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524 lines
24 KiB
ReStructuredText
atrcopy
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=======
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Python command line utility to manage file systems on Atari 8-bit and Apple ][
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disk images.
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.. contents:: **Contents**
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Prerequisites
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=============
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Python
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------
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Starting with ``atrcopy`` 7.0, Python 3.6 is **required**. Python 2 support has
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been dropped. Python 3.7 and beyond will be supported when they are released,
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but 3.6 will probably remain the minimum version. From what I know now of
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future Python versions, I don't plan on requiring any language features beyond
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3.6.
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Supported Python versions:
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* Python 3.6 (and later)
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If you need Python 2 support, ``atrcopy`` 6.5 and earlier supports Python 2.7,
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which you can install with ``pip install "atrcopy<7.0"``
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Dependencies
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------------
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* numpy
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It will be automatically installed when installing ``atrcopy`` with ``pip`` as
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described below.
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For development, pytest is used to run the test suite, but this is not required
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for normal installation of ``atrcopy``.
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Installation
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============
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``atrcopy`` is available in the `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/atrcopy/>`_
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and installable using ``pip``::
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pip install atrcopy
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Linux and macOS note: if numpy needs to be installed on your system, it may be
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compiled from source which can take several minutes.
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Features
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========
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* list contents of disk images
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* copy files to and from disk images
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* delete files from disk images
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* create new disk images
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* concatenate binary data together into a file on the disk image
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* compile assembly source into binary files if `pyatasm <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyatasm>`_ is installed
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**Note:** The command line argument structure was changed starting with
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``atrcopy`` 4.0 -- it is now based on subcommands, much like ``git`` uses ``git
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pull``, ``git clone``, ``git branch``, etc. Upgrading from a version prior to
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4.0 will require modification of scripts that use ``atrcopy`` 3.x-style command
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line arguments.
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Supported Formats
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=================
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Supported Disk Image Types
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--------------------------
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* ``XFD``: XFormer images, basically raw disk dumps
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* ``ATR``: Nick Kennedy's disk image format; includes 16 byte header
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* ``DSK``: Apple ][ DOS 3.3 disk image; raw sector dump
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Supported File System Formats
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-----------------------------
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| File System | Platform | Read | Write | Status |
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+================+=============+=========+=======+===================+
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| DOS 2 (90K) | Atari 8-bit | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| DOS 2 (180K) | Atari 8-bit | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| DOS 2.5 (130K) | Atari 8-bit | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| DOS 3 (130K) | Atari 8-bit | No | No | Unimplemented |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| SpartaDOS | Atari 8-bit | No | No | Under development |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| MyDOS | Atari 8-bit | Partial | No | Under development |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| DOS 3.3 | Apple ][ | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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| ProDOS 8 | Apple ][ | No | No | Unimplemented |
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+----------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------------------+
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Other Supported Formats
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-----------------------
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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| Format | Platform/description | Read | Write | Status |
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+==========+==================================+=========+=======+=================+
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| ``.xex`` | Atari 8-bit executable files | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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| KBoot | Atari 8-bit ``xex`` in boot disk | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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| ``.car`` | Atari 8-bit cartridge images | Yes | No | Read only |
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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| BSAVE | Apple ][ ``BSAVE`` data | Yes | Yes | Fully supported |
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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| ``.zip`` | MAME ROM zipfiles | Partial | No | Experimental |
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+----------+----------------------------------+---------+-------+-----------------+
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**Note:** Atari ROM cartridges are supported in both both plain binary and
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atari800 ``.car`` format
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Supported Compression/Container Formats
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---------------------------------------
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Starting with ``atrcopy`` 8.0, compressed disk images are supported
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transparently, so any type of disk image compressed with one of the supported
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container formats can be used directly, without first decompressing it before
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running ``atrcopy``.
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+--------------------+----------+------+-------+------------------------------+
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| Container | File Ext | Read | Write | Status |
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+====================+==========+======+=======+==============================+
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| gzip | .gz | Yes | No | Read only |
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+--------------------+----------+------+-------+------------------------------+
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| bzip2 | .bz2 | Yes | No | Read only |
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+--------------------+----------+------+-------+------------------------------+
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| lzma | .xz | Yes | No | Read only |
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+--------------------+----------+------+-------+------------------------------+
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| Disk Communicator | .dcm | No | No | Recognized but unimplemented |
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+--------------------+----------+------+-------+------------------------------+
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Usage
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=====
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::
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atrcopy DISK_IMAGE <global options> COMMAND <command options>
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where the available commands include:
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* ``list``: list files on the disk image. This is the default if no command is specified
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* ``create``: create a new disk image
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* ``add``: add files to a disk image
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* ``extract``: copy files from the disk image to the local file system
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* ``assemble``: create a binary file from ATasm source, optionally including segments containing raw binary data
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* ``boot``: create a boot disk using various binary data as input
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* ``delete``: delete files from the disk image
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* ``vtoc``: show and manipulate the VTOC for images that support it
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Except when using the ``--help`` option, the ``DISK_IMAGE`` is always required
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which points to the path on your local file system of the disk image.
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``COMMAND`` is one of the commands listed above, and the commands may be
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abbreviated as shown here::
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$ atrcopy --help
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usage: atrcopy DISK_IMAGE [-h] [-v] [--dry-run] COMMAND ...
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Manipulate files on several types of 8-bit computer disk images. Type 'atrcopy
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DISK_IMAGE COMMAND --help' for list of options available for each command.
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positional arguments:
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COMMAND
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list (t,ls,dir,catalog)
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List files on the disk image. This is the default if
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no command is specified
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crc List files on the disk image and the CRC32 value in
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format suitable for parsing
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extract (x) Copy files from the disk image to the local filesystem
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add (a) Add files to the disk image
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create (c) Create a new disk image
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assemble (s,asm) Create a new binary file in the disk image
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boot (b) Create a bootable disk image
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delete (rm,del) Delete files from the disk image
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vtoc (v) Show a formatted display of sectors free in the disk
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image
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segments Show the list of parsed segments in the disk image
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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-v, --verbose
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--dry-run don't perform operation, just show what would have
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happened
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Help for available options for each command is available without specifying a
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disk image, using a command line like::
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atrcopy COMMAND --help
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so for example, the help for assembling a binary file is::
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$ atrcopy asm --help
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usage: atrcopy DISK_IMAGE assemble [-h] [-f] [-s [ASM [ASM ...]]]
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[-d [DATA [DATA ...]]] [-r RUN_ADDR] -o
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OUTPUT
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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-f, --force allow file overwrites in the disk image
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-s [ASM [ASM ...]], --asm [ASM [ASM ...]]
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source file(s) to assemble using pyatasm
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-d [DATA [DATA ...]], -b [DATA [DATA ...]], --data [DATA [DATA ...]]
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binary data file(s) to add to assembly, specify as
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file@addr. Only a portion of the file may be included;
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specify the subset using standard python slice
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notation: file[subset]@addr
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-r RUN_ADDR, --run-addr RUN_ADDR, --brun RUN_ADDR
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run address of binary file if not the first byte of
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the first segment
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-o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
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output file name in disk image
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Examples
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========
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List all files on a disk image::
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$ atrcopy DOS_25.ATR
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DOS_25.ATR: ATR Disk Image (size=133120 (1040x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 1010 usable sectors (739 free), 6 files
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File #0 (.2.u.*) 004 DOS SYS 037
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File #1 (.2.u.*) 041 DUP SYS 042
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File #2 (.2.u.*) 083 RAMDISK COM 009
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File #3 (.2.u.*) 092 SETUP COM 070
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File #4 (.2.u.*) 162 COPY32 COM 056
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File #5 (.2.u.*) 218 DISKFIX COM 057
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Extract a file::
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$ atrcopy DOS_25.ATR extract SETUP.COM
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DOS_25.ATR: ATR Disk Image (size=133120 (1040x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 1010 usable sectors (739 free), 6 files
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extracting SETUP.COM -> SETUP.COM
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Extract all files::
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$ atrcopy DOS_25.ATR extract --all
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DOS_25.ATR: ATR Disk Image (size=133120 (1040x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 1010 usable sectors (739 free), 6 files
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extracting File #0 (.2.u.*) 004 DOS SYS 037 -> DOS.SYS
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extracting File #1 (.2.u.*) 041 DUP SYS 042 -> DUP.SYS
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extracting File #2 (.2.u.*) 083 RAMDISK COM 009 -> RAMDISK.COM
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extracting File #3 (.2.u.*) 092 SETUP COM 070 -> SETUP.COM
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extracting File #4 (.2.u.*) 162 COPY32 COM 056 -> COPY32.COM
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extracting File #5 (.2.u.*) 218 DISKFIX COM 057 -> DISKFIX.COM
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Extract all, using the abbreviated command and converting to lower case on the
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host file system::
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$ atrcopy DOS_25.ATR x --all -l
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DOS_25.ATR: ATR Disk Image (size=133120 (1040x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 1010 usable sectors (739 free), 6 files
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extracting File #0 (.2.u.*) 004 DOS SYS 037 -> dos.sys
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extracting File #1 (.2.u.*) 041 DUP SYS 042 -> dup.sys
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extracting File #2 (.2.u.*) 083 RAMDISK COM 009 -> ramdisk.com
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extracting File #3 (.2.u.*) 092 SETUP COM 070 -> setup.com
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extracting File #4 (.2.u.*) 162 COPY32 COM 056 -> copy32.com
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extracting File #5 (.2.u.*) 218 DISKFIX COM 057 -> diskfix.com
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Creating Disk Images
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--------------------
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Several template disk images are included in the distribution, and these can be
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used to create blank disk images that subsequent uses of ``atrcopy`` can
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reference.
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The available disk images can be viewed using ``atrcopy create --help``::
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$ atrcopy create --help
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usage: atrcopy DISK_IMAGE create [-h] [-f] TEMPLATE
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positional arguments:
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TEMPLATE template to use to create new disk image; see below for list of
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available built-in templates
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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-f, --force replace disk image file if it exists
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available templates:
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dos2dd Atari 8-bit DOS 2 double density (180K), empty VTOC
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dos2ed Atari 8-bit DOS 2 enhanced density (130K), empty VTOC
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dos2ed+2.5 Atari 8-bit DOS 2 enhanced density (130K) DOS 2.5 system disk
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dos2sd Atari 8-bit DOS 2 single density (90K), empty VTOC
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dos2sd+2.0s Atari 8-bit DOS 2 single density (90K) DOS 2.0S system disk
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dos33 Apple ][ DOS 3.3 (140K) standard RWTS, empty VTOC
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dos33autobrun Apple ][ DOS 3.3 (140K) disk image for binary program
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development: HELLO sets fullscreen HGR and calls BRUN on
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user-supplied AUTOBRUN binary file
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To create a new image, use::
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$ atrcopy game.dsk create dos33autobrun
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which will create a new file called ``game.dsk`` based on the ``dos33autobrun``
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image.
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``dos33autobrun`` is a special image that can be used to create autoloading
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binary programs. It contains an Applesoft Basic file called ``HELLO`` which
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will autoload on boot. It sets the graphics mode to fullscreen hi-res graphics
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(the first screen at $2000) and executes a ``BRUN`` command to start a binary
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file named ``AUTOBRUN``. ``AUTOBRUN`` doesn't exist in the image, it's for you
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to supply.
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Creating a Custom Boot Disk
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---------------------------
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Blocks of binary data can be combined into a boot disk in either ATR format for
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Atari or DSK format for Apple::
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$ atrcopy boot --help
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usage: atrcopy DISK_IMAGE boot [-h] [-f] [-s [ASM [ASM ...]]]
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[-d [DATA [DATA ...]]] [-b [OBJ [OBJ ...]]]
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[-r RUN_ADDR]
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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-f, --force allow file overwrites in the disk image
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-s [ASM [ASM ...]], --asm [ASM [ASM ...]]
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source file(s) to assemble using pyatasm
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-d [DATA [DATA ...]], --data [DATA [DATA ...]]
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binary data file(s) to add to assembly, specify as
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file@addr. Only a portion of the file may be included;
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specify the subset using standard python slice
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notation: file[subset]@addr
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-b [OBJ [OBJ ...]], --obj [OBJ [OBJ ...]], --bload [OBJ [OBJ ...]]
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binary file(s) to add to assembly, either executables
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or labeled memory dumps (e.g. BSAVE on Apple ][),
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parsing each file's binary segments to add to the
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resulting disk image at the load address for each
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segment
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-r RUN_ADDR, --run-addr RUN_ADDR, --brun RUN_ADDR
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run address of binary file if not the first byte of
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the first segment
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One of ``-s``, ``-d``, or ``-b`` must be speficied to provide the source for
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the boot disk. The ``-b`` argument can take an Atari binary in XEX format, and
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will properly handle multiple segments within that file. If no starting address
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is supplied (or, if using an XEX, to override the start address normally
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contained within the XEX), use the ``-r`` option. Otherwise, the run address
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will point to the first byte of the first binary segment.
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Creating Programs on the Disk Image
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-----------------------------------
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The simple assembler included in ``atrcopy`` can create binary programs by
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connecting binary data together in a single file and specifying a start address
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so it can be executed by the system's binary run command.
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It is also possible to assemble text files that use the MAC/65 syntax, because
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support for `pyatasm <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyatasm>`_ is built-in (but
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optional). MAC/65 is a macro assembler originally designed for the Atari 8-bit
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machines but since it produces 6502 code it can be used to compile for any
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machine that uses the 6502: Apple, Commodore, etc.
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Creating Atari 8-bit Executables
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Atari 8-bit object files include a small header and an arbitrary number of
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segments. Each segment defines a contiguous block of data with a start and end
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address. If the file has multiple segments, they will be processed in the order
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they appear in the file, not by segment start address.
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This example creates a new ``xex`` on a disk that combines the segments of an
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already existing executable with some new assembly code.
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After creating the test image with::
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$ atrcopy test.atr create dos2sd
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using dos2sd template:
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Atari 8-bit DOS 2 single density (90K), empty VTOC
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created test.atr: ATR Disk Image (size=92160 (720x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 707 usable sectors (707 free), 0 files
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this command compiles the file ``test_header.s`` and prefixes it to the
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existing executable::
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$ atrcopy test.atr asm -s test_header.s -b air_defense_v18.xex -o test.xex -f
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test.atr: ATR Disk Image (size=92160 (720x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 707 usable sectors (707 free), 0 files
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fname: test_header.s
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Pass 1: Success. (0 warnings)
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Pass 2:
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adding 0600 - 0653, size=0053 ($53 bytes @ 0600) from test_header.s assembly
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adding 02e2 - 02e4, size=0002 ($2 bytes @ 02e2) from test_header.s assembly
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adding $02e0-$02e2 ($0002 @ $0006) from air_defense_v18.xex
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adding $6000-$6bd4 ($0bd4 @ $000c) from air_defense_v18.xex
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total file size: $c3d (3133) bytes
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copying test.xex to test.atr
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Creating DOS 3.3 Binaries
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For this example, the goal is to produce a single binary file that combines a
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hi-res image ``title.bin`` loaded at 2000 hex (the first hi-res screen) and
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code at 6000 hex from the binary file ``game``, with a start address of 6000
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hex.
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The binary file ``game`` was assembled using the assembler from the
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`cc65 <https://github.com/cc65/cc65>`_ project, using the command::
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cl65 -t apple2 --cpu 6502 --start-addr 0x6000 -o game game.s
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Because the Apple ][ binary format is limited to a single contiguous block of
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data with a start address of the first byte of data loaded, ``atrcopy`` will
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fill the gaps between any segments that aren't contiguous with zeros. If the
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start address is not the first byte of the first specified segment, a small
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segment will be included at the beginning that jumps to the specified ``brun``
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address (shown here as the segment from 1ffd - 2000). Note the gap between 4000
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and 6000 hex will be filled with zeros::
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$ atrcopy game.dsk create dos33autobrun
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using dos33autobrun template:
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Apple ][ DOS 3.3 (140K) disk image for binary program development: HELLO sets
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fullscreen HGR and calls BRUN on user-supplied AUTOBRUN binary file
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created game.dsk: DOS 3.3 Disk Image (size=143360 (560x256b)
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File #0 ( A) 002 HELLO 003 001
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$ atrcopy game.dsk asm -d title.bin@2000 -b game --brun 6000 -f -o AUTOBRUN
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game.dsk: DOS 3.3 Disk Image (size=143360 (560x256b)
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adding BSAVE data $6000-$6ef3 ($0ef3 @ $0004) from game
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setting data for $1ffd - $2000 at index $0004
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setting data for $2000 - $4000 at index $0007
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setting data for $6000 - $6ef3 at index $4007
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total file size: $4efa (20218) bytes
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copying AUTOBRUN to game.dsk
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Example on macOS
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----------------
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macOS supplies python with the operating system so you shouldn't need to
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install a framework version from python.org.
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To prevent overwriting important system files, it's best to create a working
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folder: a new empty folder somewhere and do all your testing in that folder.
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For this example, create a folder called ``atrtest`` in your ``Documents``
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folder. Put a few disk images in this directory to use for testing.
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Since this is a command line program, you must get to a command line prompt.
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Start a Terminal by double clicking on Terminal.app in the
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``Applications/Utilities`` folder in the Finder. When Terminal opens, it will
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put you in your home folder automatically. Go to the ``atrtest`` folder by
|
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typing::
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|
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cd Documents/atrtest
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You can see the ATR images you placed in this directory by using the
|
|
command::
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|
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ls -l
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|
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For example, you might see::
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|
|
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mac:~/Documents/atrtest $ ls -l
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-rw-r--r-- 1 rob staff 92176 May 18 21:57 GAMES1.ATR
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|
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Now, run the program by typing ``atrcopy GAMES1.ATR`` and you should
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|
see the contents of the ``ATR`` image in the familiar Atari DOS format::
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|
|
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mac:~/Documents/atrtest $ atrcopy GAMES1.ATR
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GAMES1.ATR: ATR Disk Image (size=92160 (720x128B), crc=0 flags=0 unused=0) Atari DOS Format: 707 usable sectors (17 free), 9 files
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|
File #0 (.2.u.*) 004 DOS SYS 039
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|
File #1 (.2.u.*) 043 MINER2 138
|
|
File #2 (.2.u.*) 085 DEFENDER 132
|
|
File #3 (.2.u.*) 217 CENTIPEDE 045
|
|
File #4 (.2.u.*) 262 GALAXIAN 066
|
|
File #5 (.2.u.*) 328 AUTORUN SYS 005
|
|
File #6 (.2.u.*) 439 DIGDUG 133
|
|
File #7 (.2.u.*) 531 ANTEATER 066
|
|
File #8 (.2.u.*) 647 ASTEROIDS 066
|
|
|
|
See other examples as above.
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|
|
|
|
|
References
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|
==========
|
|
|
|
* http://www.atariarchives.org/dere/chapt09.php
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|
* http://atari.kensclassics.org/dos.htm
|
|
* http://www.crowcastle.net/preston/atari/
|
|
* http://www.atarimax.com/jindroush.atari.org/afmtatr.html
|
|
* https://archive.org/details/Beneath_Apple_DOS_OCR
|
|
|
|
Related Atari Projects
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
* `franny <http://atari8.sourceforge.net/franny.html>`_: (C, macOS/linux) Command line program to manage Atari DOS 2 and SpartaDOS II image and file systems
|
|
* `dir2atr <http://www.horus.com/~hias/atari/>`_: (Win) Suite of command line programs to manage Atari disk images and DOS 2/MyDOS file systems
|
|
* `atadim <http://raster.infos.cz/atari/forpc/atadim.htm>`_: (Win) Graphical program to manage Atari disk images and DOS 2/MyDOS file systems
|
|
|
|
Related Apple Projects
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
Turns out there are a ton of Apple ][ disk image viewers and editors! I was pointed to the list from the `diskii project <https://github.com/zellyn/diskii>`_, so I've included most of that list here.
|
|
|
|
* `a2disk <https://github.com/jtauber/a2disk>`_ (Python 3) DOS 3.3 reader and Applesoft BASIC detokenizer
|
|
* `cppo <https://github.com/RasppleII/a2server/blob/master/scripts/tools/cppo>`_ (Python) a script from the `a2server <http://ivanx.com/a2server/>`_ project to read DOS 3.3 and ProDOS disk images
|
|
* `Driv3rs <https://github.com/thecompu/Driv3rs>`_ (Python) Apple III SOS DSK image utility
|
|
* `c2d <https://github.com/datajerk/c2d>`_: (C, Win/macOS/linux) Command line program to create bootable Apple disk images (no file system)
|
|
* `Apple Commander <http://applecommander.sourceforge.net/>`_: (Java) Command line program to manage Apple disk images and file systems
|
|
* `Cider Press <http://a2ciderpress.com/>`_: (Win) Graphical program to manage Apple disk images and file systems
|
|
* `diskii <https://github.com/zellyn/diskii>`_: (Go) Command line tool, under development
|
|
* `Cadius <http://brutaldeluxe.fr/products/crossdevtools/cadius/index.html>`_ (Win) Brutal Deluxe's commandline tools
|
|
* `dsktool <https://github.com/cybernesto/dsktool.rb>`_ (Ruby)
|
|
* `Apple II Disk Tools <https://github.com/cmosher01/Apple-II-Disk-Tools>`_ (C)
|
|
* `libA2 <https://github.com/madsen/perl-libA2>`_ (Perl)
|
|
* `AppleSAWS <https://github.com/markdavidlong/AppleSAWS>`_ (Qt, Win/macOS/linux) very cool looking GUI
|
|
* `DiskBrowser <https://github.com/dmolony/DiskBrowser>`_ (Java) GUI tool that even displays Wizardry levels and VisiCalc files!
|
|
* `dos33fsprogs <https://github.com/deater/dos33fsprogs>`_ (C)
|
|
* `apple2-disk-util <https://github.com/slotek/apple2-disk-util>`_ (Ruby)
|
|
* `dsk2nib <https://github.com/slotek/dsk2nib>`_ (C)
|
|
* `standard-delivery <https://github.com/peterferrie/standard-delivery>`_ (6502 assembly) Apple II single-sector fast boot-loader
|