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Trying to clear up some Expression Web weirdness. Touching one thing causes many files to be updated.
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475 lines
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<h2>Apple II FTN - AppleDouble File</h2>
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<p><a href="index.htm">Back to nulib.com library</a></p>
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<hr><pre>
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Apple II
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File Type Notes
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_____________________________________________________________________________
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Developer Technical Support
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File Type: $E0 (224)
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Auxiliary Types: $0002 & $0003
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Full Name: AppleDouble Header File (Auxiliary Type $0002)
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AppleDouble Data File (Auxiliary Type $0003)
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Short Name: AppleDouble Header (Auxiliary Type $0002)
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AppleDouble Data (Auxiliary Type $0003)
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Revised by: Matt Deatherage November 1990
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Written by: Matt Deatherage March 1989
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Files of these types and auxiliary types contain file data in AppleDouble
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format.
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Changes since March 1990: Added information about AppleDouble 2.0.
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_____________________________________________________________________________
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AppleDouble is one of two standards (the other is AppleSingle) put forth by
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Apple Computer, Inc. for representing files on foreign file systems while
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preserving all attributes of the file's home system on file systems that do not
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support the same attributes.
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Experience indicated that a single format would be inadequate to cover all
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cases. Two closely related formats, however, can serve most needs. Although
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the primary impetus for developing these formats is storing extended files
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(files with both resource and data forks) on file systems that do not support
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the notion of two forks, the proposed formats are general enough that theycan be
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used to represent a file from any file system on any other file system.
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AppleDouble keeps the data fork as a separate file from the file attributes and
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the resource fork, and this Note describes this file format. AppleSingle keeps
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all attributes and the contents of both forks in a single file in the foreign
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file system, and is described in the File Type Note for File Type$E0, Auxiliary
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Type $0001.
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AppleSingle is intended to be used primarily as a storage format, especially for
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cases where you must store an extended file on a foreign file system and later
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reconstruct the extended file. AppleDouble is more appropriate for applications
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where the users of the foreign file system might want to modify the contents of
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the file. Since most applications keep file data in the data fork, AppleDouble
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format saves the contents of the data fork in one file.All other file
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attributes, including the resource fork, are kept in a separate file.
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Reasons for Using AppleDouble
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There are several reasons for supporting an interchange format between file
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systems. Perhaps the most germane is one of the least obvious: handling
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extended files on foreign file systems which do not support extended files.
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For example, the ProDOS FST in GS/OS can create an extended file on a ProDOS
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disk. However, ProDOS 8 is unable to operate on the file, since it sees itas
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having an unsupported storage type. If a telecommunications program or other
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utility capable of transferring files is operating under ProDOS 8 andattempts to
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receive an extended file, it is unable to create the file.
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At this point, the application could use READ_BLOCK and WRITE_BLOCK commands,
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along with a knowledge of the ProDOS file system, to create the file on its own.
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However, this is strongly discouraged. The ProDOS file system format for
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extended files is not documented and could change in the future. In addition,
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the program could be running on a eight-bit system. If the disk is only used on
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an eight-bit system, the extended files would not only be unwanted, but also
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unremovable without using the disk on an Apple IIGS or later system running
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GS/OS.
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However, if the application is aware of the AppleDouble format, it canquickly
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store an extended file in AppleDouble, leaving the conversion back to the
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extended file to GS/OS, or another operating system. This is the recommended
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way for ProDOS 8 applications to create and handle extended files. Useeither
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AppleSingle or AppleDouble.
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AppleDouble Format
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AppleDouble consists of two files, an AppleDouble Header File and an AppleDouble
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Data File. The AppleDouble Header file contains a headerfollowed by data. The
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header consists of several fixed fields and a list of entry descriptors, each
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pointing to an entry. Apple defines these standardentries: Resource Fork, Real
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Name (name in the home file system), Comment, Icon and File Info. Each entry is
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optional, so it may not appear in the file. Wealso define the new entry Data
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Pathname, pointing to the pathname of the AppleDouble Data File. The Header
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File has exactly the same format as an AppleSingle file, except it has no data
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fork entry. The AppleDouble DataFile consists of just the data fork of the
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file, with no extra header at all.
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Note: All numeric entries, including entries representing ProDOS data
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structures (such as file type and auxiliary type) are Reverse
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ordered. This is provided so any host CPU can attempt to
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interpret entries in the header without having to know the
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standard byte-ordering of the home file system. Therefore, in
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this Note you see descriptive entries like "Rev. 4 Bytes." This
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serves as a reminder that all header fields are stored high byte
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first, even though the notation Bytes does not imply any specific
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ordering in other File Type Notes.
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Also note that ASCII strings are not stored in reverse order, just non-ASCII
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constants.
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The Header in the Header File:
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Magic Number Rev. Long The Magic Number field is modeled after
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the feature in UNIX. It is intended to be
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used in whatever way the foreign file
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system distinguishes a file as AppleDouble
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format. See the section "Identifying
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AppleDouble Files." The Magic Number for
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AppleDouble format is $00051607, which is
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stored reverse as $00 $05 $16 $07 (reverse
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of normal 65816/6502 order).
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Version Number Rev. Long The version of AppleDouble format, in case
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the format evolves (more fields may be
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added to the header). The version
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described here is $00010000, stored
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(reverse) as $00 $01 $00 $00.
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Home File System 16 Bytes A fixed-length, 16-byte ASCII string not
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preceded by a length byte, but possibly
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padded with blanks. Apple has defined
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these values:
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ProDOS $50726F444F5320202020202020202020
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Macintosh $4D6163696E746F736820202020202020
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MS-DOS $4D532D444F5320202020202020202020
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Unix $556E9878202020202020202020202020
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VAX VMS $56415820564D53202020202020202020
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Apple welcomes suggestions for other file
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systems that should be included in this
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list.
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Number of entries Rev. Word Tells how many different entries are
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included in the file. This unsigned
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reverse word may be zero. If it is non-
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zero, then that number of entry
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descriptors immediately follows this
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field.
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For Each Entry:
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Entry ID Rev. Long Identifies the entry. Apple has defined
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the following Entry IDs and their values:
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1 = Data Fork
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2 = Resource Fork
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3 = Real Name (The file's name in the home
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file system)
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4 = Comment* (standard Macintosh comment)
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5 = Icon, B&W* (standard Macintosh black
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and white icon)
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6 = Icon, Color* (reserved for Macintosh
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color icon)
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7 = File Info (file attributes,dates, etc.)
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9 = Finder Info* (standard Macintosh
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Finder Info)
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Entry IDs marked with asterisks (*) are
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not used for most files created under
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ProDOS or GS/OS. Furthermore, icon
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entries probably do not appear in most
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files since they are typically stored as a
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bundle in the application file's resource
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fork on the Macintosh. Apple reserves the
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range of Entry IDs from $0 to $7FFFFFFF
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for future use. The rest of the range is
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available for other systems to define
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their own entries. Apple does not
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arbitrate the use of the rest of the
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range.
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Descriptions of the standard entries are
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given below.
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Offset Rev. Long An unsigned reverse long which indicates
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the byte offset from the start of the file
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to the start of the entry.
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Entry Length Rev. Long An unsigned reverse long which indicates
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the length of the entry in bytes. The
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length may be zero.
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Standard Entries:
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The Real Name Entry:
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The Real Name entry indicates the file's original filename in the host file
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system. This is not a Pascal or C string; it is just ASCII data. The length is
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indicated by the Entry Length field for the Real Name entry.
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The File Info Entry:
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The File Info entry (Entry ID = 7) is different for each home file system. For
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ProDOS files, the entry is 16 bytes long and consists of the creationdate and
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time and the modification date and time in ProDOS 8 (ProDOS 16/class zero GS/OS)
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form, the access word, a two-byte file type and four-byte auxiliary type. This
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is detailed in standard format below, along with defined FileInfo entries for
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some other file systems.
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ProDOS:
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Create Date Rev. 2 Bytes Creation date packed into standard
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ProDOS 8 format.
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Create Time Rev. 2 Bytes Creation time packed into standard
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ProDOS 8 format.
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Modification Date Rev. 2 Bytes Modification date packed into
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standard ProDOS 8 format.
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Modification Time Rev. 2 Bytes Modification time packed into
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standard ProDOS 8 format.
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Access Rev. Word The file's access. This may be used
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directly in ProDOS 16 or GS/OS calls; only
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the low byte is significant to ProDOS 8.
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File Type Rev. Word The file type of the original file. Only
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the low byte is significant to ProDOS 8.
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Auxiliary Type Rev. Long The auxiliary type of the original file.
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Only the low word is significant to ProDOS
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8.
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Note: Although the ProDOS Access field, File Type and Auxiliary Type are
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the same length as found in ProDOS 16 and GS/OS structures, the
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Create and Modification Dates and Times are stored in two-byte
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(albeit byte-reversed) ProDOS 8 format, not eight-byte Apple IIGS
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format.
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Macintosh:
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Create Date Rev. Long Unsigned number of seconds between
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January 1, 1904, and the creation time of
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this file.
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Modification Date Rev. Long Unsigned number of seconds between
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January 1, 1904, and the last modification
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of this file.
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Last Backup Date Rev. Long Unsigned number of seconds between
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January 1, 1904, and the last backup time
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of this file.
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Attributes Rev. Long 32 boolean flags. Once the bytes are
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unreversed, bit zero is the locked bit and
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bit one is the protected bit.
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MS-DOS:
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Modification Date Rev. 4 Bytes MS-DOS format modification date.
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Attributes Rev. 2 Bytes MS-DOS attributes.
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Unix:
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Create Date/Time Rev. 4 Bytes Unix creation date and time.
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Last Use Date/Time Rev. 4 Bytes Unix time for the last
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time this file was used.
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Last Mod. Date/Time Rev. 4 Bytes Unix time for the last
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time this file was modified.
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The Finder Info Entry:
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The Finder Info entry (Entry ID = 9) is for files where the host file system is
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Macintosh. It consists of 16 bytes of Finder Info followed by 16 bytes of
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Extended Finder Info. These are the fields ioFlFndrInfo followed by
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ioFlXFndrInfo, as described in Inside Macintosh, Volume IV-183. Newlycreated
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files have zeroes in all Finder Info subfields. If you are creating an
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AppleDouble file whose home system is Macintosh, you may zero all unknown
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fields, but you may want to set the fdType and fdCreator subfields.
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The Data Pathname Entry:
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The Data Pathname entry (Entry ID = 100) is defined for the first time inthis
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Note. It consists of a class one GS/OS input string noting the pathname of the
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AppleDouble Data File as originally created:
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Path Length Rev. Word The length of the pathname.
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Pathname Bytes ASCII pathname of the AppleDouble Data File
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when created.
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For strategies on using this segment (or not using it) to find theAppleDouble
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Data File, see the section "Finding the AppleDouble Data File."
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The Entries in the Header File:
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The entries themselves follow the header field and the entry descriptors.The
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actual data representing each entry must be in a single, contiguous block. The
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offset field in that entry's descriptor points to it. The entries could appear
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in any order, but since the data fork is the entry that is most commonly
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extended, Apple strongly recommends that the data fork always bekept last in the
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file to facilitate its extension. Apple also recommends that those entries that
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are most often read, such as Real Name, File Info (and Finder Info if present)
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be kept as close as possible to the header tomaximize the probability that a
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read of the first few blocks of the file retrieves these entries.
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It is possible to have holes in the file (unused space between entries). To
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find the holes, you must take the list of entry descriptors and sort theminto
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increasing offset order. If the offset field of an entry is greater than the
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offset plus the length of the previous entry (sorted), then a hole exists
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between the entries. You can make use of such holes; for example, if afile's
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comment is ten bytes long, you could create a hole of 190 bytes after the
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comment field to easily allow for the comment to later expand to its maximum
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length of 200 bytes. Because an AppleDouble file may contain holes, you must
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find each entry by getting its offset from its entry descriptor, not by assuming
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that it begins after the previous entry.
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Byte ordering in file header fields follows 68000 convention, and each header
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field has been so noted by the Reverse operator.
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The AppleDouble Data File
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The AppleDouble Data File is simply the data fork of the original file contained
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in a file of its own. You may create it with a File Type and Auxiliary Type
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assignment best suited to it, if desired. For example, if the program creating
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the AppleDouble Data File knows that the data fork contains strictly ASCII text,
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it could create the file with File Type $04 (Text File) so that other
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applications can deal with it accordingly.
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If the creating program wishes to make no assumptions about the content ofthe
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data fork, it is encouraged to create the AppleDouble Data File with filetype
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$E0 and auxiliary type $0003. This identifies the file as an AppleDoubleData
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File.
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Identifying AppleDouble Files
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As this is an interchange format, from a ProDOS directory entry there is no way
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to guarantee which files are AppleDouble files. Apple has allocated File Type
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$E0, Auxiliary Type $0002 for files which are AppleDouble Header Files, and File
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Type $E0, Auxiliary Type $0003 for files which are AppleDouble Data Files. We
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strongly encourage ProDOS 8 and GS/OS applications to use these file type and
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auxiliary type assignments when creating AppleDouble files.
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AppleDouble files which do not have file type $E0 and auxiliary type $0002 or
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$0003 can most easily be identified by opening them and attempting to interpret
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them. If it is not an AppleDouble Header File, the Magic Number is not
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contained in the first four bytes of the file. The chances that the file would
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begin with those four bytes and not be an AppleDouble Header File, on a purely
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random basis, are 4,294,967,295 to 1. The chances that both the Magic Number
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and the Version bytes would be the same in a non-AppleSingle file are roughly
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1.8 x 10^19 to 1.
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Finding the AppleDouble Data File
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Since the AppleDouble Data File can be stored anywhere, with any file typeand
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auxiliary type, a program may have to make an effort to find it. Werecommend
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the following steps:
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1. If the Data Pathname segment exists, use that pathname. If the
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path specified in the segment does not exist, extract the file
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name from the end of the pathname and look in the current
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directory for that file name.
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2. If Step 1 does not find the file (or if the Data Pathname segment
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does not exist), perform the appropriate Home File System
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algorithm (described below) to generate the name of the
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AppleDouble Data File from the AppleDouble Header File.
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3. If none of the file names generated in Step 2 are found, ask the
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user where the AppleDouble Data File is located.
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Filename Conventions:
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Apple proposes the following standard for identifying AppleDouble Header File
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names and AppleDouble Data File names from the file's real name.
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ProDOS:
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To generate the AppleDouble Data File name, use character substitution or
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deletion to remove illegal characters, and use truncation if necessary to
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reduce the length of the name to two characters less than the maximum file
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name length. This would be a maximum of 13, since the maximum file name
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length is 15.
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To generate the AppleDouble Header File name, prefix the AppleDouble DataFile
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name with the characters "R." (uppercase R period).
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For example, the file name "This is a Foo File" could translate to an
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AppleDouble Data File Name of "THIS.IS.A.FOO." The AppleDouble Header File
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name would then be "R.THIS.IS.A.FOO."
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Unix:
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To generate the AppleDouble Data File name, use character substitution to
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replace any illegal characters with an underscore (_). Since different Unix
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systems have different requirements on maximum file name length, do not
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explicitly truncate the name to a specific length. Rather, allow the
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truncation to be done by the Unix functions create(), open(), etc.
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To generate the AppleDouble Header File name, A/UX (Apple's implementation of
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Unix for Macintosh computers) prefixes a percent sign (%) to the AppleDouble
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Data File name. If necessary, truncate the last character to keep the file name
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within the legal length range. Other Unix systems may prefix adirectory name
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(e.g., ".AppleDouble/") to the AppleDouble Data File name to create the name of
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the AppleDouble Header File. In this scheme, all AppleDouble Header Files
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corresponding to AppleDouble Data files are kept together in a single
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subdirectory.
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MS-DOS:
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To generate the AppleDouble Data File name, use character substitution or
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deletion to remove illegal characters, and use truncation if necessary to
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reduce the length of the name to eight characters. Then add the MS-DOS
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extension that is most appropriate to the file (such as "TXT" for a pure text
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file).
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To generate the AppleDouble Header File name, add the extension ".ADF" to the
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eight-character file name.
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In any instance, most programs probably wish to display the names being used
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for both AppleDouble files, so that the user may keep track of them on disk.
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AppleDouble name derivations will be defined for all other file systems of
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interest. This allows applications running on the foreign file system (and
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users as well) to see easily which files are AppleDouble pairs.Knowledgeable
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users, if they know the derivation, could rename or move the files so as to
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preserve the connection between the two. However, there is no guaranteed way to
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prevent one file of the pair from being inconsistently renamed, moved, or
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deleted.
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About AppleDouble 2.0
|
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AppleDouble 2.0 is a revision to the original AppleDouble specification
|
|
described in this Note. AppleDouble 2.0 comes closer to the ideal of an
|
|
interchange format by allowing file information for multiple file systems in the
|
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same AppleDouble file.
|
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|
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AppleDouble 2.0 basically replaces the File Info entry (ID = 7) with a File
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Dates entry (ID = 8) and one or more host file system entries, such as a
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Macintosh File Info entry (ID = 10), a ProDOS File Info entry (ID = 11), or an
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MS-DOS File Info entry (ID = 12). Information on these entries and AppleDouble
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2.0 can be found in the AppleSingle/AppleDouble Formats for Foreign Files
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Developer's Note, available from APDA, AppleLink, and the Developer CD series.
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|
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Further Reference
|
|
_____________________________________________________________________________
|
|
o Inside Macintosh, Volume IV
|
|
o ProDOS 8 Technical Reference Manual
|
|
o GS/OS Reference
|
|
o AppleSingle/AppleDouble Formats for Foreign Files Developer's Note
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|
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|
</pre><hr>
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<address>This document is Copyright by Apple Computer, Inc.</address>
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