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Christopher Mosher
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@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ the bank-switched ROM, or the so-called *seventh ROM* area.
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You also have to specify the base address within the specific memory
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area at which the image file will be loaded. Note that the base address is specified as the offset
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within the specific memory area, and not necessarily as the actual memory address as seen
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by the Apple. So for motherboard ROM, for example, specifying a base as 2DED will cause the
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image to be loaded at offset $2DED in the ROM, which will be addressed by the Apple at
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memory address $FDED, because motherboard ROM *starts* at address $D000, and $D000 + $2DED = $FDED.
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by the Apple. So for motherboard ROM, for example, specifying a base as `2DED` will cause the
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image to be loaded at offset `$2DED` in the ROM, which will be addressed by the Apple at
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memory address `$FDED`, because motherboard ROM *starts* at address `$D000`, and `$D000` + `$2DED` = `$FDED`.
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For peripheral cards, the ROM will be seen at locations `$Cs00`-`$CsFF`, where s is the slot
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number (1 through 7). The *seventh ROM* can be seen as locations `$C800`-`$CFFF`; Jim Sather
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@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ describes this functionality in
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on page 6-4, section *The Seventh ROM Chip*. The EPPLE \]\[ emulator handles this processing correctly. A card can
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also have bank-switched ROM, which will show up at addresses `$D000`-`$FFFF` when switched in
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(stealing that address range from motherboard ROM... see
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[*Understanding the Apple II*]https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/page/n117,
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[*Understanding the Apple II*](https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/page/n117),
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p. 5-26 *The 16K RAM Card*).
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@ -448,17 +448,17 @@ slot 0 language
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Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a language card only if it is in slot _zero_.
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The language card has RAM at addresses $E000 through $FFFF, as well as two banks of RAM
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at addresses $D000 through $DFFF. A program switches between these RAMs and/or the
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motherboard ROM by using the I/O switches at $C080 through $C08F.
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The language card has RAM at addresses `$E000`-`$FFFF`, as well as two banks of RAM
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at addresses `$D000`-`$DFFF`. A program switches between these RAMs and/or the
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motherboard ROM by using the I/O switches at `$C080`-`$C08F`.
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The information area of the Epple \]\[ will show the current state of the
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language card as follows:
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* `R` Read from card RAM (vs. motherboard ROM)
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* `W` Write to card RAM (vs. write-disabled)
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* `B1` Use $D000 bank 1
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* `B2` Use $D000 bank 2
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* `B1` Use `$D000` bank 1
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* `B2` Use `$D000` bank 2
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An overview of the I/O switches that control the language card
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is provided by Jim Sather in
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@ -489,12 +489,12 @@ p. 5-30, Table 5.4, as follows:
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The firmware card emulates a (modified) Apple Firmware card.
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The firmware card is simply an alternate ROM, at addresses
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$D000 through $FFFF, that is switched using the I/O switches
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at addresses $C080 through $C08F. In order to make use of the
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`$D000`-`$FFFF`, that is switched using the I/O switches
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at addresses `$C080`-`$C08F`. In order to make use of the
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firmware card, you will need to load the ROM with a binary image
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from a file on disk. For example, to insert an Integer BASIC
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firmware card into the emulator, add these lines to your
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+epple2.conf+ file:
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`epple2.conf` file:
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``` conf
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# Firmware card with Integer BASIC and old Monitor
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@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ import slot 0 rombank 2800 /usr/lib/apple2/system/monitor/apple2plus/monitor.ex6
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Note that the addresses specified in the `epple2.conf` file for the
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rombank are based on the beginning of the bank ROM itself. For example, specifying
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`1000` (which is 1000 hex) represents the final memory address of $E000, because
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the bank ROM is always based at address $D000.
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`1000` (which is 1000 hex) represents the final memory address of `$E000`, because
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the bank ROM is always based at address `$D000`.
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The idea is that you would load your motherboard with, for
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example, Applesoft BASIC and the Autostart Monitor ROM (to emulate
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@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ Note that DOS and ProDOS will make use of a firmware card only if it is in slot
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Jim Sather, in
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[*Understanding the Apple II*](https://archive.org/details/understanding_the_apple_ii/page/n151),
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on pages 6-18 through 6-21, explains
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how to modify a firmware card to allow independent switching of the $F800-$FFFF
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how to modify a firmware card to allow independent switching of the `$F800`-`$FFFF`
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ROM memory. This area is occupied by the Monitor, so it is primarily
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intended to allow the user to switch between the old Monitor and the Autostart
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Monitor, independent of switching between Integer and Applesoft BASIC. The EPPLE \]\[
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@ -538,8 +538,8 @@ firmware card emulates this behavior.
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The information area of the EPPLE \]\[ will show the current state of the
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firmware card as follows:
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* `D` Read from firmware card $D000-$F7FF (vs. motherboard BASIC ROM)
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* `F8` Read from firmware card $F800-$FFFF (vs. motherboard Monitor ROM)
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* `D` Read from firmware card `$D000`-`$F7FF` (vs. motherboard BASIC ROM)
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* `F8` Read from firmware card `$F800`-`$FFFF` (vs. motherboard Monitor ROM)
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@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ RUN
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```
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The card returns data (into the GETLN input buffer at $200) in
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The card returns data (into the `GETLN` input buffer at `$0200`) in
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the following format:
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`mm,ww,dd,hh,nn,ss,000,yyyy,Time Zone,v`
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@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ The tape is automatically positioned at the first header tone.
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This command rewinds the tape currently on the CASSETTE IN port. After rewinding
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the tape, you will typically need to fast-forward to the head tone using
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the +cassette tone+ command.
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the `cassette tone` command.
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`cassette tone`
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@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ do just that.
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This creates a new empty file (on the host computer) that represents a cassette tape image,
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and loads it onto the CASSETTE OUT port,
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in preparation for saving a program to it.
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The file must not already exist. The file type should be +.wav+ to indicate a WAVE format file.
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The file must not already exist. The file type should be `.wav` to indicate a WAVE format file.
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`cassette save`
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@ -836,6 +836,7 @@ the program. When it is finished, the program will be loaded.
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]RUN
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HELLO
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```
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### Paddles
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The Epple \]\[ provides two paddles to the Apple \]\[ machine.
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@ -848,6 +849,7 @@ In
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on page 7-33, Jim Sather describes soldering fixed resistors across a game connector
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to create two real-time clock references. This is emulated by the Epple \]\[. Paddle timers 2 and 3
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are 100-microsecond and 1-millisecond references, respectively.
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### Speaker
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The Apple \]\[ could generate sound via a speaker that generated square wave
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