2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PAGE]>256 bytes of memory which share
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
a common high order address byte.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
Zero page is the first 256 bytes of
|
|
|
|
memory ($0000 through $00FF).
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PARALLEL]>Opposite of serial. A
|
|
|
|
communication mode which sends all of
|
|
|
|
the bits in a byte at once, each over
|
|
|
|
a separate line or wire.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PARAMETER LIST]>An area of storage
|
|
|
|
set aside for communication between
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
a calling program and a subroutine.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
The parameter list contains input and
|
|
|
|
output variables which will be used
|
|
|
|
by the subroutine.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PARITY]>A scheme, similar to
|
|
|
|
checksums but on a bit level rather
|
|
|
|
than a byte level, which allows
|
|
|
|
detection of errors in a single data
|
|
|
|
byte. An extra parity bit is
|
|
|
|
attached to each byte which is a sum
|
|
|
|
of the bits in the byte. Parity is
|
|
|
|
used in expensive memory to detect or
|
|
|
|
correct single bit failures, and when
|
|
|
|
sending data over communications
|
|
|
|
lines to detect noise errors.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PARSE]>The process of interpreting
|
|
|
|
character string data, such as a
|
|
|
|
command with keywords.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PATCH]>A small change to the object
|
|
|
|
code of an assembly language program.
|
|
|
|
Also called a "zap".
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PERIPHERAL]>A device which is
|
|
|
|
external to the computer itself, such
|
|
|
|
as a disk drive or a printer. Also
|
|
|
|
called an Input/Output device.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PHYSICAL RECORD]>A collection of data
|
|
|
|
corresponding to the smallest unit of
|
|
|
|
storage on a peripheral device.
|
|
|
|
For disks, a physical record
|
|
|
|
is a sector.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
POINTER]>The address or memory
|
|
|
|
location of a block of data or a
|
|
|
|
single data item. The address
|
|
|
|
"points" to the data.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PROLOGUE]>The three bytes at the
|
|
|
|
beginning of a disk field which
|
|
|
|
uniquely identify it from any other
|
|
|
|
data on the track.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
PROM]>Programmable Read Only Memory.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PROMs are usually used on controller
|
|
|
|
cards associated with peripherals to
|
|
|
|
hold the driver program which
|
|
|
|
interfaces the device to applications
|
|
|
|
programs.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PROMPT]>An output string which lets
|
|
|
|
the user know that input is expected.
|
|
|
|
A "*" is the prompt character for the
|
|
|
|
APPLE monitor.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PROTECTED DISK]>A diskette whose
|
|
|
|
format or content has been modified
|
|
|
|
to prevent its being copied. Most
|
|
|
|
retail software today is distributed
|
|
|
|
on protected disks to prevent theft.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
PSEUDO-OPCODE]>A special assembly
|
|
|
|
language opcode which does not
|
|
|
|
translate into a machine instruction.
|
|
|
|
A pseudo-opcode instructs the
|
|
|
|
assembler to perform some function,
|
|
|
|
such as skipping a page in an
|
|
|
|
assembly listing or reserving data
|
|
|
|
space in the output object code.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RANDOM ACCESS]>Direct access. The
|
|
|
|
capability to rapidly access any
|
|
|
|
single piece of data on a storage
|
|
|
|
medium without having to sequentially
|
|
|
|
read all of its predecessors.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RAM]>Random Access Memory. Computer
|
|
|
|
memory which will allow storage and
|
|
|
|
retrieval of values by address.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RECAL]>Recalibrate the disk arm so
|
|
|
|
that the read/write head is
|
|
|
|
positioned over track zero. This is
|
|
|
|
done by pulling the arm as far as it
|
|
|
|
will go to the outside of the
|
|
|
|
diskette until it hits a stop,
|
|
|
|
producing a "clacking" sound.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RECORD]>A collection of associated
|
|
|
|
data items or fields. One or more
|
|
|
|
records are usually associated with a
|
|
|
|
file. Each record might correspond
|
|
|
|
to an employee, for example.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
REGISTER]>A named temporary storage
|
|
|
|
location in the central processor
|
|
|
|
itself. The 6502 has 5 registers;
|
|
|
|
the A, X, Y, S, and P registers.
|
|
|
|
Registers are used by an assembly
|
|
|
|
language program to access memory and
|
|
|
|
perform arithmetic.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RELEASE]>A version of a distributed
|
|
|
|
piece of software. There have been
|
|
|
|
several releases of DOS.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
RELOCATABLE]>The attribute of
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
an object module file
|
|
|
|
which contains a machine language
|
|
|
|
program and the information necessary
|
|
|
|
to make it run at any memory
|
|
|
|
location.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RETURN CODE]>A numeric value returned
|
|
|
|
from a subroutine, indicating the
|
|
|
|
success or failure of the operation
|
|
|
|
attempted. A return code of zero
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
usually means there were no errors.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
Any other value indicates the nature
|
|
|
|
of the error, as defined by the
|
|
|
|
design of the subroutine.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
ROM]>Read Only Memory. Memory which
|
|
|
|
has a permanent value. The APPLE
|
|
|
|
monitor and BASIC interpreters are
|
|
|
|
stored in ROM.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
RWTS]>Read/Write Track/Sector. A
|
|
|
|
collection of subroutines which allow
|
|
|
|
access to the diskette at a
|
|
|
|
track and sector level. RWTS is
|
|
|
|
part of DOS and may be called by
|
|
|
|
external assembly language programs.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SEARCH]>The process of scanning a
|
|
|
|
track for a given sector.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SECTOR]>The smallest updatable unit
|
|
|
|
of data on a disk track. One sector
|
|
|
|
on an APPLE DISK II contains 256
|
|
|
|
data bytes.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SECTOR ADDRESS]>A disk field which
|
|
|
|
identifies the sector data field which
|
|
|
|
follows in terms of its volume,
|
|
|
|
track, and sector number.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SECTOR DATA]>A disk field which
|
|
|
|
contains the actual sector data in
|
|
|
|
nibbilized form.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SEEK]>The process of moving the disk
|
|
|
|
arm to a given track.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SELF-SYNC]>Also called "auto-sync"
|
|
|
|
bytes. Special disk bytes which
|
|
|
|
contain more than 8 bits, allowing
|
|
|
|
synchronization of the hardware to
|
|
|
|
byte boundaries when reading.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS]>A mode of data
|
|
|
|
retreival where each byte of data is
|
|
|
|
read in the order in which it was
|
|
|
|
written to the disk.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SERIAL]>As opposed to parallel. A
|
|
|
|
communication mode which sends data
|
|
|
|
bits one at a time over a single line
|
|
|
|
or wire.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SHIFT]>A logical operation which
|
|
|
|
moves the bits of a byte either left
|
|
|
|
or right one position, moving a 0
|
|
|
|
into the bit at the other end.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SLAVE DISK]>A diskette with a copy of
|
|
|
|
DOS which is not relocatable. The
|
|
|
|
DOS image will always be loaded into
|
|
|
|
the same memory location, regadless
|
|
|
|
of the size of the machine.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
SOFT ERROR]>A recoverable I/O error.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
A worn diskette might produce soft
|
|
|
|
errors occasionally.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SOFTWARE]>Computer programs and data
|
|
|
|
which can be loaded into RAM memory
|
|
|
|
and executed.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SOURCE CODE]>A program in a form
|
|
|
|
which is understandable to humans;
|
|
|
|
in character form as opposed
|
|
|
|
to internal binary machine format.
|
|
|
|
Source assembly code must be
|
|
|
|
processed by an assembler to
|
|
|
|
translate it into machine or "object"
|
|
|
|
code.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SKEWING]>The process of interleaving
|
|
|
|
sectors. See INTERLEAVE.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
STATE MACHINE]>A process (in software
|
|
|
|
or hardware) which defines a
|
|
|
|
unique target state, given an input
|
|
|
|
state and certain conditions. A
|
|
|
|
state machine approach is used in DOS
|
|
|
|
to keep track of its video intercepts
|
|
|
|
and by the hardware on the disk
|
|
|
|
controller card to process disk data.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
STROBE]>The act of triggering an I/O
|
|
|
|
function by momentarily referencing a
|
|
|
|
special I/O address. Strobing $C030
|
|
|
|
produces a click on the speaker.
|
|
|
|
Also called "toggling".
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
SUBROUTINE]>A program whose function
|
|
|
|
is required repeatedly during
|
|
|
|
execution, and therefore is called by
|
|
|
|
a main program in several places.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
TABLE]>A collection of data entries,
|
|
|
|
having similar format, residing in
|
|
|
|
memory. Each entry might contain the
|
|
|
|
name of a program and its address,
|
|
|
|
for example. A "lookup" can be
|
|
|
|
performed on such a table to locate
|
|
|
|
any given program by name.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
TOGGLE]>The act of triggering an I/O
|
|
|
|
function by momentarily referencing a
|
|
|
|
special I/O address. Toggling $C030
|
|
|
|
produces a click on the speaker.
|
|
|
|
Also called "strobe".
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
TOKENS]>A method where human
|
|
|
|
recognizable words may be coded to
|
|
|
|
single binary byte values for memory
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
compression and faster processing.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
BASIC statements are tokenized, where
|
|
|
|
hex codes are assigned to words like
|
|
|
|
IF, PRINT, and END.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
TRACK]>One complete circular path of
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
magnetic storage on a diskette.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
There are 35 concentric tracks on an APPLE
|
|
|
|
diskette.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
TRANSLATE TABLE]>A table of single
|
|
|
|
byte codes which are to replace
|
|
|
|
input codes on a one-for-one
|
|
|
|
basis. A translate table is used to
|
|
|
|
convert from 6 bit codes to disk
|
|
|
|
codes.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
T/S LIST]>Track/Sector List. A
|
|
|
|
sector which describes the location
|
|
|
|
of a file by listing the track and
|
|
|
|
sector number for each of its data
|
|
|
|
sectors in the order that they are to
|
|
|
|
be read or written.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
TTL]>Transistor to Transistor Logic.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
A standard for the interconnection of
|
|
|
|
integrated circuits which also
|
|
|
|
defines the which voltages
|
|
|
|
represent 0's and 1's.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
UTILITY]>A program which is used to
|
|
|
|
maintain, or assist in the development
|
|
|
|
of, other programs or disk files.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
VECTOR]>A collection of pointers or
|
|
|
|
JMP instructions at a fixed location
|
|
|
|
in memory which allow access to a
|
|
|
|
relocatable program or data.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
VOLUME]>An identification for a
|
|
|
|
diskette, disk platter, or cassette,
|
|
|
|
containing one or more files.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 22:45:47 +00:00
|
|
|
VTOC]>Volume Table Of Contents.
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On
|
|
|
|
the APPLE, a sector mapping the
|
|
|
|
free sectors on the diskette and
|
|
|
|
giving the location of the directory.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
WARMSTART]>A restart of a program
|
|
|
|
which retains, as much as is
|
|
|
|
possible, the work which was in
|
|
|
|
progress at the time. A DOS
|
|
|
|
warmstart retains the BASIC program
|
|
|
|
in memory.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
|
WRITE PROTECTED]>A diskette whose
|
|
|
|
write protect notch is covered,
|
|
|
|
preventing the disk drive from
|
|
|
|
writing on it.
|
2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
|
|
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ZAP]>From the IBM utility program,
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SUPERZAP. A program which allows
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updates to a disk at a byte level,
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using hexadecimal.
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2017-07-20 22:08:22 +00:00
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2017-07-20 21:50:14 +00:00
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ZERO PAGE]>The first 256 bytes of
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memory in a 6502 based machine. Zero
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page locations have special
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significance to the central
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processor, making their management
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and assignment critical.
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.br
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