From 22ed54bd3820a2c30cae217ab570e80d131c2e00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "T. Joseph Carter" Date: Fri, 21 Jul 2017 07:46:19 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Clean up rest of appendix C --- appendixC-2.txt | 454 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 186 insertions(+), 268 deletions(-) diff --git a/appendixC-2.txt b/appendixC-2.txt index faf9fb8..0b40037 100644 --- a/appendixC-2.txt +++ b/appendixC-2.txt @@ -1,327 +1,245 @@ +PAGE +256 bytes of memory which share a common high order address byte. Zero page is +the first 256 bytes of memory ($0000 through $00FF). -PAGE]>256 bytes of memory which share -a common high order address byte. -Zero page is the first 256 bytes of -memory ($0000 through $00FF). +PARALLEL +Opposite of serial. A communication mode which sends all of the bits in a byte +at once, each over a separate line or wire. -PARALLEL]>Opposite of serial. A -communication mode which sends all of -the bits in a byte at once, each over -a separate line or wire. +PARAMETER LIST +An area of storage set aside for communication between a calling program and a +subroutine. The parameter list contains input and output variables which will +be used by the subroutine. -PARAMETER LIST]>An area of storage -set aside for communication between -a calling program and a subroutine. -The parameter list contains input and -output variables which will be used -by the subroutine. +PARITY +A scheme, similar to checksums but on a bit level rather than a byte level, +which allows detection of errors in a single data byte. An extra parity bit is +attached to each byte which is a sum of the bits in the byte. Parity is used in +expensive memory to detect or correct single bit failures, and when sending data +over communications lines to detect noise errors. -PARITY]>A scheme, similar to -checksums but on a bit level rather -than a byte level, which allows -detection of errors in a single data -byte. An extra parity bit is -attached to each byte which is a sum -of the bits in the byte. Parity is -used in expensive memory to detect or -correct single bit failures, and when -sending data over communications -lines to detect noise errors. +PARSE +The process of interpreting character string data, such as a command with +keywords. -PARSE]>The process of interpreting -character string data, such as a -command with keywords. +PATCH +A small change to the object code of an assembly language program. Also called +a "zap". -PATCH]>A small change to the object -code of an assembly language program. -Also called a "zap". +PERIPHERAL +A device which is external to the computer itself, such as a disk drive or a +printer. Also called an Input/Output device. -PERIPHERAL]>A device which is -external to the computer itself, such -as a disk drive or a printer. Also -called an Input/Output device. +PHYSICAL RECORD +A collection of data corresponding to the smallest unit of storage on a +peripheral device. For disks, a physical record is a sector. -PHYSICAL RECORD]>A collection of data -corresponding to the smallest unit of -storage on a peripheral device. -For disks, a physical record -is a sector. +POINTER +The address or memory location of a block of data or a single data item. The +address "points" to the data. -POINTER]>The address or memory -location of a block of data or a -single data item. The address -"points" to the data. +PROLOGUE +The three bytes at the beginning of a disk field which uniquely identify it +from any other data on the track. -PROLOGUE]>The three bytes at the -beginning of a disk field which -uniquely identify it from any other -data on the track. +PROM +Programmable Read Only Memory. PROMs are usually used on controller cards +associated with peripherals to hold the driver program which interfaces the +device to applications programs. -PROM]>Programmable Read Only Memory. -PROMs are usually used on controller -cards associated with peripherals to -hold the driver program which -interfaces the device to applications -programs. +PROMPT +An output string which lets the user know that input is expected. A "*" is the +prompt character for the APPLE monitor. -PROMPT]>An output string which lets -the user know that input is expected. -A "*" is the prompt character for the -APPLE monitor. +PROTECTED DISK +A diskette whose format or content has been modified to prevent its being +copied. Most retail software today is distributed on protected disks to +prevent theft. -PROTECTED DISK]>A diskette whose -format or content has been modified -to prevent its being copied. Most -retail software today is distributed -on protected disks to prevent theft. +PSEUDO-OPCODE +A special assembly language opcode which does not translate into a machine +instruction. A pseudo-opcode instructs the assembler to perform some function, +such as skipping a page in an assembly listing or reserving data space in the +output object code. -PSEUDO-OPCODE]>A special assembly -language opcode which does not -translate into a machine instruction. -A pseudo-opcode instructs the -assembler to perform some function, -such as skipping a page in an -assembly listing or reserving data -space in the output object code. +RANDOM ACCESS +Direct access. The capability to rapidly access any single piece of data on a +storage medium without having to sequentially read all of its predecessors. -RANDOM ACCESS]>Direct access. The -capability to rapidly access any -single piece of data on a storage -medium without having to sequentially -read all of its predecessors. +RAM +Random Access Memory. Computer memory which will allow storage and retrieval +of values by address. -RAM]>Random Access Memory. Computer -memory which will allow storage and -retrieval of values by address. +RECAL +Recalibrate the disk arm so that the read/write head is positioned over track +zero. This is done by pulling the arm as far as it will go to the outside of +the diskette until it hits a stop, producing a "clacking" sound. -RECAL]>Recalibrate the disk arm so -that the read/write head is -positioned over track zero. This is -done by pulling the arm as far as it -will go to the outside of the -diskette until it hits a stop, -producing a "clacking" sound. +RECORD +A collection of associated data items or fields. One or more records are +usually associated with a file. Each record might correspond to an employee, +for example. -RECORD]>A collection of associated -data items or fields. One or more -records are usually associated with a -file. Each record might correspond -to an employee, for example. +REGISTER +A named temporary storage location in the central processor itself. The 6502 +has 5 registers; the A, X, Y, S, and P registers. Registers are used by an +assembly language program to access memory and perform arithmetic. -REGISTER]>A named temporary storage -location in the central processor -itself. The 6502 has 5 registers; -the A, X, Y, S, and P registers. -Registers are used by an assembly -language program to access memory and -perform arithmetic. +RELEASE +A version of a distributed piece of software. There have been several releases +of DOS. -RELEASE]>A version of a distributed -piece of software. There have been -several releases of DOS. +RELOCATABLE +The attribute of an object module file which contains a machine language +program and the information necessary to make it run at any memory location. -RELOCATABLE]>The attribute of -an object module file -which contains a machine language -program and the information necessary -to make it run at any memory -location. - -RETURN CODE]>A numeric value returned -from a subroutine, indicating the -success or failure of the operation -attempted. A return code of zero -usually means there were no errors. -Any other value indicates the nature -of the error, as defined by the +RETURN CODE +A numeric value returned from a subroutine, indicating the success or failure +of the operation attempted. A return code of zero usually means there were no +errors. Any other value indicates the nature of the error, as defined by the design of the subroutine. -ROM]>Read Only Memory. Memory which -has a permanent value. The APPLE -monitor and BASIC interpreters are -stored in ROM. +ROM +Read Only Memory. Memory which has a permanent value. The APPLE monitor and +BASIC interpreters are stored in ROM. -RWTS]>Read/Write Track/Sector. A -collection of subroutines which allow -access to the diskette at a -track and sector level. RWTS is -part of DOS and may be called by +RWTS +Read/Write Track/Sector. A collection of subroutines which allow access to the +diskette at a track and sector level. RWTS is part of DOS and may be called by external assembly language programs. -SEARCH]>The process of scanning a -track for a given sector. +SEARCH +The process of scanning a track for a given sector. -SECTOR]>The smallest updatable unit -of data on a disk track. One sector -on an APPLE DISK II contains 256 -data bytes. +SECTOR +The smallest updatable unit of data on a disk track. One sector on an APPLE +DISK II contains 256 data bytes. -SECTOR ADDRESS]>A disk field which -identifies the sector data field which -follows in terms of its volume, -track, and sector number. +SECTOR ADDRESS +A disk field which identifies the sector data field which follows in terms of +its volume, track, and sector number. -SECTOR DATA]>A disk field which -contains the actual sector data in -nibbilized form. +SECTOR DATA +A disk field which contains the actual sector data in nibbilized form. -SEEK]>The process of moving the disk -arm to a given track. +SEEK +The process of moving the disk arm to a given track. -SELF-SYNC]>Also called "auto-sync" -bytes. Special disk bytes which -contain more than 8 bits, allowing -synchronization of the hardware to -byte boundaries when reading. +SELF-SYNC +Also called "auto-sync" bytes. Special disk bytes which contain more than 8 +bits, allowing synchronization of the hardware to byte boundaries when reading. -SEQUENTIAL ACCESS]>A mode of data -retreival where each byte of data is -read in the order in which it was -written to the disk. +SEQUENTIAL ACCESS +A mode of data retreival where each byte of data is read in the order in which +it was written to the disk. -SERIAL]>As opposed to parallel. A -communication mode which sends data -bits one at a time over a single line -or wire. +SERIAL +As opposed to parallel. A communication mode which sends data bits one at a +time over a single line or wire. -SHIFT]>A logical operation which -moves the bits of a byte either left -or right one position, moving a 0 -into the bit at the other end. +SHIFT +A logical operation which moves the bits of a byte either left or right one +position, moving a 0 into the bit at the other end. -SLAVE DISK]>A diskette with a copy of -DOS which is not relocatable. The -DOS image will always be loaded into -the same memory location, regadless -of the size of the machine. +SLAVE DISK +A diskette with a copy of DOS which is not relocatable. The DOS image will +always be loaded into the same memory location, regadless of the size of the +machine. -SOFT ERROR]>A recoverable I/O error. -A worn diskette might produce soft -errors occasionally. +SOFT ERROR +A recoverable I/O error. A worn diskette might produce soft errors +occasionally. -SOFTWARE]>Computer programs and data -which can be loaded into RAM memory -and executed. +SOFTWARE +Computer programs and data which can be loaded into RAM memory and executed. -SOURCE CODE]>A program in a form -which is understandable to humans; -in character form as opposed -to internal binary machine format. -Source assembly code must be -processed by an assembler to -translate it into machine or "object" -code. +SOURCE CODE +A program in a form which is understandable to humans; in character form as +opposed to internal binary machine format. Source assembly code must be +processed by an assembler to translate it into machine or "object" code. -SKEWING]>The process of interleaving -sectors. See INTERLEAVE. +SKEWING +The process of interleaving sectors. See INTERLEAVE. -STATE MACHINE]>A process (in software -or hardware) which defines a -unique target state, given an input -state and certain conditions. A -state machine approach is used in DOS -to keep track of its video intercepts -and by the hardware on the disk +STATE MACHINE +A process (in software or hardware) which defines a unique target state, given +an input state and certain conditions. A state machine approach is used in DOS +to keep track of its video intercepts and by the hardware on the disk controller card to process disk data. -STROBE]>The act of triggering an I/O -function by momentarily referencing a -special I/O address. Strobing $C030 -produces a click on the speaker. -Also called "toggling". +STROBE +The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O +address. Strobing $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called +"toggling". -SUBROUTINE]>A program whose function -is required repeatedly during -execution, and therefore is called by -a main program in several places. +SUBROUTINE +A program whose function is required repeatedly during execution, and therefore +is called by a main program in several places. -TABLE]>A collection of data entries, -having similar format, residing in -memory. Each entry might contain the -name of a program and its address, -for example. A "lookup" can be -performed on such a table to locate -any given program by name. +TABLE +A collection of data entries, having similar format, residing in memory. Each +entry might contain the name of a program and its address, for example. A +"lookup" can be performed on such a table to locate any given program by name. -TOGGLE]>The act of triggering an I/O -function by momentarily referencing a -special I/O address. Toggling $C030 -produces a click on the speaker. -Also called "strobe". +TOGGLE +The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O +address. Toggling $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called +"strobe". -TOKENS]>A method where human -recognizable words may be coded to -single binary byte values for memory -compression and faster processing. -BASIC statements are tokenized, where -hex codes are assigned to words like -IF, PRINT, and END. +TOKENS +A method where human recognizable words may be coded to single binary byte +values for memory compression and faster processing. BASIC statements are +tokenized, where hex codes are assigned to words like IF, PRINT, and END. -TRACK]>One complete circular path of -magnetic storage on a diskette. -There are 35 concentric tracks on an APPLE -diskette. +TRACK +One complete circular path of magnetic storage on a diskette. There are 35 +concentric tracks on an APPLE diskette. -TRANSLATE TABLE]>A table of single -byte codes which are to replace -input codes on a one-for-one -basis. A translate table is used to -convert from 6 bit codes to disk -codes. +TRANSLATE TABLE +A table of single byte codes which are to replace input codes on a one-for-one +basis. A translate table is used to convert from 6 bit codes to disk codes. -T/S LIST]>Track/Sector List. A -sector which describes the location -of a file by listing the track and -sector number for each of its data -sectors in the order that they are to -be read or written. +T/S LIST +Track/Sector List. A sector which describes the location of a file by listing +the track and sector number for each of its data sectors in the order that they +are to be read or written. -TTL]>Transistor to Transistor Logic. -A standard for the interconnection of -integrated circuits which also -defines the which voltages -represent 0's and 1's. +TTL +Transistor to Transistor Logic. A standard for the interconnection of +integrated circuits which also defines the which voltages represent 0's and +1's. -UTILITY]>A program which is used to -maintain, or assist in the development -of, other programs or disk files. +UTILITY +A program which is used to maintain, or assist in the development of, other +programs or disk files. -VECTOR]>A collection of pointers or -JMP instructions at a fixed location -in memory which allow access to a -relocatable program or data. +VECTOR +A collection of pointers or JMP instructions at a fixed location in memory +which allow access to a relocatable program or data. -VOLUME]>An identification for a -diskette, disk platter, or cassette, -containing one or more files. +VOLUME +An identification for a diskette, disk platter, or cassette, containing one or +more files. -VTOC]>Volume Table Of Contents. -Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On -the APPLE, a sector mapping the -free sectors on the diskette and -giving the location of the directory. +VTOC +Volume Table Of Contents. Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On the APPLE, a +sector mapping the free sectors on the diskette and giving the location of the +directory. -WARMSTART]>A restart of a program -which retains, as much as is -possible, the work which was in -progress at the time. A DOS -warmstart retains the BASIC program -in memory. +WARMSTART +A restart of a program which retains, as much as is possible, the work which +was in progress at the time. A DOS warmstart retains the BASIC program in +memory. -WRITE PROTECTED]>A diskette whose -write protect notch is covered, -preventing the disk drive from +WRITE PROTECTED +A diskette whose write protect notch is covered, preventing the disk drive from writing on it. -ZAP]>From the IBM utility program, -SUPERZAP. A program which allows -updates to a disk at a byte level, -using hexadecimal. +ZAP +From the IBM utility program, SUPERZAP. A program which allows updates to a +disk at a byte level, using hexadecimal. -ZERO PAGE]>The first 256 bytes of -memory in a 6502 based machine. Zero -page locations have special -significance to the central -processor, making their management -and assignment critical. -.br +ZERO PAGE +The first 256 bytes of memory in a 6502 based machine. Zero page locations +have special significance to the central processor, making their management and +assignment critical.