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266 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
266 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
/**
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\ingroup platform
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\defgroup usbstick RZRAVEN USB Stick (Jackdaw)
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\image html ravenusb_medium.jpg
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\section introduction Introduction
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This document explains the Raven USB Stick when operated on an IPv6 network. The
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USB Stick allows the computer, and outside networks, to communicate with low-cost
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embedded nodes. The "RZUSBSTICK" hardware, when loaded with the Contiki "ravenusbstick"
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example, forms the complete device described here. This combination of hardware and
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firmware is henceforth referred to as the "Jackdaw".
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\section capabilities Capabilities
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The Jackdaw supports multiple operating systems, customizing itself to OSes as
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needed. The overall idea for a network interface is to emulate an ethernet interface.
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Data is passed to the Jackdaw as if it was an ethernet port, however the Jackdaw
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passes this data over the air to end nodes.
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The Jackdaw can function as an 802.15.4 sniffer, and can sniff the raw 802.15.4 frame
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at the same time it is providing network functionality.
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In addition to the network interface, the Jackdaw can enumerate a USB serial port
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at the same time. This serial port can be used to pass debug messages, or to change
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operating parameters as needed. Note that WindowsXP SP2 or lower does not support this,
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the serial port will only be enumerated on Linux or WindowsXP SP3. Windows Vista should
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work with minor modification to the INF files.
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Finally the Jackdaw has the ability to show up as a USB mass storage drive. This is used
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to load drivers onto a PC without needing any other hardware, such as a driver disk. The
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amount of storage is very limited at around 59 Kbyte, sufficent for a few driver files.
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\section pluging Plugging It In
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When plugging the Jackdaw in, several things occur in sequence:
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- Attempt to appear as a network interface with a serial port. If this fails (drivers don't load),
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it then unmounts itself and waits a few seconds.
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- Attempt to appear as just a network interface. If this fails as well, it again unmounts itself.
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- Finally mounts as a mass storage device
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If the device has never before been plugged in, you will end up with an unformatted USB mass storage device.
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You can format this as you would a normal drive - on Windows right click and select "format". If the device
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has previously been formatted, or was programmed from a preformatted flash image, you will end up with a new drive
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which contains the drivers needed to have the device work on Windows.
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\subsection loaddrivers Loading Drivers
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Windows should prompt you for drivers for the device. Simply point it to location "C:\contikisrc\cpu\avr\dev\usb\INF" Where
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the directory "c:\contikisrc" is where the Contiki source code is on your computer.
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If you have a Jackdaw with a formatted mass storage section, with the drivers on it, you can simply wait until that drive shows
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up. Then point the Windows "new hardware found" Wizard to this new drive, which should have three .INF files in it.
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\section setup Setting Up
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\subsection Linux
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The Jackdaw has excellent support in Linux. The first thing to check is that it was detected. Plug it in, and check the output of 'dmesg'.
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You should see something like:
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\verbatim
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usb 5-2: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 29
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usb 5-2: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
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rndis_host 5-2:1.0: dev can't take 1338 byte packets (max 1338), adjusting MTU to 1280
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usb0: register 'rndis_host' at usb-0000:00:1d.3-2, RNDIS device, 02:12:13:14:15:16
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cdc_acm 5-2:1.2: ttyACM0: USB ACM device
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usb 5-2: New USB device found, idVendor=03eb, idProduct=2021
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usb 5-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
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usb 5-2: Product: RZRAVEN USB DEMO
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usb 5-2: Manufacturer: Atmel
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usb 5-2: SerialNumber: 1.0.0
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\endverbatim
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You can then check that it was assigned a link-local address. Run 'ifconfig' and observe the output, looking for the line about usb0:
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\verbatim
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usb0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:12:13:14:15:16
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inet6 addr: fe80::12:13ff:fe14:1516/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1280 Metric:1
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RX packets:131 errors:131 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:131
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TX packets:169 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:30429 (29.7 KiB) TX bytes:28290 (27.6 KiB)
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\endverbatim
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The address that starts with "fe80" is the link-local address. If this wasn't automatically assigned, you can assign one as such:
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\verbatim
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ip -6 address add fe80::12:13ff:fe14:1516/64 scope link dev usb0
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\endverbatim
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If you wish to see how to generate router advertisements in Linux see the \ref tutorialraven .
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You will also notice the line mentioning ttyACM0, that is the 'debug' interface. You can connect any terminal emulator to it such
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as gtkterm. Simply set the port to "dev/ttyACM0". See the \ref DebugPort section for more information.
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\subsection Windows XP
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Once the drivers are installed, you should see the device show up in "Network Connections". You should see something like this:
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\image html ravenusb_network_connections.png
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Right-click on this, and hit "Properties".
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Click the "Install" button. Select "Protocol" as the type of network component, and hit "Add". The manufacture is "Microsoft" and the network protocol
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is "TCP/IP version 6". Hit OK.
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Then in the window "This connection uses the following items:", uncheck everything EXCEPT "Microsoft TCP/IP version 6". Hit OK and get out
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of that dialog. We can no longer do anything graphically, as WindowsXP doesn't have support for IPv6 through anything but
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the command-line interface.
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If you wish to see how to configure Windows to generate router advertisements, see the \ref tutorialraven.
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You may additionally see a debug port enumerate. This will show up as a serial port, which can be checked by going to the Device Manager and seeing if an "Atmel Raven USB Debug Port" shows up under "Ports (COM & LPT)". If so, you can connect a terminal emulator such to this port. A simple one that is recommended is "Br@y++ Terminal".
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\section DebugPort Debug Port Useage
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The Jackdaw enumerates a CDC serial port. This is typically used by USB<-->Serial converters, however in this case it simply emulates a serial port. Since there is no physical serial port, the setting of the baud rate does not matter.
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The Jackdaw sends both a LF and CR after every line, so you should disable any terminal emulator options that add extra CR's.
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With the port connected, strike the 'h' key to bring up the main menu. It should look something like this:
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\verbatim
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********** Jackdaw Menu ******************
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* *
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* Main Menu: *
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* h,? Print this menu *
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* m Print current mode *
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* s Set to sniffer mode *
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* n Set to network mode *
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* 6 Toggle 6lowpan *
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* r Toggle raw mode *
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* u Switch to mass-storage*
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* *
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* Make selection at any time by pressing *
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* your choice on keyboard. *
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******************************************
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\endverbatim
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<b>Network mode</b><br>
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Network mode is the default mode. In this mode addresses inside IP packets will be adjusted to reflect the network they
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are on. For instance inside a Router Advertisement message, the link-layer address on the ethernet side will be 6 bytes.
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On the 802.15.4 side it will be 8 bytes. This allows both systems to accept this IP packet as valid.
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<b>Sniffer mode</b><br>
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In sniffer mode, the IP packets themselves are left unchanged. This means that you won't be able to form a network, as
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the computer's IP stack will not understand why the link-layer addresses are 8 bytes. It is only expecting 6 bytes, as
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it is assuming an ethernet layer.
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<b>6lowpan enabled/disabled</b><br>
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Enabling or Disabling 6lowpan changes if the USBStick will decode 6lowpan messages into valid IPv6 messages and send
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them over the ethernet interface. Enabled by default.
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<b>raw mode enabled/disabled</b><br>
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If raw mode is enabled, every 802.15.4 frame that comes in will be sent to the computer raw. It will be sent as an
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ethernet frame, with the ETHTYPE set to 0x809A. Note this is not an IEEE standard, so to use this device as a
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802.15.4 sniffer needs some extra work, described in the \ref Wireshark section. Also for every 802.15.4 packet
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that is sent out over the RF port is sent out over ethernet as well.
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<b>Mass Storage</b><br>
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This will switch the device to \ref MassStorageMode
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\section Wireshark Using Wireshark
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When using the Jackdow with 6lowpan, you can
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simply operate Wireshark as normal. Select the interface as the USB Stick, on Linux this will likely be "usb0", and on Windows
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it will just call the interface "Atmel". You will see pure IPv6 packets, with traffic such as ICMPv6, TCP, or UDP.
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If you have raw mode enabled (it is by default), you will also see 802.15.4 information. You may see many 802.15.4 packets
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for one IP packet due to fragmentation. You can also put either 'ipv6' or 'wpan' in the filter box at the top of Wireshark
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to filter out everything but IPv6 or 802.15.4 traffic. Also, for received frames the 802.15.4 data will come BEFORE the IPv6
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packet. For transmitted frames, the 802.15.4 data will come AFTER the IPv6 packet. You can see that in the following, where
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messages from the same source are boxed:
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\image html wireshark_explained.png
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Note that Wireshark does have support for 802.15.4, but you need version 1.1.2 or later. See \ref annex_wireshark for download instructions.
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\note 802.15.4 packets transmitted from the Jackdaw will come up as having "Bad FCS". This is because the FCS is added automatically by the
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radio chip, and is not known to the microcontroller on the Jackdaw. Hence some padding bytes are added to allow you to see where the FCS would go.
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The 802.15.4 packet was generated from the IPv6 packet directly. The only way to actually sniff the real over the air data is to use a second Jackdaw
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as just a sniffer.
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Also be sure to use the features of wireshark to make life easier! You can colorize packets based on various things, including
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destination and source addresses. The following example colourizes packets destined for different addresses differently, quickly
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letting you see message flow. You could furthur colorize based on the message type, to allow you to see 802.15.4 packets and
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IPv6 packets in different colors. The following example has the 'source_eth' and 'dest_eth' rules at the top of the order, you
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may want to put them lower so you still see other colourizations such as bad TCP, checksum errors, etc.
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\image html wireshark_color.png
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\section MassStorageMode Mass Storage Mode
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The mass storage mode provides a small amount of storage by using part of the internal flash of the AVR. This will get
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erased every time the AVR is reprogrammed.
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The Jackdaw can end in mass storage mode in three ways. It can fail all other modes and end up there, it can be forced
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there through the debug port, or it can be forced there through a hardware switch. see the \ref hardwareforce section.
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Once in mass storage mode, you will have to format the device. This can be done by right-clicking on it and hitting
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format, or if you attempt to open the drive Windows will ask you to format it. Once it is formatted you can store a few INF
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files on it! If you read the FLASH back from the AVR, you now have an image with a preformatted drive with those INF files
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on it already!
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\section hardwareforce Forcing Jackdaw to certain Modes
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The Jackdaw has several operating modes, and very limited inputs to switch between them. Hence it auto-switches to what
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it feels is the most useful mode, but it's not always right. Hence an override is provided to allow you to use it in other
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modes.
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This override is to short two pads on the back of the Jackdaw. Note that only a somewhat conductive short is needed, a moist finger should be plenty of conductivity. The pads to short are visible below the"A" in the "ATMEL" logo. There will be three pads - only short the two closest to the "ATMEL" logo. Or as below:
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\image html ravenusb_shortpins.jpg
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Short them when plugging in the Jackdaw, and it enters "reverse logic mode". If it doesn't, you either might have
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not enough conductivity, or you might be shorting to the third pad too much.
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In "reverse logic mode" it will stay in the main mode (Network interface + Serial debug port) if it doesn't see the
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driver loading on the host computer. This mode is needed for Windows Vista, where you have to keep the hardware plugged in while
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installing drivers.
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If the driver DOES load OK, it will remount itself as a mass storage device. The idea is that you can hold the Jackdaw a specific
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way when plugging in and it will mount as mass storage. Note that it will FIRST mount as a network interface for a few seconds
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before switching.
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One problem with this is Windows XP SP2: it will never exit the first (network + debug) mode, and you don't have a debug
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port to switch to mass storage mode. You can either upgrade to SP3, or uncomment this line in platforms\ravenusbstick\contiki-raven-default-init-lowlevel.c:
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\code
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#define WINXPSP2
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\endcode
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\section Address Translation
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Addresses on the 802.15.4 network are 8 bytes long, and addresses on an ethernet network are 6 bytes long. This provides some problems for
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bridging the two networks. This should be done by routing the IP packets between the ethernet and 802.15.4 network, but the current
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code does not have support for routing.
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As a temporary solution, addresses are "translated" when passing through the Jackdaw. This generates valid ethernet addresses from the
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802.15.4 addresses, and valid 802.15.4 addresses from ethernet addresses. Note this also includes translating addresses which are
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inside IP packets. Certain messages, such as various neighbor discovery messages, include a link-layer address. An IP stack which
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is expecting an ethernet-sized address will get confused by the different size, and vis-versa.
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Details of the translation can be found in the \ref sicslowinterop documentation. It is important to remember this is a temporary solution
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until proper routing is implemented.
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\section Annex
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\subsection annex_wireshark Wireshark download
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\li Check the latest stable release at http://www.wireshark.org/ - it may already be revision 1.1.2 or later.
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\li You can apply a patch to Wireshark sources earlier than 1.1.2 and rebuild it yourself, see https://bugs.wireshark.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=2938
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\li You can download the latest sources or prebuild binary from http://www.wireshark.org/download/automated/ - be sure to get SVN revision 26352 or later. For win32 there are three types of binaries, the "normal" installer will have a name like "wireshark-win32-1.1.2-SVN-26354.exe".
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\li You can download a prebuilt version of Wireshark 1.0.3 at http://www.newae.com/download/wireshark-setup-1.0.3-jackdaw.exe
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\note
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For some reason the author list is crazy, i'm not sure how to stop this! It should follow this text...
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*/
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