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+# The Apple 410 Color Plotter
+
+## Quick introduction and apology
+
+Everything below (other than the dip switch settings) was sussed out by
+ripping the ROM, extracting the self-test script and the command lookup table, and 
+trial and error. Now that the manual is included in this folder, this could possibly
+be updated.
+
+## General concepts
+
+The way the 401 interprets a coordinate at any given time depends on the current
+viewport and window settings. The "viewport" is a rectangle specified in hardware
+absolute coordinates and defines the physical area in which coordinates are resolved.
+The "window" defines the virtual coordinates of the drawing area, which are then
+mapped to the viewport.
+
+All drawing operations are clipped to the current viewport and window; parts of
+arcs, circles, lines, etc. that would be rendered outside the viewport are not
+drawn.
+
+If the size of the window has a different aspect ratio than the size of the viewport,
+the elements drawn will be stretched to fit. You can use this mechanism to draw ellipses
+or stretched text.
+
+Commands sent to the 401 are terminated by the ASCII "end of text" delimiter, 0x03.
+A semicolon or newline may also be used in some situations; however it's safest to
+terminate a text-writing command (PL) with 0x03.
+
+## Units
+
+The base units for the viewport (as used in the VP command) are approximately 1 unit
+= 0.1mm.  (In practice, this is slightly off, so I don't recommend drawing any rulers
+with this machine.)
+
+### Serial connection
+
+The 8 DIP switches (SW1-SW8) on the back of the plotter are used to configure the
+serial interface.
+
+SW1 selects the data bits. ON = 7 bits, OFF = 8 bits.
+
+SW2 selects whether parity is used. ON = no parity bit, OFF = use a parity bit.
+If parity is selected, SW3 determines the type of parity bit. ON = odd parity,
+OFF = even parity.
+
+SW4 and SW5 select the number of stop bits:
+
+| SW4  | SW5  |  Stop bits    |
+|------|------|---------------|
+| OFF  | OFF  | 2 stop bits   |
+| ON   | OFF  | 1.5 stop bits |
+| OFF  | ON   | 1 stop bit    |
+| ON   | ON   | invalid       |
+
+SW6, SW7, and SW8 select the baud rate:
+
+| SW6 | SW7 | SW8 | Baud       |
+|-----|-----|-----|------------|
+| OFF | OFF | OFF |  75 baud   |
+| OFF | OFF | ON  | 150 baud   |
+| OFF | ON  | OFF | 300 baud   |
+| OFF | ON  | ON  | 600 baud   |
+| ON  | OFF | OFF | 1200 baud  |
+| ON  | OFF | ON  | 2400 baud  |
+| ON  | ON  | OFF | 4800 baud  |
+| ON  | ON  | ON  | 9600 baud  |
+
+**The 401 uses hardware handshaking.** It never returns data to the computer
+over the serial line and sets DSR when its internal buffer is full. Sending even
+one byte after the DSR line has been set will corrupt the 401's command buffer
+and trigger an error. Most USB to RS232 cables will attempt to bundle up several
+bytes before transmission, so unless you're sure that your cable can handle it
+I recommend flushing the serial connection after every byte and checking the DSR
+line yourself.
+
+## Command Reference
+
+### Move Absolute (MA)
+
+```
+MAx,y
+```
+
+Raise the pen and move the plotter head to the position specified by the x,y coordinates.
+
+Params: 2
+
+### Move relative (MR)
+
+```
+MRx,y
+```
+
+Raise the pen and move the plotter head to a position offset x,y from its
+current position.
+
+Params: 2
+
+### Draw absolute (DA)
+
+```
+DAx,y(,x,y..)
+```
+
+Lower the pen and draw a line from the current position to the position
+specified by the x,y coordinates. If more than one coordinate pair is 
+specified, continues to draw lines to the subsequent points as well.
+
+Params: 2(+2*n)
+
+### Draw relative (DR)
+
+```
+DRx,y(,x,y..)
+```
+
+Lower the pen and draw a line from the current position to the position
+offset x,y for its current position. If more than one coordinate pair is 
+specified, continues to draw lines to the subsequent offset points as well.
+
+Params: 2(+2*n)
+
+### Circle (CA)
+
+```
+CAr(,x,y)
+```
+
+Lower the pen and draw a circle of radius r centered at x,y. If x,y are not
+specified the circle will be centered at the current position.
+
+Params: 1 or 3
+
+### Letter Initialize (LI)
+
+```
+LI
+```
+
+Reset the text format.
+
+### Letter size (LS)
+
+```
+LSs
+```
+
+Sets the font size to s (?? in what units? relative to what system of coordinates? ??)
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Letter rotation (LR)
+
+```
+LRθ
+```
+
+Sets the angle to draw subsequent text at θ degrees clockwise.
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Print letters (PL)
+
+```
+PLtext
+```
+
+Lower the pen and draw the specified text at the current position,
+using the currently active letter size and rotation settings.
+
+Params : 1 (string)
+
+### Pen select (PS)
+
+```
+PSi
+```
+
+Select pen i (where i is in the range 1-4).
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Line type (LT)
+
+```
+LTp(,k)
+```
+
+Select the line style for subsequent draw operations. `p` is a value in the
+range 1-9:
+
+| n | Line style       |
+|---|------------------|
+| 0 | Custom pattern (see UL) |
+| 1 | Solid            | 
+| 2 | Dotted           | 
+| 3 | Short dash       | 
+| 4 | Medium dash      | 
+| 5 | Long dash        | 
+| 6 | Line w/ dots     | 
+| 7 | Line w/ one short dash   | 
+| 8 | Line w/ two dots         |
+| 9 | Line w/ two short dashes |
+
+`k` specifies the repeat length in mesurement units. The default is 100, but the value will persist.
+
+Params: 1 or 2
+
+```
+ULd1,m1(,d2,m3,..d6,m6)
+```
+
+Create a custom pattern for use with subsequent LT0 operations.
+
+`d` specifies a draw length, `m` specifies a move length.
+
+
+### X-axis ticks (XT)
+
+```
+XTs,d,n,a,b
+```
+
+Draw an X axis with tick marks as specified. There are two "styles"
+`s` of input available, which determine how the distance `d` parameter
+is interpreted.
+
+| parameter | function                              |
+|-----------|---------------------------------------|
+| s         | style                                 |
+| d         | distance                              |
+| n         | number of tick marks                  |
+| a         | length of tick mark above the axis    |
+| b         | length of tick mark below the axis    |
+
+The `s` parameter determines how the `d` parameter is interpreted and whether
+the first tick mark (at the "0" point on the axis) is drawn or not:
+
+| style parameter  |  description                        |
+|------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| 0                | d is distance between ticks         |
+| 1                | d is total length of axis           |
+| 2                | d is distance between ticks, first tick mark is not drawn |
+| 3                | d is total length of axis, first tick mark is not drawn |
+
+Params: 5
+
+### Y-axis ticks (YT)
+
+```
+YTs,d,n,a,b
+```
+
+Draw a Y axis with tick marks as specified. The parameters are handled
+in the same manner as the `XT` command (see above).
+
+Params: 5
+
+### Clear/Reset (CH)
+
+```
+CH
+```
+
+Raise the pen and move the plotter head to its original position; usually used
+at the end of a plot.
+
+Params: 0
+
+### Point mark (PM)
+
+```
+PMt
+```
+
+Draw a marker at the current position. The marker type is specified by the `t`
+parameter. The marker size is determined by the font size setting specified by the
+`LS` command; consider the markers as just special characters.
+
+The various marker shapes are illustrated in the images below.
+
+![Image of PM1-5](pm1-5.jpg) ![Image of PM6-10](pm6-10.jpg) ![Image of PM11-15](pm11-15.jpg)
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Pen velocity (PV)
+
+```
+PVv
+```
+
+Sets the drawing velocity `v`, on a scale of 1-10, where 1 is slowest, 10 is fastest.
+The default speed is 10.
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Slant lettering (SL)
+
+```
+SLθ
+```
+
+Slants subsequent text by an angle specified by `θ` degrees.
+
+Params: 1
+
+### Viewport (VP)
+
+```
+VPx1,y1,x2,y2
+```
+
+Specifies the viewport area, in absolute coordinates, to draw in. See the introduction
+for an explanation of how the viewport is used. `x1,y1` specify the upper left hand corner
+of the viewport; `x2,y2` specify the lower right hand of the viewport.
+
+Params: 4
+
+### Window (WD)
+
+```
+WDx1,y1,x2,y2
+```
+
+The window into which to draw. See the introduction for an explanation of how the window
+is used. `x1,y1` specify the upper left hand corner
+of the window; `x2,y2` specify the lower right hand of the window.
+
+Params: 4
+
+### Reset (RS)
+
+```
+RS
+```
+
+Resets the error bit. If the error LED is lit, it should be extinguished.
+
+RS will apparently accept some parameters, but it's unknown if this does anything.
+
+Params: 0 or 1
+
+### Arc (AC)
+
+```
+ACr,θ1,θ2(,x,y)
+```
+
+Draws a circular arc of radius `r` from `θ1` to `θ2`. If x,y are specified, they
+determined the center of the arc's circle. If they are not specified, the current
+position is considered to be the center of the arc's circle.
+
+After the arc is drawn, the endpoint of the arc is considered to be the new position.
+
+Params: 3 or 5
+
+### Error action (IM)
+
+```
+IMa(,b)
+```
+
+Selecting error action
+
+`a` specifies the mode: 0 = turn on error light; 64 = reject commands ; 192 = write message.
+
+| a | Mode       |
+|---|------------------|
+| 0 | Turn on error light |
+| 64 | Reject command      | 
+| 192 | Write error message | 
+
+Do note that "write message" does not mean to send a response over the serial port; it means
+that it will literally write the error message out on the plotter.
+
+`b` specifies the errors to filter. Default is 31.
+
+| a | Error type       |
+|---|------------------|
+|  1 | Command not recognized |
+|  2 | Numbers outside range  | 
+|  4 | Not enough numbers for command | 
+|  8 | Bad syntax       |
+| 16 | Pen would go outside window    | 
+
+### Size Paper (SP)
+
+```SPn```
+
+Sets the current paper size. This is essentially a preset "VP" command. The table below of
+drawing area sizes is approximate, based on measuring a rectangle drawn at the extent of the
+entire viewport.
+
+| n | measurement (in mm) |
+|---|---------------------|
+| 0 | 241 x 175           |
+| 1 | 178 x 240 |
+| 2 | 394 x 240 |
+| 3 | 282 x 280(?) |
+| 4 | 259 x 170 |
+| 5 | 171 x 280(?) |
+| 6 | 326 x 217 |
+| 7 | 218 x 142 |
+| 8 | 143 x 217 |
+
+## Unknown commands
+
+PK - ??? - no params/arb (Not in user reference)
+
+LF - ??? - 1 param ? 0-9  Letter Font
+
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