host. These could
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be RESET, BREAK, CLEAR, etc.
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- One GPIO line is used to control a keyboard LED.
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- Three of the ISP lines are also used as outputs to controll two more Keyboard LEDs and one more "special" output line.
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- The top two parallel I/O bits can also be configured as UART I/O. This could be used to provide serial output instead
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or parallel output, to support a bootloader, or even to accept a serial input stream from another computer to send to the
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host as parallel ASCII data. This last application would require careful timing to avoid conflicts.
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- Three of the ISP lines are also used as outputs to controll two more Keyboard
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LEDs and one more "special" output line.
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- The top two parallel I/O bits can also be configured as UART I/O. This could
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be used to provide serial output instead or parallel output, to support a
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bootloader, or even to accept a serial input stream from another computer to
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send to the host as parallel ASCII data. This last application would require
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careful timing to avoid conflicts.
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## Assembly Notes
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@ -27,37 +37,43 @@ The minimum functioning circuit includes
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1. the 74LS166 shift register (U2)
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1. one 74LS138 decoder (U3).
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1. The resistor network RN1
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1. The two resistors R3 and R4. If you are using the keyboard in only a parallel configuration or only a
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serial configuration, then you can jumper these resistors with a piece of wire.
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1. The two resistors R3 and R4. If you are using the keyboard in only a parallel
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configuration or only a serial configuration, then you can jumper these
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resistors with a piece of wire.
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1. Any connectors required.
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## Optional components
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### Diodes D1-D16
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These diodes are intended to mitigate ghosting when used with a keyboard matrix that does not have
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any diodes installed. These provide one diode per row. If you are attaching a keyboard with no diodes, then you only need
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to populate the diodes corresponding to rows on the keyboard. If the keyboard has 8 rows, then you may want to install
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8 diodes corresponding to those rows.
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These diodes are intended to mitigate ghosting when used with a keyboard matrix
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that does not have any diodes installed. These provide one diode per row. If you
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are attaching a keyboard with no diodes, then you only need to populate the
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diodes corresponding to rows on the keyboard. If the keyboard has 8 rows, then
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you may want to install 8 diodes corresponding to those rows.
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Note that the footprints for these diodes include a copper jumper on the TOP copper layer. If you install any of these
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diodes, you should cut the jumpers for those diodes. Otherwise the diodes do nothing.
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Note that the footprints for these diodes include a copper jumper on the TOP
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copper layer. If you install any of these diodes, you should cut the jumpers for
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those diodes. Otherwise the diodes do nothing.
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### DIP switch and associated diodes
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The DIP switch is optional. If you don't want to be able to set options via the DIP switches, you can set all your
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preferences in the firmware, or just accept the default behavior, and skip the DIP switch and Diodes D17-D20 and D24-D27.
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The DIP switch is optional. If you don't want to be able to set options via the
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DIP switches, you can set all your preferences in the firmware, or just accept
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the default behavior, and skip the DIP switch and Diodes D17-D20 and D24-D27.
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### Second 74LS138 multiplexer (U4)
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Only needed if you have more than 8 rows.
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### The 74LS07 hex buffer (U5)
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Only needed if you are using LED2 or LED3 on the keyboard, or the OUT2 open collector output.
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Only needed if you are using LED2 or LED3 on the keyboard, or the OUT2 open
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collector output.
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### Diodes D21, D22, D23
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Some keyboards may not wire all keys into the matrix. For example, some other interface modules may
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assign special hardware functions to certain keys. Those keys are brought directly to the keyboard
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connector. For the classic keyboard, the POWER key, the '@' key, and the RUBOUT key are not directly wired.
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This module wires them into the matrix via D21, D22, and D23, respectively. For keyboards with no separately wired
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keys, these diodes may be omitted.
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Some keyboards may not wire all keys into the matrix. For example, some other
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interface modules may assign special hardware functions to certain keys. Those
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keys are brought directly to the keyboard connector. For the classic keyboard,
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the POWER key, the '@' key, and the RUBOUT key are not directly wired. This
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module wires them into the matrix via D21, D22, and D23, respectively. For
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keyboards with no separately wired keys, these diodes may be omitted.
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### Resistors R1, R2, R5
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These resistors provide current limiting for up to three keyboard LEDs. If no keyboard LEDs are installed, then these
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resistors can be ommitted.
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These resistors provide current limiting for up to three keyboard LEDs. If no
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keyboard LEDs are installed, then these resistors can be ommitted.
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