Clean up first part of appendix C
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appendixC.txt
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appendixC.txt
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APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY
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# APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY
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ACCESS TIME]>The time required to
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locate and read or write data on a
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direct access storage device, such as
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a diskette drive.
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ACCESS TIME
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The time required to locate and read or write data on a direct access storage
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device, such as a diskette drive.
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ADDRESS]>The numeric location of a
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piece of data in memory. Usually
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given as a hexadecimal number from
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$0000 to $FFFF (65535 decimal). A
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disk address is the location of a
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data sector, expressed in terms of its
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track and sector numbers.
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ADDRESS
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The numeric location of a piece of data in memory. Usually given as a
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hexadecimal number from $0000 to $FFFF (65535 decimal). A disk address is the
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location of a data sector, expressed in terms of its track and sector numbers.
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ALGORITHM]>A sequence of steps which
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may be performed by a program or
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other process, which will produce a
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given result.
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ALGORITHM
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A sequence of steps which may be performed by a program or other process, which
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will produce a given result.
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ALPHANUMERIC]>An alphabetic character
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(A-Z) or a numeric digit (0-9). The
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term used to refer to the class of all
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characters and digits.
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ALPHANUMERIC
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An alphabetic character (A-Z) or a numeric digit (0-9). The term used to refer
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to the class of all characters and digits.
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ANALOG]>As opposed to digital.
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Having a value which is continuous,
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such as a voltage or electrical
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resistance.
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ANALOG
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As opposed to digital. Having a value which is continuous, such as a voltage or
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electrical resistance.
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AND]>The logical process of
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determining whether two bits are both
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ones. 0 AND 1 results in 0 (false),
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1 AND 1 results in 1 (true).
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AND
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The logical process of determining whether two bits are both ones. 0 AND 1
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results in 0 (false), 1 AND 1 results in 1 (true).
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ARM]>The portion of a disk drive
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which suspends the read/write head
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over the disk's surface. The arm can
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be moved radially to allow access to
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different tracks.
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ARM
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The portion of a disk drive which suspends the read/write head over the disk's
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surface. The arm can be moved radially to allow access to different tracks.
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ASCII]>American Standard Code for
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Information Interchange. A
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hexadecimal to character conversion
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code assignment, such that the 256
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possible values of a single byte may
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each represent a alphabetic, numeric,
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special, or control character. ASCII
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is used when interfacing to
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peripherals, such as keyboards,
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printers, or video text displays.
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ASCII
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American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A hexadecimal to character
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conversion code assignment, such that the 256 possible values of a single byte
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may each represent a alphabetic, numeric, special, or control character. ASCII
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is used when interfacing to peripherals, such as keyboards, printers, or video
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text displays.
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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE]>Also known as
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MACHINE LANGUAGE. The native
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programming language of the
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individual computer. Assembly
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language is oriented to the machine,
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and is not humanized, as is BASIC,
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PASCAL, or FORTRAN. An assembler is
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used to convert assembly language
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statements to an executable program.
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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
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Also known as MACHINE LANGUAGE. The native programming language of the
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individual computer. Assembly language is oriented to the machine, and is not
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humanized, as is BASIC, PASCAL, or FORTRAN. An assembler is used to convert
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assembly language statements to an executable program.
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BACKUP]>The process of making a copy
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of a program or data against the
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possibility of its accidental loss or
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destruction.
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BACKUP
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The process of making a copy of a program or data against the possibility of its
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accidental loss or destruction.
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BASE]>The number system in use.
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Decimal is base 10, since each digit
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represents a power of 10
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(1,10,100,...). Hexadecimal is base
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16 (1,16,256,...). Binary is base 2
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(1,2,4,8,...).
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BASE
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The number system in use. Decimal is base 10, since each digit represents a
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power of 10 (1,10,100,...). Hexadecimal is base 16 (1,16,256,...). Binary is
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base 2 (1,2,4,8,...).
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BINARY]>A number system based upon
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powers of 2. Only the digits 0 and 1
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are used. 101 in binary, for
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example, is 1 units digit, 0 twos,
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and 1 fours, or 5 in decimal.
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BINARY
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A number system based upon powers of 2. Only the digits 0 and 1 are used. 101
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in binary, for example, is 1 units digit, 0 twos, and 1 fours, or 5 in decimal.
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BIT]>A single binary digit (a 1 or a
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0). A bit is the smallest unit of
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storage or information in a computer.
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BIT
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A single binary digit (a 1 or a 0). A bit is the smallest unit of storage or
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information in a computer.
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BIT CELL]>The space on a diskette,
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between two clock pulses, which can
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hold the value of a single binary 0
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or 1 (bit).
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BIT CELL
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The space on a diskette, between two clock pulses, which can hold the value of a
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single binary 0 or 1 (bit).
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BIT SLIP MARKS]>The epilogue of a
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disk field. Used to double check
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that the disk head is still in read
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sync and the sector has not been
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damaged.
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BIT SLIP MARKS
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The epilogue of a disk field. Used to double check that the disk head is still
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in read sync and the sector has not been damaged.
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BOOT/BOOTSTRAP]>The process of
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loading a very large program into
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memory by loading successively larger
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pieces, each of which loads its
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successor. The program loads itself
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by "pulling itself up by its
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bootstraps".
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BOOT/BOOTSTRAP
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The process of loading a very large program into memory by loading successively
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larger pieces, each of which loads its successor. The program loads itself by
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"pulling itself up by its bootstraps".
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BRK]>BREAK. An assembly langauge instruction
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which can be used to force an
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interrupt and immediate suspension of
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execution of a program.
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BRK
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BREAK. An assembly langauge instruction which can be used to force an interrupt
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and immediate suspension of execution of a program.
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BUFFER]>An area of memory used to
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temporarily hold data as it is being
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transferred to or from a peripheral,
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such as a disk drive.
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BUFFER
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An area of memory used to temporarily hold data as it is being transferred to or
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from a peripheral, such as a disk drive.
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BUG]>A programming error. Faulty
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operation of a program.
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BUG
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A programming error. Faulty operation of a program.
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BYTE]>The smallest unit of
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addressable memory in a computer. A
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byte usually consists of 8 bits and
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can contain a decimal number ranging
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from 0 to 255 or a single
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BYTE
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The smallest unit of addressable memory in a computer. A byte usually consists
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of 8 bits and can contain a decimal number ranging from 0 to 255 or a single
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alphanumeric character.
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CARRIAGE RETURN]>A control character
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which instructs the printer to end
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one line and begin another. When
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printing a carriage return is usually
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followed by a line feed.
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CARRIAGE RETURN
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A control character which instructs the printer to end one line and begin
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another. When printing a carriage return is usually followed by a line feed.
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CARRY FLAG]>A 6502 processor flag
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which indicates that a previous
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addition resulted in a carry. Also
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used
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as an error indicator by many system
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programs.
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CARRY FLAG
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A 6502 processor flag which indicates that a previous addition resulted in a
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carry. Also used as an error indicator by many system programs.
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CATALOG]>A directory of the files on
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a diskette. See DIRECTORY.
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CATALOG
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A directory of the files on a diskette. See DIRECTORY.
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CHAIN]>A linked list of data
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elements. Data is chained if its
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elements need not be contiguous in
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storage and
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each element can be found from its
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predecessor via an address pointer.
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CHAIN
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A linked list of data elements. Data is chained if its elements need not be
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contiguous in storage and each element can be found from its predecessor via an
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address pointer.
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CHECKSUM/CRC]>A method for verifying
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that data has not been damaged. When
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data is written, the sum of all its
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constituent bytes is stored with it.
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If, when the data is later read, its
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sum no longer matches the checksum,
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it has been damaged.
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CHECKSUM/CRC
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A method for verifying that data has not been damaged. When data is written,
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the sum of all its constituent bytes is stored with it. If, when the data is
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later read, its sum no longer matches the checksum, it has been damaged.
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CLOBBERED]>Damaged or destroyed. A
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clobbered sector is one which has
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been overwritten such that it is
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unrecoverable.
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CLOBBERED
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Damaged or destroyed. A clobbered sector is one which has been overwritten such
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that it is unrecoverable.
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CODE]>Executable instructions to the
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computer, usually in machine
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language.
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CODE
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Executable instructions to the computer, usually in machine language.
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COLDSTART]>A restart of a program
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which reinitializes all of its
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parameters, usually erasing any work
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which was in progress at the time of
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the restart. A DOS coldstart erases
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the BASIC program in memory.
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COLDSTART
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A restart of a program which reinitializes all of its parameters, usually
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erasing any work which was in progress at the time of the restart. A DOS
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coldstart erases the BASIC program in memory.
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CONTIGUOUS]>Physically next to. Two
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bytes are contiguous if they are
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adjoining each other in memory or on
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the disk.
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CONTIGUOUS
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Physically next to. Two bytes are contiguous if they are adjoining each other
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in memory or on the disk.
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CONTROL BLOCK]>A collection of data
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which is used by the operating system
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to manage resources. Examples of a
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control block used by DOS are the
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file buffers.
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CONTROL BLOCK
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A collection of data which is used by the operating system to manage resources.
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Examples of a control block used by DOS are the file buffers.
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CONTROL CHARACTER]>A special ASCII
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code which is used to perform a
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unique function on a peripheral, but
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does not generate a printable
|
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character.
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Carriage return, line feed, form
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feed, and bell are all control
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characters.
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CONTROL CHARACTER
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A special ASCII code which is used to perform a unique function on a peripheral,
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but does not generate a printable character. Carriage return, line feed, form
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feed, and bell are all control characters.
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CONTROLLER CARD]>A hardware circuit
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board which is plugged into an APPLE
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connector which allows communication
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with a peripheral device, such as a
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disk or printer. A controller card
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usually contains a small driver
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program in ROM.
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CONTROLLER CARD
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A hardware circuit board which is plugged into an APPLE connector which allows
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communication with a peripheral device, such as a disk or printer. A controller
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card usually contains a small driver program in ROM.
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CSWL]>A vector in zero-page through
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which output data is passed for
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display on the CRT or for printing.
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CSWL
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A vector in zero-page through which output data is passed for display on the CRT
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or for printing.
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CYCLE]>The smallest unit of time
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within the central processor of the
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computer. Each machine language
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instruction requires two or more
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cycles to complete. One cycle (on
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the APPLE) is one micro-second or one
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millionth of a second.
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CYCLE
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The smallest unit of time within the central processor of the computer. Each
|
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machine language instruction requires two or more cycles to complete. One cycle
|
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(on the APPLE) is one micro-second or one millionth of a second.
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DATA]>Units of information.
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DATA
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Units of information.
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DATA SECTOR BUFFER]>On the APPLE, a
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256 byte buffer used by DOS to hold
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the image of any given sector on the
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diskette. As information is read
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from the file, data is extracted from
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the data sector buffer until it is
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exhausted, at which time it is
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refilled with the next sector image.
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DATA SECTOR BUFFER
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On the APPLE, a 256 byte buffer used by DOS to hold the image of any given
|
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sector on the diskette. As information is read from the file, data is extracted
|
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from the data sector buffer until it is exhausted, at which time it is refilled
|
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with the next sector image.
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DATA TYPE]>The type of information
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stored in a byte. A byte might
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contain a printable ASCII character, binary
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numeric data, or a machine language
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instruction.
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DATA TYPE
|
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The type of information stored in a byte. A byte might contain a printable
|
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ASCII character, binary numeric data, or a machine language instruction.
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|
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DCT]>Device Characteristics Table.
|
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Used as an input parameter table to
|
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Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) to
|
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describe the hardware characteristics
|
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of the diskette drive.
|
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DCT
|
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Device Characteristics Table. Used as an input parameter table to Read/Write
|
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Track/Sector (RWTS) to describe the hardware characteristics of the diskette
|
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drive.
|
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|
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DECIMAL]>A number system based upon
|
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powers of 10. Digits range from 0 to
|
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9.
|
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DECIMAL
|
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A number system based upon powers of 10. Digits range from 0 to 9.
|
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|
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DEFERRED COMMANDS]>DOS commands which
|
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may (or must) be invoked from within
|
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an executing BASIC program. OPEN,
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READ, WRITE, and CLOSE are all
|
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examples of deferred commands.
|
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DEFERRED COMMANDS
|
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DOS commands which may (or must) be invoked from within an executing BASIC
|
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program. OPEN, READ, WRITE, and CLOSE are all examples of deferred commands.
|
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|
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DIGITAL]>As opposed to analog.
|
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Discrete values as opposed to
|
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continuous ones. Only digital values
|
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may be stored in a computer. Analog
|
||||
measurements from the real world,
|
||||
such as a voltage or the level of
|
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light outside, must be converted into
|
||||
a numerical value which, of
|
||||
necessity, must be "rounded off" to a
|
||||
discrete value.
|
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DIGITAL
|
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As opposed to analog. Discrete values as opposed to continuous ones. Only
|
||||
digital values may be stored in a computer. Analog measurements from the real
|
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world, such as a voltage or the level of light outside, must be converted into a
|
||||
numerical value which, of necessity, must be "rounded off" to a discrete value.
|
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|
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DIRECT ACCESS]>Peripheral storage
|
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allowing rapid access of any piece of
|
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data, regardless of its placement on
|
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the medium. Magnetic tape is
|
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generally not considered direct
|
||||
access, since the entire tape must be
|
||||
read to locate the last byte. A
|
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diskette is direct access, since the
|
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arm may be rapidly moved to any
|
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track and sector.
|
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DIRECT ACCESS
|
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Peripheral storage allowing rapid access of any piece of data, regardless of its
|
||||
placement on the medium. Magnetic tape is generally not considered direct
|
||||
access, since the entire tape must be read to locate the last byte. A diskette
|
||||
is direct access, since the arm may be rapidly moved to any track and sector.
|
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|
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DIRECTORY]>A catalog of all files
|
||||
stored on a diskette. The directory
|
||||
must contain each file's name and its
|
||||
location on the disk as well as other
|
||||
information regarding the type of
|
||||
data stored there.
|
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DIRECTORY
|
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A catalog of all files stored on a diskette. The directory must contain each
|
||||
file's name and its location on the disk as well as other information regarding
|
||||
the type of data stored there.
|
||||
|
||||
DISK INITIALIZATION]>The process
|
||||
which places track formatting
|
||||
information, including sectors and
|
||||
gaps, on a blank diskette.
|
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During disk initialization, DOS also
|
||||
places a VTOC and directory on the
|
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newly formatted disk, as well as
|
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saving the HELLO program.
|
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DISK INITIALIZATION
|
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The process which places track formatting information, including sectors and
|
||||
gaps, on a blank diskette. During disk initialization, DOS also places a VTOC
|
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and directory on the newly formatted disk, as well as saving the HELLO program.
|
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|
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DISPLACEMENT]>The distance from the
|
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beginning of a block of data to a
|
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particular byte or field.
|
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Displacements are usually given
|
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beginning with 0, for the first byte,
|
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1 for the second, etc. Also known as
|
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an offset.
|
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DISPLACEMENT
|
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The distance from the beginning of a block of data to a particular byte or
|
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field. Displacements are usually given beginning with 0, for the first byte, 1
|
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for the second, etc. Also known as an offset.
|
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|
||||
DRIVER]>A program which provides an
|
||||
input stream to another program or an
|
||||
output device. A printer driver
|
||||
accepts input from a user program in
|
||||
the form of lines to be printed, and
|
||||
sends them to the printer.
|
||||
DRIVER
|
||||
A program which provides an input stream to another program or an output device.
|
||||
A printer driver accepts input from a user program in the form of lines to be
|
||||
printed, and sends them to the printer.
|
||||
|
||||
DUMP]>An unformatted or partially
|
||||
formatted listing of the contents of
|
||||
memory or a diskette in hexadecimal.
|
||||
Used for diagnostic purposes.
|
||||
DUMP
|
||||
An unformatted or partially formatted listing of the contents of memory or a
|
||||
diskette in hexadecimal. Used for diagnostic purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
ENCODE]>To translate data from one
|
||||
form to another for any of a number
|
||||
of reasons. In DOS 3.3,
|
||||
Data is encoded from 8
|
||||
bit bytes to 6 bit bytes for storage
|
||||
on a DISK II.
|
||||
ENCODE
|
||||
To translate data from one form to another for any of a number of reasons. In
|
||||
DOS 3.3, Data is encoded from 8 bit bytes to 6 bit bytes for storage on a DISK
|
||||
II.
|
||||
|
||||
ENTRY POINT (EPA)]>The entry point
|
||||
address is the location within a
|
||||
program where execution is to start.
|
||||
This is not necessarily the same as
|
||||
the load point (or lowest memory
|
||||
ENTRY POINT (EPA)
|
||||
The entry point address is the location within a program where execution is to
|
||||
start. This is not necessarily the same as the load point (or lowest memory
|
||||
address in the program).
|
||||
|
||||
EOF]>End Of File. This mark signals
|
||||
the end of a data file. $00 for
|
||||
APPLE DOS text files.
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
End Of File. This mark signals the end of a data file. $00 for APPLE DOS text
|
||||
files.
|
||||
|
||||
EPILOGUE]>The last three bytes of a
|
||||
field on a track. These unique bytes
|
||||
are used to insure the integrity of
|
||||
the data which preceeds them.
|
||||
EPILOGUE
|
||||
The last three bytes of a field on a track. These unique bytes are used to
|
||||
insure the integrity of the data which preceeds them.
|
||||
|
||||
EXCLUSIVE OR]>A logical operation
|
||||
which compares two bits to determine
|
||||
if they are different. 1 EOR 0
|
||||
results in 1. 1 EOR 1 results in 0.
|
||||
EXCLUSIVE OR
|
||||
A logical operation which compares two bits to determine if they are different.
|
||||
1 EOR 0 results in 1. 1 EOR 1 results in 0.
|
||||
|
||||
FIELD]>A group of contiguous bytes
|
||||
forming a single piece of data, such
|
||||
as a person's name, his age, or his
|
||||
social security number. In disk
|
||||
formatting, a group of data bytes
|
||||
surrounded by gaps.
|
||||
FIELD
|
||||
A group of contiguous bytes forming a single piece of data, such as a person's
|
||||
name, his age, or his social security number. In disk formatting, a group of
|
||||
data bytes surrounded by gaps.
|
||||
|
||||
FILE]>A named collection of data on a
|
||||
diskette or other mass storage
|
||||
medium. Files can contain data or
|
||||
programs.
|
||||
FILE
|
||||
A named collection of data on a diskette or other mass storage medium. Files
|
||||
can contain data or programs.
|
||||
|
||||
FILE BUFFERS]>In APPLE DOS, a
|
||||
collection of buffers used to manage
|
||||
one open file. Included are a data
|
||||
sector buffer, a Track/Sector List
|
||||
sector buffer, a file manager
|
||||
workarea buffer, the name of the
|
||||
file, and pointers. The DOS command,
|
||||
MAXFILES 3, causes 3 of these file
|
||||
buffers to be allocated.
|
||||
FILE BUFFERS
|
||||
In APPLE DOS, a collection of buffers used to manage one open file. Included
|
||||
are a data sector buffer, a Track/Sector List sector buffer, a file manager
|
||||
workarea buffer, the name of the file, and pointers. The DOS command, MAXFILES
|
||||
3, causes 3 of these file buffers to be allocated.
|
||||
|
||||
FILE DESCRIPTOR]>A single entry in a
|
||||
diskette directory which describes
|
||||
one file. Included are the name of
|
||||
the file, its data type, its length,
|
||||
and its location on the diskette.
|
||||
FILE DESCRIPTOR
|
||||
A single entry in a diskette directory which describes one file. Included are
|
||||
the name of the file, its data type, its length, and its location on the
|
||||
diskette.
|
||||
|
||||
FILE MANAGER]>That portion of DOS
|
||||
which manages files. The file
|
||||
manager handles such general
|
||||
operations as OPEN, CLOSE, READ,
|
||||
WRITE, POSITION, RENAME, DELETE, etc.
|
||||
FILE MANAGER
|
||||
That portion of DOS which manages files. The file manager handles such general
|
||||
operations as OPEN, CLOSE, READ, WRITE, POSITION, RENAME, DELETE, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
FILE TYPE]>The type of data held by a
|
||||
file. Valid DOS file types are
|
||||
Binary, Applesoft, Integer-BASIC,
|
||||
Text, Relocatable, S, A, and B.
|
||||
FILE TYPE
|
||||
The type of data held by a file. Valid DOS file types are Binary, Applesoft,
|
||||
Integer-BASIC, Text, Relocatable, S, A, and B.
|
||||
|
||||
FIRMWARE]>A middle ground between
|
||||
hardware and software. Usually used
|
||||
to describe micro-code or programs
|
||||
which have been stored in read-only
|
||||
memory.
|
||||
FIRMWARE
|
||||
A middle ground between hardware and software. Usually used to describe
|
||||
micro-code or programs which have been stored in read-only memory.
|
||||
|
||||
GAPS]>The spaces between fields of
|
||||
data on a diskette. Gaps on an APPLE
|
||||
diskette contain self-sync bytes.
|
||||
GAPS
|
||||
The spaces between fields of data on a diskette. Gaps on an APPLE diskette
|
||||
contain self-sync bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
HARD ERROR]>An unrecoverable
|
||||
Input/Output error. The data stored
|
||||
in the disk sector can never be
|
||||
successfully read again.
|
||||
HARD ERROR
|
||||
An unrecoverable Input/Output error. The data stored in the disk sector can
|
||||
never be successfully read again.
|
||||
|
||||
HARDWARE]>Physical computer
|
||||
equipment, as opposed to programs
|
||||
which run on the equipment.
|
||||
A disk drive is an example of a
|
||||
hardware component.
|
||||
HARDWARE
|
||||
Physical computer equipment, as opposed to programs which run on the equipment.
|
||||
A disk drive is an example of a hardware component.
|
||||
|
||||
HEAD]>The read/write head on a
|
||||
diskette drive. A magnetic pickup,
|
||||
similar in nature to the head on a
|
||||
stereo tapedeck, which rests on the
|
||||
spinning surface of the diskette.
|
||||
HEAD
|
||||
The read/write head on a diskette drive. A magnetic pickup, similar in nature
|
||||
to the head on a stereo tapedeck, which rests on the spinning surface of the
|
||||
diskette.
|
||||
|
||||
HEXADECIMAL/HEX]>A numeric system
|
||||
based on powers of 16. Valid hex
|
||||
digits range from 0 to 9 and A to F,
|
||||
where A is 10, B is 11, ... , and F
|
||||
is 15. B30 is 11 256's, 3 16's, and
|
||||
0 1's, or 2864 in decimal.
|
||||
Two hexadecimal digits can be used to
|
||||
represent the contents of one byte.
|
||||
Hexadecimal is used with computers
|
||||
because it easily converts with
|
||||
binary.
|
||||
HEXADECIMAL/HEX
|
||||
A numeric system based on powers of 16. Valid hex digits range from 0 to 9 and
|
||||
A to F, where A is 10, B is 11, ... , and F is 15. B30 is 11 256's, 3 16's, and
|
||||
0 1's, or 2864 in decimal. Two hexadecimal digits can be used to represent the
|
||||
contents of one byte. Hexadecimal is used with computers because it easily
|
||||
converts with binary.
|
||||
|
||||
HIGH MEMORY]>Those memory locations
|
||||
which have high address values.
|
||||
$FFFF is the highest memory location.
|
||||
Also called the "top" of memory.
|
||||
HIGH MEMORY
|
||||
Those memory locations which have high address values. $FFFF is the highest
|
||||
memory location. Also called the "top" of memory.
|
||||
|
||||
HIMEM]>APPLE's zero-page address
|
||||
which identifies the first byte past
|
||||
the available memory which can be
|
||||
used to store BASIC programs and
|
||||
their variables.
|
||||
HIMEM
|
||||
APPLE's zero-page address which identifies the first byte past the available
|
||||
memory which can be used to store BASIC programs and their variables.
|
||||
|
||||
IMMEDIATE COMMAND]>A DOS command
|
||||
which may be entered at any time,
|
||||
especially when DOS is waiting for a
|
||||
command from the keyboard. Deferred
|
||||
commands are the opposite of
|
||||
IMMEDIATE COMMAND
|
||||
A DOS command which may be entered at any time, especially when DOS is waiting
|
||||
for a command from the keyboard. Deferred commands are the opposite of
|
||||
immediate commands.
|
||||
|
||||
INDEX]>A displacement into a table or
|
||||
block of storage.
|
||||
INDEX
|
||||
A displacement into a table or block of storage.
|
||||
|
||||
INSTRUCTION]>A single step to be
|
||||
performed in an assembly language or
|
||||
machine language program.
|
||||
Instructions perform such operations
|
||||
as addition, subtraction, store, or
|
||||
load.
|
||||
INSTRUCTION
|
||||
A single step to be performed in an assembly language or machine language
|
||||
program. Instructions perform such operations as addition, subtraction, store,
|
||||
or load.
|
||||
|
||||
INTEGER]>As opposed to floating
|
||||
point. A "whole" number with no
|
||||
fraction associated with it.
|
||||
INTEGER
|
||||
As opposed to floating point. A "whole" number with no fraction associated with
|
||||
it.
|
||||
|
||||
INTERCEPT]>A program which logically
|
||||
places itself in the execution path
|
||||
of another program, or pair of
|
||||
programs. A video intercept
|
||||
is used to re-direct program output
|
||||
from the screen to a printer,
|
||||
for example.
|
||||
INTERCEPT
|
||||
A program which logically places itself in the execution path of another
|
||||
program, or pair of programs. A video intercept is used to re-direct program
|
||||
output from the screen to a printer, for example.
|
||||
|
||||
INTERLEAVE]>The practice of selecting
|
||||
the order of sectors on a diskette
|
||||
track to minimize access time due to
|
||||
rotational delay. Also called
|
||||
"skewing" or interlacing.
|
||||
INTERLEAVE
|
||||
The practice of selecting the order of sectors on a diskette track to minimize
|
||||
access time due to rotational delay. Also called "skewing" or interlacing.
|
||||
|
||||
INTERRUPT]>A hardware signal which
|
||||
causes the computer to halt execution
|
||||
of a program and enter a special
|
||||
handler routine. Interrupts are used
|
||||
to service real-time clock
|
||||
time-outs, BRK instructions, and
|
||||
RESET.
|
||||
INTERRUPT
|
||||
A hardware signal which causes the computer to halt execution of a program and
|
||||
enter a special handler routine. Interrupts are used to service real-time clock
|
||||
time-outs, BRK instructions, and RESET.
|
||||
|
||||
IOB]>Input/Output Block. A
|
||||
collection of parameter data, passed
|
||||
to Read/Write Track/Sector,
|
||||
describing the operation to be
|
||||
performed.
|
||||
IOB
|
||||
Input/Output Block. A collection of parameter data, passed to Read/Write
|
||||
Track/Sector, describing the operation to be performed.
|
||||
|
||||
I/O ERROR]>Input/Output Error.
|
||||
An error which occurs
|
||||
during transmission of data to or
|
||||
from a peripheral device, such as a
|
||||
disk or cassette tape.
|
||||
I/O ERROR
|
||||
Input/Output Error. An error which occurs during transmission of data to or
|
||||
from a peripheral device, such as a disk or cassette tape.
|
||||
|
||||
JMP]>A 6502 assembly langauge
|
||||
instruction which causes the computer
|
||||
to begin executing instructions at a
|
||||
different location in memory.
|
||||
Similar to a GOTO statement in BASIC.
|
||||
JMP
|
||||
A 6502 assembly langauge instruction which causes the computer to begin
|
||||
executing instructions at a different location in memory. Similar to a GOTO
|
||||
statement in BASIC.
|
||||
|
||||
JSR]>A 6502 assembly langauge
|
||||
instruction which causes the computer
|
||||
to "call" a subroutine. Similar to a
|
||||
CALL statement in BASIC.
|
||||
JSR
|
||||
A 6502 assembly langauge instruction which causes the computer to "call" a
|
||||
subroutine. Similar to a CALL statement in BASIC.
|
||||
|
||||
K]>A unit of measurement, usually
|
||||
applied to bytes. 1 K bytes is
|
||||
equivalent to 1024 bytes.
|
||||
K
|
||||
A unit of measurement, usually applied to bytes. 1 K bytes is equivalent to
|
||||
1024 bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
KSWL]>A vector in zero-page through
|
||||
which input data is passed for
|
||||
from the keyboard or a remote
|
||||
terminal.
|
||||
KSWL
|
||||
A vector in zero-page through which input data is passed for from the keyboard
|
||||
or a remote terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
LABEL]>A name associated with a
|
||||
location in a program or in memory.
|
||||
Labels are used in assembly langauge
|
||||
much like statement numbers are used
|
||||
in BASIC.
|
||||
LABEL
|
||||
A name associated with a location in a program or in memory. Labels are used in
|
||||
assembly langauge much like statement numbers are used in BASIC.
|
||||
|
||||
LATCH]>A component into which the
|
||||
Input/Output
|
||||
hardware can store a byte value,
|
||||
which will hold that value until the
|
||||
central processor has time to read
|
||||
it (or vice versa).
|
||||
LATCH
|
||||
A component into which the Input/Output hardware can store a byte value, which
|
||||
will hold that value until the central processor has time to read it (or vice
|
||||
versa).
|
||||
|
||||
LINK]>An address pointer in an
|
||||
element of a linked chain of data or
|
||||
buffers.
|
||||
LINK
|
||||
An address pointer in an element of a linked chain of data or buffers.
|
||||
|
||||
LIST]>A one dimensional sequential
|
||||
array of data items.
|
||||
LIST
|
||||
A one dimensional sequential array of data items.
|
||||
|
||||
LOAD POINT (LP)]>The lowest address
|
||||
of a loaded assembly language
|
||||
program -- the first byte loaded.
|
||||
Not necessarily the same as the entry
|
||||
point address (EPA).
|
||||
LOAD POINT (LP)
|
||||
The lowest address of a loaded assembly language program -- the first byte
|
||||
loaded. Not necessarily the same as the entry point address (EPA).
|
||||
|
||||
LOGICAL]>A form of arithmetic which
|
||||
operates with binary "truth" or
|
||||
"false", 1 or 0. AND, OR, NAND, NOR,
|
||||
and EXCLUSIVE OR are all logical
|
||||
operations.
|
||||
LOGICAL
|
||||
A form of arithmetic which operates with binary "truth" or "false", 1 or 0.
|
||||
AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and EXCLUSIVE OR are all logical operations.
|
||||
|
||||
LOOP]>A programming construction in
|
||||
which a
|
||||
group of instructions or statements
|
||||
are repeatedly executed.
|
||||
LOOP
|
||||
A programming construction in which a group of instructions or statements are
|
||||
repeatedly executed.
|
||||
|
||||
LOW MEMORY]>The memory locations with
|
||||
the lowest addresses. $0000 is the
|
||||
lowest memory location. Also called
|
||||
the "bottom" of memory.
|
||||
LOW MEMORY
|
||||
The memory locations with the lowest addresses. $0000 is the lowest memory
|
||||
location. Also called the "bottom" of memory.
|
||||
|
||||
LOMEM]>APPLE's zero-page address
|
||||
which identifies the first byte of
|
||||
the available memory which can be
|
||||
used to store BASIC programs and
|
||||
their variables.
|
||||
LOMEM
|
||||
APPLE's zero-page address which identifies the first byte of the available
|
||||
memory which can be used to store BASIC programs and their variables.
|
||||
|
||||
LSB/LO ORDER]>Least Significant Bit
|
||||
or Least Significant Byte. The 1's
|
||||
bit in a byte or the second pair of
|
||||
hexadecimal digits forming an
|
||||
address. In the address $8030, $30
|
||||
LSB/LO ORDER
|
||||
Least Significant Bit or Least Significant Byte. The 1's bit in a byte or the
|
||||
second pair of hexadecimal digits forming an address. In the address $8030, $30
|
||||
is the LO order part of the address.
|
||||
|
||||
MASTER DISK]>A DOS diskette which
|
||||
will boot in an APPLE II of any size
|
||||
memory and take full advantage of it.
|
||||
MASTER DISK
|
||||
A DOS diskette which will boot in an APPLE II of any size memory and take full
|
||||
advantage of it.
|
||||
|
||||
MICROSECOND]>A millionth of a
|
||||
second. Equivalent to one cycle of
|
||||
the APPLE II central processor.
|
||||
Also written as "Usec".
|
||||
MICROSECOND
|
||||
A millionth of a second. Equivalent to one cycle of the APPLE II central
|
||||
processor. Also written as "Usec".
|
||||
|
||||
MONITOR]>A machine language program
|
||||
which always resides in the computer
|
||||
and which is the first to receive
|
||||
control when the machine is powered
|
||||
up. The APPLE monitor resides in ROM
|
||||
and allows examination and
|
||||
modification of memory at a byte
|
||||
MONITOR
|
||||
A machine language program which always resides in the computer and which is the
|
||||
first to receive control when the machine is powered up. The APPLE monitor
|
||||
resides in ROM and allows examination and modification of memory at a byte
|
||||
level.
|
||||
|
||||
MSB/HI ORDER]>Most Significant Bit or
|
||||
Most Significant Byte. The 128's bit
|
||||
of a byte (the left-most) or the
|
||||
first pair of hexadecimal digits in
|
||||
an address. In the byte value $83,
|
||||
the MSB is on (is a 1).
|
||||
MSB/HI ORDER
|
||||
Most Significant Bit or Most Significant Byte. The 128's bit of a byte (the
|
||||
left-most) or the first pair of hexadecimal digits in an address. In the byte
|
||||
value $83, the MSB is on (is a 1).
|
||||
|
||||
NULL]>Empty, having no length or
|
||||
value. A null string is one which
|
||||
contains no characters. The null
|
||||
control character ($00) produces no
|
||||
effect on a printer (also called an
|
||||
idle).
|
||||
NULL
|
||||
Empty, having no length or value. A null string is one which contains no
|
||||
characters. The null control character ($00) produces no effect on a printer
|
||||
(also called an idle).
|
||||
|
||||
NIBBLE/NYBBLE]>A portion of a byte,
|
||||
usually 4 bits and represented by a
|
||||
single hexadecimal digit. $FE
|
||||
contains two nibbles, $F and $E.
|
||||
NIBBLE/NYBBLE
|
||||
A portion of a byte, usually 4 bits and represented by a single hexadecimal
|
||||
digit. $FE contains two nibbles, $F and $E.
|
||||
|
||||
OBJECT CODE]>A machine language
|
||||
program in binary form, ready to
|
||||
execute. Object code is the output
|
||||
of an assembler.
|
||||
OBJECT CODE
|
||||
A machine language program in binary form, ready to execute. Object code is the
|
||||
output of an assembler.
|
||||
|
||||
OBJECT MODULE]>A complete machine
|
||||
language program in object code form,
|
||||
stored as a file on a diskette.
|
||||
OBJECT MODULE
|
||||
A complete machine language program in object code form, stored as a file on a
|
||||
diskette.
|
||||
|
||||
OFFSET]>The distance from the
|
||||
beginning of a block of data to a
|
||||
particular byte or field.
|
||||
Offsets are usually given
|
||||
beginning with 0, for the first byte,
|
||||
1 for the second, etc. Also known as
|
||||
a displacement.
|
||||
OFFSET
|
||||
The distance from the beginning of a block of data to a particular byte or
|
||||
field. Offsets are usually given beginning with 0, for the first byte, 1 for
|
||||
the second, etc. Also known as a displacement.
|
||||
|
||||
OPCODE]>Operation Code. The three
|
||||
letter mnemonic representing a single
|
||||
assembly langauge instruction. JMP
|
||||
is the opcode for the jump
|
||||
instruction.
|
||||
OPCODE
|
||||
Operation Code. The three letter mnemonic representing a single assembly
|
||||
langauge instruction. JMP is the opcode for the jump instruction.
|
||||
|
||||
OPERATING SYSTEM]>A machine language
|
||||
program which manages the memory and
|
||||
peripherals automatically,
|
||||
simplifying the job of the
|
||||
applications programmer.
|
||||
OPERATING SYSTEM
|
||||
A machine language program which manages the memory and peripherals
|
||||
automatically, simplifying the job of the applications programmer.
|
||||
|
||||
OR]>The logical operation comparing
|
||||
two bits to determine if either of
|
||||
them are 1. 1 OR 1 results in 1
|
||||
(true), 1
|
||||
OR 0 results in 1, 0 OR 0 results in
|
||||
0 (false).
|
||||
OR
|
||||
The logical operation comparing two bits to determine if either of them are 1.
|
||||
1 OR 1 results in 1 (true), 1 OR 0 results in 1, 0 OR 0 results in 0 (false).
|
||||
|
||||
OVERHEAD
|
||||
The space required by the system, either in memory or on the disk, to manage
|
||||
either. The disk directory and VTOC are part of a diskette's overhead.
|
||||
|
||||
OVERHEAD]>The space required by the
|
||||
system, either in memory or on the
|
||||
disk, to manage either. The disk
|
||||
directory and VTOC are part of a
|
||||
diskette's overhead.
|
||||
.br
|
||||
.nx appendix c.2
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue