diff --git a/Library/DirectSound.cs b/Library/DirectSound.cs
index 60ce476..f1e58d0 100644
--- a/Library/DirectSound.cs
+++ b/Library/DirectSound.cs
@@ -26,6 +26,15 @@ public void Dispose()
             _stopEvent.Close();
         }
 
+        public void SetVolume(double volume)
+        {
+            int attenuation = (volume < 0.01) ? (int)BufferVolume.Min : (int)Math.Floor(100 * 20 * Math.Log10(volume)); // 100 db
+            if (_buffer != null)
+            {
+                _buffer.SetVolume(attenuation);
+            }
+        }
+
         public void Start(IntPtr window)
         {
             _window = window;
@@ -62,8 +71,6 @@ private void Initialize()
             };
             ((IDirectSoundNotify)_buffer).SetNotificationPositions(positionEvents.Length, positionEvents);
 
-            _buffer.SetVolume(-1500); // 50 %
-
             _buffer.Play(0, 0, BufferPlay.Looping);
         }
 
@@ -113,10 +120,12 @@ private void Uninitialize()
             {
                 _buffer.Stop();
                 Marshal.ReleaseComObject(_buffer);
+                _buffer = null;
             }
             if (_device != null)
             {
                 Marshal.ReleaseComObject(_device);
+                _device = null;
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/Library/DirectSoundInterop.cs b/Library/DirectSoundInterop.cs
index 677a31e..275b5e4 100644
--- a/Library/DirectSoundInterop.cs
+++ b/Library/DirectSoundInterop.cs
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ private enum BufferPlay { Looping = 0x00000001 }
         [Flags]
         private enum BufferStatus { Playing = 0x00000001, BufferLost = 0x00000002, Looping = 0x00000004, Terminated = 0x00000020 }
 
+        private enum BufferVolume { Min = -10000, Max = 0 }
+
         private enum CooperativeLevel { Normal = 1, Priority = 2 }
 
         [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
diff --git a/Library/MathHelpers.cs b/Library/MathHelpers.cs
index 6ea1a70..b7bcc65 100644
--- a/Library/MathHelpers.cs
+++ b/Library/MathHelpers.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ public static int Clamp(int value, int min, int max)
             return (value < min) ? min : (value > max) ? max : value;
         }
 
+        public static double Clamp(double value, double min, double max)
+        {
+            return (value < min) ? min : (value > max) ? max : value;
+        }
+
         public static int ClampByte(int value)
         {
             return Clamp(value, byte.MinValue, byte.MaxValue);
diff --git a/Virtu/Cpu.cs b/Virtu/Cpu.cs
index d08773f..40ab5d3 100644
--- a/Virtu/Cpu.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Cpu.cs
@@ -154,8 +154,7 @@ public override void Initialize()
             _memory = Machine.Memory;
 
             UpdateSettings();
-
-            Machine.Video.VSync += OnVideoVSync;
+            Machine.Video.VSync += (sender, e) => UpdateSettings();
         }
 
         public override void Reset()
@@ -3205,11 +3204,6 @@ private void Execute65C02Tsb0C() // tsb abs
         }
         #endregion
 
-        private void OnVideoVSync(object sender, EventArgs e)
-        {
-            UpdateSettings();
-        }
-
         private void UpdateSettings()
         {
             _executeOpCode = Machine.Settings.Cpu.Is65C02 ? ExecuteOpCode65C02 : ExecuteOpCode65N02;
diff --git a/Virtu/MachineSettings.cs b/Virtu/MachineSettings.cs
index b78daf4..17be26d 100644
--- a/Virtu/MachineSettings.cs
+++ b/Virtu/MachineSettings.cs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ public MachineSettings()
                     Button0 = 0, Button1 = 0, Button2 = 0
                 }
             };
+            Audio = new AudioSettings { Volume = 0.5 };
             Video = new VideoSettings
             {
                 IsFullScreen = false, IsMonochrome = false, ScannerOptions = ScannerOptions.None, 
@@ -168,6 +169,11 @@ public void Deserialize(Stream stream)
                             Button2 = (int)buttons.Attribute("Button2")
                         }
                     };
+                    var audio = root.Element(ns + "Audio");
+                    Audio = new AudioSettings
+                    {
+                        Volume = (double)audio.Attribute("Volume")
+                    };
                     var video = root.Element(ns + "Video");
                     var color = video.Element(ns + "Color");
                     Video = new VideoSettings
@@ -268,6 +274,8 @@ public void Serialize(Stream stream)
                             new XAttribute("Button0", Keyboard.Key.Button0),
                             new XAttribute("Button1", Keyboard.Key.Button1),
                             new XAttribute("Button2", Keyboard.Key.Button2)))),
+                new XElement(ns + "Audio",
+                    new XAttribute("Volume", Audio.Volume)),
                 new XElement(ns + "Video",
                     new XAttribute("IsFullScreen", Video.IsFullScreen),
                     new XAttribute("IsMonochrome", Video.IsMonochrome),
@@ -301,6 +309,7 @@ public void Serialize(Stream stream)
         public DiskIISettings DiskII { get; set; }
         public KeyboardSettings Keyboard { get; set; }
         public GamePortSettings GamePort { get; set; }
+        public AudioSettings Audio { get; set; }
         public VideoSettings Video { get; set; }
 
         public const string FileName = "Settings.xml";
@@ -360,6 +369,11 @@ public sealed class GamePortSettings
         public KeySettings Key { get; set; }
     }
 
+    public sealed class AudioSettings
+    {
+        public double Volume { get; set; }
+    };
+
     public sealed class ColorSettings
     {
         public uint Black { get; set; }
diff --git a/Virtu/Services/AudioService.cs b/Virtu/Services/AudioService.cs
index dd6b0ff..4c8434d 100644
--- a/Virtu/Services/AudioService.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Services/AudioService.cs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 namespace Jellyfish.Virtu.Services
 {
-    public class AudioService : MachineService
+    public abstract class AudioService : MachineService
     {
-        public AudioService(Machine machine) : 
+        protected AudioService(Machine machine) : 
             base(machine)
         {
         }
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ public void Reset()
             Buffer.BlockCopy(SampleZero, 0, _buffer, 0, SampleSize);
         }
 
+        public abstract void SetVolume(double volume); // machine thread
+
         public override void Stop() // main thread
         {
             _readEvent.Set(); // signal events; avoids deadlock
diff --git a/Virtu/Silverlight/Services/SilverlightAudioService.cs b/Virtu/Silverlight/Services/SilverlightAudioService.cs
index 3e71f05..23958f6 100644
--- a/Virtu/Silverlight/Services/SilverlightAudioService.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Silverlight/Services/SilverlightAudioService.cs
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ public SilverlightAudioService(Machine machine, UserControl page, MediaElement m
 #endif
         }
 
+        public override void SetVolume(double volume) // machine thread
+        {
+            _media.Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() => _media.Volume = volume);
+        }
+
         protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
         {
             if (disposing)
diff --git a/Virtu/Speaker.cs b/Virtu/Speaker.cs
index dfb58df..4e295ca 100644
--- a/Virtu/Speaker.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Speaker.cs
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ public override void Initialize()
         {
             _audioService = Machine.Services.GetService<AudioService>();
 
+            UpdateSettings();
+            Machine.Video.VSync += (sender, e) => UpdateSettings();
+
             Machine.Events.AddEvent(CyclesPerFlush * Machine.Settings.Cpu.Multiplier, _flushOutputEvent);
         }
 
@@ -51,6 +54,11 @@ private void UpdateCycles()
             _lastCycles = Machine.Cpu.Cycles;
         }
 
+        private void UpdateSettings()
+        {
+            _audioService.SetVolume(Machine.Settings.Audio.Volume);
+        }
+
         private const int CyclesPerFlush = 23;
 
         private Action _flushOutputEvent;
diff --git a/Virtu/Wpf/Services/WpfAudioService.cs b/Virtu/Wpf/Services/WpfAudioService.cs
index 117cb53..383c778 100644
--- a/Virtu/Wpf/Services/WpfAudioService.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Wpf/Services/WpfAudioService.cs
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ public WpfAudioService(Machine machine, Window window) :
             _window.Closed += (sender, e) => _directSound.Stop();
         }
 
+        public override void SetVolume(double volume) // machine thread
+        {
+            _directSound.SetVolume(volume);
+        }
+
         protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
         {
             if (disposing)
diff --git a/Virtu/Xna/Services/XnaAudioService.cs b/Virtu/Xna/Services/XnaAudioService.cs
index da150fb..52a1d70 100644
--- a/Virtu/Xna/Services/XnaAudioService.cs
+++ b/Virtu/Xna/Services/XnaAudioService.cs
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ public XnaAudioService(Machine machine, GameBase game) :
             _dynamicSoundEffect.Play();
         }
 
+        public override void SetVolume(double volume) // machine thread
+        {
+            _dynamicSoundEffect.Volume = (float)volume;
+        }
+
         protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
         {
             if (disposing)