From 322116ccfd01307549f57ec973f26fa90fab3aaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "T. Joseph Carter" Date: Fri, 21 Jul 2017 07:46:56 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Concatenate parts of appendix C --- appendixC-2.txt | 245 ----------------------------------------------- appendixC.txt | 246 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 2 files changed, 245 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 appendixC-2.txt diff --git a/appendixC-2.txt b/appendixC-2.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0b40037..0000000 --- a/appendixC-2.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,245 +0,0 @@ -PAGE -256 bytes of memory which share a common high order address byte. Zero page is -the first 256 bytes of memory ($0000 through $00FF). - -PARALLEL -Opposite of serial. A communication mode which sends all of the bits in a byte -at once, each over a separate line or wire. - -PARAMETER LIST -An area of storage set aside for communication between a calling program and a -subroutine. The parameter list contains input and output variables which will -be used by the subroutine. - -PARITY -A scheme, similar to checksums but on a bit level rather than a byte level, -which allows detection of errors in a single data byte. An extra parity bit is -attached to each byte which is a sum of the bits in the byte. Parity is used in -expensive memory to detect or correct single bit failures, and when sending data -over communications lines to detect noise errors. - -PARSE -The process of interpreting character string data, such as a command with -keywords. - -PATCH -A small change to the object code of an assembly language program. Also called -a "zap". - -PERIPHERAL -A device which is external to the computer itself, such as a disk drive or a -printer. Also called an Input/Output device. - -PHYSICAL RECORD -A collection of data corresponding to the smallest unit of storage on a -peripheral device. For disks, a physical record is a sector. - -POINTER -The address or memory location of a block of data or a single data item. The -address "points" to the data. - -PROLOGUE -The three bytes at the beginning of a disk field which uniquely identify it -from any other data on the track. - -PROM -Programmable Read Only Memory. PROMs are usually used on controller cards -associated with peripherals to hold the driver program which interfaces the -device to applications programs. - -PROMPT -An output string which lets the user know that input is expected. A "*" is the -prompt character for the APPLE monitor. - -PROTECTED DISK -A diskette whose format or content has been modified to prevent its being -copied. Most retail software today is distributed on protected disks to -prevent theft. - -PSEUDO-OPCODE -A special assembly language opcode which does not translate into a machine -instruction. A pseudo-opcode instructs the assembler to perform some function, -such as skipping a page in an assembly listing or reserving data space in the -output object code. - -RANDOM ACCESS -Direct access. The capability to rapidly access any single piece of data on a -storage medium without having to sequentially read all of its predecessors. - -RAM -Random Access Memory. Computer memory which will allow storage and retrieval -of values by address. - -RECAL -Recalibrate the disk arm so that the read/write head is positioned over track -zero. This is done by pulling the arm as far as it will go to the outside of -the diskette until it hits a stop, producing a "clacking" sound. - -RECORD -A collection of associated data items or fields. One or more records are -usually associated with a file. Each record might correspond to an employee, -for example. - -REGISTER -A named temporary storage location in the central processor itself. The 6502 -has 5 registers; the A, X, Y, S, and P registers. Registers are used by an -assembly language program to access memory and perform arithmetic. - -RELEASE -A version of a distributed piece of software. There have been several releases -of DOS. - -RELOCATABLE -The attribute of an object module file which contains a machine language -program and the information necessary to make it run at any memory location. - -RETURN CODE -A numeric value returned from a subroutine, indicating the success or failure -of the operation attempted. A return code of zero usually means there were no -errors. Any other value indicates the nature of the error, as defined by the -design of the subroutine. - -ROM -Read Only Memory. Memory which has a permanent value. The APPLE monitor and -BASIC interpreters are stored in ROM. - -RWTS -Read/Write Track/Sector. A collection of subroutines which allow access to the -diskette at a track and sector level. RWTS is part of DOS and may be called by -external assembly language programs. - -SEARCH -The process of scanning a track for a given sector. - -SECTOR -The smallest updatable unit of data on a disk track. One sector on an APPLE -DISK II contains 256 data bytes. - -SECTOR ADDRESS -A disk field which identifies the sector data field which follows in terms of -its volume, track, and sector number. - -SECTOR DATA -A disk field which contains the actual sector data in nibbilized form. - -SEEK -The process of moving the disk arm to a given track. - -SELF-SYNC -Also called "auto-sync" bytes. Special disk bytes which contain more than 8 -bits, allowing synchronization of the hardware to byte boundaries when reading. - -SEQUENTIAL ACCESS -A mode of data retreival where each byte of data is read in the order in which -it was written to the disk. - -SERIAL -As opposed to parallel. A communication mode which sends data bits one at a -time over a single line or wire. - -SHIFT -A logical operation which moves the bits of a byte either left or right one -position, moving a 0 into the bit at the other end. - -SLAVE DISK -A diskette with a copy of DOS which is not relocatable. The DOS image will -always be loaded into the same memory location, regadless of the size of the -machine. - -SOFT ERROR -A recoverable I/O error. A worn diskette might produce soft errors -occasionally. - -SOFTWARE -Computer programs and data which can be loaded into RAM memory and executed. - -SOURCE CODE -A program in a form which is understandable to humans; in character form as -opposed to internal binary machine format. Source assembly code must be -processed by an assembler to translate it into machine or "object" code. - -SKEWING -The process of interleaving sectors. See INTERLEAVE. - -STATE MACHINE -A process (in software or hardware) which defines a unique target state, given -an input state and certain conditions. A state machine approach is used in DOS -to keep track of its video intercepts and by the hardware on the disk -controller card to process disk data. - -STROBE -The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O -address. Strobing $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called -"toggling". - -SUBROUTINE -A program whose function is required repeatedly during execution, and therefore -is called by a main program in several places. - -TABLE -A collection of data entries, having similar format, residing in memory. Each -entry might contain the name of a program and its address, for example. A -"lookup" can be performed on such a table to locate any given program by name. - -TOGGLE -The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O -address. Toggling $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called -"strobe". - -TOKENS -A method where human recognizable words may be coded to single binary byte -values for memory compression and faster processing. BASIC statements are -tokenized, where hex codes are assigned to words like IF, PRINT, and END. - -TRACK -One complete circular path of magnetic storage on a diskette. There are 35 -concentric tracks on an APPLE diskette. - -TRANSLATE TABLE -A table of single byte codes which are to replace input codes on a one-for-one -basis. A translate table is used to convert from 6 bit codes to disk codes. - -T/S LIST -Track/Sector List. A sector which describes the location of a file by listing -the track and sector number for each of its data sectors in the order that they -are to be read or written. - -TTL -Transistor to Transistor Logic. A standard for the interconnection of -integrated circuits which also defines the which voltages represent 0's and -1's. - -UTILITY -A program which is used to maintain, or assist in the development of, other -programs or disk files. - -VECTOR -A collection of pointers or JMP instructions at a fixed location in memory -which allow access to a relocatable program or data. - -VOLUME -An identification for a diskette, disk platter, or cassette, containing one or -more files. - -VTOC -Volume Table Of Contents. Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On the APPLE, a -sector mapping the free sectors on the diskette and giving the location of the -directory. - -WARMSTART -A restart of a program which retains, as much as is possible, the work which -was in progress at the time. A DOS warmstart retains the BASIC program in -memory. - -WRITE PROTECTED -A diskette whose write protect notch is covered, preventing the disk drive from -writing on it. - -ZAP -From the IBM utility program, SUPERZAP. A program which allows updates to a -disk at a byte level, using hexadecimal. - -ZERO PAGE -The first 256 bytes of memory in a 6502 based machine. Zero page locations -have special significance to the central processor, making their management and -assignment critical. diff --git a/appendixC.txt b/appendixC.txt index 1e5859f..ee8b74d 100644 --- a/appendixC.txt +++ b/appendixC.txt @@ -448,4 +448,248 @@ OVERHEAD The space required by the system, either in memory or on the disk, to manage either. The disk directory and VTOC are part of a diskette's overhead. -.nx appendix c.2 +PAGE +256 bytes of memory which share a common high order address byte. Zero page is +the first 256 bytes of memory ($0000 through $00FF). + +PARALLEL +Opposite of serial. A communication mode which sends all of the bits in a byte +at once, each over a separate line or wire. + +PARAMETER LIST +An area of storage set aside for communication between a calling program and a +subroutine. The parameter list contains input and output variables which will +be used by the subroutine. + +PARITY +A scheme, similar to checksums but on a bit level rather than a byte level, +which allows detection of errors in a single data byte. An extra parity bit is +attached to each byte which is a sum of the bits in the byte. Parity is used in +expensive memory to detect or correct single bit failures, and when sending data +over communications lines to detect noise errors. + +PARSE +The process of interpreting character string data, such as a command with +keywords. + +PATCH +A small change to the object code of an assembly language program. Also called +a "zap". + +PERIPHERAL +A device which is external to the computer itself, such as a disk drive or a +printer. Also called an Input/Output device. + +PHYSICAL RECORD +A collection of data corresponding to the smallest unit of storage on a +peripheral device. For disks, a physical record is a sector. + +POINTER +The address or memory location of a block of data or a single data item. The +address "points" to the data. + +PROLOGUE +The three bytes at the beginning of a disk field which uniquely identify it +from any other data on the track. + +PROM +Programmable Read Only Memory. PROMs are usually used on controller cards +associated with peripherals to hold the driver program which interfaces the +device to applications programs. + +PROMPT +An output string which lets the user know that input is expected. A "*" is the +prompt character for the APPLE monitor. + +PROTECTED DISK +A diskette whose format or content has been modified to prevent its being +copied. Most retail software today is distributed on protected disks to +prevent theft. + +PSEUDO-OPCODE +A special assembly language opcode which does not translate into a machine +instruction. A pseudo-opcode instructs the assembler to perform some function, +such as skipping a page in an assembly listing or reserving data space in the +output object code. + +RANDOM ACCESS +Direct access. The capability to rapidly access any single piece of data on a +storage medium without having to sequentially read all of its predecessors. + +RAM +Random Access Memory. Computer memory which will allow storage and retrieval +of values by address. + +RECAL +Recalibrate the disk arm so that the read/write head is positioned over track +zero. This is done by pulling the arm as far as it will go to the outside of +the diskette until it hits a stop, producing a "clacking" sound. + +RECORD +A collection of associated data items or fields. One or more records are +usually associated with a file. Each record might correspond to an employee, +for example. + +REGISTER +A named temporary storage location in the central processor itself. The 6502 +has 5 registers; the A, X, Y, S, and P registers. Registers are used by an +assembly language program to access memory and perform arithmetic. + +RELEASE +A version of a distributed piece of software. There have been several releases +of DOS. + +RELOCATABLE +The attribute of an object module file which contains a machine language +program and the information necessary to make it run at any memory location. + +RETURN CODE +A numeric value returned from a subroutine, indicating the success or failure +of the operation attempted. A return code of zero usually means there were no +errors. Any other value indicates the nature of the error, as defined by the +design of the subroutine. + +ROM +Read Only Memory. Memory which has a permanent value. The APPLE monitor and +BASIC interpreters are stored in ROM. + +RWTS +Read/Write Track/Sector. A collection of subroutines which allow access to the +diskette at a track and sector level. RWTS is part of DOS and may be called by +external assembly language programs. + +SEARCH +The process of scanning a track for a given sector. + +SECTOR +The smallest updatable unit of data on a disk track. One sector on an APPLE +DISK II contains 256 data bytes. + +SECTOR ADDRESS +A disk field which identifies the sector data field which follows in terms of +its volume, track, and sector number. + +SECTOR DATA +A disk field which contains the actual sector data in nibbilized form. + +SEEK +The process of moving the disk arm to a given track. + +SELF-SYNC +Also called "auto-sync" bytes. Special disk bytes which contain more than 8 +bits, allowing synchronization of the hardware to byte boundaries when reading. + +SEQUENTIAL ACCESS +A mode of data retreival where each byte of data is read in the order in which +it was written to the disk. + +SERIAL +As opposed to parallel. A communication mode which sends data bits one at a +time over a single line or wire. + +SHIFT +A logical operation which moves the bits of a byte either left or right one +position, moving a 0 into the bit at the other end. + +SLAVE DISK +A diskette with a copy of DOS which is not relocatable. The DOS image will +always be loaded into the same memory location, regadless of the size of the +machine. + +SOFT ERROR +A recoverable I/O error. A worn diskette might produce soft errors +occasionally. + +SOFTWARE +Computer programs and data which can be loaded into RAM memory and executed. + +SOURCE CODE +A program in a form which is understandable to humans; in character form as +opposed to internal binary machine format. Source assembly code must be +processed by an assembler to translate it into machine or "object" code. + +SKEWING +The process of interleaving sectors. See INTERLEAVE. + +STATE MACHINE +A process (in software or hardware) which defines a unique target state, given +an input state and certain conditions. A state machine approach is used in DOS +to keep track of its video intercepts and by the hardware on the disk +controller card to process disk data. + +STROBE +The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O +address. Strobing $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called +"toggling". + +SUBROUTINE +A program whose function is required repeatedly during execution, and therefore +is called by a main program in several places. + +TABLE +A collection of data entries, having similar format, residing in memory. Each +entry might contain the name of a program and its address, for example. A +"lookup" can be performed on such a table to locate any given program by name. + +TOGGLE +The act of triggering an I/O function by momentarily referencing a special I/O +address. Toggling $C030 produces a click on the speaker. Also called +"strobe". + +TOKENS +A method where human recognizable words may be coded to single binary byte +values for memory compression and faster processing. BASIC statements are +tokenized, where hex codes are assigned to words like IF, PRINT, and END. + +TRACK +One complete circular path of magnetic storage on a diskette. There are 35 +concentric tracks on an APPLE diskette. + +TRANSLATE TABLE +A table of single byte codes which are to replace input codes on a one-for-one +basis. A translate table is used to convert from 6 bit codes to disk codes. + +T/S LIST +Track/Sector List. A sector which describes the location of a file by listing +the track and sector number for each of its data sectors in the order that they +are to be read or written. + +TTL +Transistor to Transistor Logic. A standard for the interconnection of +integrated circuits which also defines the which voltages represent 0's and +1's. + +UTILITY +A program which is used to maintain, or assist in the development of, other +programs or disk files. + +VECTOR +A collection of pointers or JMP instructions at a fixed location in memory +which allow access to a relocatable program or data. + +VOLUME +An identification for a diskette, disk platter, or cassette, containing one or +more files. + +VTOC +Volume Table Of Contents. Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On the APPLE, a +sector mapping the free sectors on the diskette and giving the location of the +directory. + +WARMSTART +A restart of a program which retains, as much as is possible, the work which +was in progress at the time. A DOS warmstart retains the BASIC program in +memory. + +WRITE PROTECTED +A diskette whose write protect notch is covered, preventing the disk drive from +writing on it. + +ZAP +From the IBM utility program, SUPERZAP. A program which allows updates to a +disk at a byte level, using hexadecimal. + +ZERO PAGE +The first 256 bytes of memory in a 6502 based machine. Zero page locations +have special significance to the central processor, making their management and +assignment critical.